OOPS

1. Principles of OOP (Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism)

2. Classes and Objects
3. Constructors and Destructors
4. Static Members and Methods
5. Access Modifiers (Public, Private, Protected)
6. Friend Functions and Classes
7. Overloading (Function and Operator Overloading)
8. Overriding and Virtual Functions
9. Interfaces and Abstract Classes
10. Dynamic Polymorphism and Virtual Table (yT@Jg)
11. Memory Management (Heap, Stack, new/delete, Smart Pointers)
12. Exception Handling
13. File Handling
14. Templates (Class and Function Templates)
15. Standard Template Library (STL) (Vectors, Lists, Maps, etc.)
16. Type Casting (Static, Dynamic, Reinterpret Casts)
17. Multiple and Multilevel Inheritance
18. Diamond Problem in Inheritance
19. Design Patterns (Singleton, Factory, Observer, etc.)
20. Object Slicing
21. Deep vs Shallow Copy
22. Rule of 3/5/0
23. Virtual Destructor
24. Namespaces
25. OOP in Multithreading Context (if applicable).

DBMS
1. ER Model and ER Diagrams
• Concept of entities, attributes, and relationships.
• Mapping cardinality (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many).
• Converting ER diagrams into relational schemas.
2. Normalization
• Importance of normalization to reduce redundancy.
• Forms:
o 1NF: Eliminate repeating groups.
o 2NF: Remove partial dependencies.
o 3NF: Remove transitive dependencies.
o BCNF: Higher form of 3NF to ensure no non-trivial functional dependency exists.
3. SQL Queries
• CRUD operations: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
• Writing complex queries using multiple conditions and filters.
4. Joins
• Inner Join: Common values in both tables.
• Outer Joins: Includes unmatched rows:
o Left Join: All rows from the left table.
 o Right Join: All rows from the right table.
o Full Outer Join: All rows from both tables.
• Self Join: Joining a table to itself.
5. Indexes
• Purpose of indexing to speed up query performance.
• Types:
o Single-column, Multi-column.
o Clustered vs Non-clustered indexes.
• When and how to use indexes effectively.
6. ACID Properties
• Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability: Ensures reliable transactions.
7. Transactions and Concurrency Control
• Concept of transactions and their states.
• Ensuring consistency using COMMIT and ROLLBACK.
• Concurrency issues: Dirty read, lost updates, uncommitted data, and phantom reads.
8. Locks
• Shared and Exclusive locks.
• Granularity of locks: Row-level, Table-level locks.
• Deadlocks and their prevention.
9. Triggers and Stored Procedures
• Triggers: Automatic actions triggered by events like INSERT, DELETE.
• Stored Procedures: Precompiled SQL code for reuse.
10. Views
• Virtual tables created using SQL queries.
• Use cases: Hiding complexity, security, and reusable queries.
11. Keys
• Types of keys in relational databases:
o Primary Key: Unique identifier for a table.
o Foreign Key: Reference to the primary key of another table.
o Candidate Key: Possible primary keys.
o Composite Key: Combination of attributes.
12. Aggregation Functions
• Common SQL functions: SUM, COUNT, AVG, MAX, MIN.
• Grouping results using GROUP BY.
13. Subqueries and Nested Queries
• Using queries within queries.
• Correlated subqueries for row-by-row evaluation.
14. Group By and Having Clauses
• Summarizing data using GROUP BY.
• Filtering grouped data using HAVING.
15. Database Relationships
• Understanding relationships:
o One-to-One: e.g., Person and Passport.
o One-to-Many: e.g., Customer and Orders.
o Many-to-Many: e.g., Students and Courses.
16. Schema Design
• Logical vs Physical schema.
• Designing normalized schemas for applications.
17. SQL vs NoSQL
• Key differences: Structured vs unstructured data, scalability, flexibility.
• Use cases for SQL (e.g., banking) and NoSQL (e.g., real-time applications).
18. CAP Theorem
• Understanding Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance trade-offs in distributed
databases.
19. Indexes and Performance Optimization
• Using indexing to improve query performance.
• Situations where indexes can degrade performance (e.g., frequent inserts).
20. File Organization and Storage
• How data is stored in files:
o Heap files: Unordered.
o Hash files: Hash function for indexing.
o ISAM: Indexed Sequential Access Method.
21. Normalization vs Denormalization
• Trade-offs between reducing redundancy (normalization) and improving query speed
(denormalization).
22. Difference Between DBMS and RDBMS
• Key differences: Relationships, normalization, and multi-user access.
23. Data Integrity Constraints
• Ensuring correctness:
o Entity integrity (unique primary keys).
o Referential integrity (valid foreign keys).
24. Partitioning and Sharding
• Partitioning: Dividing tables into smaller pieces for performance.
• Sharding: Horizontal scaling by distributing data across multiple servers.
25. Basic MongoDB or NoSQL Queries
• CRUD operations in NoSQL databases.
• Difference between documents and collections (e.g., MongoDB).

OS
1. Operating System Basics
• What is an OS?
• Types of OS: Batch, Multitasking, Real-Time, Distributed.
2. Process Management
• Processes and Threads.
• Process States (New, Ready, Running, Waiting, Terminated).
• Process Control Block (PCB).
• Context Switching.
3. Threads
• Difference between Threads and Processes.
• Multithreading models (User-level, Kernel-level threads).
4. CPU Scheduling
• Scheduling Criteria (Throughput, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time, Response Time).
• Scheduling Algorithms:
o First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS).
o Shortest Job Next (SJN).
o Priority Scheduling.
 o Round Robin (RR).
o Multilevel Queue Scheduling.
5. Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
• Shared Memory.
• Message Passing.
• Pipes, Sockets, and Signals.
6. Synchronization
• Race Conditions.
• Critical Section Problem.
• Synchronization Mechanisms:
o Semaphores (Binary and Counting).
o Mutex.
• Classical Problems of Synchronization:
o Producer-Consumer Problem.
o Readers-Writers Problem.
o Dining Philosophers Problem.
7. Deadlocks
• Necessary Conditions for Deadlock (Mutual Exclusion, Hold and Wait, No Preemption,
Circular Wait).
• Deadlock Prevention and Avoidance:
o Banker's Algorithm.
• Deadlock Detection and Recovery.
8. Memory Management
• Logical vs Physical Address Space.
• Paging and Segmentation.
• Virtual Memory:
o Page Replacement Algorithms:
▪ FIFO, LRU, Optimal, Clock.
o Thrashing.
9. Storage Management
• File Systems:
o File Operations (Create, Open, Close, Read, Write).
o File Allocation Methods (Contiguous, Linked, Indexed).
o Directory Structures (Single-level, Multi-level, Tree).
• Disk Scheduling Algorithms:
o FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, LOOK, C-LOOK.
10. I/O Management
• I/O Devices and their interactions with OS.
• Buffering, Caching, Spooling.
11. System Calls
• Types of system calls: Process Control, File Management, Device Management, Information
Maintenance, Communication.
12. Security and Protection
• Access Control: Authentication and Authorization.
• Protection Mechanisms: Access Matrix, Capability List, Role-Based Access Control (RBAC).
13. Linux/Unix Concepts
• Common commands (ps, top, kill, chmod, grep, awk).
• Shell scripting basics.
 • Process handling in Unix/Linux.
14. Virtualization and Cloud Concepts
• Basics of Hypervisors (Type 1 and Type 2).
• Virtual Machines and Containers (Docker).
15. Real-Time Systems
• Characteristics and examples of real-time systems.
• Hard vs Soft real-time systems.
16. Boot Process
• Steps involved in the booting process.
• BIOS/UEFI, Bootloader, Kernel initialization.
17. Distributed Systems Basics
• Concepts like Distributed File Systems (DFS), Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs).
• Challenges in distributed systems (Fault tolerance, Synchronization).
18. Performance Monitoring and Optimization
• Concepts of Bottlenecks.
• CPU, Memory, Disk usage monitoring tools.
19. Cache Management
• Importance of caching in the OS.
• Cache Replacement Policies: LRU, FIFO, Optimal.
20. Microkernel vs Monolithic Kernel
• Differences, advantages, and disadvantages.

JS
1. Basics of JavaScript
• Variables (var, let, const) and scope.
• Data types (Primitive: String, Number, Boolean, Null, Undefined, Symbol; Non-primitive:
Object).
• Type coercion and conversions.
• Template literals and string interpolation.

2. Functions
• Function declaration vs expression.
• Arrow functions.
• Callback functions.
• Higher-order functions.
• Immediately Invoked Function Expressions (IIFE).

3. Hoisting and Closures

• Hoisting: Variable and function declaration behavior.
• Closures: Understanding lexical scoping and usage.

4. Event Loop and Asynchronous JavaScript

• Call stack, Web APIs, Callback queue, Event loop.
• Promises: then, catch, finally.
• async/await.
• Understanding microtasks and macrotasks.
5. DOM Manipulation
• Selecting elements (querySelector, getElementById, etc.).
• Modifying elements (innerHTML, textContent, classList).
• Event handling: addEventListener, event delegation.

6. ES6+ Features
• Destructuring and spread/rest operators.
• Default parameters.
• Modules: import and export.
• let and const vs var.
• for...of and for...in loops.

7. Object-Oriented JavaScript
• Objects and prototypes.
• this keyword and its context.
• Classes and inheritance (extends, super).
• Constructor functions.
• Object methods (Object.keys(), Object.values(), Object.entries()).

8. Error Handling
• try, catch, finally.
• Custom error messages.

9. Advanced JavaScript Concepts

• Scope chain and lexical scope.
• Execution context.
• The this keyword (regular functions vs arrow functions).
• Currying.
• Memoization.
• Debouncing and throttling.

10. JavaScript APIs

• Fetch API: fetch() and working with JSON.
• XMLHttpRequest.
• Working with localStorage, sessionStorage, and cookies.

11. Functional Programming

• Pure functions, immutability.
• Array methods: map, filter, reduce, forEach, find, some, every.
• Function composition.

12. Promises and Async/Await

• Creating and handling promises.
• Error handling in promises.
• Using async and await for cleaner asynchronous code.

13. Regular Expressions (Regex)

• Syntax and use cases.
 • Common methods: match(), replace(), test(), split().

14. JavaScript Design Patterns

• Singleton, Factory, Module, Observer, and Prototype patterns.

15. Performance Optimization

• Lazy loading.
• Event delegation.
• Efficient DOM manipulation.
• Avoiding memory leaks.

16. Debugging and Tools

• Using browser developer tools.
• Console methods (log, warn, error, group).
• Debugging with breakpoints and stepping through code.

17. Testing JavaScript

• Basics of unit testing.
• Tools: Jest, Mocha, Chai.

18. Modules and Imports/Exports

• Difference between default and named exports.
• Dynamic imports.

19. Event Bubbling and Capturing

• Difference between bubbling and capturing phases.
• Using stopPropagation and preventDefault.

20. JavaScript in the Browser

• Window and Document objects.
• Browser-specific methods (alert, prompt, confirm).

21. Common JavaScript Interview Questions

• == vs ===.
• Deep copy vs shallow copy.
• Mutable vs immutable data types.
• Difference between call, apply, and bind.
• Explain event delegation.
• Explain the difference between synchronous and asynchronous code.

REACT JS

1. React Basics
• What is React and why use it?
• JSX: Syntax and rules.
• Components: Functional and Class-based.
• Props: Passing data between components.
 • State: Managing local component state.

2. React Component Lifecycle

• Class component lifecycle methods:
o componentDidMount, componentDidUpdate, componentWillUnmount.
• Functional components with hooks:
o useEffect as a replacement for lifecycle methods.

3. React Hooks
• useState for state management.
• useEffect for side effects.
• useContext for context API.
• useReducer for state management with reducers.
• useMemo and useCallback for performance optimization.
• useRef for accessing DOM elements and persisting values.
• Custom hooks: Creating reusable logic.

4. Props and State

• Difference between Props and State.
• Passing props to child components.
• Handling state updates in functional and class components.

5. React Routing
• React Router Basics: BrowserRouter, Route, Link, and NavLink.
• Dynamic routing with parameters.
• Nested routes.
• Redirects and programmatic navigation.

6. Forms and Event Handling

• Controlled vs Uncontrolled components.
• Handling form submissions.
• Validating form inputs.
• Event handling in React (onClick, onChange, etc.).

7. Context API
• Understanding React Context.
• Passing data without prop drilling.
• useContext for accessing context values.

8. State Management
• Local state using useState and useReducer.
• Global state management tools: Redux, Zustand, Recoil, or MobX.
• Redux Basics: Actions, Reducers, Store, Middleware (Thunk, Saga).
• Context API as a lightweight alternative to Redux.

9. React Performance Optimization

• Avoiding unnecessary re-renders with React.memo.
• Using useMemo and useCallback.
 • Lazy loading components with React.lazy and Suspense.
• Key props in lists to improve rendering.

10. Error Handling

• Error boundaries for class components (componentDidCatch).
• Handling errors in functional components (try-catch, useEffect).

11. React Portals

• What are portals and why use them?
• Creating modals and tooltips with React Portals.

12. Server-Side Rendering (SSR) and Static Site Generation (SSG)

• SSR with Next.js.
• Difference between SSR, SSG, and Client-Side Rendering (CSR).
• Hydration in React.

13. React Testing

• Testing React components with Jest and React Testing Library.
• Unit testing functional components.
• Snapshot testing.
• Mocking API calls in tests.

14. React with APIs

• Fetching data with fetch or axios.
• Using useEffect for API calls.
• Handling loading states and errors.
• GraphQL with React (Apollo Client).

15. Styling in React

• Inline styles, CSS modules, and Styled Components.
• Using libraries like Tailwind CSS or Bootstrap with React.
• Dynamic styling based on component state or props.

16. Key Advanced Concepts

• Reconciliation and the Virtual DOM.
• Fragments to avoid unnecessary wrappers.
• Higher-Order Components (HOCs).
• Render Props pattern.

17. React Developer Tools

• Debugging with React DevTools.
• Profiling React applications.

18. Deployment
• Building and deploying a React app to platforms like Vercel, Netlify, or AWS.
• Best practices for production builds (npm run build).

19. React Ecosystem

 • Next.js for SSR and SSG.
• State management libraries like Redux, Zustand, or MobX.
• Component libraries (Material-UI, Ant Design).

20. Common Interview Questions

• Difference between functional and class components.
• How does the Virtual DOM work?
• Why use key in lists?
• Difference between useEffect and useLayoutEffect.
• What are React Fragments, and why are they used?
• How does React handle reconciliation?

NODE JS AND EXPRESS

1. Basics of Node.js
• What is Node.js and its advantages?
• Node.js architecture (Single-threaded, event-driven model).
• Event loop and its phases (Timers, I/O callbacks, Idle/Prepare, Poll, Check, Close callbacks).
• Blocking vs Non-blocking I/O.
• Differences between Node.js and JavaScript in the browser.

2. Modules and Package Management

• Built-in modules (e.g., fs, path, http, os).
• Using require and ES modules (import/export).
• Creating custom modules.
• Package management with NPM: Installing, updating, and removing packages.
• Understanding package.json and package-lock.json.
• Global vs local dependencies.

3. Asynchronous Programming
• Callbacks and the callback hell.
• Promises: then, catch, and chaining.
• Async/Await syntax.
• EventEmitter class in Node.js.

4. File System
• Reading and writing files (fs.readFile, fs.writeFile, fs.appendFile).
• Creating and deleting files/folders.
• Using streams for reading/writing large files.

5. HTTP Module
• Creating a basic HTTP server.
• Handling requests and responses.
• Using query strings and URL parameters.
• Understanding HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

6. Middleware in Express.js
• Understanding middleware functions in Express.
• Built-in middleware (express.json, express.urlencoded, express.static).
 • Third-party middleware (e.g., body-parser, cors).
• Writing custom middleware for logging, authentication, etc.

7. Routing in Express.js
• Defining routes with app.get, app.post, app.put, app.delete.
• Route parameters and query strings.
• Express Router for modular route handling.
• Handling 404 errors with middleware.

8. Request and Response Objects

• Understanding req and res in Express.
• Methods like req.params, req.query, req.body.
• Sending responses using res.send, res.json, res.status.

9. Templating Engines
• Using templating engines like EJS, Handlebars, or Pug.
• Rendering dynamic HTML pages with data.

10. Database Integration

• Connecting Express to databases (MongoDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL).
• MongoDB with Mongoose: CRUD operations and schema design.
• SQL queries and ORM tools (e.g., Sequelize for SQL databases).

11. Authentication and Authorization

• Using jsonwebtoken (JWT) for authentication.
• Passport.js for third-party OAuth providers (Google, Facebook).
• Securing routes with middleware for authorization.

12. Error Handling

• Centralized error handling in Express.
• Using middleware for catching errors.
• Sending custom error messages.

13. RESTful API Design

• Principles of REST API (Statelessness, resource-based URIs).
• Structuring endpoints and routes for CRUD operations.
• Status codes for API responses (200, 201, 400, 404, 500).
• Pagination, filtering, and sorting in APIs.

14. WebSockets and Real-Time Communication

• Basics of WebSocket protocol.
• Using socket.io for real-time features (chat apps, notifications).

15. Security Best Practices

• Preventing common vulnerabilities:
o SQL injection.
o XSS (Cross-site scripting).
o CSRF (Cross-site request forgery).
 • Using helmet for setting HTTP headers.
• Rate limiting with libraries like express-rate-limit.

16. File Uploads

• Handling file uploads with multer.
• Managing file storage and validation.

17. Performance Optimization

• Caching responses (in-memory cache, Redis).
• Using compression middleware (compression).
• Profiling and identifying bottlenecks.

18. Deployment
• Deploying Node.js apps on cloud platforms (Heroku, AWS, Vercel).
• Environment variables using dotenv.
• Setting up PM2 for process management and load balancing.

19. Unit and Integration Testing

• Testing routes and APIs using tools like Jest, Mocha, and Chai.
• Supertest for integration testing in Express.js.
• Mocking requests and responses in tests.

20. Event-Driven Architecture

• Using Node.js EventEmitter for pub/sub patterns.
• Creating custom events and listeners.

21. Streams in Node.js

• Understanding readable and writable streams.
• Using pipes for stream chaining.
• Handling backpressure in streams.

22. Common Interview Questions

• What is the difference between process.nextTick() and setImmediate()?
• Explain middleware in Express.js.
• How does Node.js handle concurrency?
• How do you secure a Node.js application?
• Difference between res.send and res.json.

SQL AND MONGODB

1. MongoDB
Basics
• What is MongoDB?
• Difference between MongoDB and SQL databases (NoSQL vs SQL).
• Collections and Documents.
• Data types in MongoDB (ObjectId, String, Date, etc.).
CRUD Operations
• Insert: insertOne, insertMany.
• Query: find, findOne, with filters.
 • Update: updateOne, updateMany, $set, $unset, $inc.
• Delete: deleteOne, deleteMany.
Schema Design
• Schema-less nature of MongoDB.
• Embedding vs Referencing documents.
• Use cases for denormalization.
Indexes
• Creating and dropping indexes.
• Single-field vs compound indexes.
• Performance improvements with indexing.
• Unique indexes.
• TTL indexes for expiring data.
Aggregation Framework
• Basics of aggregation pipelines.
• Common stages: $match, $group, $project, $sort, $limit, $skip.
• Using $lookup for joins in MongoDB.
• Calculations with $sum, $avg, $count.
Advanced Topics
• Transactions in MongoDB.
• MongoDB replication and sharding for distributed systems.
• MongoDB Atlas (cloud-based MongoDB).
• Working with GridFS for file storage.
Security
• Role-based access control (RBAC).
• Authentication and authorization in MongoDB.
• Best practices for securing MongoDB databases.
Query Optimization
• Understanding the query execution plan (explain() method).
• Index scan vs collection scan.

2. SQL
Basics
• SQL syntax: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL.
• Tables, rows, and columns.
• Constraints: Primary key, Foreign key, Unique, Not Null, Check.
SQL Queries
• SELECT statements with WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and HAVING.
• Filtering with LIKE, IN, BETWEEN, NOT.
• Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX.
Joins
• Types of joins:
o INNER JOIN.
o LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN.
o FULL OUTER JOIN.
o CROSS JOIN, SELF JOIN.
• Real-world use cases of joins.
Subqueries
• Correlated and non-correlated subqueries.
 • Subqueries in SELECT, WHERE, and FROM clauses.
Indexes
• Clustered vs Non-clustered indexes.
• Impact of indexes on query performance.
• Composite indexes.
Normalization and Denormalization
• Normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF).
• Benefits of normalization.
• When to denormalize for performance.
Transactions
• ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).
• Savepoints in SQL.
• Locking mechanisms (Shared vs Exclusive).
Stored Procedures and Functions
• Writing basic stored procedures.
• Use of triggers in SQL.
• Difference between functions and procedures.
Views
• Creating and using views.
• Materialized views vs normal views.
• Use cases of views in SQL.
Performance Tuning
• Query optimization with EXPLAIN and ANALYZE.
• Avoiding full table scans.
• Indexing best practices.
• Understanding query execution plans.
SQL and Security
• SQL injection attacks and how to prevent them.
• Using prepared statements.
• Managing user permissions and roles.
Advanced Topics
• Recursive queries with Common Table Expressions (CTEs).
• Partitioning in SQL tables.
• Window functions: ROW_NUMBER, RANK, LEAD, LAG.
• Working with JSON data in modern SQL databases.

Comparative Questions for SQL vs MongoDB

• When to use NoSQL over SQL and vice versa.
• Handling relationships: JOINs in SQL vs $lookup in MongoDB.
• Scalability differences between MongoDB and SQL databases.

AWS
1. AWS S3 (Amazon Simple Storage Service)
Core Features and Concepts
• Basics of S3 buckets: creating, naming rules, and regions.
• Object storage: file upload/download, object keys, and metadata.
• Data consistency model: Strong consistency in S3.
• Storage classes: Standard, Intelligent-Tiering, One Zone-IA, Glacier, Glacier Deep Archive.
 • Versioning: Enabling versioning and handling versioned objects.
• Lifecycle policies: Automating data transitions between storage classes.
• Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS).
Security
• Bucket policies and access control lists (ACLs).
• IAM roles and permissions for S3.
• Server-side encryption (SSE): SSE-S3, SSE-KMS, and SSE-C.
• Client-side encryption.
• Block public access settings.
Advanced Topics
• S3 Transfer Acceleration.
• S3 Event Notifications (Triggering Lambda functions, SNS, SQS).
• S3 Object Lock and legal hold.
• S3 Multipart Uploads for large files.
• Static website hosting using S3.
• Cross-region replication (CRR) and Same-region replication (SRR).

2. AWS Transcribe
Core Features and Concepts
• Supported input/output formats (audio/video).
• Real-time vs batch transcription.
• Language support and identifying multiple speakers.
• Punctuation and formatting features.
• Custom vocabularies and vocabulary filtering.
• Transcription jobs: Creating, managing, and monitoring.
Integration
• Integrating Transcribe with other AWS services (e.g., S3, Lambda, DynamoDB).
• Streaming transcription via WebSocket API.
• Transcription with AWS SDKs and CLI.
Best Practices
• Optimizing audio quality for better transcription accuracy.
• Managing costs with resource optimization.
• Handling errors and retries in transcription jobs.

3. Additional AWS Services to Explore

Storage and Database
• Amazon DynamoDB: NoSQL database service, use cases for real-time applications.
• Amazon RDS: Managed relational database service.
• AWS Glacier: For archival storage and retrieval.
Compute and Networking
• AWS Lambda: Serverless compute, triggering Lambda from S3 events.
• Amazon EC2: Virtual servers for hosting applications.
• Amazon CloudFront: CDN for distributing S3-hosted content with low latency.
• AWS Elastic Load Balancing (ELB): Distributing traffic for applications.
AI/ML and Analytics
• Amazon Rekognition: For image and video analysis (e.g., facial recognition, object
detection).
• AWS Comprehend: For natural language processing (NLP).
 • AWS Polly: Text-to-speech service.
• Amazon Kinesis: Real-time data streaming for applications.
DevOps and Automation
• AWS CloudFormation: Infrastructure as Code (IaC).
• AWS CodePipeline: CI/CD pipeline service.
• AWS CLI and SDKs: Automation and scripting.

4. General AWS Topics for Interviews

Architecture Design
• Best practices for designing scalable and cost-efficient architectures.
• Decoupled architectures using SQS and SNS.
• Designing multi-region, fault-tolerant systems.
Identity and Access Management (IAM)
• Policies, roles, and groups.
• Using temporary credentials and AssumeRole.
Monitoring and Logging
• Amazon CloudWatch: Logs, metrics, and alarms.
• AWS CloudTrail: Audit and track API activity.
Networking
• Amazon VPC: Basics, subnets, and security groups.
• NAT Gateways and Internet Gateways.

Interview-Ready Skills
1. Hands-On Practice
o Create an end-to-end workflow integrating S3 and AWS Transcribe (e.g., uploading
audio to S3 and triggering transcription using Lambda).
2. Cost Optimization
o Understand how to optimize costs for S3 (e.g., lifecycle rules) and Transcribe (batch
jobs, reducing idle time).
3. Common Questions
o How does S3 ensure data durability?
o Explain the lifecycle of an AWS Transcribe job.
o How would you integrate Transcribe with another AWS service to create a
transcription pipeline?