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Physics Project Class XII 2021 22 Investigatory Project

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Ritika Gupta
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23 views15 pages

Physics Project Class XII 2021 22 Investigatory Project

cffffffhgvjut6gvgmvvt r6 dk df fmhvmi86v5t

Uploaded by

Ritika Gupta
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Table of Contents

Certificate
Declaration
Acknowledgement
Aim of Project
Introduction
Theory
Apparatus Required
Law
Conclusion
Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that RITIKA GUPTA student
of class XIIth (Sci.) has successfully prepared the report
on the Project entitled “Electromagnetic Induction”
under the guidance of Mr. TIWARI.
The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours.
The report is found worthy of acceptance as final
Project report for the subject Physics
of class XIIth (sci.).

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Principal
Acknowledgement
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to
my project guide Mr. Tiwari sir for guiding me immensely through
the course of the project. He always evinced keen interest in my
project. His constructive advice & constant motivation have been
responsible for the successful completion of his project.

My sincere thanks goes to our principal for her


coordination in extending every possible support for the
completion of this project.

I must thank my classmates for their timely help and


support for completion of this project.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who
had helped directly or indirectly towards the completion
of this project.
AIM
Introduction

Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of


electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic field will
interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive
force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating principle of
transformers , inductors, and many types of electrical
motors and generators.

Electromagnetic
induction was discovered independently by Michael
Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments.
Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a
concept he called lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic phenomena are extremely important
since they provide a means to precisely describe how
many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise
and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better
understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible
a host of technological innovations that define modern
society. Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction can be beneficial since so many aspects of our
daily life function because of the principles behind
Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such as the
light, we receive from the sun to
technologies that improve our quality of life such as
electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English


chemist and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered
simultaneously in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph,
an American scientist working in New York, but Faraday is
credited for the law since he published his work first. An
important aspect of the equation that qualifies Faraday’s law
comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist
who made his contribution to Faraday’s law, now known as
Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction,


whereby an electric field is induced, or generated, by a
changing magnetic field. Before expanding upon this
description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the
related concept of potentials.

Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of


electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped
two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus”
(an arrangement similar to a modern toroidal transformer)
to induce current.

Faraday’s First Experiment:-


Some physicists have remarked that Faraday’s law is a
single equation describing two different phenomena :-
The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF
generated by an electric force due to a changing magnetic
field (due to the Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk
Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper on
physical lines of force. In this latter half part II of that paper,
Maxwell gives a separate physical explanation for each of
the two phenomena. A reference to these two aspects of
electromagnetic induction is made in some modern
textbooks.

​ ​ ​ ​ ​
Theory
Magnetic flux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted ⨕ or ⨕B ) through a surface


is the component of the B field passing through that
surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in
derived units :- volt
second), and the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is
usually measured with a flux-meter, which contains
measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the change
of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic
flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing
through a surface of vector area S is

Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the


magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2(Tesla),
S is the area of the surface, and θ is the angle
between the magnetic field lines and the normal
(perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic
flux through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we
may condiser the field to be constant
Apparatus Required
1.Insulated copper wire
2.An iron rod
3.A strong magnet, and
4.A light emitting diode (LED)
Law
.
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states :-

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is


equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the


closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in
other circumstances as discussed below. A different
version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below),
is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because the


wire loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s law of
induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF ɛ , defined
as the energy available per unit charge that travels once
around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt).
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),


F = q(E + V × B)
The EMF on a wire loop is :-
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka
magnetic flux density, magnetic induction), Dl is an
infinitesimal arc length along the wire, and the line integral is
evaluated along the wire (along the curve coincident with
the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying


magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying,
non conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The
Maxwell-Faraday equation is :-

∇ × E = −dB/dT
Where ∇ is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the electric
field and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can
generally be functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell’s equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting with
these equations. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting
point and used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday equation
and/or other laws.
Conclusion
Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp : it relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has many far reaching ramifications that
touch our lives in many ways : from the shining of the sun to
the convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to
power our homes. We can all appreciate the profound
Faraday’s law has on us.
Bibliography

❖https://en.wikipedia.org
❖https://www.google.co.in
❖Class 12 Physics Lab Manual
❖Class 12 NCERT Textbook
❖https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com

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