DIAGNOSTICS EXAMINATION ON CRIMINOLOGY

2025 Criminologist Licensure Examination

Read carefully. Choose the best answer for each question. Shade the correct letter in the separate
shading sheet provided. Do not forget to write your name and the subject on your shading sheet.

B. Offense
1. John and Mary are friends who habitually
visit each other's apartment unannounced.
One-day John decides to visit Mary, finds her
not at home, forced his entry through the
window and once inside suddenly decides that
he could sell Mary's VCR for drug money. John
cannot be charged with robbery because he did
not enter her apartment by force or fraud, the
crucial element needed to satisfy such a
charged. What best explains this?
a. Actus reus
b. Mens rea
c. Concurrence
d. Causation
e. Harm

2. It is a study which includes within its scope

the process of making laws, breaking laws, and
the society’s reaction towards the breaking of
laws.
a. Criminology
b. Criminologia
c. Criminologie
d. Legal definition

3. What is this statement that confirms crime

correlates to society that affects almost all
people?
A. Crime is progressive
B. Crime is expensive
C. Crime is destructive
D. Crime is pervasive

4. Which is not a function and consequence of

crime in society according to Emile Durkheim?
A. Society becomes vigilant
B. It creates unity in the society
C. Disintegration and disunity of the
society
D. Society decide what behavior must
be prohibited

5. Criminal justice system is one of the various

systems operating in the society such as
political system, economic system, educational
system, health care system, and others. The
interplay of these systems taken together is
known as .
A. Public safety system
B. Social defense system
C. Total social system
D. Civil defense system

6. Which refers to behavior that is outside the

limits of societal toleration?
A. Deviancy

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C. Crime
D. Delinquency

7. Which of the following is in front in giving

justice in Criminal justice System?
a. Investigator
b. Prosecutor
c. Court
d. Correction

8. Criminology changes as social

circumstances changes. It means that the
progress is in concordant with the sciences
applied to it. It connotes that criminology is
.
A. Progressive
B. Excellent
C. Dynamic
D. Nationalistic

9. One of the three interrelated divisions of

criminology has attempted to explain the
systematic analysis of the economic, political
and social conditions in which penal laws are
developed, and crime and criminality are
either generated or prevented. Which of the
following corresponds with the preceding
statements?
A. Sociology of the application of the
criminal justice process and system
B. Sociology of law, crime and social
psychology of criminal behavior
C. Sociology of crime and criminal law
D. Sociology of punishment and correction

10. A belief that all actions are pre-established

in time and that free will is only an illusion.
a. Positivism
b. Determinism
c. Utilitarianism
d. Hedonism

11. What are the three existing factors to

develop criminal and anti-social behavior?
A. Biological, psychological
and environment
B. Biological, cultural and environment
C. Sociological, psychological and
education
D. Socio-economic, political and cultural

12.Which of the following is the approach that

is using the perspective of heredity in
explaining the cause of crime?
A. Geographical approach
B. Biological approach
C. Psychiatric application
D. Psychological application

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13. In a certain geographical location where all a. subjective approach,
residents are exposed to hazardous
environment (i.e., informal settlers) located
near polluted industrial sites, the likelihood
that children born there may be inclined to
criminal activities. Which explains criminal acts
are caused by environmental pollutants?
a. Biopsychosocial
b. Biosocial
c. Biochemical
d. Biopsychological

14. What criminological theory states that the

external cranial characteristics dictates which
areas of the brain control physical activity?
A. Physiognomy
B. Phrenology
C. Sociology
D. Psychology

15. What physique characterized by lean,

slightly build and narrow shoulder?
A. Asthenic
B. Pyknic
C. Athletic
D. Dysplastic

16. The concept of Parens Patriae originated

from

a. English Chancery Court

b. Juvenile Justice court
c. AMERICAN SYSTEM
d. Prince V. Massachusetts

17. Which of the following is the universal or

generic term used for youthful offender?
A. Child at risk
B. Juvenile delinquent
C. Minor offender
D. Child in conflict with the law

18. Jose is a student of one university, one

time, the University Administrator saw him
smoking inside the campus, while the
Administrator telling him not to do so because
it is in violation to University's regulation, Jose
violently uttered bad words and resent the
Administrator. In what type of delinquent youth
Jose belong?
A. Neurotic
B. Asocial
C. Social
D. Accidental

19. The study on the nature of human being

concerning his physical needs in order to
satisfy his ants. It explains that the deprivation
of the physical body on the basic needs is an
important determiner of the commission of
crime or delinquency
a. ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH
b. MEDICAL APPROACH
c. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
d. PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH

20. This approach is focused on the

psychoanalytical, psychiatric and sociological
explanations of crime in an integrated theory.
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b. objective approach and
c. The contemporary approach.
d. Nota

21. What is the primary focus of the

Positivist School in criminology?
A. The moral reasoning behind laws
B. The free will of individuals
C. The biological, psychological, and
social factors influencing criminal behavior
D. The legal aspects of crime and punishment

22. Which of the following is NOT a goal of

studying criminology?
A. Understanding the nature of crime
B. Developing general and verified principles
of crime prevention
C. Predicting stock market trends
D. Treatment of youthful offenders

23. What is the concept of 'Mens Rea' in

criminology?
A. The act of committing a crime
B. The mental state of the offender
C. The study of criminal behavior
D. The reaction of society to crime

24. Which of the following is considered an

ancient form of punishment discussed in the
study of Penology?
A. Probation
B. Banishment or Exile
C. Community service
D. Electronic monitoring

25. Which school of thought in criminology

views man as governed by his consideration of
pleasure and pains?
A. Positivist School
B. Sociological School
C. Classical School
D. Neo-Classical School

26. What does criminology primarily aim to

achieve?
a. The strict enforcement of laws without
understanding the underlying issues.
b. A scientific study aimed at punishment
and revenge for crimes.
c. A body of knowledge focused on the
prevention and treatment of crime as a social
phenomenon.
d. A historical account of criminal acts
throughout civilizations.

27. Which of the following best describes

the legal viewpoint of a crime?
a. An act that is morally reprehensible
and universally shunned.
b. Any action or inaction punishable by
criminal law.
c. A consensus on what constitutes
ethical behavior.
d. Actions only involving financial
damages.

28. What is the primary distinction between

classical and positivist schools of criminology?

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a. Classical school focuses on the legal this pattern?
aspects of crime, whereas positivist looks at A. Individual psychological traits of
the sociological aspects. offenders.
b. Classical school believes in free will
and rational decision-making, whereas
positivist school focuses on determinism and
factors beyond an individual's control.
c. Classical school deals with the future
prevention of crime, while positivist
emphasizes the historical context of criminal
behavior.
d. Classical school is about societal
reaction to crime, whereas positivist is about
individual criminal behavior.

29.Which of the following is NOT a goal of

punishment in criminology?
a. Retribution
b. Deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Profit

30. What is the contemporary approach to

defining crime and criminal behavior in
criminology?
a. Strictly adhering to religious texts and
ancient laws.
b. Focusing solely on the economic
factors influencing crime.
c. Integrating scientific modes of
explaining crime, including psychoanalytical,
psychiatric, and sociological explanations.
d. Ignoring societal context and focusing
only on individual choices.

31. During a local neighborhood watch

meeting, residents express concern about
rising property crimes in the area. Utilizing
classical criminology theory, which of the
following strategies would be most effective in
deterring such crimes?
A. Increase surveillance and law
enforcement visibility.
B. Conduct community awareness
programs about the impacts of crime.
C. Implement harsher punishments for
property crimes.
D. Develop rehabilitation programs for
offenders.

32. A prison is planning to revise its

rehabilitation programs to reduce recidivism.
According to modern penological practices,
which of the following program changes is
likely to be most effective?
A. Increasing the duration of incarceration
for repeat offenders.
B. Offering vocational training and
educational programs.
C. Isolating problematic inmates from the
general population.
D. Implementing stricter disciplinary
actions within the facility.

33. A criminologist is analyzing a series of

crimes in a city and notices a pattern of
increasing crimes during economic downturns.
Based on sociological theories of crime, which
of the following factors is likely contributing to
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B. Increased opportunities for crime D. Social Disorganization Theory
during economic prosperity.
C. Societal stress and reduced 40. What does the life course theory in
economic opportunities leading to crime. criminology primarily focus on?
D. Lack of effective law enforcement
strategies.

34. A community is experiencing a surge in

graffiti and vandalism, mainly among
teenagers. As a criminologist advising the
local council, which strategy aligns with
understanding deviant behavior as a social
construct?
A. Implementing strict curfews for all
teenagers in the community.
B. Engaging teens in community art
projects to redirect their activities.
C. Increasing police patrols and
surveillance in hot-spot areas.
D. Offering rewards for information
leading to arrests.

35. An urban planner is designing a new

district and wants to minimize the risk of
crime. Based on environmental criminology,
which of the following aspects should the
planner prioritize?
A. Maximizing road size and traffic flow
for rapid police response.
B. Designing open spaces with natural
surveillance and lighting.
C. Focusing solely on residential areas
while isolating industrial zones.
D. Implementing high walls and barriers
around each neighborhood.

36. Which theory emphasizes that crime

results from rational, calculated decisions
where individuals weigh the potential benefits
and consequences?
A) Social Disorganization Theory
B) Strain Theory
C) Classical School of Criminology
D) Psychoanalytic Theory

37. Which theory suggests that crime is

influenced by biological factors and genetic
conditions?
A) Sociological Theory
B) Biological Theory
C) Psychological Theory
D) Economic Theory

38. Which theory focuses on the breakdown

of institutions like family, school, and
employment in neighborhoods leading to
criminal behavior?
A) Strain Theory
B) Social Disorganization Theory
C) Cultural Deviance Theory
D) Biosocial Theory

39. Which theory emphasizes the idea that

crime is the result of biological factors
combined with environmental influences?
A. Strain Theory
B. Biosocial Theory
C. Classical Theory

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A. The impact of early socialization on A. Psychoanalytic Theory
later criminal behavior B. Social Disorganization Theory
B. The biological predispositions towards
crime
C. The effect of social strain on
individual behavior
D. The influence of social class on crime
rates

41.A local government is considering policies

to reduce crime in its most troubled
neighborhood. According to the social
disorganization theory, which of the following
interventions is most likely to be effective?
A) Increasing police patrols to catch more
criminals.
B) Enhancing educational programs in
schools.
C) Providing tax incentives for businesses
to move to the area.
D) Organizing community watch programs.

42.A researcher is studying a population to

understand the correlation between genetics
and criminal behavior. Which criminological
theory is the researcher most likely applying?

A) Biosocial Theory
B) Psychoanalytic Theory
C) Strain Theory
D) Cognitive Theory

43. After a significant economic downturn, a

city experiences a rise in theft and burglary.
Which economic theory of crime causation best
explains this increase?

A) Marxist Theory
B) Classical Theory
C) Rational Choice Theory
D) Differential Association Theory

44. A criminal justice student is arguing that

punishments for crimes should be tailored to
the individual offender and consider factors
such as their background and psychological
state. Which school of thought does this
student's viewpoint align with most closely?

A) Classical School
B) Positivist School
C) Neo-Classical School
D) Chicago School

45. In a study on crime in urban areas,

researchers found that neighborhoods with
cohesive social networks and shared
expectations about social behavior had lower
crime rates. This finding best supports which of
the following theories?

A) Strain Theory
B) Social Disorganization Theory
C) Collective Efficacy Theory
D) Broken Windows Theory

46.Which theory of crime causation would best

explain criminal behavior as a product of
dysfunctional societal structures and cultural
conflicts?

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C. Evolutionary Theory
D. Behavioral Theory

47. How would a criminologist applying the

Life Course Theory interpret the criminal
behavior of an individual who has exhibited
persistent criminal conduct into adulthood?

A. The individual's behavior is a result of

observed behaviors in the environment,
learned through reinforcement.

B. The individual's criminal behavior is

primarily attributed to inherited genetic
factors and biological predispositions.

C. The individual's persistent criminal

behavior is understood as a developmental
process influenced by a combination of
personal characteristics, life events, and
environmental factors.

D. The individual's behavior is a direct

result of the capitalist economic structure that
emphasizes disparity and competition.

48. Which theory of crime causation would

likely examine the role of broken homes,
poverty, and educational attainment in an
individual's propensity to commit crime?

A. Psychoanalytic Theory
B. Strain Theory
C. Evolutionary Theory
D. Biosocial Theory

49. Which theory would primarily consider

the influence of an individual's early life
experiences and unconscious mind on their
propensity for criminal behavior?

A. Cognitive Theory
B. Psychoanalytic Theory
C. Biosocial Theory
D. Behavioral Theory

50. How might the application of both biosocial

theory and strain theory provide a more
comprehensive understanding of a criminal's
behavior in economically disadvantaged areas
compared to using either theory alone?

A. Biosocial theory explains genetic

predisposition, and strain theory explains
stress from economic disparity, leading to
crime.

B. Strain theory identifies economic

factors in crime, and biosocial theory suggests
rehabilitation methods for crime reduction.

C. Biosocial theory highlights economic

disparities in crime, while strain theory
focuses on adaptation failure, leading to
criminal behavior.

D. Both theories conclude the importance

of economic status in predicting criminal
behavior, leading to redundancy.

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51. Which theory of human behavior 56. Which theory of human behavior is
emphasizes the role of unconscious thoughts most likely to emphasize the role of
and experiences from early childhood? unconscious conflicts and past experiences in
A. Social Learning Theory affecting current behavior?
B. Psychoanalytic Theory
C. Cognitive Theory a) Behavioral Personality Theory
D. Behavioral Personality Theory
b) Cognitive Theory

52. What is the primary focus of victimology? c) Psychoanalytic Theory

A. The psychological impact of crime on d) Social Learning Theory

perpetrators
57. In the context of mental disorders, how
B. The patterns and behaviors of criminals might a clinician apply the concept of 'deviant
place theory' when assessing a patient's risk
C. The study of victims and their patterns factors?
of victimization
a) By evaluating the patient's genetic
D. The legal aspects and correctional predisposition to mental disorders
methods for criminals
b) By analyzing the patient's exposure to
harmful environments prone to crime
53. What does the Social Learning Theory in c) By assessing the learning disabilities of
human behavior primarily emphasize? the patient
A) Human behavior is a result of biological d) By examining the patient's personal
factors. relationship history
B) Human behavior is a direct
consequence of cognitive processes.
58. If a therapist is using 'victim precipitation
C) Human behavior is learned through theory' to understand a victim's behavior in a
observation and imitation of others. criminal event, what aspect are they likely
focusing on?
D) Human behavior is determined by past
experiences of operant conditioning. a) The societal influences that lead to the
crime

b) The victim's own behavior that might

have provoked the incident
54. Which of the following best describes the c) The criminal's background and
legal understanding of insanity? psychological state
A) A severe mental illness that d) The law enforcement's response to the
incapacitates a person from distinguishing right crime
from wrong.

B) A legal term describing a person's

inability to understand the nature and quality 59. Which intervention is specifically
of the act they are performing. designed to facilitate healing and legal closure
through direct interaction between the victim
C) A temporary mental state that can be and the offender?
used to excuse all types of criminal behavior.
a) Victim-Witness Assistance Programs
D) A diagnosed mental illness in the
medical sense that absolves individuals of any b) Victim Crisis Intervention
legal responsibility.
c) Victim-Offender Reconciliation
55.What is a primary goal of victim-witness Programs
assistance programs?
d) Self-Reinforcement Theory
A) To punish the offender through more
severe legal penalties.

B) To rehabilitate the offender and 60. When assessing a patient with a potential
reintegrate them into society. personality disorder, identifying a pervasive
pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and
C) To support victims and witnesses lack of empathy is most indicative of which
through the legal process, ensuring their rights disorder?
are protected.
a) Antisocial Personality Disorder
D) To prevent the occurrence of future
crimes by addressing societal issues. b) Borderline Personality Disorder

c) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

d) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder

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61. A clinician who wants to understand
the long- term pattern of an individual's
anxiety and mood shifts over time is likely to
focus on which disorder?

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a) Major Depressive Disorder irrespective of ethics.
b) Dysthymic Disorder
c) Postpartum Depression
d) Panic Disorder

62. In applying routine activities theory to

prevent victimization, what might a community
do to decrease opportunities for crime?

a) Increase police patrols in high-crime

areas
b) Provide better lighting in public spaces
c) Offer more mental health services
d) All of the above

63. Which theory of human behavior

emphasizes the role of unconscious
psychological conflicts as the root of behavior
and personality development?

A. Social Learning Theory

B. Psychoanalytic Theory
C. Cognitive Theory
D. Behavioral Personality Theory

64. In the context of victimology, how does the

Lifestyle Theory propose that a person
becomes a crime victim?

A. By engaging in high-risk behaviors and

lifestyles that increase their exposure to
criminal offenders.

B. By possessing certain psychological or

physical traits that make them an attractive
target for criminals.

C. By being in the wrong place at the

wrong time, primarily due to random chance.

D. By participating in illegal activities,

thus increasing their interaction with potential
criminals.

65. Which mental disorder classification is

characterized primarily by persistent patterns
of thought, feeling, and behavior that are
significantly maladaptive and disruptive to
relationships?

A. Mental Illness

B. Mental Retardation

C. Personality Disorders

D. Anxiety Disorders

66.What is the fundamental duty of a law

enforcement officer as outlined in the Law
Enforcement Code of Ethics?

A. Actively engage in politics to uphold

law and order.

B. Prioritize personal advancement within

the force.

C. Serve the community, safeguard lives,

property, and rights.

D. Maintain secrecy in operations,

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 ethical considerations.

67.What is the primary purpose of ethics in

the context of professional conduct in 72. In the context of the Philippine National
criminology? Police (PNP) Code of Ethics, when an officer
A) To unconditionally enforce legal is making a
standards.

B) To guide professionals with moral

codes where law falls short.

C) To establish a legal framework for

penalizing misconduct.

D) To form a professional community

hierarchy.

68. What does moral reasoning entail in the

context of police ethics?

A) Unquestioning adherence to laws

without personal bias.

B) Utilizing moral theories and logic to

discern right from wrong.

C) Obedience to superior orders without

any doubt.

D) Enforcement of legal penalties to

uphold public order.

69. When a criminologist is faced with a

professional dilemma where legal
prescriptions are ambiguous, which aspect of
professional ethics primarily guides their
decision-making process?

A. The strictest interpretation of the law.

B. Personal moral values and conscience.

C. The expected societal norms and

values.

D. The most lenient interpretation of the

law.

70. A police officer, when categorizing actions

as moral, immoral, or amoral, is likely to
classify an action that is intentionally harmful
and wrong as:

A. Moral.

B. Immoral.

C. Amoral.

D. Ethical.

71. What is the primary responsibility of a

criminologist?

A. To strictly enforce the law regardless

of personal beliefs.

B. To bear faithful allegiance to the

community and uphold the principles of
liberty.

C. To maintain confidentiality in all

circumstances.

D. To prioritize departmental rules over

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decision about a delicate issue in community the legal system.
relations, which core value would most likely
guide their actions?

A. Maka-Diyos (God Fearing).

B. Maka-Bayan (Nationalistic).

C. Maka-Tao (Humane).

D. Maka-Kalikasan (Environment-friendly).

73. In a scenario where a criminologist is

interpreting the ethicality and morality of their
actions, what is a key differentiator between
ethics and morals?

A. Ethics are universally applicable, while

morals are personal beliefs.

B. Morals are legally binding, while ethics

are not.

C. Ethics refer to professional codes, while

morals are informal social standards.

D. Morals are related to spiritual beliefs,

while ethics are related to professional
conduct.

74. When evaluating the ethical implications of

a criminologist's conduct in a sensitive case,
which of the following is the most critical factor
to consider according to the principles?

A) The criminologist's personal morals and

upbringing.

B) Adherence to legal protocols during

investigation.

C) The criminologist's actions' impact on

public trust.

D) The criminologist's actions aligning with

professional ethics.

75. When considering the ethical standards for

police professionalism, which of the following
actions best aligns with the principle of
integrity?

A) An officer accepting gifts for expedited

service.

B) An officer avoiding ticketing a

colleague for minor violations.

C) An officer applying law impartially,

regardless of status.

D) An officer using their position for

personal gains.

76. What does juvenile delinquency refer to?

a) Actions of children that are typically

accepted by society.

b) Behaviors of adults that are forbidden

by law or not accepted by society.

c) Failure to perform an act required by

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d) Disapproved behaviors of children or D) Indifferent
youths not normally accepted by people.

77. Which of the following is NOT a

contributory factor in juvenile delinquency as
discussed?

a) Family structure and dynamics.

b) Economic security and cultural

conformity.

c) Authoritative parenting style.

d) Achievement in academics and sports.

78. What is the primary focus of the Juvenile

Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 (R.A. 9344)?

A) To impose stricter penalties for

juvenile offenders.

B) To dismantle the juvenile justice

system.

C) To set up a thorough juvenile justice

and welfare system.

D) To reduce the age of criminal

responsibility.

79. Which of the following best describes the

concept of "parens patriae" as used in juvenile
justice systems?

A) The state's guardianship role for

children and disabled adults.

B) Legal representation of children in

court proceedings.

C) Parents' right to discipline their

offspring.

D) The practice of prosecuting juveniles

as adults.

80. In the context of juvenile delinquency,

what does the term "diversion" refer to?

A) Redirecting juvenile offenders to a

supervision program.

B) Diverting public attention from

juvenile crimes.

C) Transferring juvenile cases to adult

court legally.

D) Punishment method involving

community service.

81. A 17-year-old juvenile delinquent is caught

for the third time for theft. Which parenting
style might have contributed to this behavior
according to the psychogenic approach?

A) Authoritative

B) Authoritarian

C) Indulgent

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82. In handling a first-time offender who B) Community outreach and education
committed a minor theft, what is the most programs
likely approach a juvenile justice system
focused on restorative justice would take? C) Isolation of delinquents

A) Incarceration D) Increased surveillance

B) Hefty fines 88. After a juvenile is found guilty of a non-

violent crime, which sentencing option aligns
C) Community service and counseling with the principles of the positivist school?
D) Severe verbal reprimand A) Long-term imprisonment

B) Capital punishment
83. A juvenile court is deciding on the C) Rehabilitation and education
appropriate consequence for a 16-year-old.
Which factor is crucial in determining whether D) Public shaming
to try the juvenile as an adult according to the
classical school of criminology? 89. Which parenting style might contribute to a
higher risk of juvenile delinquency due to
A) Age of the juvenile excessive freedom and lack of discipline?
B) The juvenile's upbringing A) Authoritative Parents

C) The severity of the offense B) Authoritarian Parents

D) Previous offenses C) Indulgent Parents

D) Indifferent Parents
84. A child is found to be frequently engaging 90. Which of the following is a primary goal of
in truancy and minor thefts. According to the restorative justice?
sociogenic approach, which factor might be
most responsible for these behaviors? A) To impose severe penalties on the
offender
A) Genetic predisposition
B) To facilitate a process of understanding
B) Neurological impairment and healing between the victim and the
offender
C) Peer influence
C) To ensure that the offender faces
D) Lack of intelligence maximum legal punishment

D) To focus solely on reinforcing legal

85. If a child below the age of criminal codes without considering personal or
responsibility commits a crime, what is the first community context
step a juvenile justice system should take
according to R.A. 9344?
91. REMEMBERING: Which of the following
A) Immediate imprisonment is NOT a method of reasoning in the
criminological research ?
B) Release to parents and intervention
A) Inductive Reasoning
C) Heavy community service
B) Deductive Reasoning
D) Trial as an adult
C) Reflective Reasoning

86.A juvenile justice system is trying to decide D) Comparative Reasoning

the best way to handle a child in conflict with
the law for the first time. Which theory would
most likely suggest a family-based treatment? 92. What type of research is primarily focused
on understanding the nature of a phenomenon,
A) Rational choice theory without necessarily seeking to test a
B) Psychological theory hypothesis or theory?

A) Explanatory Research
C) Sociological theory
B) Descriptive Research
D) Biogenic approach
C) Experimental Research
87. In a community where juvenile delinquency
rates are high, what type of program would D) Analytical Research
most likely be effective in preventing
delinquency according to sociological theories?

A) Strict law enforcement 93. According to the handout, which of the

following best describes non-index crimes?

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A) Crimes involving physical confrontation

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B) Crimes of negligence or without 98. In a study on the effects of new policing
physical confrontation strategies on urban crime, the researcher
C) Violent crimes reported to law starts with a theory that community policing
enforcement reduces crime rates. She then derives
hypotheses and collects data to test these.
D) Crimes analyzed through uniform crime Which method of reasoning is being used?
reporting
A. Inductive reasoning

B. Deductive reasoning
94. What is the primary difference between
inductive and deductive reasoning in the C. Hypothetical reasoning
context of criminological research?
D. Analogical reasoning
A. Inductive reasoning moves from theory
to hypothesis, while deductive reasoning starts
with observations and ends with theory. 99. Which type of research design is best
suited for understanding the lived experiences
B. Inductive reasoning begins with
of reformed offenders?
observations and leads to theory formulation,
while deductive reasoning starts with theory A. Experiments
and moves to hypothesis testing.
B. Surveys
C. Inductive reasoning solely relies on
qualitative data, while deductive reasoning C. Phenomenology
solely relies on quantitative data.
D. Case Studies
D. Inductive reasoning and deductive
reasoning are both primarily concerned with
establishing statistical relationships. 100.If a researcher is interested in the
95. Which research design would be most narrative and subjective aspects of youth
appropriate for studying the lived experience gangs, which research methodology should
of reformed criminals in a particular they primarily use?
community? A. Qualitative research
A. Experiments B. Quantitative research
B. Case Studies C. Mixed methods research
C. Phenomenology
D. Experimental research
D. Surveys

96. What is the main purpose of employing

Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) in
criminological research?

A. To ensure that all crimes are reported

at the local level.

B. To provide a reliable set of crime

statistics for law enforcement administration,
operation, and management.

C. To classify crimes into index and non-

index categories.

D. To predict crime trends and patterns in

different communities.

97. A criminologist is formulating a problem

statement for a study on cybercrime trends.
Which of the following would be the most
appropriate next step in the research process?

A. Collecting data through online surveys

B. Developing theoretical explanations to

understand cybercrime

C. Concluding the findings and suggesting

policy changes

D. Analyzing crime rates in different

jurisdictions

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