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Analytical Chemistry First Lecture Tareq2024-2025

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43 views9 pages

Analytical Chemistry First Lecture Tareq2024-2025

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shnya.2004
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Analytical Chemistry

Lecture 1
Introduction to Analytical chemistry

Lecturer: Tareq H.Abdullah

2024-2025 (first semester)


•Analytical Chemistry: is the branch of chemistry
that deals with the analysis of different substances..
Analytical chemistry involves the analysis of matter to
determine its composition and the quantity of each kind
of matter that is present. Analytical chemists detect traces
of toxic chemicals in water and air. They also develop
methods to analyze human body fluids for drugs, poisons,
and levels of medication.
Analytical chemistry involves the separation, identification, and the quantification of matter. It

involves the use of classical methods along with modern methods involving the use of scientific

instruments.

Analytical chemistry involves the following methods:

• The process of separation isolates the required chemical species which is to be analysed from a

mixture.

• The identification of the analyte substance is achieved via the method of qualitative analysis.

• The concentration of the analyte in a given mixture can be determined with the method of

quantitative analysis.
Methods Used in Analytical Chemistry
The methods used to determine the identity and the quantity of the analytes in the field of
analytical chemistry can be broadly divided into classical and instrumental methods.

1. Classical Methods:
• There exist many classical methods of checking for the presence or absence of a particular compound in a
given analyte. One such example is the acid test for gold.

• Another example of a classical method for qualitative analysis is the Kastle-Meyer test which
employs phenolphthalein as an indicator to check for the presence of haemoglobin in the given analyte.

• Flame tests can be used to check for the presence of specific elements in an analyte by exposing it to a
flame and observing the change in the colour of the flame.

• Gravimetric analysis is a classical method of quantitative analysis, which can be used in analytical chemistry
to determine the amount of water in a hydrate by heating it and calculating the weight of the water lost.

• One of the better known classical methods of quantitative analysis is volumetric analysis (also known as
titration). In the titration method, a reactant is added to the analyte till an equivalence point is obtained.
2. Instrumental Methods:
• Spectroscopy involves the measurement of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and the atoms
or molecules belonging to a sample.

• With the help of electric fields and magnetic fields, the method of mass spectroscopy is used to measure the
ratio of the mass of the molecule to its charge.

• A common instrumental method used in the field of analytical chemistry is electrochemical analysis. In this
method, the analyte is placed in an electrochemical cell and the voltage or the current flowing through it is
measured.

• The interaction between the analyte and energy in the form of heat is studied in the discipline of analytical
chemistry known as calorimetry. A calorimeter is an instrument that is used to measure the heat of a
chemical reaction.

• It can be noted that even biological measurements are made with the help of this branch of chemistry, and
this field is known as bio analytical chemistry.
Branches of Analytical Chemistry

Two sub-branches come under analytical chemistry namely


quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis which can be
explained as follows. These two methods form the backbone
of many educational labs of analytical chemistry.
1. Quantitative Analysis(how much is
present):
Quantitative Analysis: is a method of determining the absolute or relative quantity
regarding the concentration of one or more substances present in a sample or compound.

• For example, take a sample of an unknown solid substance. The chemists first use
“qualitative” methods to identify what type of compound is present in the sample; then he
adopts the quantitative analysis procedure to determine the exact amount or the quantity
of the compound present in the sample.

• Some Quantitative analysis techniques include Gravimetric Analysis and Volumetric


analysis.
2. Qualitative Analysis (identification):
• Quality means the standard or the feature of one substance. Hence, Qualitative analysis
method deals with the determination of the quality of a particular compound, irrespective
of its quantity or concentration. In simpler words, the qualitative analysis does not
measure the amount of the substance but measures the quality of that material. One of the
best examples of this type of method is the observation of a chemical reaction, whether
there will be a change in colour or not.

• The qualitative analysis method can be measured in different ways such as Chemical tests,
flame tests, etc. Several such tests are widely used in salt analysis (identification of the
cation & anion of inorganic salts).
This analysis can be divided into three branches
1-Volumetric analysis (Titrimetric analysis): The analyte
reacts with a measured volume of reagent of known
concentration, in a process called titration.
2.Gravimetric analysis: A group of analytical methods in
which the amount of analyte is established through the
measurement of the mass of a pure substance containing the
analyte.
3.Instrumental analysis: They are based on the measurement
of a physical property of the sample, for example, an electrical
property or the absorption of electromagnetic radiation.

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