Activity 21

OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED

To verify that angle in a semi-circle is Cardboard, white pape, adhesive,
a right angle, using vector method. pens, geometry box, eraser, wires,
paper arrow heads.
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a thick cardboard of size 30 cm x 30 cm.
2. On the cardboard, paste a white paper of the same size using an adhesive.
3. On this paper draw a circle, with centre O and radius 10 cm.

Fig. 21

4. Fix nails at the points O, A, B. P and Q. Join OP, OA, OB, AP,AQ. BQ. 0Q
and BP using wires.
5. Put arrows on OA, OB, OP, AP, BP, 0Q, AQ and BQ to show them as vectors,
using paper arrow heads, as shown in the figure.

DEMONSTRATION
1. Using a protractor, measure the angle between the vectors APand BP, i.c..
LAPB = 90°.

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 2. Similarly, the angle between the vectors AQand BQ, i.e., LAQB = 90°.

3. Repeat the above process by taking some more points R, S, T, ... on the
semi-circles, forming vectors AR, BR; AS, BS: AT, BT; .., etc., i.e., angle
formed between two vectors in a semi-circle is a right angle.

OBSERVATION
By actual measurement.

OP-A-B-0r=a=p
AP . BP d
AB
BO
APP-
So, ZAPB= . and AP.BP LAQB: and

AQ.BP
Similarly, for points R, S, T.
LARB LASB = LATB =
i.e., angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
APrLICATION
This activity can be used to explain the
concepts of

(i) opposite vectors

(ii) vectors of equal magnitude

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(ii) perpendicular vectors
(iv) Dot product of two vectors.
NoTE

Let OA = OB = a = OP = p

OA-ä. OB=ä. OP=p

AP -OA+OP = + p.. BP=p-ä.

AP. BP-P+a){p-a)=i-a=0
sincelpf -lal
So, the angle APB between the vectors AP and
BP is a right angle.

Similarly, AQ. BQ=0.so, LAQB = 90° and so on.

O
Activity 26
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To measure the shortest distance A piece of plywood of size
between two skew lines and verify it 30 cmx 20 cm, a squared paper,
analytically. three wooden blocks of size
2cmx 2 cm x 2 cm each and one
wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm
x 4 cm, wires of different
lengths,
set squares, adhesive, pen/pencil,
etc.

METHOD OF CoNSTRUCTION
I. Paste a squared paper on a piece of plywood.
2. On the squared paper, draw two lines OA and OB to represent x-axis,
and y-axis, respectively.

3. Name the three blocks of size 2 em x 2 cm x 2 em as I. II and 1. Name the

other wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 em as IV.
4. Place blocks I, II, III such that their base centres the
are at points
(2.2). (1. 6) and (7, 6), respectively, and block IV with its base centre at
(6. 2). Other wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm as IV.
5. Place a wire joining the points P and Q. the centres of the bases of the
blocks I and III and another wire joining the centres R and S of the tops of
blocks II and IV as shown in Fig. 26.
6. These two wires represent two skew lines.
7. Take a wire and join it perpendicularly with the skew lines and measure the
actual distance.

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 IV
s6.2.4

P2.2

(1.6.2)

Q7.6)

Fig. 26

DEMONSTRATION
1. A set-square is placed in such a way that its one perpendicular side is along
the wire PQ.
2. Move the set-square along PQ till its other perpendicular side touches the
other wire.

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 3. Measure the distance between the two lines in this position using set-square.
This is the shortest distance between two skew lines.
4. Analytically, find the equation of line joining P (2, 2, 0) and Q (7, 6, 0) and
other line joining R (1, 6, 2) and S (6, 2, 4) and find S.D. using

42-4,X02)The distance obtained in two cases will be the same.

xb
OBSERVATTON
1. Coordinates of point P are .
2. Coordinates of point Q are
3. Coordinates of point R are

Coordinates of point S are.

5. Equation of line PQ is
6. Equation of line RS is.

Shortest distance between PQ and RS analytically = .

Shortest distance by actual measurement = .

The results so obtained are

APPLICAT1ON
This activity can be used to explain the concept of skew lines and of shortest
distance between two lines in space.

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Activity 27
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To explain the computation of A piece of white paper
plywood,
conditional probability of a given pen/pencil, scale, a pair of dice.
event A, when event B has already
occurred, through an example of
throwing a pair of dice.

METHOD OF CoNSTRUCTION
1. Paste a white paper on a piece of plywood of a convenient size.
2. Make a square and divide it into 36 unit squares of size lcm each
(see Fig. 27).
3. Write pair of numbers as shown in the figure.

3,6

4 4

Fig.2

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DEMONSTRATION
1. Fig. 27 gives all possible outcomes of the given experiment. Hence, it
represents the sample space of the experiment.
2. Suppose we have to find the conditional probability of an event A if an event
B has already occurred, where A is the event "a number 4 appears on both
the dice" and B is the event "4 has appeared on at least one of the dice"i.e,
we have to find P(A I B).
3. From Fig. 27 number of outcomes favourable to A = 1

Number of outcomes favourable to B = 11

Number of outcomes favourable to AnB =1.
NoTE
4. (i) P (B) =
6 1. You may repeat this activity by
taking more events such as the
probability of getting a sum 10 when
a doublet has already occurred.
cii) P(AnB) =
36 2. Conditional probability
P(A IB) can also be found by first
taking the sample space of event B
(iii) P (AI B) ="
P(AnB)T out of the sample space of the
PB) experiment, and then finding the
probability A from it.
OBSERVATION
1. Outcome(s) favourable to A n (A) = .

2. Outcomes favourable to B . n (B) = -

3. Outcomes favourable to An B:. n (A n B) =-

4. P (An B) = ,

5. P (A IB) =

APPLICATION
This activity is helpful in understanding the concept of conditional probability,
which is further used in Bayes' theorem.

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