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8-Sediment Transport Rate 1

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20 views19 pages

8-Sediment Transport Rate 1

Uploaded by

samadhotak428
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture # 8

Estimation of Sediment Transport rate

Lecturer: M. Hamid Elmy


[email protected]
1
2…. To prevent scouring of chanal using side slope

0.75 < [ ∗ ∗ 0.056 ∗ ( − 1)] ∗ 1 −


∅

0.75 < ∗ 1−
11 ∅

Θ=side slope of channel


∅= angle of internal friction of soil particle
Critical Shear 2

 The uniform flow and the corresponding equation for the

shear stress (τ 0 ) is given as  0   .gRS


 Thus, knowing the shear stress, it is possible to find out
whether it is sufficient to dislodge a particle of diameter (ds)
from the streambed by Shields method (Julien, 1995).

 The ratio of the shear force to bed particle defines the shields
parameter τ * as 0
* 
 Note: d=ds=d50 d s ( s   w )

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Shield’s Diagram for Incipient Motion 3

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Critical Shear 4

Thus, For designing scouring channels in course alluviums:


c
 0.056( d  6mm)
 w .d .( S s  1)
Moreover, for non-scouring channels 0 c
RS   .d .( S s  1)(0.056)
RS  d .( S s  1)(0.056) ( Ss  2.65)
RS  d / 11 (see note )
A general relation between τc and d is proposed as for all size:
0.409d 2
 c ( N / m 2 )  0.155 
1  0.177 d 2
PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
Working Examples 5

Example1: The water flowing at a depth of 0.5m in a wide

alluvium river having a bed slope of 2.0% . The bed material is

gravel & cobbles with the median diameter of is 50mm.

Determine whether the soil grains are stationary or moving, and

the stream bed is a scouring or non-scouring ?

Solution: as the given size of bed particles are > 6mm, the

shield’s theory can be used as follows:


PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
Working Example 6

The critical shear stress is  c  0.056 w .d .( S s  1)

 c  0.056 * 9.81* 50(2.65  1)  45.3 N / m 2

Also, the flow shear stress is  0  RS (assume R=y)


 0  YS  9.81x0.5 x 2 / 100  0.0981kN / m 2

 0  98.1Pascal   c (45.3 pa )

Since,  0   c , scouring and sediment transport will occur.


PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
Working Examples 7

Exp2: The water flowing at a depth of 0.6m in a wide river

having a bed slope of 1/2500. the median diameter of bed

material is 2.0mm, consisting of sands.

Determine whether the soil grains are stationary or moving, and

the stream bed is a scouring or non-scouring ?

Solution: as the given size of bed particles are < 6mm, the

general equation can be used.


PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
Working Example 8

2
0.409d
 c  0.155 
1  0.177 d 2

2
0.409 * 2
 c  0.155   1 . 415 N / m 2

1  0.177 * 2 2

Also,  0  RS (R=y for wide streams)


 0  RS  9.81x0.6 x1 / 2500  0.00235kN / m 2

 0  2.35 N / m   c (1.415 N / m )
2 2

Since  0   c , scouring and sediment transport will occur.


PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 9

Why estimate sediment transport?


1- Sediment Yield: e.g. impacts on receiving waters
2- Channel change: bed aggradation/degr., bank erosion
In general, channel change is a function of water and
sediment supply & the basic sediment transport Qs are:

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 10

The primary basis for classifying sediment is grain size

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 11

There are various formulae predicting the amount of sediment


transported as:
• Bed load
• Suspended load
• Total load
in many practical situations, the suspended load is measured or
estimated, as this constitutes about 80 to 90 percent of the total
load. After than a certain percentage of it is added to estimate
total load.
PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1
Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 12

 A measure of flow strength that has been found to provide a


general description of transport rate is the bed shear stress τ.
 Transport is conveniently treated as a flux per unit width.
We define transport rate per unit width qs as the volume of
sediment Qs transported per unit time and width [m2/s].
 We can imagine that qs will depend on a number of variables
representing the strength of the flow, the fluid, and the
sediment. The list of variables is then:

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Sediment Rating Curves 13

 Most of the sediment transport problems are defined in


terms of the supply of sediment (which includes at least its
volume or rate and its grain size) and the water discharge.
 Estimating sediment transport rate Qs as a function of
water discharge Q, A relation giving as a function of Q is
called a sediment rating curve, takes the form of a power
function: Qs  aQ b

where, Qs is in units of tons per day or kg/hr and Q is in units m3/s.

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Sediment Rating Curves 14

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 15

Sediment transport model can be devolved either:


1- Transport Model Based on flow discharge, Q
2- Transport Model Based on Bed Shear Stress

The most important aspect of developing a transport model is


developing a basis for scaling, the discharge Q.
To develop a model based directly on Q, is quite unlikely.
Differences in channel size, shape, slope, roughness, and
bed material would produce very different Qs for the same Q.

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 16

 Thus, the second approach is more likely and general.


 A measure of flow strength to provide a 
general description
of transport rate is the bed shear stress .
 There are many empirical equation proposed for Qs.
 Using the Meyer-Peter and Müller (M-PM) function in which
the flow has to be described by something other than the
flow discharge Q, would be most convenient function as:

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 17

qs Unite transport rate m2/s


 Flow shear stress (Pascal) , control by river/stream discharge
 c Critical shear stress (Pascal) , control by bed material/particle size
 Density of water, 1000 kg/m3
s Relative density of bed material/particle size= 2.65
g Gravity, 9.81 m/s2
Qs Sediment transport rate m3/s, ton/day, kg/hr…
Note: Knowing the Qs, one can estimate the annual and or long term river
sediment transport, considering flow through the period in any changes

PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1


Quantities of Sediment Transport Rates 18

Example. Use the M-PM formula to estimate transport rate in a


b= 20 m wide stream. The shear stress  is 19.6 Pa (which
corresponds to a simple flow with depth of 1 m and slope of
0.002) and the critical shear stress  is 16 Pa (which corresponds
approximately to 18mm gravel). Q, τ, τc shall be
calculated by students
Solution. Using MPM function than we have
8
qs  (19.6  16) 1 .5
 0 . 000107 m 2
/s
(2.65  1)9.81*1000 1 .5

Qs  qs b  0.00213m / s It seems a tiny number, but lots of transport


3

2650kg 3600 s
Qs  0.00213m / s (
3
3
)*( )  20,330kg / hr
m hr
PREP: M. HAMID ELMY 1

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