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Lesson Beekeeping Philippines

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36 views67 pages

Lesson Beekeeping Philippines

Uploaded by

trisha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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1

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 241 781 CE. 038 585

AUTHOR Sammataro, Diana


TITLE Lesson Plans for Beekeeping in the Philippines.
Appropriate Technologies for Development. Reprint
R-32.
INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington, DC. Information Collection
and Exchange Div.
PUB DATE Sep 81
NOTE 69p.; Light type may not reproduce well. Prepared for
Bee Training Seminar at National Rural Lift Center,
(Palapala, Cavite, Philippines, April 1978).
PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS Agricultural Education; *Agricultural Production;
*Agricultural Skills; Agricultural Supplies;
Agriculture; Entomology; Guidelines; *Learning
Activities; Lesson Plans; Marketing; Postsecondary
Education; Vocational Education; Voluntary Agencies;
Volunteers; Volunteer Training
IDENTIFIERS *Beekeeping; Bees; Philippines
ABSTRACT
This set of lesson plans, prepared for use by Peace
Corps volunteers in the Philippines, has been designed as a
step-by-step guide to teaching beekeeping. Each of the eight lesson
plans contained in the manual consists of an objective, time
requirements, materials needed, and information about various aspects
of beekeeping. Lessons are illustrated with line drawings. The lesson
plans cover the following topics: construction of equipment necessary
for beekeeping, requirements for obtaining bees, handling bees,
colony management and seasonal manipulations, the bee colony and
races of bees, problems in Philippine beekeeping, selection and
rearing of queens for stock improvement, and marketing hive products.
Plans for making various hives and equipment are included inthe
lesson plans. (KC)

***********************************************************************
* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made *
* from the original document. *
***********************************************************************
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INFORMATION COLLECIION & EXCHANGE

.Peace Cbrps' Information Collection & Exchange (ICE) was


established so that the strategies and technologies devel-
oped by Peace Corps Vblunteers, their co-workers, and their a

counterparts could be made available to the wide range of


development organizations and individual workers who might
find them useful. Training guides, curricula, lesson plans,
project reports, manuals and other Peace Corps-generated
materials developed in the field are collected and reviewed.
Some are reprinted "as is"; others provide a source of field
based information for the production of manuals or for re-
search in particular program areas. Materials that you sub -
mit to the Information Calection & Exchange thus become
part of the Peace Cbrps' larger contribution to development.

Information about ICE publications and services is available


through:

Peace Corps
Information' Collection & Exchange
Office of Programming & Training Coordination
806 0:Innecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20525
2C2) 254-7386

Add your experience to the ICE Resource Center. Send ma-


terials that you've prepared so that we can share them
with others working in the development field.' Your tech-
nical insights serve as the basis for the generation of
ICE manuals, reprints and resource packets, and also
ensure that ICE is providing the most updated, innovative
problem - solving techniques and information available to
you and your fellow development workers.

Peace Corps
3
LESSON PLANS FOR BEEKEEPING IN TUB PUILIpPINES

by.
Diana Sammataro

Prepared for Bee Training Seminar at


National Rural Life Center
Palapala, Cavite
Philippines
Director: Mr. Dick Fagan
April, 1978

Peace Corps
Information Collection and Exchange
Reprint R-32
September 1981

4
LESSON PLAN # 1

CONSTRUCTION OF ECM :WENT NECESSARY FOR BEEKEEPING


re

Time: 1 »l hours

Objectives: To show people interested in beekeeping how to


make houses for bees. This is divided into
two parts (1) simple hives from inexpensive
parts and.712 wooden or too-type permanent
dwellings.

Materials For wooden hives only

lumber wood chisel


nails latex paint and brushes
hammer T-square
sews plane

I. Requirsments for a good. beehive:

1. easy to remove surplus honey.


2. easy for bees to store honey, especially after
the surplus bas been collected.
3. hive should last many seasons,
4. hive should be roomy enough, or expandable to
accommodate growing bee populations and food
storm.
5. the entrance should be large enough to allow
easy passage of bees but small enough for
the bees to defend, their hive against pests.
6. hive should be durale enough to protect bees
against hot, ool4 'rainy or dry weather.
7. hives should be:oonvenient and comfortable for
the beekeeper to work.
8. hives should be within the financial, means of
the beekeeper to work.
9. one hive shadd be on a scale and have a glass
side to gauge the progress of,all the hives
IdObliout opening them up.

Simple Hives:
1. Hives without fames
clay pots (flower pots) or mud jars
log hives (sections of tree trunks with
a natural hive inside) or hollowed
out tree trunks

96
r

L.P. #1 .- 2 - .

- mud-slavtored wicker aloe' type hives


hives i i .earthen embankments
- straw boiled basket-type (skops),
circular demos or squares
hdlow blocks
- old taxes
2. Hives with flaws
- bamboo or wicker work hives
styrofoam boxes
- oil cans or drums
- kerosene can
- wooden ozates I
- cardboard boxes.
- wooden box hives or 'standard hives'
Advantages: A
materisas ba sically. free

Disadvantages:
cumbersceic hives if used without trams
III. Standard-Type Hives
Sp.

Standardizing the wooden beet hive has several


advantages
-easy to work and see bees
-oldest knowfi modern beehive
-standard sizes allow for easy expansion
and co:change (sale) of equipmant

2. Disadvantaged t' expensive for rural farmers


-requires equipment to construct
A -requires assembly time

3. Important Considerations for MakingNoboden


Hive

A. The Bee Space


-bees nature-137 1=11d wax cells (comb)
to fit their body size. The impor-
ted bee bpace is 5 cells / inch or
*0 or (6.3 inn) the native bee is
6 cells / inch.

'tf the space between frames, frames


and wails, frames and tops or' bottoms
is smaller than the bee space, bees
win Unit with bee glue or pro-
polis.

-4-f thd epace i0 larger than the bee


probe, the bees will fill it. with
W3X..
. .
L.P. #1
-
B. Bee spaca in the simple hives is not impor-
tant sine the bees will fill in all
the spaces naturallylno work by the
,beekeeper is required.

C. Bee space in the wooden hives requires that


the beekeeper make the equipment accu-
rately, and space the frames'proPerIY
within the hives. Otherwise, bees will
fill up space wither and beekeeper
might have to cut frames out, injuring
4
brood and losing honey.

IV. Other Equipment

14 The Smoker

- Smoke, used in moderate amounts, will cause' the


bees to eat honey; after they consume it, it
is difficult for them to sting you on a full
stomach. Some sort of smoking pot should be
used, not a blazing torch of straw 'or bark;
hot ash .43.1 burn bees, making them angry and
the ash will dirty the honey.

A can with a metal blow'tube on the top or bottom,


or a can with a small bellows attached'make
go6d'andicerai Use'cotton or jute rags, rotten
wood, wood shaving, dung or drwleavesplace
d small bit of green grass on' top to 'cool'
the smoke and vetch any ashes.

2. Veil and Hat

Bees instinctively an for eyes when angry, so


some sort of veil Mould protect your face and
neck. The simplest veil can be a piece of
mosquito netting sewn into a wide-brimmed hat.
7.a netting should have some strings attached
to the bottom to allow the loose ends to be
tightened and tied.
L.P. #1
4
A veil is generally not, needed on weak or small hives*
but it gives oonfidence to beginning beekeepers
and keeps you from becoming distracted.

3. HivSs Tool

This is a metal paint scraper that can be pur-


chased or made from an old'truck 'leaf- springs;
cut to 8 to 10 inches long. A sharp edge is
maintained to help scrape away wax and bee
glue or propolis from inside the hive.

4. Gloves:

Generally not needed unless you are moving a


colony from a tree or houses gloves are worn
by beginners for Confidence. Actna1ly, you
will probably get stung more with gloves since
overconfidence -tends to make'one clumsy and
therefore you kW. more bees, making them sting
you.

Canvass or leather gIoves are used and have long


sleeves of cotton sewn on to the glove top to
protect arms toe:

5. Miscellaneous Equiment
-queen cages.
-solar wax melter
-honey extracting equipment
-comb foundation -stall
-clothing (bee suit)
-observation hive
-uncapping knife (to cut honey)
-bee escape
-bee brush

r.
8
-:::-: r.,.., ,-;, ''. ;1.,!: ..'-;

POT Hi vE
Illustration #19
STRAW SKEW 1-11 Ve.

Illustration #20
0

r.

cy
I

;.?

SIMPLE. FRAME
Illustration #23

EAST AFRICAN TRANSITIONAL


Illustratior. #22

I TRAM ..SITIONA L FIkA PIE

Illustration 126

TRAPI .5,./OVEri HIVE 5


4
. '
Illustration 124 11.
, 8
.(1.2inleY

CMF A ILifi RIVE%

4,

)urER
(:0
11.....1.

CA) e.E N
eAtz,vt.;e2
WC imeLL/PED !N
Ilizoora P1.4AD.T rr.t:
Ortibtdie
4 complex iry-ir is
eitsr re sir y
77.14
Bea or)
cmgmtlee

EavaRibiBLE
sarrONA
BOARD

A
BE LLOwS gMOsctR
Illustration 827

CA N 3 Pi 4S/ lik, t it
Illustration 8
t
13
Illustration 1126
490i
- 11

TESSON PLAN #

REQVUM24thTS: FOR AND OBTAIN= SEES

Time: 1-li hours

Materials: (slides)

Objectives: To help people who are interested in starting with bees


to determine how much it will lost to obtain them,
and where they can find bees; where they can locate
the bees to take advantage of the honey potential
and what bees require.

1. Requirements for havilvbeehives


1. Selecting a site to put yodr beet; (apttary)
-near fresh water supAY not contaminated
water.
casy for beekeeper to reach and work
-near food sources for tees need
flowerint plants for nectar (honey),
too glue, and pollen (protein).
-on the top of shin or high ground so
water and air 14.11 drain away from
hived.'
-not on wet, swampy, lowland er in deep,
humid woodat honey will not cure
properly and bees could be subject to
fungal diseases.
-facing east, south-east to catch early warmth
of sun; entrances Mould be pointed away
from monsoon winds..
-provide a mdndpbreak to keep htvee from being
blown over in high winds and noontime
shade daring the dry hot seasons.
-away from floods and open fires.
-keep brush, vines, and weeds cleared away
frOmfilvea; hives should be placed on a
star4 (not directly on the gtound) to
keep out ants and other pasts.
-nearby the beekeeper's house to discourage
misohief-makers.
-away from:areas heavily sprayed with ineecti-
aides.
-away fry people, animals, etc.

.
I
L.P. # 2
12
II. Requirements for bees

1. What bees need to live


....Wit% supply both nectar and pollen for
bees. Nectar is a liquid sugar solution
that flowers' manufactory. Since it contains
mostly irraten the bees must evaporate it
to map honoy Which has about 18% water
in it. The different flavors and colors
of honey depend on the types of flowers
the bees 0611ected the nectar from. Honey
is stored in the boewax cell.

Pollen camas from the male part of the


flower; it is a powdery dust which comes
off when rubbed by the bees. This pollen
fertilisos the female partof the flower
and produces the fruit, seed drvegetable.
Boos collect this pollen by means of
special hairs on its body, and return to
the hive with it.

Pollen is packed into a wax cell, and then


it is topped with honey, to preserve it;
this is called bmbread,. It is very in-
port: tr+ Law be bread in the hiTlei for
it :sans that the yohng bees and brood
will have something to eat. A colony can
use up to 100'pounds (50 kg.) of pollen
in one season,

--Bed is secreted by the young worker


bees to make the honeycomb. All their
honey, pollen, and brood (immature bees)
are stored inside the wax comb cells. In
order for bees to make wax, they need to
eat large Amounts of limey or sugar syrup
and pollen. Some beekeepers gace a
sheet of beewax called foundation, in
a frame, to help guide the bees as they
build the cells.

Nalezis important to bees. In hot,


dry 'Heather the interior of the hive
could biome overheated. If this
occured, the brood could 'cook, and
the wax could begin to melt. Bees
prevent this; they collect'mater and
place it in the comb then fan it with
their wings to evaporate the water.

16
13
L.P. # 2

This tair-oonditioning cools


the hive:d6Wn. In very hot
climates, the hives should be
placed so they get noontime
shade; painUing the hives white
will alga .help reflect sunlight.

-Bees use the Sticky' sap from trees


and flower buds to make "bee glue'
or pis,. This gumly material
is collected to seal crUks and
holes, and to water-proof the hive,
it also kills micro-organisasthat
would otherwise invade and live in
small cracks.

III. Obtaining Bees

1. Where to get bees


MAW is a colony of bees clustered
in the opening, not inside a hive
box.' They are looldng for a new
home. Tho Beekeeper can capture the
swarm by placing it into a temporary
or permanent hive.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
-free -could be diseased or in-
-common Tested with pests
-plentiful ...could be in hard to get
places
-could be of inferior stock

Coot! Free

-COLONIES IN TREMOR HOUSES, even earth


embankments, are also free but are ge-
nerally very hard for a beginner bee-
keeper to get intact. It involves depf-
troying the house where the colony lives,
or cutting down the tree, cutting the
comb, and tying it to a frame and then
getting the bees to stay inside the bops.
This shoUId'be attempted by someone already
experienoed in working with bees. You can
also make bees swarm out of a trees or house
by smoking and hitting the tree with a
hammer Gontinously until the bees leave
and cluster *outside.
14
L.P. # 2

After thoy leave, they can be


installed as a swarm.

Advantages: Disadvantages:
-free «ootaigetimmiy stings
e-plontiful -difficult.to get it in-
-extra wax and honey taot
0.queon could be killed
-bees could leave later

Cost! Free

-TRAPS Gan 'be placed to attract swarming


colonies. The 'trap can be 'a frame of wax
that is placed in a hollowed tree trunk,
or in an empty hive, or in an earthen
embankment hole. The frames should
not contain any honey as this will attract
ants and Mc moths, and discourage bcot.

Cost: Fron

7SUYING boos from a book eeper 13 another


way to got startod. Doekeepers can either
sell you a full hive and all its eqiiipment,
or a nub-lens hive with a small population
of bees, and a laying queen, or a swarm
(you provide the equipment) or a laying
queen only.

Advantages: Disadvantages;
- cared' for by an experionce -could have odd and old
beekeeper equipment that will need
-all ages of bees and to be replaced
brood can be obtained -queen could be old or of
.easy to inquire from poor quality
owner if there are any -wax comb could have di-
problems seases or pests not at
first evident.

-BUYING D2ORTED BM as packages is


another may to obtain bees. These
bees are very expensive both to
buy and to maintain and, while the
returns might be higher, they will
not perfokm well unless properly
cared for.

18
15

L.P. # 2'

Advantages: Disadvantages:
could produce more honey .subject to diseases and
gentle and mangeable .pests hero
.do not swarm excessively requires more time, care
and feeding
Nx
could_die from neglect

19
L.P. #3
HANDLING ES

Time: hours

baterials: Demonstration
-smoker, bee suit, veil, gloves,
etc.

Objectives: To demonstrato and inform be-


ginner beekeepers how to handle
bees and what to look for in a
hive when examining bees.

I. Handling Bees

I. How tc minimize Stings


-work on days when bees are flying
well since half of the foraging
bees- will normally be out; do not
work then it is too windy, rainy
or cold since all the bees will
be at home.

-wear light-oolored protective


clothing and a veil. Hake sure
that ankles and are closed
in case bees start to crawl up.
Beginning beekeepers will want
to wear gloves for confidence;
but gloves shoed not be used
all the time. The best time to
wear them is when transferring
bees from a-ictld hive to a
framed hive. Bee stings leave
a scent on the gloves, so be
sure to wash gloves periodically.

-use smoke lightly; this makes


bees eat honey and they will be
eating honey instead of stinging
you.

-when working bees, use gentle,


slow movement io the bees will
not be alarmed.

20
L.P. # 3

Crushed bees cause alarm in the


hive so move frames slowly.

-remain calm' and work slowly, if you


are nervous, or have an'odor that
alarms bees (hair tonic, horse
smile) the bees will be more like-
ly to sting you.

-if stung, scrape away sting barb;*


do not pull it out as this will
inject you with more venom* Saoke
the sting area as the venom loaves,
an odor nags' which will excite
other bees to sting you*

What to look for:

1. The Queen
...when you find her, be careful, that
she does not become crushed or
drop on the ground. The queen
is generally found around, the warm
IroadneSt or nearest the eggs and
uncapped larvae.

2. Eggs
-when you look at a frame of uncapped
larvae, check the frame carefully,
and you Wright see eggs* If the hive'
has no eggss'or you cannot see brood,
or the queen, you may consider the
hive to be queenless* Requeen it by
either giiing it a queen celll a
new queen, or joining it to a queen-
righto hive.

3. Starvation
-when theft is no honey or pollen in
the hive: the bees may be more aggre-
ssive, and stop producing wax. when
you do not see any. Stored honey or 4
pollen in your hive, feed your bees
white sugar and pollen substitute.
If ycmCaxe using the hive to make
queens, feed the bees sugar syrup.

4. Good Brood Pattern /'Weak Hives


=ewhen the queen lays eggs in v...A5m44
NN

21
18

L.P. # 3

empty oell so that the mature bees


(larvae) fill, up the comb, this is
said to be a good' laying queen showing
a good brood pattern. Spotty eggrlaying
pattern,many drones (male bees) or a
norn-vigorous (slow) queen should be re-
placed. Weaker hives cannot defehd them
selvesAagainst pests (cockroaches, wax
moths), or other robbing bees.

5. Swarm Preperation
-when tho bees form numerous peanut shaped
wax cells, which contain immature queens,
and the hiv6 is quite populous (and may
be crowded), the bees are probably starting
warm preparations. SWarming is a natural
instioWit divides the colony in half,
and the oad'queen leaves the hive with half
of the bees. The young queen meanwhile
hatches, mates, and starts laying in the
original hive. Unless you want to lose
half your bees and honey these swarming
preparations should be stopped.

6. Arrangement of Brood Nestand Honey Stores


-td.optimime the proper temperature of
the broodnest(97F) and in order to
incubate the eggs, the broodnest (eggs,
larvae) should be compact and not spread
out. Frames of brood should be placed
together, in.one area of the hive. If
the hive is populous, the honey will
naturally be stored in the upper portions
of the comb and of the broodnest. A
frame of honey between frames of brood
could prevent the queen from expanding
the broodnest properly.

7. Surplus Honey
-bees instinotively.store honey to eat
during times of hardship or scaresness
of food. Beekeepers try to make bees
store more honey than they need and this
surplus is what is harvested. To keep
the queen from laying in the honey combs,
surplts honey is usually found above the'
brood, in the upper portions of the hive.
Some hawk should be left on the hive at
all times.

22
Q

L.P. # 3

Otherase, bees will starve during dearth


times, or leave the hive. If beet are
starving and no food is available, white
sugar :Imp must be fed to keep bees from
leaving:

8. Aggressiveness
-some hives are naturally more aggressive
than other_ s. This can be controlled. by
selection of the queens that are more
gentle and requeening the aggressive
hives with them. Hives that are too aggre-
sive will sting often and may even swarm
out while being worked. Aggressiveness
may also be due to queenlessness, disease,
or pest harrassmeni.

9. Distress of Pests or Location


-if bees are placed in a damp, humid place,
the honey win
always be watery and
could never 'cure' or ripen properly: Un-
ripened honey w31,1 ferment eventually. On
the other hand, hives that are in too hot
a situation will be so busy bringing in
water to (tool the hive that no honey will
ever be produced: Such stresses on the
hive wilaweaken it and the colony may
die, or leave. Weakened hives are subject
to attack by such pests as mites and wax
moths.

1.0. CNoen3essness
-if yeu cannot find eggs, larvae, or capped
brood or the queen and the hive is usually
aggresSivi5 and restless, the hive may be
queeniess. moonless conditionscan be
remedied by:

--providing new queens (virgin or laying)


--providing nature queen cells
- -providng a frame of eggs
- -joining it to a queenxight hive

23
1,.% I
rn

LESSON PLAN # 4

COLONY MANAGLIF4T/SEASONAL MANIPULATIONS

Time: 1 hour

I Material: slides

Objectives: To help beginning and.experienced


beekeepers to recognize a hone -
flow and a dearth period in their
area And to keep records by their
hives.

I. Before the Honeyfitivr-Requirementp of the Hive

14 The following conditions will help ensure


a good crop of honey for the beekeeper.'
-populeue hive with many young bees, espe-
eially during the'peried just prior to
the honeyflow (40,000 to 80,00 bees)
-hive should be free from pests and
diteasee
-eolony should not be preparing to swarm
-hive should have ample room to store
surplus honey
-weak hives Gan be helped by giving them
frames, of Young bees, capped brood or
a new quecci, or all of these. Keep all
hives of equal strength, otherwise they
will rob each ether
-do not =Ix up the natural order of the
frames in the broodnest; frames of
honey oah aot as a barrier to the queen
and if placed in the ;Addle of the
broodnest, oeuld restrict the queen's
laying activity,.

2. Frames of pollen and honey should be kept


above or on the. sides of the broodnest;
empty frames can be placed on the end of
the breednest to allow for growth. Frames
of brood and pollen should not be placed
in the honey supers as bees will fill up
the empty-cells with both honey and pollen
and brood. You want the bees to fill up
only honey in the honey supers.

24
i

L.P. # 4

3. Record Keeping
-beekeepers should keep accurate records
on each hive or groups of hives in their
apiary; especially noted are the Wives
that'are significantly productive or
-weak. A note of when certain plants are
bloatrdng that coincide with the honeynow
will also help you to keep. tract of
the
major honey plants in your area. Paper
tacked' inSida the cover, or writtin-on
the hive body not top) can be used. Per-
manent book-or ti.ary records are more
trUstwerthy Some things to record are:
...date- worked
...age of queen
1--colony strength and growth rate
....timely manipulations (swarm prevention)
...characteristics a-hive (aggressive,
'e3nt7.?, productive, poor)"
swarming record-how often, when, why
cash flow (how much money spent or
<
earned)'
honey (how much (weight) taken off, .
per hive) . .

hives lost (stolen, snrmed, wax moth,


dineases)
0

II. DI.,iring the Honeyflow

1. At certain Ibimos of the year, when most of the


flowers from' fruits', vegetables and weeds
are blowing, bees will often start bringing .
in a surplus of honey. This is called the
honeys -flow period and can be recognized by:
-lots of wax production (white new wax)
-populous hives, working very hard
-honey being stored (uncapped and capped)
-honey with many estate tops appearing
in the comb
.

2. Swarming behavior usually comes before tlie honey-


flow period so, if you do not wish to lose a
lot of honey (through the lack Of bees be-
cause they left with the swarm), discourage
swarm preparations by:
-out out queen cells (if, they are numer-
ous and, hive is populous with a laying
queen)

25
-...,..
5

22

# 4

- supply more space to the hive; either adding


frames or An extra'hive body (super)
wlnspeot the hive periodically (once /week)e
to ascertain swarming preparations.
.make sure hive is not overheated (keep in
shady' but breezy spot)
-provide a young queen

3. During the honeyfltmr, the hive should nit be


disturbed"too much If you gq through the
broodnest, the organizationalt structure
of the delogy-oan be destroyed. lihen"bees
are disorganized, they will probablynot
bring in as nuoh honey as.theywould' have
normally for that day. The only irispeo-
tion you should be making during the.honey-
flowis whether or not the tees have enough
room to store honey, (this does, not apply
of course, temak or diseased hives)

4 Famine the hone_y frames before removing them


from the hive, Most of the honey shoUld
be sealed with a wax top or*gdappine. If
the honey has not been properly cured call
the water evaporated) it will begin to fer..
ment and spoil

5. Remove the honey frames early in the morning


before the bees start bringing in now nectar.
Take off the Sealed honey frames and cut the
comb. The floss should be over 75%'eapped
honey. Cut the ooMb or scrape off the honey
to the midpirib (bottom) of the cell and leave
arfoundationa for them o rebuild. If a
hot spoon or knife ia Aped, the honey Mill
come off much easier. /

During the Dearth or Starvation Periods

1. Dearth periods are tines when no honey or pol-


len is being brOught into the hive. The
signs of dearth' wnich could lead to star-
vation if,all the honey was removed, are:
...no honey in cells
-no palm stored or brought in
-wax production cut off, foundation
chewed

26
L.P. # 4

.-ao brood, or brood rearing limited


--all stages of drones (brood and adults)
are, pulled out and dumped out of the
hive during severe dearth
-robbing activity increased, hives aggres-
sive
-honey stored in'brood *.tells since there
is no new brood, once a small honey flow
starts*
t
2. Dearth times are seasonalt'after the major
flowering peiiod is over, during rainy, cold,
dry-or hot seasons; the beekeeper should;
-make sure bees have enough food (honey/
pollen) at all times; take of only a
SURPLUS of honey; leave 20-60 lbs. de-
. pending on the hive strength and duration
of the dearth time* .

-make periodic inspections so that'hives


will not get too weak
-feed bead if they are starving with sugar
(White).or white sugar sYrup.
--remove excess frames (that hives
will not get too weak
1-feed bees if they are starving with sugar
(white) or white sugar syrup.
remove etcess fraMes (that are e.L.L.,4) and
supers;.otherwise, too Much heat could be
lost from the bkoodnest, or the wax moth
and other pests, could invade the empty
spaces*

27
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11 1 e.e ;1 * 4 r... 71)
25

IESSON PLAN # 5
THE PEE COLONY AND RACES OF BEES

Time: :L hours

Material^ slide, charts, pictures.

Objectives: To help' beekeepers understand the roles


that the individual members of a colony
have on the colony as a whole, and to
inform them of the various kinds of
bees.

1. The.Colony

1. A colony of honey bees will have a fertile


female or ammti roomy male bees (or drones)
and many thousand infertile females or
porkers. Those classes of bees together
form a unit or collection of individuals
which, if separat6d from the colony unit
Would shortly die.

2. The Queen-
there is only one queen to
a colony,.and her sole duty is to lay
eggs. She resembles a Worker birt with
a much longer abdomen and a dark shiny
thorax or:baek. The queen is fed almost
entirely on a food secreted by the
young walker bees-called ivva.1, leilt
which is rich in'proteins. The number
of eggs she lays, therefore, will depend
on:the amount and kind of food she is
fed, the number of young workers to in-
-cut:eta the7eggs and the environmental
conditions. She lays eggs that may hatch
into drones (infertile eggs), workers or
newrqueeni (fertile eggs).

The ( Eurdtean) queen hatches Eros a special


peanut-etiapod cell in 16 days. After emerges
ing, the queen tat take' her mating flight
5-10 daqtilater, where she will mate with
several, drones. If a virgin queen does not
mate alter'twoweeks,she will probably be
a poor, dronei-laying queen. Qppens can live
several years.

29
- 26 -

L.P. # 5

The queen has a special odor or


substances which keeps the colony
unit together. If the queen is re.
moved, the worker bees will start
to make preparations to make a new'
queen. Queenlesi hives lack organi-
zation and mild be more aggres-
sive than queen right hives.

3. The Drone
-The drone is a larger and heavy
looking tee, with Very large eyes
and ehunkfadomen. His sole
function is to mate with new queens;
he does no work and cannot sting.
Normally, high drone populations are
only tolerated when ample food is
coming into the hive; when the honey
season is over, drones are evicted
from the hive. to'die.

_______Auropean-drones take the longest to


emerge, up to 24 days. If you are
using the imported bee (European).
drone production should be encouraged.
sirce thoro would be few drones avai-
lable to nate with virgin queens. .When
using the native bee, drone production
should be

4. The Worker
-There are anywhere from 5,000 to 75,000
workers in one colony. They are called
workers because they do the house and
foraging work required for colony survival.
The task of the workers, includes feeding
larvae (undeveloped bees), tending brood
(tmmature toes), feeding'and tending the
queen, guarding the hive, evaporating nectar
to make honey. packing pollen,"and main-
taining broodnest temperatures. As the
workers age (3 weeks or so) they begin to
leave the hive to forage for food. ()floe a
scouting forager locates a food source, the
distance and direction of the food 3.3 commu-
nicated by'a combination of dancing, scent
and sounds. They are foragers only for
about another 3 weeks before they die.
It takos 21 dears for a (European) worker to
emerge. They have special legs equipped to
pack the loose pollen grains* and have spe.:.
cial glands to secrete wax. stinging venom,
and rakalicllyc- W6rkere collect nectar,
pollen. water and propolis or glue. returning
.to their hive with it. See attached diagram.
0
L.P. 5

Races of bees arid bed rolativos.


1. Wasps (V0s4App)
. . -wasps aro not bees but are often mis-
taken for boos by many people. Wasps
make their honies with paper-like ma-
terial or mud. While some do sting
aggressively, wasps are beneficial'
pollinators and insect controllers,
being parasitic and prodatioils on many
insect pests. Unfortunately, some
wasps also prey on honey bees.

2. Bumble Beee.and Carpenter Bee (Bombidae


and 44029WAg)
...these are large, hairy bees varying in
. .

color froaa blue-black to black and


yellow stripes. They live in the ground,
grass hatch or dry mood. Although
they do hot produce a significant amount
of honey, they'axe valuable as pollinators
of many fruits, seeds or vegetable crops.

3. Stingless Boca (etc.)


-There are ma v races of other social, bees,
(living in hives) and .224.L3 .1% bees, (living
alone) that are important pollinators. The
stingless bees (lagala and 1104sona) will
store honey in nests, but it is generally
too little to attract most beekeepers.
Silco they are beneficial., colonies should not
he destroyed.

4. Honey Deo (Ar6.0


a) The Rook or Giant Bee (Alaajus14190
Rock bees are nomadic, rarely staying
long in one place. When they fly,
farmers in the field report they sound
like a passing airplane. The colony
oonehts of a single comb hanging from,
a branch'of a tree, roof or abandoned
ceilings. The worker is light brown
tibiae the queen is darker and longer;
the drone I black and about the size
of a worker.

Rock bees produce good honey and wax.


W4eAing longer hours sometimes than
miler honey bees. Honney can be hers-
vested without destroying the hive,

31
- 28 -

L.P. # 5

two -o three tames a year when


smoke and proper precautions are
taken. Yields of up to 35 kg.
during a year haw boon recorded.
Smoke somas to control their volatilo
temper and whi3.0 they Will not live
inside a hive box, groups of colonios
can be raised together.
b) 1116 Little Doe ,14,11p_L_./lorea
These beei are smallest of-the honey
bees, and are also nomadic. They make
SMS2.1. 'hand sized contbs in tree
tiranehes, eaves, bushes, empty bozos,
or ceilings. The workers are orange
with blaek and white stripes. The
queen is golden brown and the drones
black with grey heir. Again, they do

but oeuntries
somthem.
not p.roduce much honey (0.5 to 3. kg.)
are finding
bee.
a gentle, zuid manageable honey
the

c) The Indian .L'430 (mss indica, cfmana)


This bee is used in India and other
countries as the main Asian Honey Bee.
It it) easily housed in boxes, tins,
jars and wall recesses: While there
are -regional varieties, the potential
for this bee in the Philippines is
just beginning to be realized. The
wilder, swarm-prone strains can be
bred for more domestic qualities.-

Untho' average, colonies can yield


3-5 kg., although improved strains
; have been reported to produce 18 kg;
or more, It on be. a good producet,
gentle and relatively non-swarnting,
i but are 1035 predi$ble, can steal
food fret). vseker hives aggressively,
i and seem to have little defense against
wax-moth-and other pests that enter
Ithe hive; Mey use little propolis or
bee glues -which might account for these
inv-ations.

d) The European.'Hee (Ail-auxiang


This bee, originally front Europe, has
been naturalized in many parts of the
world, including North and South Ame-
rim. It is a very good honey producer,

32
29 -

L.P. # 5

averaging 45 to 1.80 kg. in good honer-


yielding areas. It is similar to the
Indian bee in it habits, making its
home in enclosures like hollow trees,
caves, and bOxes. It is well adapted
to life in moveable frames hives.
portation of the European bee should
be restricted. to wellequipped, respon-
sible'agencies with quarantine arrange-
ments. To avoid the impo$tion of dis-
spases'and posts common in the U.S. and
Europe, whioh could be passed to native
bees, private beekeepers should consider
improving native bees first.

33
0 EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF A WORKER HONEY BEE

fore wing-

wing.

wing hooks-

body hair

simpleeye-
compound eye

antenna-
-spiracle

Lebrun (upper 11 .stingr


Mandible (3ew

Maxillae tibia -poll en press

Proboscis `*"Corblcula (pollen basket)


(tongue) Dial Spine
Adtenne
Glossa Cleaner
tarsus
6431alt

d savom
HUD THORAX ARMEN
34 34 A
31
LESSON PLAN # 6

PROBLEMS IN PHILIPPINE BEEKEEPING

Timo: 1.-hour

. Materials: Colleotion, demonstration

Objectives: To aovaint beekeeperd or beginners


with the problems thaVexist in.the
Philippine and how to control them .

or minitize damage caused by them.

Pests

1. Ants: can invade hives, eating brood, honey,


pollen and bees; eventually the hive
will either be so weakened or aggre
ssive, that they will, abscond (or leave)
control: grease hive stands with auto
grease'and lime ground at base or
stands. Never set hives directly on
the groUnd.

2. Wasps and other _predations insects: will


catch bees on the wing and take them
away to be eaten. They are not a
real threat except to weak hives.
Traps ean be devised to catch the
black wasps as they hover in front
of the hives;

control: maintain a strong hive or


,hire someone to .catch the wasps as
they hover

3. Lizards and Toads: will also eat bees but


.generallb if the hives are on a
stand, the loss is minimal.

4. Beetles and Oookroaches: can infest a hive,


especially when being fed pollen
supplement or substitute. A strong
hive,will evict these intrudersother~
wise remove debris in hive bottom that
they might be living in, and keep en
trance mall (esp. true for the native
bee).

5. Wax moth:
This is a moth which lap eggs in the
comb and upon hatching, the larliae can
cause much damage, to the comb and brood,

35
s. 32 -

L.P. #6
torborrowine4 spinning silk tunnels,
' and damaging wax,,

control: strong hives can usually


combat this pest but when it starts
taking hold, removal of the infested
comb and eoeclis is imperative, othii.
wise the bees will leave the hive,
Comb.ean be stored in gemegiale.m.-
km= (moth ball) crystals, it kept
in a plastic bag or other enclosure,
and aired out a day before returning!
treated et:1mb to bees. Lambs can also
be put in freezing temperature for
. several hours, especially if.wax
contains honey and pollen.

6. Birds: eometimes, droves of swifts have been


reported (ChaetureAgbia - Spine-tailed
swift) to eat 100 bees each in one day.

.-control.: about the may methods of con.


trol seems to be netting the birds or
moving hives to other location.

7. Mites: two types of external mites are of


vital importance to beekeeping; here.
The twit) jaggigga and =a-
..7.77r1 are sericua4ests
that can destroy a hive. Dtones and
workers with deformed wings, dead
pupae in the cells and the mites on
bees 'should be, checked. It is be-
lieved that all species of Bees have
mites here.

-control: is especially important for


the European bees, and perhaps for
native. bees too. Colony strength
appears to be a factor, the stronger
hives maybe better able to control
this pest. Other chemical contras
are also available, at great cast,
since many have to be imported. Here
are tome:

-Mbenothiazine 112-(worming tablets)


5% dissolved in 95% pure alcohol,
applied onto cardboakd strips and
burned in the smoker, or placed under
the hive sprinkled an a cardboard

36
Mk.
33
L.P. # 6

-bottce4 at night, left for 2 days.

:Pabst strips proper& paper strips


can be purchased, burning 2-3
stripe per colony.

:Sineaear (from Romania) is a powder,


sprinkled on bees once per week for
three weeks.

II. Other Problem::


1. Drones: if imported bees am used, thee
leek of drones from those bees will
make it hard to mato virgin queens.
Hives that are strong, well fed, With
a dronemaaying or a fertile queen,
will imply the best drones to supply
your yard. Drones of the native bee
have been reported to fly with the
virgin imported queens, but is not a
fertile dross.

2. Robbingt.vieskhives are subject to attack


by robber bees from other hives (im-
ported And native) as well as other
ineeets. Where at all possiblek'hives
should be kept oF equal strength, and
races of bees should be kept separate.
Mites could be carried by robbing bees.

3. Insoctioides: there seems be indis-


criminate use of harsh insectioidos
by farmers here. Since bees are sus-
ceptible to most of these,efforts
should be made to educate farmers that
bees are-mt injuring their plants,
but in fact will increase their yields
if they let the bees work them.

If insecticides are used, spraying


shouli be done in late afternoon to
evening boors, to minimize bee losses.
Hives should be covered or moved away
if spraying is closer than two miles.
Less tazic chemicals (see attached list)
should be used whenever possible.

4. Feeding bees
During dearth tires if bees are robbed
of all their, Aioney, both a pollen and
nectar imbstilute should be supplied

37
RJ
#6
if the hives are to remain strong
'and not abscond. The most refined
sugar Or sugar etrup should be used,
althoucll experiments are lacking on
the effects of feeding second class
Emegtr in the tropic5. Melasees
should never be fed, however, as 'this
will 14.ve the bees dysentery.

Miter sugary substances can be tried,


buko' gd.lk, or cane syrup.

Pollen is also important:for brood


rearing. Imported, brewers yeast
and ow flour is the usual pollen
substitute,'

i.

38
d

ss

RELATIVE TOXICITY OP PESTICIDES TO HOVEY SEES ASDETESMINED


ST tABOIATOBT AND FIELD TESTS IN CALIPORNLA (1950 - I975)

CROUP I - IICELY =Mt Severe losses may be expected if rhea. pesticides are used when bees are present at
treatment tUse or within a day thereafter, excupt as indicated by footnotes.

Afugan
,
gofratophoa) DOW a
- (dichlervoa) Peraden
2/ 5/
- Nesurol- (mathiocarb) Sumithice
2/ 40 2/ V (carbofuran) 1 / 2/ (tenittothlos)
mldrin plibros (Wed) C I/ 2/
Methyl parathion -
1 / 2/ 0 2/ Cardona - - 0 2/ Supracidt? a/
arsenicals - De-Pend -
(ucthidettplon)
(rerrechlorvIsphoa)
1/ 2/ (dImathoate) (licerhembloglios).
2/
AzodrIn I/ 2/
2/ Guthiot - - Tasman
(moeocrotephot diatinon - Demmer e (phenamiphoa)
(azinphoeumerhyl) (iteCbssidaphos)
2/ (Spectracide)
Una* r)
1/ tr heptachlor i/ 3/
uOrt 31 2/ (lathOmli) 1/ 2/ 1/ ?I
2/ dleldrin - to
Motor - (fearhion) 2/
-
Or these - (acrOhate) (eldicarh)
2/ Dimecron. 3/
/midst'
I/ V 0.'2/ 3/
SEC
Bidrin
lo 2
-/
(phoaphamidon)
Dursban
0 V
tonsure
2/ 5/
-
(aethomyl)
parathion -
Phoedrin
(0evtaphoe)
1- / 2 / 3/
tepp.
Vaposa. -
2/

(dichlouvos)
(dicrotopho)
2/
(chlorpytifolt) 'indent 1/ 7/ 2/
- (dimerSoate) 1/ 2/ 21 phosphsaldo - Zectran -
CYrom EPN Loreban
la 2 / (setacerbate)
Cythion - - (chlorpyrifoe) reemetbrin
Ethyl Gsthios* 2/ 4/ 0 2/
(eilarbion) Sevin - (carbaryl)
(aCzphos-ethyl) celethion
5/ 40 2/
Desanit Yamophos6 (fsephur) Memel?' (esiclocarb) Sperecide -
(fensulforhion)

GROUP II - MODERATELY, TOXI4: Those can be used around bees if dosage, dating, and sethod of application are
torrect. but should not be applied directly on bees in the field or at the colonies.
2/ 21
Abate - (temophos) Clodrie* andrin 1/ Perth/one. Trithion
(crotoxyphoe) (carbophenothion)
agxitox Korise (roma) Pyrasse .
ai
(triad:nal:rite) Counters 2/ 40 1/ 2/ , Vydet a
Matasystox as .- Systoit oleseton) (mewl)
DOTI/
- 2i 101
Semi* (Rade/isolate) (oxydemertowwithyl)
Moot * I/
- -2/ 6/
- tolow:* (phoeolono)
Carsole 3/ Dechlormal (sires) mires (Dechlorane) (pharaba)
I / 6/
' (Cersetenste)
Di-Spawn - - *caps (ethoprop) .Igoe 3/
chlordane a/. (distelforte) (endoeulfan)

BEST COPY AUILAPitE imtaingat i


39
1

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BEST* COPY
sv

Relative Taxicity of Pesticides In Honey Bees as Determined


By Laboratory And Field Tests In California (1950 - 1979)'
(Continued from page 36)

Califoreis eters regulation results. yards" fat most ease of thaw sieeicalet also fat 2,.D and 2,444 as
weed ate AtmGate but Mkt 4$ home* ems ea nitres.
-1/ Um chemicals have boos laboratory tested aid field bested stalely as Wolfe. titres, cottee..ladtee clever,
silo eel met tom ell others Sia laboratory tested wily.
if Ap-
Dam IMamalrie eel tepp have seat short resides/ activity that they kill veil bees .started at Iniabbit
airs es *way thereafter. Theeetheoteels men, ate wife to nee elm Me are mot Is flight; thief ire slit
sat tem mead ceississ. -
01 *Whim his %see teed ea Mamie of ems sf bleeds, elfelfeuitbset seriesi lees et bees. Memir,
emelseal ism lessee have matted, amittelarly eater high seesretere mediates.. It applied to alfalie
In blots, it should be tali as a array, tad stem= eivoilei I. aids derSeg the sight or early St the'lersimg
*sea bees are tot foreleg is the field. %Meted tetheical eslashiee may shoal sot be weed atOolnd lees.
Ileseteeillm.

/I St -ets tote eel vest Montt Oftaltida$10003 GB seed treatemste have sot asset& bee Isms.
2f Tame, eltheogb highly torte to bees es a mums palm, is mg eel, is psalm femme' enemies
11424.60Sgs bas eft 4MOSOA boo lessee.
if efelLest
Ileadasent
JIM in bee brut steamily vishdtme has ewe um last the 11413;
legitteanal trade we...

BEST COM MOM

41

fe? 4
38

LESSON PLAN # 7

SELECTION AND MEM OF WEEMS-MR STOCK IMPROVEMENT

Timo: 1-hour

Materials: Demonstratim

Objective: To help beekeepers improve their


honey yielas, by selecting high.
produdng low swarming queens.

I. Primary Selection Objectives

1. Fertility of Qaeen:
-queen should exhibit good egg-
laying oapabilitiea, at the time
of year when workers and needed,'
when there is available food,
'not during dearth times.

2. Industry. and Productivity


-workers should bring in the best
honey coop possible, they should
have large honey crops and strong
legs to biging back large baskets
of pollen, .

3. Disease or Pest. Resistance


-those bees better able to fend
off peate and disease should be
selected.

4. Lowered Swarming Instinct


4--colonies that swarm or abscond fre-
quently, should not be used to rear
queens.

5. Good temper; gentle


'-propogate those queens from calm,
gentle hives, where the bees will
, not leave the hive due to disturb-
ances by beekeepers or others.

II. Secondary Selection Objectives

1. Long life of -queen and worker

2. Long Foraging.rango:
-worlors should Ay greater distances
to gather nectar in difficult areas;
also those working earlier in the
morning and later in the evening,
putting on more honey Should be
seleotedasbreeders.
42
39

L.P. # 7

3. Del'eneive attitude against 'pests;


keep !Mee able to keep ants, .

lexmoth; meekroaches, etc. lout,


of hive.

4. Hardiness:.
.-ibhose hives that come through dry,
cold, wet yr dearth seaeons with'
populous oolonies should be used.

5. Good growth
-W/O that tear brood well even
.without feeding should be selected,
(nurse bees tend larvae wen).
6. Comb Buqdbli
veadinees to build. comb and build
it in frames should be selected.

7. Good orientation
-.bees that are able to And their
worts& to the hive without
driftineto other hive!, should be
selected.

8. Cleanliness.
hives that keep debris off the bottom
board are desireable

111. Nearing Queens

Factors for queen well production

1. Young larvae, less than two days


oldi all larvae receive royal jelly
until they are two dgYs old; those
larvae that are to become markers,
arep4, .1"Pd royal 1301
but are fed'a mixture of
pollen and nectar. Only larvae that
are to be queens receive"tbe royal
jelly as their sole diet.

2. Strong,. populous hives with many


young bees that may lz/e ready to
wars provide conditions that are optimum
for reaming queens. Foodi both pollen
and nectar, must be abundant; if not,
supplemental food shoulc: be fed to
the bees in the tons of white sugar
syrup and pollen aupplement.

43 00,
L.P. # 7

3. Drones Are produced during thew conditions


as well; and it is important that the food
and populous conditions are maintained if the
drone populations is to be encouraged. Drones
mate with the virgin queens.

B. Natural Rearing of. Queens: Queen cells are made


by worker bees under the following conditions
in the hive:: .

a) ;12.-all: When the hive is crowded and


the bees are getting ready to swarm; they
make' queen cellsb- Select these queen cells
carefullnl ao that the swarming instinct is
not bred into the new queens.

b) gamed= cells: When the hive replace; the


ad queen by making new_ queen cella. Con.6
ditions. for replacing' the old queen are
when the-queen is old; failing; diaeased or
poor2y-ated. If hive is populous;
these'oells ate be used. Queena from these
cells; however; can be inferior.
gyegapjujir emerkenor eonditionkt When the
hive has to make a new'queen because the
original queen is gone. If the.hive is agaiii
strong and well-ded; these queenPcan be used,
To make the hive build, queen cells; you can
1) remove or kill original queen
2) split hive equally; giving each half
pollen; honey and bees. Give one half
the queen while' the other half is given
frame_ s of eggs and young larvae. Bees
will make a new queen.

C. Controlled Queen Rearing; The'easiest way to'rear


queens is to-move the queen from a strong, popu-
lous hive during a time When'there is plenty
of food coming into the hive; and provide the
hive with a tictme of eggs from a selected colony.
You may have to remove all unearned brood from
this hive in order for the bees to make queen -

cells from the frame you supply them with; other.


wise the bees Ian make queens from any available
larvae.

44
41

L.P. # 7

You can have this hive conbinously roar


queen cells (called a Cell Thrildor) by
removing mature, capped queen cells,
adding frames of capped brood and feeding
this hive. 'After you remove the mature
queen mils, add. a new frame of *elected
eggs.

Disadvantages:

-time consuming (cutting cells, adding brood)


-bees could select the bees desireable larvae
-bees could :sake poor queens

There. are many other methods of 4tleen rearing.


They are muoh more complioated'for beginner
boekceprs or boo breeders. Those methods
aaro described in'a book called QUUEN NEARING
by H. M. Iaida**4 Jr. and J. E. Eckerbi'Univer.i.
sity of California Press, Berkeley, Cal., 1974.

D. biller factors in Rearing Queens

1. Queen Mating Yard: Once the mature


goon oolls.are removed, they can be
.put into a amen nucleus hive con-
sisting:of young bees, comb and plenty
of toed. These mating nucs should be
paacod in an area Where there are
many drones, drones from hives of good
charaoteristics.

2. Starting Nucleus: Once the ,queen has


emerged tram the cell and starts to
lay:.in the mating hive, she can be
removed to a =au hive, consistingof
two to four frames of young bees and
food. Onoe she starts to lay in this
nuc, her performance and other desire-,
able Characteristics can be assessed
b'e1ore she is'used to start a new hive.

45
42

LESSON PLAN i

HARMING HIVE PRODUCTS

Time: 1 hours

Materials: Demonstration,' Display

Objectives: Help beekeepers to sell bee products,


and form cooperatives.

I. Honey
1. Harvesting
-honey is flonerally taken off when over
3/4piths of the comb is capped; uncapped
honey tends to ferment since it is 'un-.
ripened, (ie. not en6Ugh water has been
evaporated off).

.combs oan be cut outiand ;tressed to ex.


tract honey ana put ntO a screen or
cloth bag, or scraped off to the midrib,
leaving a foundation in the frame for
the bees to start building again, or the
wax to oan be cut off with a hot knife
and tho f%amo put into an extractor which
will sPia the honey off, leaving the comb
intact, If cutting out comb, leave a
1 inch strip for bees to start on.

-once honey has been'remeved4 strain'the


honey again through 4 finer cloth; to
remcvod any particles, bees, debris, and
dirt, Ociaibs with brood should not be
harvested.

-store honey in a shady but dry plade,


froe fro:Lents and other predators. Do
not spray honey with insecticides.' Bottle
honey in any clear glass container, and
label eadft bottle with quantitn'usually
bywaLght4 and name of yout yard. Honey -4.
is ustualy graded by color, the lighter
the color the higher the grade. Some
couatries'prefer darker honey and may be
willing to
par More for it. Honey stored
in the.stri-or in humid places will be
ruin.e4
-honey in the wax comb can also be sold,
either wrapped in plastic clear wrap, or
bottled with honey
rAs

46
43

L.P. If 8

-if honey is too liquids it will foam and


former t on the top. Such honey will spoil.
Thick, Clean honeyi properly cured and
stored (not in a damp place) will last many
years. In time all honey will 'set up' or
crystallize. This is not the same as
spoiling and in fact many countries prefer
this crystallized form.

2. Marketing
-all honey should be carefully labeled. Here
is an example of a honey. fable.

*04041,0440410000WWWWWWOHNNWINHONN!
*1014140610111410444.01404000414401410444041414141040114141400

ERIC =ARIES

net: 450 Grams

Palapalas Dasmarifiass Cavite


March, 1978

-stores, stands, inaiiidUilis


conmeraLarcenters, balctng
industries, health foods stores, etc.
are interested in selling
honey. Individual contacts
can be made or through a
buyers especially in the
larger towns and ities.

II. Wax .

1. How to process 'and harvest


beeswax should be kept, scrapings
from the hive, left over from wax
moth infestations and that is harvested
with the honey. Waxln may countries
is more valuable than honey. Here's

417
44

how to harvest beetrwax:

:Place wax in-tub or not and cover with


water. The pot should be sturdy- and
not likely to bronk when put over the
fire. Water should not boil over, as
max is very flammable and could burn
easily. The =exalt-Esc-to the top
and once melted, strain it through a
'wire screen or jute sack cloth. The
pail theism% is cooled in should have
a larger top than.bottom for easy re-
moval of wax:cake. Scrape away debris
on bottom onoe cake is hard.

A solar wax molter can be constructed


using a heavy wooden box with a heavy
glass top. Plao3 in the sun; 'the
wax inside will melt. 'quickly. If a
tin tray is made with.a collecting
spout, sand a oaa placed under the spout,
the melted wax win melt anibo in a
convenient cake in ono step.

2. Narkaing wax
-Wax can to usod it the following ways:
:ecismoties
:machine tooling
outtits
:leather processing
:wood polish
:candles

-attached are copier, of umterproofing,


leather preparation and wax polish you
can make and se17, as well as how to
make wax candles.

III. Pollination/ selling bees


1. Leasing hives
-soon, powers in this country will see
the value of having bees pollinate their
fruits and vegetables. While experi-
mental-still in this country, growers
will be willing to rent hives for bee-
keepers to move in while the crop is
bloating and remove after flowering is
done/. or the grower has to spray insecticides.
- 45 -

L.P. # 8

2. Soiling bees and equipment


The fo3.lowing things can be sold to
4
beginners and advanced beekeepers
alike:
ogoodon.'parts (frames, boxes, tops,
bottom, etc.)
swarms
:improved queens
:wax oomb or foOndation
:smokers, veils, hive tool
:wax melters
:beeswax candle.hits

IV. Beekeeping Cooperatives


1. Beekeeping cooperatives could be helpful
for small time beekeepers in the folio-
wing ways:
-able to sell more honeyo'combining
resources to male labels, bottle honey,
etc.
-organize leasing of hives through
uowers known in the area

- making equipment and selling it


cooperatively
-exchanging information and sending
representatives'to'periodie work-
shops, seminars, or courses

-able to combine resources to buy


and share books periodicals or
other literature

2. Ways that cooperatives can raise money are:


-membership duos
-service charge for any seminars
held by 000p
-selling equipment, honey, wax etc.
-renting fees for pollination services
-commercial apiaries or university (or
other private) contributions
-sale of goodb made with honey etc.
(baked goods, honey wine candles).

3. Eventually, some goals that can be realized


by cooperative are:
-improving strains of bees (native)
-standardizes equipment built and used
(sold)
49

1
.

46

L.P. # 8 ti

-develop individual technology and


style for locality
- keep reoords of honey/pollen plants
in area, for honey flow data
- become a service center for beekeeprs
in large area, providing equipment,
V foundation_milIs, extracting equi
ments bottles aria labellng ffeeds.

Beeswax Recipes

LEATHER PREPARATION

1 part tallow

1 part neatsfoot oil (or other oil)

1 part beeswax

Melt oil over hot water, add


clarlfied melted tallow and clarified
waX cake: mix and cool. Cover tightly.

13SESWAlc POLISH

Melt 1 pound (ticg.) of- beeswax


and stir in 2* of turpentine
(mineral oil can also be added) until
wax cools. Use as wood polish.

WATERPROOFING

4 oz. wax
4 oz. resin
1 pint linseed oil
pint turpentine

Melt wax and resin, stir in oil


and cool while Bidding turpentine. Rub
into leather.

50
SO

52
51 HONEY EXTRACTOR
SQUEEZING OUT -1.10rIEY
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yi/ of plastic window screen and
the .top and bottei sections of
mosquito netting cut to the
pattern shown. (Tow ease, draw
full-size pattern.) Sew together in
back. Stitch the hat band section
around a rubber band or a C41l of several
strands of elastic cord so that the top
.

section fits tightly around a straw hat. The


lower as should be made wide enough to take a 1/80
diameter cord about 8, long. Cord should. be crossed
across your *hefts the ends brought around your back
and tied in front. Make sure there are no spaces/large
C3E'D enough for bees to get inside! /

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BEST PY AVAILABLE
67.
62

ER1OS UN)
1, Apiculture 3.4cgAilsS*Trak. ed. E. Cranes I.B.R.A., London,
Great Britain, 197

2. The Beekeeper's Handitaro D. Sanimataro and A. Avitabile. Peaoh


Press, Dexter, Mich. 978.

3. WIttaz. P. Vernon; Hodder and Stoughton. Aylesbury's Bucks.


Great Britain, .1976.

4, A Beekeeping .H.H Attlield VITA, Tech. Bull. $9, Bucks,


Rainer, Mrd.. 20822, U.S.A.

5. 13.221222ingin the es, RA4 Hbress'and F.M. Laigo. Farm Bulr


letin #27. Un. ca114.1.144inclis Los Banos* 1968.

6. ze.anCIELap3124agAel P.G Smith: Western Printing Services, Ltd.


Bristol, Great Britain, 1960.

7. Co t Bee Researc WALcA Technical Bulletins. 3 Isla Roads


Vile Panic Bombay, India. 400056.

8. re Rive and the Honeijm, ed. Dadant & Sonss Haudltons Illinois, 1975.

9, Iscetl....194Batelstigtapplautat. SE. McGregor. Jig. Hand


book D.C. 1976.

10. practical Beekeenknu .rompkins and Griffith. Garden Way Pdbl.


Charlottes Vt. 05445, 1977.

Bice C.P. Abbott. Bee Crafts: Bracken Dene.


Manor Ways Petts Woods Kent. Great Britain, 1951.

12, Queen Rearing. H. Laidlemrs and J.E. Eckert. Un. of California Press
Berke?: 4 1962.

note: most of the drawings in the Lesson Plans were from 412=
1422Viirattbt

66
.
/ :`,;;At13,

.0*

Since 1961 when the Peace Corps was created, more than 80,000 U.S. citizen. have served'
as Volunteers in developing countries, Living and working among the people of the third
'World as colleagues and co- workers. Today 6000 PCVs are involved in prograis dealgned-
to help strengthen local capacity to address such fundamental concerns as food
,production, water supply, energy development, nutrition and health education and
reforestation.

Loret Miller Ruppe, Director


Everett Alrez, Jr. Deputy Director
Richard B. 16411. Director, Office of Programming end Training Coordination.

Peace Corps overseas offices:

BELIZE Pia MALAYSIA SEYCHELLES


P.O. Box 4B7 P.O. Box 094 / 177 Jelin Raja Muda Box 564
Belize City Suva' Kuala Lumpur 'Victoria

BENIN GABON MALI SIERRA LEONE


1T-Th BP 209$ BP 85 Private Mail kg
COt000u Libreville Bamako Freetown

BOTSWANA GAMBIA2h1 MAURITANIA SOLOMON ISLANDS


P.O. Box 93 P.C15ox82 BP 222 4 P.O. Box 547
Gaborone Banjul Nouakchott Honiara

CAMEROON GRAtNA MICRONESIA SWAZILAND


BP 817 Taniox 5796 P.O. Box 336 P.O. Box 362
Yaounde lidera (North) Saipan, Mariana Mbabane
Islands

CENTRAL AFRICAN GUATEMALA; MOROCCO TANZANIA


REPUBLIC tif-rknid a 1 -4 6 1, Rue Senzerte vilyrs
HP 1080 Zona 2 ---- Rabat Dar as S4aam
Bangui Guatemala
!

CHILE HONDURAS! NEPAL THAILAND


Casille 27-D ApartadolPostal P.O. Box 613 42 Sol Somprasong 2
Santiago C-51 i Kathmandu Petchburi Road
;
legarlgalpa Bangkok 4

COSTA RICA JAMAICA i


NIGER TOGO
Apartado Postal BP 10537 BP 3194
9 Musgrovejtvenue
1266 Kingston 10 Niamey LU6e
San Jose \

KENYA
P.O. Box 30518 OMAN TONGA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Apartado Postal Nairobi P.O. Box 966 irm
Muscat NOWAlofs
1414
Santo Domiago LESOTHO
PAPUA NEW GUINEA TUNISIA`
P.O. Box 554
c/o AmerAcan Embassy 1-1717171ouis
EASTERN CARRIBBEAN Maseru Braille
Port Moresby
Including: Antigua
Tlunie
Barbados, Grenada, LIBERIA
Mbntserrat, PARAGUAY UPPER VOLTA
St. Kitts-Nevis, Monrovia
cATIZican Embassy BP 537-Samandin
St.Locia,St. Asuncion Ouagadougou
Vincent, Dominica MALAWI
"Erin Court"1 Bon n%
Bishops 0,urt Hill Lilongwe
PHILIPPINES WESTERN SAMOA
P.O. Box 696-C P.O. Box 7013 tit°. Box 880
Bridgetown, Barbados Manila Apia

RWANDA YEMEN
ECUADOR ' r5,71;nrican Embassy 107taz 1151
Casilla 635-A Kigali "Sean's
Quito
\ SENEGAL ZAIRE
BP 254 BP 697
Dakar Kinshasa

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