Isabela State University
Cabagan, Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education
Module in CRIM LEA 2 (Comparative Models in Policing)
1st Sem. S.Y 2024-2025
Prepared By: JOLINALYN B. GONZALVO
Chapter 2 5) LANGUAGE – language is an important tool in globalization
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO POLICING as it ensures that individuals across the globe are able to
communicate using a common language. Globally, English
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: serves as the language of business. The most popular is
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: Mandarin Chinese (1.1 billion speakers) followed by English
Define globalization and describe its key characteristics and (983 million speakers), Hindustani (544 million speakers), and
processes; Spanish (527 million) speakers.
Examine and appraise the effects of globalization;
Identify the connection of globalization to policing; and 6) COMPETITION – globalization turned business transaction
Define and discuss the concept of universalization within the into a global market. Due to the market becoming global,
context of globalization. companies and various industries must upgrade their
products and use technology skillfully in order to survive
GLOBALIZATION DEFINED increased competition. Survival in the new global business
Globalization is defined as a process of interaction and market calls for improved productivity and increased
integration among individuals, companies, and governments of competitiveness.
different nations. This process is driven by the interdependence of 7) ECOLOGICAL – refers to the global concerns on
world economies, interaction between cultures, information environmental challenges which include climate change,
dissemination, and the advancement of technology. cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the
In addition, globalization is also defined as follows: ocean, and the spread of invasive species which can be
(a) It is the increasingly global relationships of culture, people, addressed with international cooperation. Since many
and economic activity. factories are built in developing countries with less
(b) It also refers to the transnational circulation of ideas, environmental regulation, globalization and free trade
languages, and popular culture. escalated the problems in population.
(c) It is the process of international integration arising from the Globalization have significant environmental
interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects consequences as they contribute to the depletion of natural
of culture. resources, deforestation, destruction of ecosystems, and loss
of biodiversity. The worldwide distribution of goods is also
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION creating a serious garbage problem, especially on plastic
With technology advancements, globalization is both pollution.
beneficial and harmful to the society.
EXAMPLE OF THESE ECOLOGICAL CONCERNS ARE:
1) INDUSTRIAL – it is the emergence of worldwide production a. Illegal deforestation in Brazil due to an increase in the
markets and broader access of consumers and companies to country’s cattle ranching operations, which requires
a wider range of foreign and local products. Particularly, it significant land for grazing.
refers to the movement of goods between national and b. Overfishing in coastal areas which include Southeast
international boundaries. Asia has significantly contributed to reduced fish
2) ECONOMIC – it is the realization of a global market, based of populations and oceanic pollution.
the freedom of exchange of goods and capital between c. Overdependence on cash crops, such as coffee,
countries. The most visible impact is seen in the increase on cacao, and various fruits, which has contributed to
trade and economic exchange, as well as the exchange and habitat loss, especially in tropical climates.
investments among multi-national companies and 8) CULTURAL – the growth of cross-cultural led to the advent of
corporations. The acceleration of economic exchanges has new consciousness and identities embodying cultural
led to strong global economic growth. It fostered rapid global diffusion, increase interest in foreign products and ideas,
industrial and technological developments that are available adoption of new technology and practices, and participation in
at present. a “world culture”.
Globalization has also improved global economic conditions, The multiplication of economic and financial exchanges has
creating much economic wealth. On the other hand, the increased human exchanges as a result of migration, or
interconnectedness of these markets, however meant that an travelling which contributed to the development of cultural
economic collapse in any given country could not be exchanges. This means that customs, beliefs, and habits is
contained and may create ripple effects to other countries. shared from one community to the other.
3) POLITICAL – in a political sense, globalization means the At the same time, books, movies, and music are now
creation of a world government. This regulates the instantaneously globally available due to the development of
relationships among governments and guarantees the rights the digital world and the of the internet. These are the
arising from social and economic globalization. The United greatest contributors to the speed at which cultural exchanges
States has enjoyed a position of power among other and globalization are happening.
countries, in part because of its strong and wealthy economy.
9) SOCIAL – the development of the system of non-
4) INFORMATIONAL – it is the increase in information flow
governmental organizations as main agents of global public
between geographically remote locations. This is brought
policy, including humanitarian and developmental efforts.
about by technological advancements which makes
information dissemination easier and accessible.
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Isabela State University
Cabagan, Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education
Module in CRIM LEA 2 (Comparative Models in Policing)
1st Sem. S.Y 2024-2025
Prepared By: JOLINALYN B. GONZALVO
10) TECHNICAL – the development of a global information b) The need to institute transnational policing because the global
system, global telecommunications infrastructure, and cooperation among police organizations is vital.
greater trans-border data flow, using technologies such as the c) The training for incoming law enforcement officers must
internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber cable, and include knowledge on using computers in cyber policing to
wireless telephones increase the standards, policies, and prepare the police in dealing with cybercrimes and criminals.
laws applied globally e.g., copyright laws, patents and world d) The development of new strategies to deal with international
trade agreements. organized crimes.
e) The provision of updated legislations related to modernization
GLOBALIZATION HAS AMPLIFIED THE SPREAD OF theories of crime to the law enforcement.
TECHNOLOGY ACROSS BORDERS IN TWO WAYS:
IN ADDITION, GLOBALIZATION ALSO HAVE THE FOLLOWING
First, globalization allowed countries to access foreign
EFFECTS:
knowledge.
Every law enforcement agency in the world is expected to be
Second, it enhanced international competition –
the protector of the people’s rights. Globalization has great
including the rise of emerging market firms and its ability
impact on every human right.
to – strengthens the firms’ incentives to innovate and
The emergence of an “international regime” for state security
adopt foreign technologies.
and protection of human rights, growing transnational social
movement networks, increasing consciousness and
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
information politics have the potential to address both
Globalization has been one of the most debated topics in traditional and emerging forms of violations. Open
international economics. It generated significant international international system should free individuals to purse their
opposition over concerns on increased inequality and environment rights, but a large number of individuals suffer from both long-
degradation. In the Midwestern United States, has eaten away at standing state repression and new denials of rights linked to
its competitive edge in industry and agriculture, lowering the transnational forces like international terrorism and other acts
quality of life in locations that have not adapted to the change. against humanity.
The challenge of globalization is that unaccountable
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT flows of migration and open markets present new threats,
which not amendable to state-based human rights regimes,
Globalization has influenced human life, with while the new opportunities of global information and
cyberspace occupying the topmost role. Although both institutions are insufficiently accessible and distorted by
cyberspace and globalization have had many benefits, as a tool persistent state intervention.
and as a process, both also made cyberspace crime accessible to
offenders. Hence, it is relevant for criminologist to include both in GLOBAL POLICING
the discussion of globalized crimes.
Policing plays an increasingly important role in United
Globalization has influenced everything that is relative to policing Nations peacekeeping. This is foreseen to grow in the years
and criminal justice, such as crime, the criminal and the victim, the ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop
process of committing a crime, the trial method, and the reasons to the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering
prove a claim, criminalization and decriminalization, and criminal from conflict.
policy.
To provide a better understanding of this concept, the following
Globalization created new challenges in criminal justice and words are defined as follows:
policing. For example, crime has been historically a local and Global Policing – indicates forms of policing that are fully
native phenomenon. Most of the murder victims are known, and global in scope.
most of the child abuse victims knew their abusers, and theft International Policing – indicates types of policing that are
victims did not need to go beyond their neighborhood to find the formally directed by institutions usually responsible for
burglar. The invention of computers and access to cyberspace led international affairs.
to the emergence of cybercrimes and criminals who are difficult to Transnational Policing – pertains to all forms of policing that
detect. transgress national borders.
According to George Pica as cited in Dasterji,
Sheikholeslami, and Hojabrosadati (2018), the internalization of
the world and the removal of borders have created new GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION
opportunities for the criminals in profitable sections, such as In the 1940s, globalization was thought to mean to
organized economic crimes. universalize. In this context, “global” means “worldwide”, and
globalization is the process of distributing goods and services
The evolution of communication networks has also made globally, making it accessible to everyone who has the means to
it easy to transfer huge funds which will make the offenders free acquire such goods and services, e.g., the globalization of
from police and justice investigations. The diversification of the automobiles, Chinese restaurants, etc.
organized crimes in the profitable section is accompanied by the In addition, universalization is also viewed as an age-old feature of
most sophisticated methods and techniques which require new world history. In this sense, universalization (in respect to
approaches or styles of crime prevention. Examples of these globalization) is the spreading of new ideas, technologies, and
methods are the following: practices to all parts of the world. This includes religion,
a) The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals. McDonalds, school curricula, tobacco, coffee, etc.
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Isabela State University
Cabagan, Campus
College of Criminal Justice Education
Module in CRIM LEA 2 (Comparative Models in Policing)
1st Sem. S.Y 2024-2025
Prepared By: JOLINALYN B. GONZALVO
To better elucidate on the concepts, the following
terminologies are defined as follows:
Universalization – to make services, practices, accessibility
to information, and goods universal.
Universal – including or covering all or a whole collectively or
distributive without limit or exception; to make services,
practices, and available equitably to all members of a society.
THREATS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT
1) The increasing number of human rights violations evident in
genocide or mass killing;
2) The unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement
and security of the underprivileged;
3) The rise of conflict between nations; and
4) The emergent of transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money laundering, and terrorism, etc.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
1) The creation of international tribunals to deal with human
rights problems;
2) The humanitarian interventions that promote universal norms
and link these interventions to the enforcement power of the
states;
3) The emergence of transnational professional network and
cooperation against transnational crimes; and
4) The emergence of global groups for conflict monitoring and
coalitions across transnational issues.
