LITERATURE

Literature is said to be “The Mother of Arts’’. Literature is derived from Latin

littera meaning `an individual` written character (letter) and literature is literally
`acquaintance with letters.”. It is used to describe anything from creative writing to
more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to
works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and
nonfiction.

LITERATURE is a time art. TIME ART is an art which present an organized

series of stimuli within a framing time span and which therefore must be
experienced in a sequence as having a beginning,

Categories of Literature:

1. Imaginative /fiction literature ex. Poems, short stories, novels, plays

2. Non-fiction literature ex. Biographies, essays

Classification of Literature

1. Escape literature is written for entertainment purposes, that is, to help us pass

the time in an agreeable manner.

2. Interpretative Literature is written to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life.

Uses of Literature

!. Moralizing literature is a kind of literature that is used to present moral values for
the reader to understand and appreciate; the moral may be directly or indirectly
stated.

2. Propaganda Literature is a kind of literature that was found not only in history

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books and advertising and marketing books but also in some books describing one’s
personal success and achievements in life

3. Psychological continuum of the individual-therapeutic value is a kind of literature

that provide therapeutic experience to the reader

Novel is a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character

and action with some degree of realism.

An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is

letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are
sometimes used. ... The word epistolary is derived from Latin from the Greek word
ἐπιστολή epistolē, meaning a letter

The picaresque novel (Spanish: picaresca, from pícaro, for "rogue" or "rascal") is a
genre of prose fiction that depicts the adventures of a roguish, but "appealing hero",
of low social class, who lives by his wits in a corrupt society.[1] Picaresque novels
typically adopt a realistic style, with elements of comedy and satire. This style
of novel originated in Spain in 1554 and flourished throughout Europe for more than
200 years, though the term "picaresque novel" was only coined in 1810. It continues
to influence modern literature. The term is also sometimes used to describe works,
like Cervantes' Don Quixote and Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers, which only

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contain some of the genre's elements.

Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre
or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at
times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his
1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled (in its second edition) "A Gothic Story".
Gothic fiction tends to place emphasis on both emotion and a pleasurable kind of
terror, serving as an extension of the Romantic literary movement that was relatively
new at the time that Walpole's novel was published. The most common of these
"pleasures" among Gothic readers was sublime—an indescribable feeling that
"takes us beyond ourselves."[1]

Utopian and dystopian fiction are genres of speculative fiction that explore social and
political structures. Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agrees with the author's ethos,
having various attributes of another reality intended to appeal to readers.

Detective novel is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which

an investigator or a detective—either professional, amateur or retired—investigates a
crime, often murder.

Science fiction (sometimes shortened to sci-fi or SF) is a genre of speculative

fiction that typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as
advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes,
and extraterrestrial life.

Nature novel is a literary genre that started as a movement in late nineteenth

century in literature, film, theater, and art. It is a type of extreme realism. This
movement suggested the roles of family, social conditions, and environment in
shaping human character. Thus, naturalistic writers write stories based on the idea
that environment determines and governs human character.

Psychological novel is one that focuses on the complex mental and emotional
lives of its characters and explores the various levels of mental activity.

Religious novel is literary fiction that has a religious element. Some people tend to
think of religious items of fiction as having to do with the religious affiliation of the
author, but generally, experts only consider it religious fiction as it
addresses religious elements in the actual work

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The social novel, also known as the social problem (or social protest) novel, is a
"work of fiction in which a prevailing social problem, such as gender, race, or class
prejudice, is dramatized through its effect on the characters of a novel". [

A romance novel or romantic novel is a type of novel and genre fiction which
places its primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people,
and usually has an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending."

The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre

which celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts
of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. ... They feature scenes of distress
and tenderness, and the plot is arranged to advance both emotions and actions.

A legend (/ˈlejənd/) is a story about human events or actions that has not been
proved nor documented in real history. Legends are retold as if they are real events
and were believed to be historical accounts. They usually tell stories about things
that could be possible, so both the storyteller and the audience may believe they are
true. Its meaning stems from the Medieval Latin term legenda, meaning “things to
be read.” and from the Latin legendus.

Alongside the river in Old Usquepaugh, Rhode Island is an old grist mill that was built
the 1700s. It is settled beside a misty waterfall, its wheel spinning in the water all day
and night to churn out corn. Across from the mill, workers built small cottages into the
sides of the hill with stones and stone and packed the walls with horse hair for warmth.
On one night in October, during the full moon, one of the workers noticed that the mill’s
wheel stopped spinning, so he pulled on his coat and walked to the mill. He thought he
saw a branch wedged in the top of the wheel, so climbed a ladder to the roof. As he
reached to grab the branch, he lost his footing, falling into the rocky falls below. His
body was never found. They say that every October, on the night of the full moon, the
wheel stops turning as it did that night long ago…and coming from the mist of the falls,
you can hear the sound of a man moaning.

The ghost story above could be a legend for several key reasons.
First, it is based on a real place and corn mill in Rhode Island, where
the mill worker’s cottages still stand today. Second, the plotline is
believable and possible. Third, the details are ambiguous…does the
wheel really stop every October? It’s possible. Can you hear a man
moaning? Unlikely…but could it be real? As you can see, parts of the
story are real, but other parts are, perhaps, fiction.

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In literature, a fable (pronounced fey-buh l) is a short fictional story that has a moral
or teaches a lesson. Fables use humanized animals, objects, or parts of nature as
main characters, and are therefore considered to be a sub-genre of fantasy.

An ugly, warty frog sat on his lily pad enjoying the sunshine. Another frog hopped
along and said, “wow, you are hideous! There is no way you will ever find a mate!”
Just then, a beautiful princess came to the pond, scooped up the ugly frog, and
planted a big kiss on his warty nose. He instantly turned into a tall, handsome
prince, and walked off hand in hand with the princess as the other frog watched with
his mouth wide in astonishment. Never judge a book by its cover.

This short story constitutes a fable for two key reasons: first, its main characters are
anthropomorphic frogs (frogs that have been given human qualities); they have
been given the ability to speak for the story. Second, the story ends with a lesson—
“never judge a book by its cover”—which is relayed to the audience when the ugly
frog turns into a prince.

Essay is a short literary composition in prose dealing with a single matter usually
from a personal point of view. Thus, it is revelatory of the author’s state, opinions,
prejudices, moods, and in general personality. Essays may either be forma or
informal but there are more specific subdivisions.

Reflective essay is one that constitute a critical examination of a life experience

and is akin to a diary entry, except that others will be reading it so it needs to have a
great deal of coherence and a good structure.

The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe
something—object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc.

A narrative essay is a type of essay that has a single motif, or a central point,
around which the whole narrative revolves. All incidents, happenings, and
characters revolve around a single motif presented in the narrative. A narrative
essay is similar to a simple five-paragraph essay, in that it has the same format. It is
only different in that it is a narrative, having characters, incidents, and dialogues.

The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate
an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument
concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner.

A persuasive essay, also known as an argumentative essay, is a piece of

academic writing where you use logic and reason to show that your point of view is

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more legitimate than any other. You must expose clear arguments and support them
by convincing facts and logical reasons.

A biography essay is an essay where you tell the story of a person's life.

A critical essay is a type of academic writing where the author analyzes and
evaluates a text. For an essay to become critical, you need to claim a text's
particular ideas and then support that claim with evidence.

Nature essay is one that attempts to picture the world of God’s creation and may do
so in a graphic, pictorial vein of a more thoughtful, philosophical manner.

The periodical essay was a new literary form that emerged during the early part of
the eighteenth century. Periodical essays typically appeared in affordable
publications that came out regularly, usually two or three times a week, and were
only one or two pages in length.

A didactic essay is written from a second-person point of view. The didactic

essay focuses more on instructing than entertaining. Thomas Carlyle ...

An anecdote (pronounced an-ik-doht) is a very short story that is significant to the

topic at hand; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the
topic. Basically, anecdotes are stories. Like many stories, anecdotes are most often
told through speech; they are spoken rather than written down.

Example

Picture a mother and a father discussing whether or not to get a dog for the family.
The father says:

You know, when I was a kid, my dog was my best friend. My childhood was
better because of him.

The mother contemplates his story—a.k.a. his anecdote—and then agrees that
they should get a dog..

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Below are several typical types of anecdotes.

a. Humorous
An anecdote that adds humor to the topic at hand. For example, two friends are
arguing about driving directions. The driver tells the passenger to turn off the GPS,
insisting that he knows the way. The passenger replies, “oh, like the time we turned
it off and ended up out in the middle of that cow farm?!” We then see a flashback of
their car surrounded by loudly mooing cows.
b. Reminiscent
A story that remembers something general about the past or a specific event,
expressed in ways such as “that reminds me of…”, “when I used to…”, “I remember
when…”, and so on. For example, a child asks her grandmother for $2 to buy candy
at the store, and the grandmother says, “you know back in my day, all you needed
was a penny to go to the candy shop! My grandmother would give me a nickel and
I’d be a happy clam!”

c. Philosophical
An anecdote expressed in order to make others think more deeply about the topic at
hand. For example, a group of college students are discussing the morality of lying;
most are arguing that it is never okay to lie. One student offers an anecdote to the
others: “what about families who lied to German soldiers, you know, about hiding
Jews in their homes during World War II? Do the lives saved justify the lies they
told?” The students then contemplate the validity of their prior arguments.
d. Inspirational
An anecdote that is told in order to inspire hope or other positive emotions. They are
often about not giving up, achieving goals or dreams, making the impossible
possible, and so on. For example, a doctor talking to a group of war amputees tells
them about a soldier who came in with no hands and no hope—but left the hospital
holding his newborn baby in his prosthetic hands.

e. Cautionary
Stories that warn others about the dangers or negative consequences surrounding
the topic at hand. For example, a speaker is giving a talk to teenagers about the
risks of using drugs. During his presentation, he reminds them of a well-known
straight-A student who died of a heroin overdose a few years before; warning them
that it could happen to anyone.

A biography is simply an account or detailed description about the life of a person.

It entails basic facts, such as childhood, education, career, relationships, family, and
death. Biography is a literary genre that portrays the experiences of all these events
occurring in the life of a person, mostly in a chronological order. Unlike a resume
or profile, a biography provides a life story of a subject, highlighting different aspects
of his of her life. A person who writes biographies, is called as a “biographer.”

Types of Biography

There are three types of biography:

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Autobiography

An autobiography tells the story of a person’s own life. While that person writes his
own account, he or she may take guidance from a ghostwriter or collaborator.

Biography

A biography narrates the life story of a person, as written by another person or

writer. It is further divided into five categories:

1. Popular biography
2. Historical biography
3. Literary biography
4. Reference biography
5. Fictional biography

Memoir

This is a more focused writing than an autobiography or a biography. In a memoir, a

writer narrates the details of a particular event or situation that occurred in his or her
lifetime.

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current

events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.
Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and art,
and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local
services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips,
and advice columns.

An oration is a speech delivered in a formal and dignified manner. A skilled public

speaker is known as an orator. ... The term oration sometimes carries a negative
connotation: "any impassioned, pompous, or long-winded speech"

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making the voices of a
narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse.
Narrative poems do not need rhyme. The poems that make up this genre may be short
or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is normally dramatic, with
objectives, diverse and meter.[1] Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays.

Dramatic poetry encompasses a highly emotional story that's written in verse and
meant to be recited. It usually tells a story or refers to a specific situation. This would
include closet drama, dramatic monologues, and rhyme verse.

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Lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings,
typically spoken in the first person.[1] It is not equivalent to song lyrics, though they are
often in the lyric mode. The term derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature,
the lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a stringed
instrument known as a lyre.[2] The term owes its importance in literary theory to the
division developed by Aristotle between three broad categories of poetry:
lyrical, dramatic, and epic

Theatre or theater[a] is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers,
typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event
before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may
communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech,
song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such
as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the
experience.[1] The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre"
as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron, "a place for viewing"), itself from
θεάομαι (theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe").

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance:

a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or
[1]
on radio or television. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic
mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever
since Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.[2]

The term "drama" comes from a Greek word meaning "action" (Classical
Greek: δρᾶμα, drama), which is derived from "I do" (Classical Greek: δράω, drao).
The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division
between comedy and tragedy.

Most popular vernacular drama or play presentations

Moro-Moro depicts the battle between Carillo. It is a shadow play using

the Christians and Muslims and the puppets made from cardboard.
adaptations of the legends about knight- The themes were derived from the
errant’s and princesses. libretto from “Don Quixote”, “Buhay ng
Mahal ng Panginong Hesukristo”

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Zarzuela is piece of entertainment with Cenakulo is Traditional
improvised plots that used in comic, dramatization of the events
tragic, fantastic, melodramatic or a regarding Jesus Christ suffered
combination of all. Later, these “Fiestas before and after crucify
de Zarzuelas” were simply called him. Derivative such tradition in the
Zarzuela that involves singing and Bible and other text
dancing in it. It has no definite form. apokripa. Usually held in the streets
Singing was free and imaginative. or in the yard of the church.

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