MACHINE TOOLS

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 Overview of Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing
Process

Process to
Casting/ Material Finishing
Forming Fabrication change
Foundry removal processes
properties

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Machine Tool

A machine tool may be defined as a power driven

machine which accomplishes cutting or machining
operations in it.
Examples: Lathe,
Drilling machine,
Milling machine,
Grinding machine.
Shaping machine
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 Functions of Machine Tools
 To hold and support job/work to be machined
 To hold and support the cutting tool in position
 To move the cutting tool, work or both in a
desired direction
 To regulate the cutting parameters such as
speed, feed and depth of cut in order to carry
out the machining operations.

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 ENGINE LATHE
 Lathe is a Machine Tool used generally to produce circular
objects.

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 Working principle of lathe
Chuck
Direction of rotation
of work piece

Work piece

Cutting tool
Direction of cutting tool

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 Working principle of a lathe

• Cutting tool can remove material in Chuck

Direction of
the form of chips from rotating work rotation of
pieces to produce circular objects work piece

• Work piece is held rigidly by one of

Cutting
the work holding devices known as Direction of tool
cutting tool
chuck

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 MAJOR PARTS OF A LATHE
1] Bed
2] Head stock
3] Tail stock
4] Main drive
5] Carriage assembly consisting of
a) Saddle
b) Cross-slide
c) Compound rest
d) Tool post
e) Apron
6] Lead screw
7] Feed rod

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 BED

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Headstock:

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 MAIN DRIVE

• Cone pulley drives the main

spindle which is driven by the
motor.
• Various spindle speeds can be
obtained by shifting the belt on
different steps of the cone pulley
and also by using back gear
arrangement.

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Tailstock:

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Carriage Assembly:

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Carriage assembly:
• To support the tool
• Moves over the outer guide
ways longitudinally between
headstock and tailstock.
It is composed of 5 main parts:
1. Saddle
2. Cross slide
3. Compound Rest
4. Apron
5. Tool post

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 Saddle

• H shaped casting that slides

over the outer guide ways
• Serves as the base for Cross
Slide, Compound Rest and
Tool Post.

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 Cross Slide
•Mounted on the saddle
•Enables the movement
of the cutting tool laterally
across the lathe bed by
means of cross feed hand
wheel.
• It carries compound rest
and tool post. It can be
operated by hand or by
power feed.

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Compound Rest
•Mounted on the top of the
cross slide
•Supports the tool post.
•Swiveled to any angle in the
horizontal plane
•It facilitates Taper Turning
operation.

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 Tool Post

Compound
Rest
Apron
•Mounted on the front of the
saddle

Tool post
• Clamps the tool in the
proper position for machining
operations.

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 Chuck

Three Jaw Chuck

- For holding cylindrical
workpiece
- Self centered.

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 Chuck
Four Jaw Chuck
- Independent chuck
- For holding cylindrical
workpiece, square,
hexagonal, and irregular-
shaped workpieces
- The jaws can be
reversed to hold work by
the inside diameter

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Lead Screw:
• A screw rod which moves longitudinally in front of the lathe
bed.
• Rotation of the lead screw moves the carriage to and fro
longitudinally during thread cutting operation.

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Feed rod:

• A stationary rod mounted in front of the lathe bed

• Facilitates automatic longitudinal movement of

carriage during turning and lateral movement of the
cross slide during facing operations. 27
Lathe Operations

The various operations that can be performed on a lathe

are:

1. Turning.
2. Step turning.
3. Taper turning.
4. Thread cutting.
5. Facing.
6. Knurling
7. Chamfering.

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1. Turning or Plain Turning Operation

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2. Step Turning Operation

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3. Facing Operation

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4. Taper Turning Operation

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Taper Turning by Swivelling the Compound
Rest Method

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Taper Turning by Swivelling the Compound
Rest Method
• The taper angle by which the compound rest is to be
rotated is given by the relation.
tan α = (D-d)/2L
where,
α = half taper angle (simply taper angle) in degrees.
D = larger diameter of the taper in mm.
d = smaller diameter of the taper in mm.
L = length of the taper in mm.

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Taper Turning by Tail Stock Set over Method

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 Taper Turning by Tail Stock Set over Method

• In this method the amount of set over required to machine a

particular taper is given by the relation
Set Over = L(D-d)/2l
Where L= Length of the work.
l= Length of the taper.
D= Large diameter of the taper.
d= small diameter of the taper.

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5. Thread Cutting Operation

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5. Thread Cutting Operation

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5. Thread Cutting Operation
• The lead screw of the lathe through which the saddle
receives its traversing or longitudinal motion when the half
nut lever is engaged has a definite pitch.

• A definite ratio should therefore be found out between the

longitudinal feed and rotation of the workpiece or headstock
spindle so that the relative speeds of rotation of the
leadscrew and the work will result in the cutting of a screw
of desired pitch.
• This is effected by the change gears arranged between the
spindle and the leadscrew or by a change gear mechanism or
feed box in modern lathes.

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Tumbler Gear Mechanism

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6. Knurling Operation

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7. Chamfering Operation

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Specification of a lathe.

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Specification of a lathe
1. Distance between centers:
– Maximum distance that can be obtained between the lathe
centers
– Represents the maximum length of the work piece that
can be held between centers.
2. Overall length of the bed:
– Maximum length of the bed starting from the head stock
end to tailstock end.
3. Swing of workpiece over lathe bed:
– Largest diameter of the work piece that can be rotated
without touching the bed.
4. Swing of workpiece over gap in the bed:
– It is the maximum diameter and the width of a work piece
that can swing when the lathe has gap in the bed.

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 Lathe classification
Lathes are classified as:

1. Bench Lathe

2. Speed Lathe

3. Engine Lathe

4. Capstan and Turret Lathe

5. Tool Room Lathe

6. CNC Lathe

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1. Bench Lathe

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2. Speed Lathe

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3. Engine Lathe

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4. Capstan & Turret Lathe

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4. Capstan & Turret Lathe

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5. Tool Room Lathe

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6. CNC Lathe

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DRILLING MACHINE

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DRILLING

Drilling is a metal cutting process carried out by a rotating

cutting tool (twist drill) to make circular holes in solid
materials.
Drilling Machine
A power operated machine tool, which holds the drill in its

rotating spindle and produces a hole when moved linearly

against the work piece.

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Twist Drill

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Types of Drilling Machines
Drilling machines may be classified as

1. Portable Drilling Mchine.

2. Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine.

3. Pillar or Upright Drilling Machine.

4. Gang Drilling Machine.

5. Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine.

6. Radial Drilling Machine.

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1. Portable Drilling Machine

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2. Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine

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3. Pillar or Upright Drilling Machine

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4. Gang Drilling Machine

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4. Gang Drilling Machine

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5. Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine

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6. Radial Drilling Machine

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6. Radial Drilling Machine

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6. Radial Drilling Machine

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Drilling Operations

The different operations that can be performed by a drilling

machine are as follows.

1. Drilling

2. Reaming

3. Boring.

4. Counter Boring

5. Counter sinking

6. Spot facing

7. Tapping.
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1. DRILLING

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2. REAMING

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3. BORING

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3. BORING

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4. COUNTERBORING

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5. COUNTERSINKING

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6. SPOTFACING

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7. TAPPING

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