MACHINE TOOLS
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 1
Overview of Manufacturing Process
Manufacturing
Process
Process to
Casting/ Material Finishing
Forming Fabrication change
Foundry removal processes
properties
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 2
Machine Tool
A machine tool may be defined as a power driven
machine which accomplishes cutting or machining
operations in it.
Examples: Lathe,
Drilling machine,
Milling machine,
Grinding machine.
Shaping machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 3
Functions of Machine Tools
To hold and support job/work to be machined
To hold and support the cutting tool in position
To move the cutting tool, work or both in a
desired direction
To regulate the cutting parameters such as
speed, feed and depth of cut in order to carry
out the machining operations.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 4
ENGINE LATHE
Lathe is a Machine Tool used generally to produce circular
objects.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 5
Working principle of lathe
Chuck
Direction of rotation
of work piece
Work piece
Cutting tool
Direction of cutting tool
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 6
Working principle of a lathe
• Cutting tool can remove material in Chuck
Direction of
the form of chips from rotating work rotation of
pieces to produce circular objects work piece
• Work piece is held rigidly by one of
Cutting
the work holding devices known as Direction of tool
cutting tool
chuck
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 7
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 8
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 9
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 10
MAJOR PARTS OF A LATHE
1] Bed
2] Head stock
3] Tail stock
4] Main drive
5] Carriage assembly consisting of
a) Saddle
b) Cross-slide
c) Compound rest
d) Tool post
e) Apron
6] Lead screw
7] Feed rod
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 11
BED
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 12
Headstock:
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 13
MAIN DRIVE
• Cone pulley drives the main
spindle which is driven by the
motor.
• Various spindle speeds can be
obtained by shifting the belt on
different steps of the cone pulley
and also by using back gear
arrangement.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 14
Tailstock:
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 15
Carriage Assembly:
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 16
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 17
Carriage assembly:
• To support the tool
• Moves over the outer guide
ways longitudinally between
headstock and tailstock.
It is composed of 5 main parts:
1. Saddle
2. Cross slide
3. Compound Rest
4. Apron
5. Tool post
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 18
Saddle
• H shaped casting that slides
over the outer guide ways
• Serves as the base for Cross
Slide, Compound Rest and
Tool Post.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 19
Cross Slide
•Mounted on the saddle
•Enables the movement
of the cutting tool laterally
across the lathe bed by
means of cross feed hand
wheel.
• It carries compound rest
and tool post. It can be
operated by hand or by
power feed.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 20
Compound Rest
•Mounted on the top of the
cross slide
•Supports the tool post.
•Swiveled to any angle in the
horizontal plane
•It facilitates Taper Turning
operation.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 21
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 22
Tool Post
Compound
Rest
Apron
•Mounted on the front of the
saddle
Tool post
• Clamps the tool in the
proper position for machining
operations.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 23
Chuck
Three Jaw Chuck
- For holding cylindrical
workpiece
- Self centered.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 24
Chuck
Four Jaw Chuck
- Independent chuck
- For holding cylindrical
workpiece, square,
hexagonal, and irregular-
shaped workpieces
- The jaws can be
reversed to hold work by
the inside diameter
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 25
Lead Screw:
• A screw rod which moves longitudinally in front of the lathe
bed.
• Rotation of the lead screw moves the carriage to and fro
longitudinally during thread cutting operation.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 26
Feed rod:
• A stationary rod mounted in front of the lathe bed
• Facilitates automatic longitudinal movement of
carriage during turning and lateral movement of the
cross slide during facing operations. 27
Lathe Operations
The various operations that can be performed on a lathe
are:
1. Turning.
2. Step turning.
3. Taper turning.
4. Thread cutting.
5. Facing.
6. Knurling
7. Chamfering.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 28
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 29
1. Turning or Plain Turning Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 30
2. Step Turning Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 31
3. Facing Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 32
4. Taper Turning Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 33
Taper Turning by Swivelling the Compound
Rest Method
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 34
Taper Turning by Swivelling the Compound
Rest Method
• The taper angle by which the compound rest is to be
rotated is given by the relation.
tan α = (D-d)/2L
where,
α = half taper angle (simply taper angle) in degrees.
D = larger diameter of the taper in mm.
d = smaller diameter of the taper in mm.
L = length of the taper in mm.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 35
Taper Turning by Tail Stock Set over Method
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 36
Taper Turning by Tail Stock Set over Method
• In this method the amount of set over required to machine a
particular taper is given by the relation
Set Over = L(D-d)/2l
Where L= Length of the work.
l= Length of the taper.
D= Large diameter of the taper.
d= small diameter of the taper.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 37
5. Thread Cutting Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 38
5. Thread Cutting Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 39
5. Thread Cutting Operation
• The lead screw of the lathe through which the saddle
receives its traversing or longitudinal motion when the half
nut lever is engaged has a definite pitch.
• A definite ratio should therefore be found out between the
longitudinal feed and rotation of the workpiece or headstock
spindle so that the relative speeds of rotation of the
leadscrew and the work will result in the cutting of a screw
of desired pitch.
• This is effected by the change gears arranged between the
spindle and the leadscrew or by a change gear mechanism or
feed box in modern lathes.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 40
Tumbler Gear Mechanism
41
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 42
6. Knurling Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 43
7. Chamfering Operation
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 44
Specification of a lathe.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 45
Specification of a lathe
1. Distance between centers:
– Maximum distance that can be obtained between the lathe
centers
– Represents the maximum length of the work piece that
can be held between centers.
2. Overall length of the bed:
– Maximum length of the bed starting from the head stock
end to tailstock end.
3. Swing of workpiece over lathe bed:
– Largest diameter of the work piece that can be rotated
without touching the bed.
4. Swing of workpiece over gap in the bed:
– It is the maximum diameter and the width of a work piece
that can swing when the lathe has gap in the bed.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 46
Lathe classification
Lathes are classified as:
1. Bench Lathe
2. Speed Lathe
3. Engine Lathe
4. Capstan and Turret Lathe
5. Tool Room Lathe
6. CNC Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 47
1. Bench Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engg. 48
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg.
2. Speed Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 49
3. Engine Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 50
4. Capstan & Turret Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 51
4. Capstan & Turret Lathe
52
5. Tool Room Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 53
6. CNC Lathe
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 54
DRILLING MACHINE
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 55
DRILLING
Drilling is a metal cutting process carried out by a rotating
cutting tool (twist drill) to make circular holes in solid
materials.
Drilling Machine
A power operated machine tool, which holds the drill in its
rotating spindle and produces a hole when moved linearly
against the work piece.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 56
Twist Drill
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 57
Types of Drilling Machines
Drilling machines may be classified as
1. Portable Drilling Mchine.
2. Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine.
3. Pillar or Upright Drilling Machine.
4. Gang Drilling Machine.
5. Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine.
6. Radial Drilling Machine.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 58
1. Portable Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 59
2. Bench or Sensitive Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 60
3. Pillar or Upright Drilling Machine
61
4. Gang Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 62
4. Gang Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 63
5. Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 64
6. Radial Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 65
6. Radial Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 66
6. Radial Drilling Machine
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 67
Drilling Operations
The different operations that can be performed by a drilling
machine are as follows.
1. Drilling
2. Reaming
3. Boring.
4. Counter Boring
5. Counter sinking
6. Spot facing
7. Tapping.
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 68
1. DRILLING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 69
2. REAMING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 70
3. BORING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 71
3. BORING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 72
4. COUNTERBORING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 73
5. COUNTERSINKING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 74
6. SPOTFACING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 75
7. TAPPING
Dept. of Mechanical & Industrial Engg. 76
