Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology

Chapra, Bihar-841302
Newton-
Raphson
method...

Dr. G.K. Mathematics-II (Numerical Methods)

Prajapati
Lecture Notes
LNJPIT,
Chapra May 11, 2020
Newton-
Raphson
method:
by

Dr. G.K.Prajapati
Department of Applied Science and Humanities
LNJPIT, Chapra, Bihar-841302

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton- Newton-Raphson method:
Raphson
method...

Dr. G.K. Let a root of f (x) = 0 lie in the interval (a, b). Let x0 be an
Prajapati
initial approximation to the root in this interval. The
LNJPIT, Newton-Raphson method to find this root is defined by
Chapra
f (xk ) 0
xk+1 = xk − provided f (xk ) 6= 0
Newton-
Raphson f 0 (xk )
method:
This method is called the Newton-Raphson method or simply
the Newton’s method. The method is also called the
tangent method.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton-
Raphson
method...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra

Newton-
Raphson
method:

Figure: Newton-Raphson
method

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton-
Raphson
method...
Example
Dr. G.K.
Prajapati Perform four iterations of the Newton’s method to find the
LNJPIT,
smallest positive root of the equation f (x) = x3 − 5x + 1 = 0.
Chapra

Solution: We have f (0) = 1, f (1) = −3. Since, f (0)f (1) < 0,

Newton-
Raphson the smallest positive root lies in the interval (0, 1). Applying
method:
the Newton’s method, we obtain
f (xk ) x3k − 5xk + 1
xk+1 = xk − = x k − =
f 0 (xk ) 3x2k − 5
2x3k − 1
, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
3x2k − 5

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton-
Raphson
Let x0 = 0.5. We have the following results.
method...

Dr. G.K.
2x30 − 1 2(0.5)3 − 1
x1 = = = 0.176471,
Prajapati
3x20 − 5 3(0.5)2 − 5
LNJPIT,
Chapra
2x31 − 1 2(0.176471)3 − 1
x2 = = = 0.201568,
Newton- 3x21 − 5 3(0.176471)2 − 5
Raphson
method:
2x32 − 1 2(0.201568)3 − 1
x3 = = = 0.201640,
3x22 − 5 3(0.201568)2 − 5

2x33 − 1 2(0.201640, )3 − 1
x4 = = = 0.201640.
3x23 − 5 3(0.201640, )2 − 5

Therefore, the root correct to six decimal places is

x ≡ 0.201640.
Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...
 Newton-
Raphson
method...
Example
Dr. G.K.
Prajapati Using Newton-Raphson method solve x log10 x = 12.34 with
x0 = 10.
LNJPIT,
Chapra
Solution: Here f (x) = x log10 x − 12.34. Then
Newton- 1
Raphson f 0 (x) = log10 x + = log10 x + 0.434294. Applying the
method: loge 10
Newton’s method, we obtain
f (xk ) xk log10 xk − 12.34
xk+1 = xk − 0 = xk − =
f (xk ) log10 xk + 0.434294
(0.434294)xk + 12.34
, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
log10 xk + 0.434294

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton- Let x0 = 10. We have the following results.
Raphson
method... (0.434294)x0 + 12.34 (0.434294)(10) + 12.34
x1 = = =
Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
log10 x0 + 0.434294 log10 10 + 0.434294
11.631465.
LNJPIT, (0.434294)x1 + 12.34
Chapra x2 = =
log10 x1 + 0.434294
Newton-
Raphson
(0.434294)(11.631465) + 12.34
method:
= 11.594870.
log10 (11.631465) + 0.434294
(0.434294)x2 + 12.34
x3 = =
log10 x2 + 0.434294
(0.434294)(11.594870) + 12.34
= 11.594854.
log10 (11.594870) + 0.434294
We have |x3 − x2 | = |11.594854 − 11.594870| = 0.000016.
Therefore, We may take x ≡ 11.594854 as the root correct to
four decimal places.
Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...
 Newton-
Raphson Example
method...

Dr. G.K.
Derive the Newton’s method for finding 1/N , where N > 0.
Prajapati Hence, find 1/17, using the initial approximation as
LNJPIT,
(i) 0.05, (ii) 0.15. Do the iterations converge
Chapra
1 1
Solution: Let x = =⇒ N = . Define a function
Newton- N x
Raphson
1 1
method:
f (x) = − N so that f 0 (x) = − 2 . Applying the Newton’s
x x
method, we obtain
1
−N
f (xk ) x
= xk −  k  = xk + xk − N x2k =
 
xk+1 = xk − 0
f (xk ) 1
− 2
xk
2xk − N x2k , k = 0, 1, 2, ...

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton-
Raphson
method...
(i) With N = 17, and x0 = 0.05, we obtain the sequence of
Dr. G.K.
Prajapati approximations
LNJPIT, x1 = 2x0 − N x20 = 2(0.05) − 17(0.05)2 = 0.0575.
Chapra

Newton- x2 = 2x1 − N x21 = 2(0.0575) − 17(0.0575)2 = 0.058794.

Raphson
method:

x3 = 2x2 − N x22 = 2(0.058794) − 17(0.058794)2 = 0.058823.

x4 = 2x3 − N x23 = 2(0.058823) − 17(0.058823)2 = 0.058823.

Since, |x4 − x3 | = 0, the iterations converge to the root. The

required root is 0.058823.

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton-
Raphson
(ii) With N = 17, and x0 = 0.15, we obtain the sequence of
method... approximations
Dr. G.K.
Prajapati
x1 = 2x0 − N x20 = 2(0.15) − 17(0.15)2 = −0.0825.
LNJPIT,
Chapra
x2 = 2x1 − N x21 = 2(−0.0825.) − 17(−0.0825.)2 = −0.280706.
Newton-
Raphson
method:
x3 = 2x2 − N x22 = 2(−0.280706) − 17(−0.280706)2 =
−1.900942.

x4 = 2x3 − N x23 = 2(−1.900942) − 17(−1.900942)2 =

−65.23275.

We find that xk → −∞ as k increases. Therefore, the

iterations diverge very fast. This shows the importance of
choosing a proper initial approximation.
Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...
 Newton-
Raphson
method...
Example
Dr. G.K. Derive the Newton’s method for finding the q th root of a
Prajapati
positive number N , N 1/q , where N > 0, q > 0. Hence,
LNJPIT, compute 171/3 correct to four decimal places, assuming the
Chapra
initial approximation as x0 = 2.
Newton-
Raphson
method: Solution: Let x = N 1/q =⇒ N = xq . Define a function
f (x) = xq − N so that f 0 (x) = qxq−1 . Applying the Newton’s
method, we obtain
f (xk ) xqk − N
xk+1 = xk − 0 = xk − =
f (xk ) qxq−1
q
(q − 1)xk + N
, k = 0, 1, 2, ...
qxq−1

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton-
Raphson
method...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra
For computing 171/3 , we have q = 3 and N = 17. Hence, the
method becomes
Newton-
Raphson (3 − 1)x3k + 17 2x3k + 17
method: xk+1 = = , k = 0, 1, 2, ...
3x3−1
k
3x2k

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...

 Newton- With x0 = 2, we obtain the following results.
Raphson
method...
2x30 + 17 2(2)3 + 17
Dr. G.K. x1 = = = 2.75,
Prajapati 3x20 3(2)2
LNJPIT,
Chapra 2x31 + 17 2(2.75)3 + 17
x2 = = = 2.582645,
3x21 3(2.75)2
Newton-
Raphson
method: 2x32 + 17 2(2.582645)3 + 17
x3 = = = 2.571332,
3x22 3(2.582645)2

2x33 + 17 2(2.571332)3 + 17
x4 = = = 2.571282.
3x23 3(2.571332)2

Since, |x4 − x3 | = |2.571282 − 2.571332| = 0.00005., We may

take x = 2.571282 as the required root correct to four decimal
places.
Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...
 Newton-
Raphson
method...

Dr. G.K.
Prajapati

LNJPIT,
Chapra

Newton-
Raphson
Thanks !!!
method:

Dr. G.K. Prajapati LNJPIT, Chapra Newton-Raphson method...