Nature of Communication

- Communication is a process.
- It takes place when two or more people exchange ideas either through written
or spoken words (verbal) or actions (nonverbal).
- Both verbal and nonverbal can be used at the same time.

The Elements in The Process of Communication

 Sender
- The sender is the one who initiates the message that needs to be transmitted.
- He sends the message that may be in different forms such as pictures, symbols,
postures, gestures, or even just a smile.
- After generating the idea, he sends it in such a manner that can be understood
clearly by the receiver.

 Message
- Message refers to the information intended to be communicated by words as in
speech, letters, pictures, or symbols.
- It can be verbal or non-verbal.
- It is the content the sender wants to convey to the receiver.

 Encoding
- It is the process of expressing the idea into appropriate medium.
- It may be verbal or non-verbal.
- The sender may put the message into a series of symbols, words, pictures or
gestures.

 Channel
- It refers the medium or passage through which encoded message is passed to
the receiver.
- It may be transmitted through face-to-face communication, telephone, radio,
television, memorandum, or computer.

 Receiver
- Receiver refers to whom the message is meant for.
- He plays a significant role in the communication process like the sender.
- He needs to comprehend the message sent.
 - His translation of the message received depends on his/her knowledge of the
subject matter of the message, experience, and relationship with the sender.

 Decoding
- It means translating the encoded message into a language that can be
understood by the receiver.
- After receiving the message, the receiver interprets it and tries to understand it.

 Feedback
- It refers to the response of the receiver to the message sent to him/her by the
sender.
- Feedback ensures that the message has been effectively encoded and decoded.

 Noise
- It is a hindrance to communication.
- This can take place at any step in the entire communication process.
- There are various types of noise.
- Examples of physical noise are loud music, an irritating sound of an engine of a
machine, or a classmate who talks to you while the teacher is giving a lecture.
- The second type of noise is physiological – when the body becomes the
hindrance to communication such as headache, toothache, or hunger.
- The third type is psychological noise that refers to qualities in us that affect how
we communicate and interpret others such as prejudice and any feeling can
interfere with communication.
- Noise is considered as a barrier to effective communication.

different models of communication

 Aristotle’s Model of Communication

- Aristotle (5 BCE), a teacher of Rhetoric and a founder of an academy that
produced good speakers, came up with the first and earliest model of
communication.
- This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal
communication.
- Speaker plays a very important role in public speaking.
- To influence or persuade his audience, he must first prepare his speech and
analyze the audience before he speaks to them.
  Transactional Model
- In the transactional model, there is an exchange of messages between the
sender and the receiver where both take turns in sending and receiving
messages.
- The roles of both communicators reverse each time in the communication
process.
- model shows that there is a continuous exchanging of messages, but barriers
may take place and affect communication.

 Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication

- Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver introduced the concept of noise.
- This model of communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is
based on the experience of using the telephone back in the 1940’s wherein the
message was hindered by noise.
- Therefore, the message received by the listener was not necessarily the
message sent by the sender

 Schramm Model of Communication

- Wilbur Schramm is known as the Father of Mass Communication.
- He came up with five models but in the Schramm Model of Communication he
developed in 1955, communication breakdown is explained.
- He asserts that both the sender and the receiver should have the same field of
experience. In this concept, field of experience refers to everything that makes
an individual unique – everything that he/she has ever learned, watched, seen,
heard, read, and studied.
- In this model, communication has six elements: - Source
- Encoder
- Message
- Channel
- Decoder
- Receiver

Barriers to Communication

- There are instances when miscommunication and misunderstanding occur

because of certain barriers.
 - To become an effective communicator, you should recognize these barriers that
hinder the communication process.
- This will enable you to control the situation, reset conditions, and start anew.

Barrier Example Solution

Emotional You are having a bad day or you feel Recognize these kinds of
barriers frustrated emotions, and politely ask
the other person to give
you a moment so you can
relax or calm yourself
Use of jargon You are a scientist discussing a Jargon refers to the set of
certain weather phenomenon with specialized vocabulary in a
your neighbor who does not know certain field. To avoid
much about the topic communication breakdown
due to lack of clarity, adjust
your language; use
layman's terms or simple
words.
Lack of You are asked to share something Develop self-confidence by
confidence about your day or weekend, but you joining organizations where
are hesitant because you are shy. you can share and develop
your interests. Look for
opportunities in your school
or community that will help
you find your strengths and
improve your abilities.
Noisy You are having a conversation with Recognize that noise is a
environment some friends when a song was common barrier. Make
played loudly some adjustments by
asking someone to
minimize the volume or by
looking for a quiet area
where you can resume the
conversation.

- Communication using words is called verbal communication

- communication without words such as facial expression and hand gestures is
called non-verbal communication
- Communication can take among people with or without words.
- There are two types of communication: verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal Communication

- Verbal Communication refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a

message.
1. Appropriateness

The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or occasion
( whether formal or informal).

2. Brevity

Speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to be more
credible Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your words. Avoid fillers and
insubstantial expressions which do not add to the message, such as “uh”, “ you know," "I
guess," and others.

3. Clarity

The meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a listener,

hence, it is essentials for you to clearly state your message and express your ideas and
feelings

4. Ethics

Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,

preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to.

5. Vividness

Words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to
communication. Hence, you are encouraged to find ways to charm your audience
through the use of vivid words.

Nonverbal communication

- refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and and represent

meanings.
- All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as
nonverbal communication.
- Examples of nonverbal communication are stares, smiles, tone of voice,
movements, manners of walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of
attire, attitude towards time and space, personality, gestures, and others.

 Mastery of nonverbal communication is important for several reasons:

1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it
more meaningful, truthful, and relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a
word.
3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the
speech.
4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.
5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.
 6. It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.
7. It helps make your speech more dramatic.
8. It can build a connection with listeners.
9. It makes you a credible speaker.
10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.

Speech Context

- Context when referring to speech communication is the surroundings,

circumstances, environment, background or setting that determine, specify, or
clarify the meaning of an event. (LumenLearning.com/Elements of
Communication).
- According to DeVito (2005), “Context refers to the setting in which the
communication takes place. Context helps to establish meaning and can
influence what is said and how it is said.”

 1. Intrapersonal
- This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one person, where the
speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message.
- The message is made up of thoughts and feelings while the medium is the brain
that processes what you think and feel.

Examples:
• There is a voice within you that tells you, “It’s okay, you can still do it! You can
make it!” when you are losing your drive to finish the task that you are doing.

• When you told yourself not to talk to your friends when you have read in a
Facebook post that they were in a party and you were not invited.

 2. Interpersonal
- This refers to the type of communication that takes place and creates personal
relationship between and among people.
- Normally, it includes two individuals, and it can vary from casual and very
personal to formal and impersonal.
 Types of Interpersonal Communication

- Dyad Communication - communication that happens between two people

Examples:
• You consoled your brother who was feeling down.

• A conversation between your father and mother about the latest

announcement of your Barangay Chairman.

- Small Group - This applies to interactions involving at least three but not more
than twelve people engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired
goal. In this type of conversation, all participants can freely express their ideas
throughout the discussion.

Examples:
• You are having a discussion with your two brothers about the surprise party
you are planning for your Mom’s birthday.

• Kathlyn who came back from the United States called her three brothers and
four sisters and announced that she is getting married.

 3. Public
- This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a
message before a crowd.
- The message can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes. "In
public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are
more exaggerated.
- The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience
is larger”

Examples:
• Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow graduates.

• You were elected as the new SSG president of your school and were given a
chance to deliver a message of gratitude to your fellow students.

 4. Mass Communication
- This refers to communication through television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
 Examples:
• You are watching a televised briefing of IATF on COVID-19.

• You have recorded a commentary for your school’s Online Discussion of the
pandemic and uploaded it in your social media account.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

 1. Frozen
- This style of communication rarely or never changes.
- It is "frozen" in time and content.

Example: Mass sermon or other similar religious rites

 2. Formal
- This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature.
- This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format.
- It is usually impersonal and formal.

Examples: sermons, rhetorical statements and questions

 3. Consultative
- It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech.
- It is a professional discourse..

Examples: communication between a superior and a subordinate, doctor and patient

 4. Casual
- This is an informal language used by peers and friends.
- Slang, vulgarities and colloquialism are normal.
- This is "group language."
- One must be a member to engage in this register.

Examples: buddies, chats and emails

 5. Intimate
- This communication is private.
- It is reserved for close family members, or intimate people.

Examples: husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend

 - Communicative strategies are plans, ways or means of sharing information that
are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic
purpose.

Types of Communicative Strategies

 A. Nomination
- This is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the
conversation.
- The speaker tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to.
- One must present a particular topic clearly and truthfully.

Example: Good morning, class. How are you today? Is it raining in your area?

 B. Restriction
- This is used in constraining the reaction or response within a define set of
categories.
- This is useful when narrowing down a listener’s response to an expected set of
answers.
- This prevents the conversation from going off topic.

Example: We will have 30 minutes of online discussion regarding the topic on

Pandemic and Mental Health. An additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your
questions and related concerns.

 C.Turn-taking
- This strategy is used to establish and sustain a productive conversation.
- Turn taking is recognizing when and how to speak when it is one’s turn.
- This requires each speaker to wait for the others to complete their turn talking.
- This strategy can be used to avoid participants talking over one another that
may cause conflicts.
- Turn-taking provides persons equal opportunity to say their piece

Example: (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please add something to the
discussion?

 D. Topic Control
- This is a communicative strategy used in keeping the conversation going on by
asking questions that requires a response from the listener.
 - Topic control also allows the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas,
and continue the conversation.

Example: That was an excellent point, Arlene! How about the rest of the class? You
may put your responses on the jamboard link found on the chat box, or you may
simply click the raise hand button and share your thoughts.

 E. Topic Shifting
- This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that
topic.
- Topic shifting is a strategy that works best when there is a follow through so
that a new topic continues to be discussed.
- One may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift.

Examples:

By the way,

In addition to what I have already mentioned,

It is dangerous to go out, especially that the Delta COVID-19 variant is here!

But even if we practice physical distancing, we should not stop to socialize with our
friends and family members via phone calls or social media applications.

 F. Repair
- This communicative strategy refers to overcoming communication breakdown
to send more comprehensible messages. Repair Communicative Strategy
includes:

- 1. Requesting clarification – One may ask questions or use non-verbal

communication such as eyebrows, eyes, head, hands, or shoulders to show that
the message could not be understood.

- 2. Not acknowledging the new situation – The situation already in progress will
continue.

- 3. Topic shifting – This can help direct the discussion to another topic or divert
the attention of the listener from the topic that has become problematic.

- 4. Repeating – This is a good way of correcting oneself.

- 5. Recasting – This refers to changing the form of the message that could not be
understood.
 Example: We definitely should practice social distancing, I mean, physical
distancing to become safe during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the
difference between these two terms?

 G. Termination
- This strategy ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages that
the participants send to one another.
- Nonverbal may include a handshake or walking out.

Example: Thank you …. Okay, all done… See you later on our following online
meeting schedule.

- Speech Acts are actions done by saying them.

- The listener must first determine the type of act being performed before he can
determine which way a speech act is to be interpreted.

Locutionary Acts

 Locutionary acts
- according to Susana Nuccetell and from Gary Seay (from Philosophy of
Language: The Central Topics) 2007, “the mere act of producing some linguistic
sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference.". Locutionary act refers
to any utterances that may contain statements or words about objects. It may
be a word, or even a phrase that has a meaning.

For example:

“It is raining.”

“My teacher is wearing a red dress today.”

“I love dogs.”

Illocutionary Acts

 Illocutionary act
- is the acting part of the speech act. It carries a directive for the audience.
- It may be a command, an apology, an expression of thankfulness or just an
answer to a question for the information of other people in the communication
process.
- There are two kinds of illocutionary acts.
 - The first is called constantive, or making something true or false by saying it.
This is commonly done by someone in authority like a judge or an official.

Examples:

I name this dog Chubby.

You are free to leave.

You are not my friend anymore.

The meeting is adjourned.

1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief

about
the truth of a proposition like boasting, suggesting, asserting, concluding, and
swearing

Example: I am still the best student in class.

2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the
addressee perform an action by way of commanding, requesting, begging, inviting,
pleading, or insisting

Example: Take me to that place.

3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to future

actions such as promising, planning, vowing, and betting

Example: I will take you to school every day starting tomorrow.

4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her

feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of expressive acts are thanking,
apologizing, welcoming, and deploring

Example: I am so sorry for not wearing the complete uniform today.

5. Declarative – a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in an external

situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence, or cause the state of affairs
which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing,
and bidding

Example: You are fired!

Perlocutionary Acts

 Perlocutionary act
- is the third aspect of speech acts.
- It is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an
addressee by a speaker’s utterance.
- Perlocutionary act can bring about a consequence to the audience.
- They have an effect to the listener in feelings, thoughts, or actions such as
changing someone’s mind.
- Unlike illocutionary act, perlocutionary act can project a sense of fear in the
audience.
- Consider the following utterance, “By the way, I have a CD of Debussy. Would
you like to borrow it?” Its illocutionary function is an offer, while its intended
perlocutionary effect might be to impress the listener, or to show a friendly
attitude, or to encourage interest in a particular type of music.

There are two (2) major types of speeches: according to purpose and according to
delivery.

1. Types of Speech According to Purpose

a. informative or expository speech

- is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new or relevant piece
of information on a particular topic.

example: lecture of a teacher

b. persuasive speech

- is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with the speaker's
opinion on a particular topic.

example: speech of a lawyer

c. entertainment speech

aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and humorous lines.

example: speech of a comedian

2. Types of Speech According to Delivery

a. manuscript speech
is the word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids.

example: news anchor with a teleprompter

b. memorized speech

is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.

example: actor's dialogue

c. extemporaneous speech

is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a

conversational manner using brief notes.

example: a campaign speech before a voting public

d. impromptu speech

is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation and is for people
knowledgeable about the subject.

example: a doctor's response to the question of a patient