= 2ND QUARTER | LECTURES

MMW
1ST SEMESTER | S.Y. 2022-2023
TOPIC MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
SUBTOPIC
SUB SUBTOPIC
KEYWORDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATH LANGUAGE
1. PRECISE - culture of being correct at
COURSE OUTLINE
all tile
1. SEQUENCE
- Definitions and limits should be
● Fibonacci
accurate and distinct
● Number
● Triangular number 2. CONCISE - must be concise and show
● Four main types of sequence simplicity
a. Arithmetic
3. POWERFUL - must express complex
b. Geometric
thoughts with relative ease, that way it
c. Quadratic
can be powerful
d. Special
2, MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE EXPRESSION
● SETS - Finite combination of well-defined
● RELATION symbols according to rules depending
● FUNCTION on the context
● BINARY OPERATION - Correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols used to represent the object of
interest
3. SYMMETRY
- Does not contain a complete thought
● Plane symmetry
which cannot be determined if true or
● Lines of plane symmetry
false

5. PROPER FACTOR
MATHEMATICAL CONVENTION - fact,
6. POWER
name, notation or usage which i generally
7. REASONING agreed upon by mathematics
8. INTUITION, PROOF, CERTAINTY
9. DATA MANAGEMENT SET
10. MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE - collection of distinct, well-defined
11. MEASURES OF DISPERSION objects forming a group
12. MEASURES OF POSITION
- defined as a collection of distinct, well-
13. BINARY CODES
14. Mathematics in Finance defined objects forming a group
SET THEORY some large fixed set
- branch of mathematics that studies
sets or the mathematical science of the 4. SUBSET

infinite - Set A is called subset of B if

- Has become a fundamental theory in every element of A is also an

mathematics in 1870’s element of B

- Was introduced by George Cantor, a - part of one of the mathematical

German mathematician in 1845 to 1918 concepts

- subset is denoted by the symbol

ELEMENT - objects that are also called and read as ‘is a subset of”

member of the set

5. PROPER SUBSET

ROSTER METHOD - A is a proper subset of B if

- Called “tabulation method” every element of A is in B but

- Elements of the set are enumerated and there is at least one element of B

separated by a comma that is not on A

- one that contains a few

RULE METHOD elements of the original set

- Called “set builder notation”

6. EQUAL SET - every element of A is in
- Used to describe the elements in the
B and every element of B is in A
form {x|P(x)}

7. RELATIVE SET
KINDS OF SETS
8. POWER SET - the collection (or set) of
all subsets of S
1. UNIT SET
- with only one element
- Also called “singleton”

2. EMPTY OR NULL SET

- Unique set with no elements CARDINAL NUMBER - number of elements
- Denoted by {} or or members in the set

3. UNIVERSAL SET
- Debited by U
- All sets under investigation in
any application of set theory are
assumed to be contained in OPERATION ON SETS
1. UNION
 - set of all elements x is in U such ● Range - pairs each element with one or
that x is in A or B more elements from second set
- two or more sets is the set
containing all the elements of
the given sets
- the collection of elements
belonging to all of the sets

2. COMPLEMENT - Set of all elements x

in U such that x is not in A
3. INTERSECTION ORDERED PAIR

- set of all elements x in U such

FUNCTION - rule that pairs each element in
that x is in A and x is in B
one set
- visual representations of ● One-to-one correspondence
mathematical sets—or ● Many-to-one correspondence
collections of numbers or things
—that are studied using a
branch of logic called set theory

4. DISJOINT SET - non-intersecting and

have no elements in common
5. DIFFERENCE - set of all elements x in
BINARY OPERATION - A group is a set of
U such that x is in A and x is not in B elements, with one operation, that satisfies the
6. SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE - the following properties:
symmetric difference of set A and set B a. The set is closed with respect to the
as the set consisting of all elements that operation

belong to A and B, but not to both A and b. The operation satisfies the following
associative property
c. There is an identity element
d. Each element has an inverse

FOUR PROPERTIES OF A BINARY

OPERATION - applying the four properties will
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS
test whether the set of all non-negative integers
under addition is a group
RELATION - set of ordered pairs
● Domain - rule that pairs each element
1. CLOSURE PROPERTY - if any two
in one set
elements are combined using the
 operation, the result must be an element
of the set

2. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY -

DENTAL - statement equivalent to the negation

of a statement

LOGIC
TAUTOLOGY - statement which is always true
- Analysis of methods of reasoning
CONTRADICTION - statement which is always
- Interested in the form rather than the
false
content of the argument
● DAVID W. KUEKER (2009) - ”
FORMALITY - predicate (or open statements)
the science or study of how to
is a statement whose truth values depends on
evaluate arguments and
the values of one or more variables
reasoning”

PREDICATES - become proposition once every

PROPOSITION
variable is bound by assigning a universe of
- Declarative sentence that is either true
discourse
or false, but not both
- Truth value of the proposition is the VENN DIAGRAM
truth and falsity of the proposition - an illustration that uses overlapping
circles to show the logical relationship
between two or more sets of items
- the diagrams that are used to represent
the sets, relation between the sets and
operation performed on them, in a
pictorial way
- visual representations of mathematical
sets—or collections of numbers or
things—that are studied using a branch
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES of logic called set theory
- “simple “ or “atomic” ● Two-set venn
- used to combine simple proposition ● Three-set venn
which are referred as compound
proposition
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE - set of integers (the - the difference between each
Fibonacci numbers) that starts with a zero, term is not equal, but the
followed by a one, then by another one, and then
second difference is.
by a series of
-

steadily increasing numbers. The sequence 4. SPECIAL

follows the rule that each number is equal to the
sum of the preceding two numbers PLANE -

NUMBER SEQUENCE
- a set of numbers that follow a particular
pattern or rule to get from term to term

FOUR MAIN TYPES OF SEQUENCES

1. ARITHMETIC
- ordered set of numbers that
have a common difference
between each term
- If we add or subtract by the
same number each time to make
SYMMETRY
the sequence
- defined as a proportionate and balanced
2. GEOMETRIC
similarity that is found in two halves of
- ordered set of numbers that
an object, that is, one-half is the mirror
progresses by multiplying or
image of the other half
dividing each term by a - E.g. different shapes like square,
common ratio rectangle, circle are symmetric along
their respective lines of symmetry
- we multiply or divide by the
● CUBE - nine planes of
same number each time to make
symmetry
the sequence ● SPHERE - infinite planes
3. QUADRATIC
- ordered set of numbers that PLANE SYMMETRY

follow a rule based on the - Geometric solids can have multiple

planes of symmetry. For example, the -
sequence n2 = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
rectangular prism below has three
(the square numbers)
planes of symmetry
 - a flat surface that cuts an object into making a conjecture based on gathered
two halves that are perfect reflections of information
each other
- line along which the plane or shape is DEDUCTIVE REASONING

divided into two equal parts - Drawing general to specific examples or

simply from general case to specific case
REFLECTION SYMMETRY
- Starts with general statement (or
- line or mirror
hypothesis) and examines to reach a
- if there exists at least one line that
specific conclusions
divides a figure into two halves such
- Process of showing that certain
that one half is the mirror image of the
statements follow logically from agreed
other half.
upon assumptions and proven facts
- The line where a mirror can be kept so
that one-half appears as the reflection of
CONJECTURE - conclusion made from
the other is called the line of symmetry.
- A figure can have one or more lines of observing data

reflection symmetry.
- The line of symmetry can be in any KINDS OF REASONING
direction. 1. INTUITION
- Similar to guessing
PROPER FACTOR - Also called “reasoning by
any factor of the number except the number guessing” or “reasoning by
itself common sense”
- Ability to acquire knowledge
POWER
without proof, evidence, or
- Denoted by P
conscious reasoning , or without
- includes all the subsets including the
understanding how knowledge
empty set and the original set itself
2. ANALOGY
- form of reasoning which other
REASONING similarities are inferred from a
particular similarity between
INDUCTIVE two or things
- Drawing a general conclusion from a - Reasoning by comparison
repeated observation or limited sets of
observation of specific samples LOGICAL REASONING - maybe valid but not
- Process of gathering specific necessarily true
information, usually through
observation and measurement and then POLYA’S 4-STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING
Step 1: Understand the problem - upper and lower values of a class for a
Step 2: Devise a plan group frequency distribution whose
Step 3: Carry out the problem values has additional decimal place
Step 4: Look Back more than the class limits
- Ends with the digit 5
GEORGE POLYA (1887-1985) - mathematician
educator INTERVAL
- Strongly believed that the skill of - denoted by the symbol i
problem solving can be taught - distance between class lower boundary
- Addressed the difficulty of students in and the class upper boundary
problem solving
- Strongly believed that the most efficient FREQUENCY - number of values in a specific
way of learning mathematical concepts class of a frequency distribution
is through problem and students and
teachers become problem solver PERCENTAGE - obtained by multiplying the
relative frequency by 100%

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY - sum of the

frequencies accumulated up to the upper
boundary of a class (in a frequency distribution)

INTUITION
MIDPOINT
PROOF
- point halfway between the limits of
CERTAINTY
each class
- representative of the data within the
DATA MANAGEMENT class

DATA - FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

RAW DATA - data collected in original form - Grouping of data into categories

CLASS LIMITS - highest and lowest values showing the number of observations in

describing a class each of the non-overlapping classes

- Organization of data in tabular form

RANGE - difference of the highest value and (using mutually exclusive classes to

lowest value in a distribution show number of observation

CLASS BOUNDARIES MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE, RANGE

 spread out from their
MEAN - average or sum of all numbers mean value
MEDIAN
MODE

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

DISPERSION
- Help understand distribution of data
- state of getting dispersed or
spread
4. QUARTILES AND QUARTILE
DEVIATION
STATISTICAL DISPERSION - the
extent to which numerical data is likely QUARTILES - set of values which has
to vary about an average value three points dividing the data set into
four identical parts
ABSOLUTE MEASURE
● 1st quartile
- contains the same unit as the
- 25% from smallest to largest
original data set of numbers
- median of lower half
TYPES OF ABSOLUTE MEASURE ● 2nd quartile
1. RANGE - difference between - between 25.1% and 50% (till
median)
maximum value and minimum
-Median and positional
value average
● 3rd quartile
2. VARIANCE (σ2 = ∑(X−μ)2/N) - 51% to 75% (above the
- Deduct the mean from each median)
data in the set, square each of - median of upper half
them and add each square ● 4th quartile - 25% of largest
and finally divide them by the numbers
total no of values in the data
set to get the variance
- More value of variance, the
more the data is scattered
form its mean

3. STANDARD DEVIATION (S.D. =

√σ)
- square root of the variance
- estimates how far a set of
numbers (random) are
Qr - rth quartile ● Co-efficient of Variation

l1 - lower limit ● Co-efficient of Standard

Deviation
l2 - upper limit
● Co-efficient of Quartile
f - frequency
Deviation
c - cumulative frequency of the class
● Co-efficient of Mean Deviation
preceding the quartile class.
RANGE
QUARTILE DEVIATION INTERQUARTILE RANGE
STANDARD DEVIATION
-
- also called “semi Interquartile VARIANCE
range”
- half of the distance between the third
and the first quartile VARIANCE
- measure of variability
INTERQUARTILE RANGE
- calculated by taking the average of
- also called a “midspread” squared deviations from the mean
- difference between the upper and - used to understand how different
lower quartile of a given data set numbers correlate to each other within
a data set
DECILES

- quantile that is used to divide a data

set into 10 equal subsections
- 5th decile is the median

PERCENTILES

5. MEAN AND MEAN DEVIATION

- arithmetic mean of the
absolute deviations of the
observations (from a central
tendency) STANDARD DEVIATION
- tells you how spread out the data is

RELATIVE MEASURE - is a measure of how far each observed

- used to compare the distribution value is from the mean

of two or more data sets including

Both describe how scattered or spread out the scores
values without unit
are from the mean value of the random variable.
- Common relative dispersion
methods include: dispersing - scattered/ spread
● Co-efficient of Range mew - "expected value"
 0 0.05 0 -2.7 7.29 0.3645

1 0.20 0.20 -1.7 2.89 0.578

2 0.15 0.30 -0.7 0.49 0.07

3 0.35 1.05 0.3 0.09 0.03

where: 4 0.10 0.4 1.3 1.69 0.169

M - mean
P(x) - probability of the outcome 5 0.15 0.75 2.3 5.29 0.79

example:
1. What is the probability that on a given 3. Mario tosses an unbiased coin. He receives
day ₱60 if a tail appears and he pays ₱25 if a head
appears. Find the expected outcome if he plays
a. fewer than 4 beds will be sold? repeatedly.
0.05 + 0.20 + 0.15 + 0.35 = 0.75 = 75%
b. Will at least 3 beds be sold? head = ½ = -25
0.35 + 0.10 + 0.15 = 0.60 = 60% tail = ½ = 60

X P(x) X P(x) X-P(x)

0 0.05 -25 ½ -12.5

1 0.20 60 ½ 30

2 0.15 Total: ₱17.5

3 0.35
4. A youth association will conduct a "Raffle
4 0.10 para sa puso" activity for the benefit of a charity
1500 tickets are to be sold at 30 pesos each. The
5 0.15
cash prize is ₱5,000. If you purchase three
tickets, what will be your expected outcome?
2. What is the mean and the standard deviation
of the probability distribution?
X P(x)

X P(x) X•P(x) X- (X- (X- -90 1497/₱1,500

M M)^2 M)^2 •
P(x) 4910 3/₱1,500
 - 89.92
9.82 MATHEMATICS - Goes beyond the mundane
Mew = 80 (dull and ordinary) since enables development of
codes and ciphers (a way of changing message to
5. Jose is planning to play on an online betting keep it secret) that are useful to individuals and
game when it is possible for him to lose ₱500, to society
break even, win ₱1,000 or win ₱2,000. Will the
odds of the game be in Jose's fabor. Refer to the CODING SCHEME (TABUT, 2015) -
given probability distribution convention that associates each character with
character set with a bit unique pattern - a binary
representation of the integer from 0
X P(x) X• X-M (X- (x-m)^2
P(x) m)^2 • P(x)
AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR
50 0.30 150 -850 722,50 216,750 INFORMATION INTERCHANGE (ASCII)
0 0
- Most common format for text file in
0 0.20 0 - 1,822,5 364,500 computers and on the internet
1350 00 - Widely used to represent data in
computer
1, 0.40 400 -350 122,50 49,000
- Each alphabetic, numerical, or special
00 0
0 character in representation with a 7-bit
possible characters defined
2, 0.10 800 650 4,000,0 400,000
00 00
0 ASCII-7 ASCII-8

M=13 o^2 = 128 combinations and 256 combinations and

50 1,030,25 represents 128 unique represents 256 unique
0 symbols symbols

o= 3 bits for 4 bits for 4 bits for 4 bits for

1015.01 zone digits zone digits

CODING SCHEMES
MEASURES OF POSITION
1. UNIVERSAL CODE (UNICODE)
- new ANSI (American National
Standards Institute)
BINARY CODE
 - supports mosts of the world’s INTERNET BUSINESS MACHINE (IBM) -
languages and becoming the started in 1911 as a producer for mainframe and
internet standard minicomputers
- 16-bit coding scheme with
capacity of representing more BINARY DIGIT (BIT)
than 65,000 characters and - Smallest data unit in a computer
symbols - Has a single binary value either 0 or 1
- represents texts, symbols, - Generally are designed to store data and
characters in multilingual execute instructions in a bit multiplies
environment (bytes)
- uniquely presents a symbol in
language like Chinese and BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
Japanese, etc. and mathematical - Numbering system that represents
and scientific symbols numeric values using two unique digits
- has 32 bits and allows (0 and 1)
approximately 4 billion - Binary numbering is mostly used in
combinations computing device to represent
- compatible and identical to electronic circuit voltage state (example:
ASCII-8 on/off switch)
- implemented by character - Also known as the base-2 numbering
encoding and commonly used system
encoding scheme
BINARY FILE
2. EXTENDED BINARY CODED - Type of computer file that is used to
DECIMAL INTERCHANGE CODE store binary data
(EBCDIC) - May contain any type of formatted or
- binary code for alphabetic and unformatted data encoded within binary
numeric characters that IBM format
developed for its largest systems - Used directly by the computer and
- Has a 8-bit code (4 bits for zone, generally can’t be read by human
4 bits for digits), allowing 256 - May consist of binary data and non-
combinations (2*8) and unique binary data converted and encoded by
symbols the computer
- used mainly in mainframe - Can be also called binaries
computers - Generally remains native and resident
within the computer, but can be
converted/encoded to text if it needs to
 be transmitted over a network/ internet ● Changing numeral bases, such as
connection converting from base 2 (binary) to base
● Example: computer program file 10 (decimal)
(most common) Logarithmic change-of-base formula
Logarithmic identities used frequently
DECIPHER - convert from code to plain text by in algebra and calculus
making out the meaning of despite
distinctiveness or obscurity 4 TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEM
1. BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM (base 2)
ENCODING 2. OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM (base 8)
- process of assembling the message 3. DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM (base
(information, ideas, and thoughts) into a 10)
representative design with the object of 4. HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
ensuring that the researcher can (base 16)
comprehend it
- In programming, it means process of
converting the characters to integers
and decoding converts back to
characters OPERATIONS ON BINARY NUMBERS
1. BINARY ADDITION
DECODING - listening and reading directions ● Decimal addition - 10 is carried
carefully over
● Binary addition - 2 is carried
over

2. BINARY SUBTRACTION

BASE CONVERSION - can mean any of the

several things:

3. BINARY MULTIPLICATION
4. BINARY DIVISION