Unit 3: Measurement

Topic 2: Perimeter, Area and Volume

Time Allotment: 3 hours

Learning Objectives
Upon the completion of this topic, you are expected to:
 Visualize the concept of perimeter, area and volume;
 Find the perimeter, area and volume of two-dimensional and three-
dimensional figures; and
 Solve word problems involving perimeter, area and volume.

Presentation of Content
The Philippine coastline is irregular, with numerous bays, gulfs, and islets.
Though the Philippines is small in terms of land area, yet its coastline is very
large. The Philippines is an archipelago that comprises 7,641 islands with a
total land area of 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi). It is the world's
5th largest island country.
(http://oneocean.org/about_crmp/where_we_are.html )

Perimeter
Since coastline surrounds a certain place, then it can be compared to the
perimeter of a figure. The word perimeter comes from the Greek word
“perimetros” which is a combination of the terms “peri” which means
“around” and “metron” meaning “measure”. Perimeter therefore, is the
distance around the figure or the sum of all the side lengths of the figure.

Example 1: What is the perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 25 cm and width
is 15 cm?

Solution:
The perimeter of a rectangle = 2(length + width)
Hence perimeter = 2(25 cm + 15 cm) = 2(40 cm) = 80cm

Example 2. Find the perimeter of the given

figure. All measurements indicated are
inches.

Solution:
P=5+3+6+2+3+3 Since all the sides are measured in
inches, just add the lengths of all
six sides to get the perimeter.
P = 22 inches

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Example 3. The perimeter of a rectangular pool

is 56 meters. If the length of the pool is 16 meters,
then find its width.

Solution:
Here the perimeter and the length of the rectangular
pool are given. We have to find the width of the
pool.
The perimeter P of a rectangle is given by the formula, P=2l+2w, where l is
the length and w is the width of the rectangle.
Given that, the perimeter is 56 meters and the length is 16 meters. So,
substitute these values into the formula.
56=2(16) +2w then simplify.
56=32+2w Subtract 32from both sides.
24=2w Divide each side by 2.
12=w
Therefore, the width of the rectangular pool is 12 meters.

Area
If perimeter is the number of units around a figure, then area is the number of
square units contained in a figure. For instance, below are two squares, the
small blue square and the big white square. The blue square has a side of 1
unit so its area is 1 square unit. The number of blue squares that can fit inside
the white square is the area of the red square. This shows that area is the
number of square units that a figure can contain.

In geometry, the area can be defined as the space occupied by a flat shape or
the surface of an object. The area of a figure is the number of unit squares that
cover the surface of a closed figure. Area is measured in square units such as
square centimeters, square feet, square inches, etc.

The origin of the word area is from ‘area’ in Latin, meaning a vacant piece of
level ground. The origin further led to an irregular derivation of area as ‘a
particular amount of space contained within a set of boundaries. We often find
the area of the room floor to determine the size of the carpet to be bought.
Covering the floor with tiles, covering the wall with paint or wallpaper or
building a swimming pool are other examples, where in the area is computed.

Two-Dimensional Shapes
The two-dimensional shapes (2D shapes) are also known as flat shapes, are the
shapes having two dimensions only. It has length and breadth. It does not have
thickness. The two different measures used for measuring the flat shapes are

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area and the perimeter. Two-dimensional shapes are the shapes that can be
drawn on the piece of paper. Some of the examples of 2D shapes are square,
rectangle, circle, triangle and so on.

Triangle
Area = ½ (bh) Square
b = base Area = a2
h = vertical a = length of side
height

Rectangle Parallelogram
Area = w × h Area = bh
w = width b = base
h = height h = vertical height

Trapezoid (US) Circle

Trapezium (UK) Area = πr2
Area = ½(a+b)h Circumference =
h = vertical 2×π×r
height r = radius

Sector
Ellipse Area = ½r2θ
Area = πab r = radius
θ = angle in radians

In real life, not every plane figure can be clearly classified as a rectangle, square
or a triangle. To find the area of a composite figure which consists of more than
one shape, we need to find the sum of the area of both or all the shapes forming
the composite figure.

Example 1. These shapes all have the same area of 9:

Example 2. What is the area of this circle?

Solution:
A= πr2 = π(32)= π(9)=28.27 Radius = r=3

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Example 3. A rectangular yard has a length of 16 meters and a width of 3

meters. Find the area.
Solution:
Area = length (width) = 16 meters (3 meters) = 48 square meters

Example 4.

Solution:
The area of the three triangles in the figure above is the same.
Each triangle has a width and height of 3cm.
The area is calculated: A= height (width)/2 = 3 (3)/2 = 9/2 = 4.5
The area of each triangle is 4.5 cm2.

Example 5. The area of a rectangular fence is 500 square feet. If the width of
the fence is 20 feet, then find its length.

Solution:
Here the area and the width of the rectangular
fence are given. We have to find the length of
the fence. The area A of a rectangle is given by
the formula, 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤, where 𝑙 is the length
and 𝑤 is the width.
Given that, the area is 500 square feet and the
width is 20 feet. So, substitute these values
into the formula.
𝐴 = 𝑙𝑤, 500 = 𝑙20
Divide each side by 20 to isolate 𝑙 . 25 = 𝑙
Therefore, the length of the rectangular fence is 25 feet.
Volume
In math, volume can be defined as the 3-dimensional space enclosed by a
boundary or occupied by an object. In geometry, a three-dimensional shape
can be defined as a figure or an object or that has three dimensions – length,
width and height. Unlike two-dimensional shapes, three-dimensional shapes
have thickness or depth.

The books and ice cream take up a space.

Finding the volume of an object can help us to determine the amount required
to fill that object, like the amount of water needed to fill a bottle, an aquarium
or a water tank.

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The volume of an object is measured in cubic units such as cubic centimeters,

cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic meter, etc. Here, for example, the volume of the
cuboid or rectangular prism, with unit cubes has been determined in cubic units.
3 units

3 units

3 units
3 units
Volume of the cube = (side)3 = (3 units)3 = 9 cubic units
Geometric
Geometric Shape Volume Formula
Shape

Volume = a³, where a is length of

Cube each side.

Volume = lwh , where l is length, w is

Rectangular Prism width and h is height.

Volume = 4/3 πr³, where r is the

Sphere radius.

Volume = πr²h, where r is the radius

Cylinder and h is the height.

Volume = 1/3 πr²h, where r is the

Cone radius and h is the height.

Example 1. Find the volume of a cube having one side as 4 inches.

Solution:
The volume of a cube V is given by V = a^3 where a = length of one side of
the cube.
Hence with a = 4 inches in the formula, we get V = 43 = 64 cubic inches or
inches3.
The volume of the cube is 64 cubic inches.

Example 2. Find the volume of the cylinder with radius 3cm and height 9cm.

Solution:
Volume = πr²h = 3.1416 x (3cm)2 x 9 cm = 3.1416 x 9 x 9 = 3.1416 x 81
Volume = 254.47

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Example 3. Which is bigger by volume, a

sphere with radius 2 cm or a square pyramid
with 2.5cm as measurement of a side of the
square and height of 10cm?

Solution:
First, work out the volume of the sphere.
The volume of a sphere is 4/3(π)(radius)3.
The volume of the sphere is therefore:
4(3.1416)(2)(2)(2)/3 = 33.51cm3

Then work out the volume of the pyramid.

The volume of a pyramid is 1/3(bh).
Area of base = length (width) = 2.5cm2.5cm = 6.25cm2
Volume is therefore
1/3 x 6.25 × 10 = 20.83cm3

The sphere is therefore larger by volume than the pyramid.