Cogent Social Sciences

Parental Strategies for Shaping Children's Social Behavior in Families of Female

Workers

Submission ID 246044710

Article Type Research Article

Strategy, children's social behavior, family, fema

Keywords
le worker

Nahrul Faidin, Marhaeni Pudji Astuti, Sucihatinin

Authors
gsih Dian Wisika Prajanti, Puji Hardati

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8 Parental Strategies for Shaping Children's Social Behavior in
9 Families of Female Workers
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12 1Nahrul Faidin,2Marhaeni Pudji Astuti,3Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika Prajanti,4Puji Hardati,
13 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

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[email protected]
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16 Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Semarang State University, Indonesia
17 Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Semarang State University, Indonesia

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18 Faculty of Economics and Business, Semarang State University, Indonesia
19 Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Semarang StateUniversity, Indonesia

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21 Corresponding Author *[email protected]
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23 ABSTRAK

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24 This study explores strategies for shaping children’s social behavior in families of female workers,
25 focusing on honesty, role models, and religious education. A qualitative descriptive research design was
26 employed, with informants selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through observations,
27 interviews, document analysis, and questionnaires. The data were analyzed qualitatively using the

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28 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), which was done using Expert Choice 11 software. Eight informants,
29 who were well-acquainted with the research problem, participated in the study. Findings revealed three
primary strategies: (1) Religious Education (42.1% Priority): The most prioritized criterion. The top

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alternative was applying religious values in daily life (47.5%), followed by teaching active participation
31 in religious practices (38.8%) and cultivating religious knowledge (13.7%). (2) Exemplary Education

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32 (43.5% Priority): The top alternative was appreciating positive values modeled by parents (43.5%), with
33 effective communication (29.8%) and general appreciation of positive values (26.7%) ranking next. (3)
34 Honesty Education: Demonstrated response consistency with an inconsistency value below 0.1. The
35 priority was ensuring consistency between words and actions (46.9%), followed by honesty in speech

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36 (30.2%) and admitting mistakes (23%). (4) An overall inconsistency value of 0.01 confirmed consistent
responses from informants. The highest-ranked alternative across all strategies was the application of
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religious values in daily life (19.4%), followed by encouraging children’s active participation in religious
38 practices (15.8%) and instilling positive values through parental role models (13.6%). These strategies

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39 highlight the significance of religious and ethical education in shaping children’s social behavior in
40 working mother households.
41 .

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42 Keywords: Strategy, children's social behavior, family, female workers
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INTRODUCTION

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Female labor migration has become a significant phenomenon in various countries,
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especially Indonesia. Many women choose to work abroad to carry out household responsibilities,
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which is done to improve the family's economic condition (Flinkfeldt & Höglund, 2024).
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Although this decision brings financial benefits, it can lead to changes in family structure and
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dynamics, especially for the children left behind. (Rosardi et al., 2021). This raises questions
50 about the impact of migration on the social behavior of children in families of female workers.
51 Understanding that female labor migration is often driven by pressing economic factors on
52 the ground is crucial for addressing the challenges faced by migrant workers and their families.
53 (Hornung et al., 2024) Female labor migration is essential for many families who rely on the
54 income of female workers to meet basic needs. However, a mother's absence can have profound
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7 psychological and social impacts on children. The lack of a mother figure in daily life can affect a
8 child's emotional and behavioral development (Forrer et al., 2024).
9 Positive parenting plays a crucial role in the well-being of immigrant families, fostering
10 resilience and healthy development (Kapetanovic & Skoog, 2024). However, when a mother

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11 works abroad, her child may experience negative consequences that affect their well-being and
12 development (Favez et al., 2024). They may have to take on additional responsibilities, such as
13 caring for younger siblings or helping with household chores. While the presence of parents is

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14 generally considered beneficial, these changes can affect family relationships and lead to tension

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15 (Lansford et al., 2022).
16 Simultaneous positive education and the involvement of both mothers and fathers in a
17 child's upbringing help the child adjust to their environment (Okorn et al., 2022). Migration can

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18 also alter the social conditions of a child's environment. Children from families of female workers
19 may face stigma or negative perceptions from the surrounding community due to their parents'

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20 migration (Imrie et al., 2021). This stigma can lead to isolation or a lack of self-confidence,
21 ultimately affecting their social behavior. These experiences can influence their interactions with
22 peers and the wider community (Hechler et al., 2019).
23 The influence of communication technology on migration also has a significant impact.

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24 Many female workers stay in touch with their families through phone calls or social media.
25 Although this communication can help ease homesickness, virtual interactions cannot fully
26 replace the physical presence of a mother (Elizabeth et al., 2024). Children may feel dissatisfied
27 when face-to-face interactions with their parents are limited, leading to feelings of loss and

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28 longing (Širca et al., 2018).
29 Although parents demonstrate their commitment to their children in various ways and make
great efforts to ensure their well-being, children's behavioral problems still require attention

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(Scheithauer et al., 2022); parents may overlook more effective alternative strategies that could
help children develop positive behaviors (Gesell et al., 2021). Social support from the

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surrounding environment also plays a crucial role. Caring communities can help children navigate
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the challenges posed by migration. Community activities, tutoring, and psychological support
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programs can assist children in adjusting and overcoming the emotional impact of a parent's
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absence. Without adequate support, children may be at greater risk of developing more serious
36 behavioral issues (Sanders et al., 2024).
37 Parents employ various methods to achieve their children's welfare goals, including
38 migration (Setoh et al., 2024). Girls may face higher social expectations regarding domestic

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39 responsibilities, while boys may be expected to assume the role of family protector. These
40 differences can influence the development of their identities and social behaviors, leading to
41 changes within the family, particularly in children's behavior (Živoder et al., 2024). Additionally,

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42 children may engage in actions that lead to social conflict within the family, influenced by the
43 roles of their parents (Arsal et al., 2021).
44 In the context of globalization, the phenomenon of migration is increasing among the

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45 population, mainly due to the necessities of life (Hardati & Rahayu, 2021). The challenges
46 children in families of female workers face are becoming increasingly complex. Children must
47 adapt to the social and cultural changes around them (Kurniawan et al., 2022). Therefore, it is
48 essential to review existing policies and create programs that support children in navigating these
49 changes, allowing them to grow into socially and emotionally healthy individuals (Souralová,
50 2021).
51 The presence of parents is associated with joy, satisfaction, and significantly better
52 personal growth. However, many parents, particularly mothers, deliberately leave their children to
53 work abroad for economic reasons (Bitalo et al., 2024). Economic inequality drives mothers to
54 seek employment as female workers abroad (Hoiting, 2022). As a result, children's behavior may
55 decline due to a lack of family education and parental guidance. Consequently, they receive less
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7 love, supervision, and support from their parents. With mothers working abroad, parental
8 involvement in their children's care becomes unbalanced, negatively impacting their character
9 development.
10 Parents do not always share the same perspective on their child's behavior (Kalmijn, 2024). A

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11 mother's migration does not solely contribute to the decline in the quality of children's behavior;
12 the father's behavior also influences it. The presence of a father as a substitute for the mother may
13 not be effective, as fathers often spend more time outside the home (Dafinoiu et al., 2022).

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14 Economic factors usually prevent fathers from being present with their children, leaving the child

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15 without the support of a father's presence (Souralová, 2021).
16 Children often feel alone, lonely, and homesick; they also need a parental figure to protect and
17 support them in challenging situations (van der Wal et al., 2024). Children abandoned by their

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18 mothers may experience changes in behavior, while the father often assumes the role of primary
19 caregiver (Larouche et al., 2023). These changes may include feelings of laziness and

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20 irresponsibility, a lack of discipline, and occasional engagement in behaviors that deviate from
21 religious teachings.
22 Children whom their mothers abandon face numerous challenges, including mental health
23 issues such as stress, confusion, and anxiety (Hickman, 2024). In addition, these children

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24 experience mental pressure. The prolonged absence of a mother can leave a child struggling to
25 find balance in life, and the lack of a mother figure can lead to persistent behavioral deviations
26 (Gu, 2022).
27 A father's involvement cannot fully meet the family's needs, as he is often busy earning a

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28 living outside the home (Osinga et al., 2023). This situation adds to the burden on children who
29 live far from their mothers and do not experience their parents' roles directly at home. As a result,
children are left without the full expression of love, which can lead to changes in their behavior

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within the family (Ramatsetse & Ross, 2023).
Research on the impact of migration on the social behavior of children of female workers is

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still limited, with many studies focusing more on economic or health aspects (Shu, 2021). While
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the broader social impact is often overlooked, it is essential to conduct in-depth research to
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understand how migration affects children's social behavior so that appropriate interventions can
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be designed (Sihvonen, 2023).
36 By understanding the impact of migration on the social behavior of children from families
37 of female workers, we can design more effective strategies to support them. This will help
38 children overcome challenges and improve the family's well-being. Ensuring that children receive

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39 the appropriate support is crucial in building a better future for both them and society. Building
40 on these insights, the researcher has focused on parental strategies in shaping children's social
41 behavior in families of female workers.

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43 Research Methods
44 Qualitative research methods are an approach to understanding social phenomena from the

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45 perspectives of individuals and groups. These methods are particularly relevant for analyzing
46 strategies that shape the social behavior of children from families engaged in the female labor
47 sector. By academic research permit procedures in Indonesia, the approval process was conducted
48 in two stages: (1) Ethics Board Approval: This study involved human participants and received
49 research permit approval from the ethics board of Semarang State University, Indonesia.
50 Approval was granted by Dr. Fadly Husain, S.Sos., M.Si., Dean of the Faculty of Social and
51 Political Sciences (Vice Dean for Academic and Student Affairs), under approval number
52 B/5816/UN37.1.3/PT.01.04/2023. (2) Local Government Agency Approval: The research
53 permit letter from the research institution was forwarded to the local government agency in Bima
54 Regency, where the research was conducted. Approval was issued by the Regional Planning,
55 Research, and Development Agency of Bima Regency, Indonesia, through the Head of Planning,
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7 Control, Research, and Development, Hasanuddin, S.T., M.M., under approval number
8 050.7/485/07.1/2023. This agreement serves as an official legal document and a guide for
9 researchers in the field, ensuring its appropriate use.
10 The researcher obtained written consent from eight participants who voluntarily agreed to

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11 participate. They provided the required data and information in alignment with the study's
12 objectives, including photographs, videos, interviews, and observations. Participation was entirely
13 voluntary, with no element of coercion from any party. Consent was formally documented

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14 through a written statement or a letter of willingness, signed by both the researcher and each

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15 participant, for use in this study's publication.
16 Data were collected from eight informants through observations, direct interviews,
17 document analysis, and questionnaires. Verbal consent was obtained from participants, as the

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18 study aims to assist families of female workers in addressing children's behavioral problems, with
19 the findings provided to families as evaluation material for their children's behavior. Verbal

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20 consent facilitated the research process by allowing researchers to gather the necessary data more
21 effectively.
22 Table 1: Research informants based on age group and occupation
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24 No Name Age Work
25 1 Sadam 50 years old. Self-employed
26 2 Manadin 45 years old Self-employed
27 3 Nadind 47 years old Fisherman

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28 4 Anton 39 years old Farmer
29 5 Masri 40 years old Farmer

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30 6 Kadian 44 years old Trader
31 7 Samsul 34 years old Farmer
8 Ebidar 35 years old Farmer

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34 Table 1 presents the informants, consisting of parents and children who possess knowledge
35 and experience relevant to the topic and play significant roles as crucial actors in this study. The

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36 data source for this research is the phenomenon of children’s social behavior in families with
37 female workers, which often leads to various issues, including economic challenges arising from
38 mothers working abroad and leaving their families in their hometowns. Data collection techniques
employed in this study include interviews, documentation, observation, and questionnaire

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40 distribution. After data collection, validity is ensured through triangulation, where researchers
41 assess and cross-check the reliability of the information obtained. The data analysis process

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42 employs qualitative analysis techniques and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the
43 assistance of the Expert Choice program. Qualitative analysis techniques and AHP analysis are
44 used to address the research objectives through a structured approach consisting of three strands:
Data Collection: In this stage, researchers gather all data from various sources, including

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46 informants (parents and children). Data Reduction: This selection process focuses on
simplification, abstracting, and transforming large data sets. Results will emerge from written
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field notes. Data Presentation: After data collection, calculations are made based on the
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questionnaire responses using Expert Choice 11 software. The results are then analyzed using
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AHP. The final step involves drawing conclusions and verifying the findings.
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8 FINDINGS
9 Parents Strategies in Shaping Children's Social Behavior in Families of Female
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Workers.

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Based on the results of field research, it shows that:
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1. Analysis of Religious Education Criteria
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14 Based on the results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), religious education
emerges as the top priority in shaping children's social behavior in families of female

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workers. The importance of spiritual education is highlighted by its position as the second
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priority in the AHP analysis, which focuses on developing children's social behavior in these
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families.
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Religious education emphasizes spiritual aspects that govern human relationships with
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God and individual interactions. It plays a crucial role within families, as parents are

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20 encouraged to implement it in hopes that children will exhibit obedient behavior towards
21 Allah. Additionally, religious education can serve as a strategy for instilling good values
22 within the family. The criteria for religious education focus on three main aspects, which are
23 presented as alternatives and analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP):

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Weight of Value.
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27 0.5 0.475

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28 0.45
0.388
29 0.4

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0.35
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0.3

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33 0.25
34 0.2
0.137
35 0.15

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36 0.1
37 0.05
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0

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39 C1 C2 C3
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41 Source: Primary data processed in 2024

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Figure 1: AHP Output Criteria for Religious Education
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Information:
43 Inconsistency Value: 0,01
44 C1: Develop knowledge of religious teachings about values, practices, and traditions in religion.

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45 C2: Encourage children to participate in religious practices, including prayer, study groups, and
46 reading the Koran.
47 C3: Apply religious values in daily life, relationships with others, and one's relationship with God.
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49 The criteria for religious education in Figure 1, based on AHP analysis, showed an
50 inconsistency value below 0,1 (0,01 < 0,1), indicating that the responses from the key
51 informants were consistent. Applying religious values in life—in relationships with others
52 and God—is the highest-priority alternative, with a weight value of 0,475, or 47,5%.
53 Encouraging and teaching children to participate in religious practices, including
prayer, attending religious studies, and reading the Qur'an, is the second-highest priority
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alternative, weighing 0,388, or 38,8%. Despite the importance placed on these practices,
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many children still struggle with reading the Qur'an fluently and have not consistently
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7 performed their prayers, indicating that parents are not fully implementing these religious
8 practices in their children's lives.
9 The third priority alternative is to increase children's knowledge of religious values
10 and practices, weighing 0,137, or 13,7%. Knowledge of religion is crucial for children,

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11 especially in today's challenges, which include rapid societal changes and complex social
12 relationships. It is concerning that many children no longer view religion as a shield or
13 protector against negative influences and harmful behaviors.

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15 2. Analysis of Exemplary Education Criteria
16 Based on the results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), exemplary education
17 is the second priority criterion in shaping children's social behavior in the families of female

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18 migrant workers. Exemplary education is an important strategy to support the development
19 of children's social behavior in the family. Three alternative criteria for exemplary education

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20 will be analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the AHP
21 calculation for the exemplary education criteria are as follows:
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23 Weight of Value.

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25 0.5
0.435
26 0.45
27 0.4

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28 0.35 0.298
29 0.3 0.267

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30 0.25
31 0.2

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32 0.15
33 0.1
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0.05
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36 B1 B2 B3
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38 Source: Primary data processed in 2024
Figure 2: AHP Output Criteria for Exemplary Education

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Information:
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Inconsistency Value: 0,00471
41 B1: Parents show empathy and concern for their children's needs.

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42 B2: Effective communication means parents use polite language.
43 B3: Appreciation of positive values; parents demonstrate the values of hard work, honesty, and
44 respect.

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46 Figure 2 shows that, based on the AHP analysis conducted on the exemplary education
47 criteria, an inconsistency value below 0,1 (0,00471 < 0.1) was obtained, indicating that the
48 responses from the key informants are consistent. The highest-priority alternative is an
49 appreciation for positive values, with parents demonstrating attitudes of hard work, honesty,
50 and respect through daily actions, which weighs 0,435, or 43,5%. However, there is still a
51 lack of exemplary behavior among children within the family, resulting in many children
52 overlooking the importance of role modeling. The exemplary behaviors demonstrated by
53 parents have not been fully implemented by the children, which negatively affects the quality
of children's behavior and contributes to a decline in their overall development. The second
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priority alternative is effective communication, which involves parents using polite
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language, with a weight value of 0,298, or 29,8%. The third priority alternative is respect for
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7 positive values, with parents demonstrating hard work, honesty, and respect, carrying a
8 weight of 0,267, or 26,7%.
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10 3. Analysis of Honesty Education Criteria

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11 The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) results show that honesty education is the
12 lowest priority criterion in shaping children's social behavior in female migrant worker
13 families, following religious education and exemplary education. Honesty education is

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14 essential in supporting children's behavior in the family. The importance of implementing

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15 honesty education in children's lives is to ensure they do not lie, speak honestly, and remain
16 consistent in their statements. Therefore, honesty education is an essential strategy in
17 shaping children's behavior in the family. The results of the AHP analysis of the criteria for

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18 honesty education are as follows:
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20 Weight of Value
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0.5 0.469
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23 0.45

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24 0.4
25 0.35
0.302
26 0.3
0.23
27 0.25

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28 0.2
29 0.15

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30 0.1
31 0.05

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32 0
33 A1 A2 A3
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Source: Primary data processed in 2024
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Figure 3: AHP Output Criteria for Honesty Education
36 Information:
37 Inconsistency Value: 0,00424
38 A1: Honesty in speaking encourages children to express what they truly believe.

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39 A2: Consistency between words and actions fosters children's honesty and self-consistency.
40 A3: Courage to admit mistakes without fear or shame.
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The results of the AHP analysis in Figure 3 show that the criteria for honesty
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education obtained an inconsistency value below 0,1 (0,00424 < 0,1), indicating that the
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responses from the key informants are consistent. The highest-priority alternative in the
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criteria for honesty education is consistency between words and actions, with a weight of

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0,469, or approximately 46,9%. This consistency is essential for encouraging children to
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behave honestly and demonstrate self-consistency within the family environment and the
47 broader community. The second priority alternative is honesty in speaking, which involves
48 parents encouraging children to tell the truth, with a weight value of 0,302, or approximately
49 30,2%. The final priority alternative is the courage to admit mistakes, with a weight value of
50 0,230, or approximately 23%.
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7 4. Alternative Strategies for Shaping Children's Social Behavior in Families of Female
8 Workers
9 This research employs the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to establish a priority
10 scale for strategies to develop children's social behavior in the Langgudu sub-district, Bima

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11 Regency. The criteria and alternatives are assessed using AHP, based on direct observations
12 and interviews with key personnel who have experience and direct contact with child
13 behavior issues in the families of working mothers.

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14 The key participants in this research included the Bima Regency Social Service, the

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15 Bima Regency Manpower and Transmigration Service, and the parents and children from
16 families of working mothers. These participants contributed to developing the criteria and
17 alternatives used in the analysis. The requirements include honesty, exemplary, and religious

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18 education, with three options for each. The calculation results from the Analytic Hierarchy
19 Process (AHP) were obtained using Expert Choice 11 software, and the findings are as

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20 follows:
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22 WEIGHT VALUE
23

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24 0.45 0.421
25 0.4
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0.35
27 0.294

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0.285
28 0.3
29 0.25

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30 0.2
31 0.15

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0.1
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34 0.05
35 0

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Education in Honesty Exemplary Education Education in Religion
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37 Source: Primary data processed, 2024
38 Figure 4. AHP Output for All Criteria on Strategies for Forming Children's Social Behavior in TKW
Families.

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40 Inconsistency Value: 0,01
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Based on Figure 4, the inconsistency value is 0,01, indicating that the responses from

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the key informants are consistent, as the value is below 0,1. The criteria for religious
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education have the highest weight, 0,421 (42,1%), making religious education the most
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prioritized factor in the strategy for shaping children's social behavior in migrant worker

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45 families. The criteria for exemplary education rank second, with a weight value of 0.294
46 (29,4%), while honesty education is ranked third, with a weight value of 0,285 (28,5%).
47 Based on the AHP calculations of all alternative strategies for shaping children's
48 social behavior in families, conducted using the Expert Choice 11 program, the following
49 results were obtained:
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8 Weight Value
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10 0.25

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12 0.194
0.2
13

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0.158
14 0.15 0.136
0.131

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16 0.093
0.1 0.084 0.083
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0.064
18 0.056
19 0.05

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21 0
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
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23 Source: Primary data processed, 2024

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24 Figure 5. AHP Output for All Alternatives
25 Information:
26 Inconsistency Value: 0,01
27 A1: Parents encourage honesty in speaking to ensure that children tell the truth.

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28 A2: Consistency between words and actions is emphasized so children develop honesty and self
-consistency.
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A3: Encouraging courage in admitting mistakes without fear or shame.

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30 B1: Parents demonstrate empathy and concern for their children's needs within the family.
31 B2: Effective communication involves parents speaking to children using appropriate and polite

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32 language while listening attentively.
33 B3: Respect for positive values is shown as parents exhibit behaviors of hard work, honesty, and
34 respect through daily actions.
35 C1: Developing children's knowledge of religious teachings focuses on the values of religious

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36 practices and traditions.
C2: Encouraging active participation in worship practices, such as prayer services, attending Islamic
37 studies, and reading the Koran.
38 C3: Applying religious values in life to help children practice these values in daily interactions with

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39 others and their relationship with the Creator.
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41 Based on Figure 5, the results of the AHP analysis show an inconsistency value of

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42 0,01, indicating that the responses from the key informants are consistent. The highest-
43 priority alternative is the application of religious values in daily life, enabling children to
44 apply these values in their relationships with others and their creator. This alternative has a

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45 weight value of 0,194 or approximately 19,4%. The second priority alternative is to pay
46 attention to and teach children to actively participate in religious practices, including
47 praying, attending Islamic studies, and reading the Qur'an, with a weight value of 0,158, or
48 approximately 15,8%. The third priority alternative is appreciating positive values, such as
49 parents demonstrating hard work, honesty, and respect through their daily actions, with a
50 weight value of 0,136, or approximately 13,6%. The final priority alternative in the overall
51 analysis is the consistency between words and actions, essential for fostering honesty and
52 self-consistency in children, with a weight value of 0,131, or approximately 13,1%.
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7 DISCUSSION
8
Analysis of Parental Strategies in Shaping Children's Social Behavior in Families with
9 Working Mothers.
10 1. Analysis of Criteria for Religious Education

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The criteria for religious education in Figure 1, based on AHP analysis, showed an
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inconsistency value below 0,1 (0,01 < 0,1), indicating that the responses from the key
13

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informants were consistent. Applying religious values in life—in relationships with others
14 and God—is the highest-priority alternative, with a weight value of 0,475, or 47,50%.

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15 Applying religious values in life—in relationships with others and God—is one of the most
16 important aspects for children to adopt. However, in reality, many children from families of
17 female migrant workers struggle to maintain their relationships with God and with others.

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18 These children often have a shallow perception of the importance of maintaining a
19 relationship with Allah. The role of parents significantly influences children's behavior.

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20 However, many parents neglect to instill religious values in their children's lives, resulting in
21 children becoming distant from God and disregarding the positive teachings of religion.
22 Encouraging and teaching children to participate in religious practices, including
23 prayer, attending religious studies, and reading the Qur'an, is the second-highest priority

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24 alternative, weighing 0,388, or 38,8%. Despite the importance placed on these practices,
25 many children still struggle with reading the Qur'an fluently and have not consistently
26 performed their prayers, indicating that parents are not fully implementing these religious
27 practices in their children's lives.

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28 Parents play a crucial role in the success of religious education for children, yet their
29 involvement is often insufficient. Many children who need guidance at home are left with

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30 mothers who work as migrant workers, while the father's role is usually perceived as less
31 effective due to his focus on earning a living outside the home. As a result, children become
distanced from religious values, negatively impacting their behavior and interactions within

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33 the family and society.
34 The third priority alternative is to increase children's knowledge of religious values
35 and practices, weighing 0,137, or 13,7%. Knowledge of religion is crucial for children,

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36 especially in today's challenges, which include rapid societal changes and complex social
37 relationships. It is concerning that many children no longer view religion as a shield or
38 protector against negative influences and harmful behaviors.
Knowledge of religion is essential for parents to teach within the family. However, in

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40 many families of female workers, children are still found who lack religious knowledge. This
is evident in the number of children who cannot read the Qur'an correctly and in the minimal
41
understanding of the importance of obligatory prayers. Additionally, parental presence plays

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42
a significant role in shaping children's behavior and religious knowledge. If a child is
43
undisciplined in worship and lacks a sense of responsibility, they may grow up with a gap in
44
their spiritual understanding. Therefore, religious education—especially regarding

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45
knowledge, is crucial in helping children protect themselves from ignorance.
46
47 2. Analysis of Criteria for Exemplary Education
48
Figure 2 shows that, based on the AHP analysis conducted on the exemplary education
49
criteria, an inconsistency value below 0,1 (0,00471 < 0.1) was obtained, indicating that the
50 responses from the key informants are consistent. Based on interviews with parents of
51 female migrant workers, it was found that children in these families have limited role
52 models. Many children cannot provide positive examples because their parents do not exhibit
53 positive behavior. As a result, these children become accustomed to negative behaviors that
54 can impact their lives. Furthermore, children’s behavior is influenced by their parents' daily
55 actions. For instance, parents may neglect to perform congregational prayers at the mosque,
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7 fail to speak politely in front of their children or show a lack of discipline in managing time
8 and fulfilling responsibilities at home. Interviews with children also reveal that, without
9 positive role models, they often imitate the behavior they observe from their parents.
10 The highest-priority alternative is an appreciation for positive values, with parents

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11 demonstrating attitudes of hard work, honesty, and respect through daily actions, which
12 weighs 0,435, or 43,5%. However, there is still a lack of exemplary behavior among children
13 within the family, resulting in many children overlooking the importance of role modeling.

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14 The exemplary behaviors demonstrated by parents have not been fully implemented by the

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15 children, which negatively affects the quality of children's behavior and contributes to a
16 decline in their overall development.
17 Effective communication, mainly through polite language within the family, is crucial

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18 in shaping children's social behavior. However, children cannot apply this in their daily lives.
19 Regarding good manners, many children still use impolite language with their parents at

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20 home and in the community. This highlights the need for parents to actively model
21 exemplary behavior by consistently using polite language and making it a habit for their
22 children. Children must be taught the importance of respectful language, with parents
23 serving as the primary role models. If parents display negative behavior in front of their

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24 children, these actions become examples for children to imitate.
25 The second priority alternative is effective communication, which involves parents
26 using polite language, with a weight value of 0,298, or 29,8%. The third priority alternative
27 is respect for positive values, with parents demonstrating hard work, honesty, and respect,

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28 carrying a weight of 0,267, or 26,7%. Modeling behavior is one of the most important
29 aspects of shaping children's behavior within the family. Children are introduced to a
positive culture when exemplary behavior is consistently practiced. However, if parents

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allow negative behaviors to become habitual in their children's lives, they are also likely to
adopt these bad habits. Therefore, parents must continuously strive to model values such as

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hard work, honesty, and respect to foster good habits in their children so that children can
33
imitate and fully apply what they observe in their parents at home.
34
35

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3. Analysis of the Criteria for Honesty Education
36
37 The results of the AHP analysis in Figure 3 show that the criteria for honesty
38 education obtained an inconsistency value below 0,1 (0,00424 < 0,1), indicating that the
responses from the key informants are consistent. The highest-priority alternative in the

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criteria for honesty education is consistency between words and actions, with a weight of
40
0,469, or approximately 46,9%. This consistency is essential for encouraging children to
41
behave honestly and demonstrate self-consistency within the family environment and the

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broader community.
43 Parents have not fully nurtured honest behavior in children, and parental involvement
44 in children's honesty education remains very low. Some parents in female worker families

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45 fail to recognize the importance of honest education, often prioritizing material needs over
46 developing their children's behavioral values. Additionally, when a mother leaves to work
47 abroad as a migrant worker, and the father is often absent due to work commitments, the
48 children's behavioral education is not fully supported, leading to suboptimal outcomes.
49 The second priority alternative is honesty in speaking, which involves parents
50 encouraging children to tell the truth, with a weight value of 0,302, or approximately 30,2%.
51 Honesty in speaking is crucial as it helps parents train their children to be truthful. For
52 children in migrant worker families, dishonesty is a common behavioral issue, particularly
53 when it comes to admitting mistakes or constantly making excuses to avoid responsibility.
54 The absence of parents, especially mothers who work abroad as migrant workers, has a
55 significant negative impact on the development of children's behavior.
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7 The final priority alternative is the courage to admit mistakes, with a weight value of
8 0,230, or approximately 23%. Teaching children the courage to admit mistakes helps them
9 develop the confidence to speak openly without fear or shame. However, observations and
10 interviews revealed that many children still fear making mistakes. They often believe they

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11 lack the courage to acknowledge their errors, even when the mistake is minor. The fear of
12 admitting mistakes often leads children to express dishonesty. Children may justify their
13 actions or offer excuses to avoid guilt and blame. This lack of courage in children, as seen by

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14 parents, is common and is often coupled with a lack of effort to encourage children to be

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15 brave in telling the truth.
16 Problems within female workers' families, particularly those involving parents,
17 significantly impact the quality of children's behavior. Parents who lack a deep

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18 understanding of children's education often view dishonest behavior as a common issue in all
19 families, and they do not take more meaningful or in-depth actions to address problematic

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20 behavior. For many parents, offering essential advice to their children feels like sufficient
21 education on behavioral issues. However, children frequently repeat the same mistakes even
22 after receiving guidance.
23

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24 4. Alternative Strategies for Shaping Children's Social Behavior in Families with Working
25 Mothers
26 Therefore, religious education should be prioritized to shape children's social
27 behavior in female worker families, as it holds the most tremendous significance compared

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28 to the other criteria. The next step is to rank each criterion from most to least prioritized and
29 the alternatives associated with each criterion. Each criterion has several alternatives, each

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30 with different levels of priority. These alternatives have advantages and disadvantages,
31 which will complement and synergize to shape children's social behavior within the family.
The next step is to rank each criterion from most to least prioritized and the alternatives

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33 associated with each criterion. Each criterion has several alternatives, each with different
34 levels of priority. These alternatives have advantages and disadvantages, which will
35 complement and synergize to shape children's social behavior within the family.

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36 The criteria for exemplary education include three alternatives: first, parents
37 demonstrate empathy and concern for the needs of children in the family; second, effective
38 communication, where parents speak to children using polite language and listen attentively;
and third, appreciation for positive values, with parents showing hard work, honesty, and

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39
40 respect through their daily actions.
The criteria for exemplary education include three alternatives: first, parents
41
demonstrate empathy and concern for the needs of children in the family; second, effective

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42
communication, where parents speak to children using polite language and listen attentively;
43
and third, appreciation for positive values, with parents showing hard work, honesty, and
44
respect through their daily actions.

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45
Based on Figure 5, the results of the AHP analysis show an inconsistency value of
46 0,01, indicating that the responses from the key informants are consistent. The highest-
47 priority alternative is the application of religious values in daily life, enabling children to
48 apply these values in their relationships with others and their creator. This alternative has a
49 weight value of 0,194 or approximately 19,4%. In practice, however, parents’ application of
50 religious education remains very low in families of female workers. In addition to limited
51 knowledge, there is a lack of practical education on religious values for children.
52 Parents strongly desire their children to exhibit good behavior; however, the lack of
53 knowledge and inadequate exemplary education prevent children from fully applying
54 religious teachings. As a result, the development of children's behavior is hindered.
55 Additionally, habits such as performing prayers, reading the Qur'an, and attending Islamic
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7 studies are no longer seen in children from female worker families. Instead, children tend to
8 spend more time playing and socializing with friends, and parents are not strict in enforcing
9 religious education.
10 The second priority alternative is to pay attention to and teach children to actively

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11 participate in religious practices, including praying, attending Islamic studies, and reading
12 the Qur'an, with a weight value of 0,158, or approximately 15,8%. Teaching children about
13 religion is crucial as part of implementing religious teachings. However, parents often pay

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14 little attention to this and fail to actively teach their children about religious practices. Efforts

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15 are typically limited to advising without being accompanied by exemplary behavior in
16 religious observance.
17 The third priority alternative is appreciating positive values, such as parents

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18 demonstrating hard work, honesty, and respect through their daily actions, with a weight
19 value of 0,136, or approximately 13,6%. Based on field observations, the value of hard work

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20 in parents is particularly evident in families of female workers, as these families are
21 generally lower-middle class, and the parents are often hardworking. While the value of
22 honesty is also observed in parents, reinforcement of this value through guidance is rarely
23 provided. As a result, the application of honesty in children's behavior has not been fully

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24 realized. It is common for children to lie, make excuses, or avoid admitting their mistakes to
25 escape feelings of guilt or blame. This pattern persists due to the lack of parental affirmation
26 and discipline regarding the importance of religious education in the children's lives.
27 The final priority alternative in the overall analysis is the consistency between words

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28 and actions, essential for fostering honesty and self-consistency in children, with a weight
29 value of 0,131, or approximately 13,1%. Based on interviews with families of female
workers, consistency between words and actions remains very low. This is evident in

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children who often avoid responsibility for their mistakes, frequently offering explanations
that are not truthful. The role of parents in fostering honesty in children is also minimal. This

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is particularly concerning, as children who need guidance and support within the family are
33
often left behind by mothers working as female migrant workers abroad. Additionally,
34
fathers' time is limited due to their often being occupied with earning a living outside the
35

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home, which leaves children's behavior falling short of the expected standards.
36
37 Conclusion
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The strategy for shaping the social behavior of children in female migrant worker

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families, based on the results of the AHP analysis, reveals that the most prioritized alternative
40
across all strategy criteria is religious education. This criterion is the highest priority in
41 forming children's social behavior. The second priority is exemplary education, followed by

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42 honest education, which is the least prioritized criterion. For the religious education criteria,
43 the top priority alternative is the application of spiritual values in life, both in relationships
44 with others and in one's relationship with God. Regarding exemplary education, one of the top

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45 alternatives is to appreciate positive values, meaning that parents demonstrate hard work,
46 honesty, and respect. Finally, the priority alternative for honesty education is ensuring
47 consistency between words and actions so children develop honesty and self-consistency.
48
49 Authors’ contribution
50 All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this study. Nahrul Faidin
51 drafted the original manuscript, selected the study location, determined the number of
52 participants, and analyzed the results using the Expert Choice program. Tri Marhaeni Pudji
53 Astuti conducted observations, interviews, and qualitative analysis. Sucihatiningsih Dian
54 Wisika Prajanti was responsible for analysis, formal writing, data tabulation, and calculating
55
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7 questionnaire responses using the Expert Choice application. Puji Hardati revised the
8 manuscript and contributed to editing and formal writing.
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10 Data availability statement

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Data were collected through observations, interviews, document analysis, and questionnaires.
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The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the lead author, Nahrul Faidin
13

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([email protected]), upon reasonable request.
14

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Conflict of Interest Disclosure Statement
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17 All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest in this study.

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19 Funding

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20 This study did not receive funding from any institution and was solely funded by the author
21 personally.
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