Version 32101

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.

The history of salt

A. Salt is so simple and plentiful that we almost take it for granted. In chemical terms,
salt is the combination "of a sodium ion with a chloride on, making it one of the most
basic molecules on earth. It is also one of the most plentiful: it has been estimated that
salt deposits under the state of Kansas alone could supply the entire world's needs for
the next 250,000 years.

B. But salt is also an essential element. Without it, life itself would be impossible since
the human body requires the mineral in order to function properly. The concentration
of sodium ions in the blood is directly related to the regulation of safe body fluid
levels. And while we are all familiar with its many uses in cooking, we may not be
aware that this element is used in some 14,000 commercial applications. From
manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, from producing
soaps and detergents to making our roads safe in winter, salt plays an essential part in
our daily lives.

C. Salt has a long and influential role in world history. From the dawn of civilization, it
has been a key factor in economic, religious, social and political development In every
corner of the world, it has been the subject of superstition, folklore, and warfare, and
has even been used as currency.

D. As a precious and portable commodity, salt has long been a cornerstone of economies
throughout history. In fact, researcher M.R. Bloch conjectured that civilization began
along the edges of the desert because of the natural surface deposits of salt found
there. Bloch also believed that the first war)- likely fought near the ancient city of
Essalt on the Jordan River - could have been fought over the city's precious supplies
of the mineral.

E. In 2200 BC, the Chinese emperor Hsia Yu levied one of the first known taxes. He
taxed salt. In Tibet, Marco Polo noted that tiny cakes of salt were pressed with images
of the Grand Khan to be used as coins and to this day among the nomads of Ethiopia's
 Danakil Plains it is still used as money. Greek slave traders often bartered it for
slaves, giving rise to the expression that someone was "not worth his salt." Roman
legionnaires were paid in salt - a salarium, the Latin origin of the word "salary."

F. Merchants in 12th-century Timbuktu-the gateway to the Sahara Desert and the seat of
scholars - valued this mineral as highly as books and gold. In France, Charles of
Anjou levied the "gabelle, a salt tax, in 1259 to finance his conquest of the Kingdom
of Naples. Outrage over the gabelle fueled the French Revolution. Though the
revolutionaries eliminated the tax shortly after Louis XVI, the Republic of France re-
established the gabelle in the early 19th Century; only in 1946 was it removed from
the books.

G. The Erie Canal, an engineering marvel that connected the Great Lakes to New York's
Hudson River in 1825, was called "the ditch that salt built." Salt tax revenues paid for
half the cost of construction of the canal. The British monarchy supported itself with
high salt taxes, leading to a bustling black market for the white crystal. In 1785, the
earl of Dundonald wrote that every year in England, 10,000 people were arrested for
salt smuggling. And protesting against British rule in 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led a
200-mile march to the Arabian Ocean to collect untaxed salt for India's poor.

H. In religion and culture, salt long held an important place with Greek worshippers
consecrating it in their rituals. Further, in Buddhist tradition, salt repels evil spirits,
which is why it is customary to throw it over your shoulder before entering your
house after a funeral: it scares off any evil spirits that may be clinging to your back.
Shinto religion also uses it to purify an area. Before sumo wrestlers enter the ring for
a match - which is in reality an elaborate Shinto rite - a handful is thrown into the
center to drive off malevolent spirits.

I. In the Southwest of the United States, the Pueblo worship the Salt Mother. Other
native tribes had significant restrictions on who was permitted to eat salt Hopi legend
holds that the angry Warrior Twins punished mankind by placing valuable salt
deposits far from civilization, requiring hard work and bravery to harvest the precious
mineral. Today, a gift of salt endures in India as a potent symbol of good luck and a
reference to Mahatma Gandhi's liberation of India.

J. The effects of salt deficiency are highlighted in times of war, when human bodies and
national economies are strained to their limits. Thousands of Napoleon’s troops died

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 during the French retreat from Moscow due to inadequate wound healing and lowered
resistance to disease - the results of salt deficiency.

Questions 14-16
Choose THREE letters A-H.
Write your answers in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet.
NB Your answers may be given in any order.
Which THREE statements are true of salt?

A. A number of cities take their name from the word salt.

B. Salt contributed to the French Revolution.
C. The uses of salt are countless.
D. Salt has been produced in China for less than 2000 years.
E. There are many commercial applications for salt
F. Salt deposits in the state of Kansas are vast.
G. Salt has few industrial uses nowadays.
H. Slaves used salt as a currency.

Questions 17-21
Complete the summary.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
ansiuers in boxes 17-21 on your answer sheet.

Salt is such an 17______________ that people would not be able to live without it. As
well as its uses in cooking, this basic mineral has thousands of business
18_________________ ranging from making paper to the manufacture of soap. Being
a prized and 19_________________ it has played a major part in the economies of
many countries. As such, salt has not only led to war, but has also been used to raise
20________________ by governments in many parts of the world. There are also
many instances of its place in religion and culture, being used as a means to get rid of
evil 21_________________

Questions 22-27
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Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2? In boxes
22-27 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about the statement

22. It has been suggested that salt was responsible for the first war.
23. The first tax on salt was imposed by a Chinese emperor.
24. Salt is no longer used as a form of currency.
25. Most of the money for the construction of the Erie Canal came from salt taxes.
26. Hopi legend believes that salt deposits were placed far away from civilization to
penalize mankind.
27. A lack of salt is connected with the deaths of some soldiers.

Version 32102
Seed Hunting

A. With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Dough
Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's
botanical heritage. They travel the four corners of the globe, scouring jungles, forests
and savannas. But they're not looking for ancient artefacts, lost treasure or
undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the
whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an
increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit--hunters in the employ of
biotechnology firms, pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the
lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to
conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species.

B. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Tradescant, an English
royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the

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 early 1600s. Later, the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks--who was the first director
of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his
voyages near the end of the 18th century--was so driven to expand his collections that
he sent botanists around the world at his own expense.

C. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been
replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modern
mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren, a good-natured Dutchman
who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field--he could easily be mistaken for the
cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium
Seed Bank, an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that
aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species.

D. The group's headquarters are in a modern glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-

hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its
underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20
Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5,100 species represented are virtually all
of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any
country's flora.

E. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's
largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is
simple: thanks to humanity's efforts, an estimated 25 per cent of the world's plants are
on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently
responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale, and during the past 400
years, plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those
indicated by the geological record as being 'normal'. Experts predict that during the
next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to
farmland in developing countries alone.

F. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops,
plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building
materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the
climate. Yet, across the globe, plant species are being driven to extinction before their
potential benefits are discovered.

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G. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much
higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The
Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild,
it won't be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or
destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in
medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be lost.

H. Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world's plant heritage for the future,
explains Dr Paul Smith, another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques
were originally developed by farmers," he says. "Storage is the basis what we do,
conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no
reason why any plant species should be come extinct, given today's technology. But
he admits that the biggest challenge is finding, naming and categorising all the world's
plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it's too late. "There aren't a lot
of people out there doing this," he says." The key is to know the flora from a
particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire.

I. There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe, with a combined total of
5.4 million samples, of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most
preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure crop diversity; others
aim to conserve wild species, although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild.

J. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year,
Imperial College, London, examined crop collections from 151 countries and found
that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries,
budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. Th UN's
Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust, which aims to
raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity.

Questions 14-19
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In
boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

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14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past.
15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank.
16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into
wildness.
17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers.
18. technological development is the only hope to save plant species.
19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems.

Questions 20-24
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 2, using no more
than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.

Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from
20_____________ ; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21___________.
They are called seed hunters. The 22_____________ of them included both gardeners
and botanists, such as 23________, who financially supported collectors out of his own
pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks, one of which is the
famous millennium seed bank, where seeds are all stored in the 24______________ at
a low temperature.

Questions 25-26
Choose the correct letter, A-E. Write your answers in boxes 25, 26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the followings are provided by plants to the human?

A. food
B. fuels
C. clothes
D. energy
E. commercial products

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Version 32105

Designed to Last
Could better design cure our throwaway culture?

A. Jonathan Chapman, a senior lecture at the University of Brighton, UK, is one of a new
breed of 'sustainable designers'. Like many of us, they are concerned about the huge
waste associated with Western consumer culture and the damage this does to the
environment. Some, like Chapman, aim to create objects we will want to keep rather
than discard. Others are working to create more efficient or durable consumer goods,
or goods designed with recycling in mind. The waste entailed in our fleeting
relationships with consumer durables is colossal

B. Domestic power tools, such as electric drills, are a typical example of such waste.
However much DIY the purchaser plans to do, the truth is that these things are thrown
away having been used, on average, for just ten minutes. Most will serve 'conscience
time' gathering dust on a shelf in the garage; people are reluctant to admin that they
have wasted their money. However, the end is inevitable; thousands of years in
landfill waste sites. In its design, manufacture, packaging, transportation and disposal,
a power tool consumes many times its own weight in resources, all for a shorter active
lifespan than that of the average small insect.

C. To understand why we have become so wasteful, we should look to the underlying

motivation of consumers. 'People own things to give expression to who they are, and
to show what group of people they feel they belong to,' Chapman says. In a world of
mass production, however, that symbolism has lost much of its potency. For most of
human history, people had an intimate relationship with objects they used or
treasured. Often they made the objects themselves, or family members passed them
on. For more specialist objects, people relied on expert manufacturers living close by,
whom they probably knew personally. Chapman points out that all these factors gave
objects a history - a narrative - and an emotional connection that today's mass
production can not match. Without these personal connections, consumerist culture
instead idolizes novelty. We know we can't buy happiness, but the chance to remake
ourselves with glossy, box-fresh products seems irresistible. When the novelty fades
we simply renew the excitement by buying more new stuff: what John Thackara of

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 Doors of Perception, a network for sharing ideas about the future of design, calls the
"schlock of the new".

D. As a sustainable designer, Chapman's solution is what he calls "emotionally durable

design". Think about your favorite old jeans. They just don't have the right feel until
they have been worn and washed a hundred times, do they? It is like they are sharing
your life story. You can fake that look, but it isn't the same. Chapman says the gradual
unfolding of a relationship like this transforms our interactions with objects into
something richer than simple utility. Swiss industrial analyst Walter Stahel, visiting
professor at the University of Surrey, calls it the "teddy-bear factor". No matter how
ragged and worn a favorite teddy becomes, we don't rush out and buy another one. As
adults, our teddy bear connects us to our childhoods, and this protects it from
obsolescence. Stahel says this is what sustainable design needs to do.

E. It is not simply about making durable items that people want to keep. Sustainable
design is a matter of properly costing the whole process of production, energy use and
disposal. "It is about the design of systems, the design of culture." says Tim Cooper
from the Centre for Sustainable Consumption at Sheffield Hallam University in
Britain. He thinks sustainable design has been "surprisingly slow to take off" but says
looming environmental crises and resource depletion are pushing it to the top of the
agenda.

F. Thackara agrees. For him, the roots of impending environmental collapse can be
summarized in two words: weight and speed. We are making more stuff than the
planet can sustain and using vast amounts of energy moving more and more of it
around ever faster. The Information Age was supposed to lighten our economies and
reduce our impact on the environment, but the reverse seems to be happening. We
have simply added information technology to the industrial era and hastened the
developed world's metabolism, Thackara argues.

G. Once you grasp that, the cure is hardly rocket science: minimize waste and energy
use, stop moving stuff around so much and use people more. EZIO MANZINI,
PROFESSOR of industrial design at Politecnico di Milano university, Italy, describes
the process of moving to a post-throwaway society as like "changing the engine of an
aircraft in mid-flight". Even so, he believes it can be done, and he is not alone.

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H. Manzini says a crucial step would be to redesign our globalized world into what he
calls the "multi-local society". His vision is that every resource, from food to
electricity generation, should as far as possible be sourced and distributed locally.
These local hubs would then be connected to national and global networks to allow
the most efficient use and flow of materials.

I. So what will post-throwaway consumerism look like? For a start, we will increasingly
buy sustainablly designed products. This might be as simple as installing energy-
saving light bulbs, more efficient washing machines, or choosing locally produced
groceries with less packaging.

J. We will spend less on material goods and more on services. Instead of buying a
second car, for example, we might buy into a car-sharing network. We will also buy
less and rent a whole lot more: why own things that you hardly use, especially things
that are likely to be updated all the time?Consumer durables will be sold with plans
already in place for their disposal. Electronic goods will be designed to be recyclable,
with the extra cost added to the retail price as prepayment.As consumers become
increasingly concerned about the environment, many big businesses are eagerly
adopting sustainable design and brushing up their green credentials to please their
customers and stay one step ahead of the competition.

Questions 28-32
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.

28. What does 'conscience time' imply in paragraph 2?

A. People feel guilty when they throw things away easily.
B. The shelf in the garage needs cleaning.
C. The consumers are unaware of the waste problem.
D. The power tool should be place in the right place after being used.

29. Prior to the mass production, people own things to show

A. their quality
B. their status
C. their character
D. their history

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30. The word 'narrative' in paragraph 3 refers to
A. the novelty culture pursued by the customers
B. the motivation of buying new products
C. object stories that relate personally and meaningfully to the owners
D. the image created by the manufacturers

31. Without personal connection, people buy new stuff for

A. sharing
B. freshness
C. collection
D. family members

32. The writer quotes the old jeans and teddy bear to illustrate that
A. the products are used for simple utility.
B. producers should create more special stuff to attract the consumers.
C. Chapman led a poor childhood life.
D. the emotional connections make us to keep the objects for longer.

Questions 33-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

Tim Cooper claims that although sustainable design proceeds 33................, the coming
problems are pushing the move. In accordance with Tim Cooper, Thackara believes
that the origins of the looming environmental crises are weight and 34......... The
technology which was assumed to have a positive effect on our society actually
accelerates the world's 35.......... To cure this, Manzini proposes a 'multi-local society'
which means every resource should be located and redeployed 36..........

A. properly B. energy C. locally D. economy E. slowly

F. speed G. quickly H. metabolism

Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? In
boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
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YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT if the information is not given in the passage

37. People often buy things that are seldom used and throw them away.
38. In a post-throwaway society, we will pay extra money after disposing the electronic
goods.
39. Some businesses have jumped on the sustainability bandwagon.
40. Company will spend less on repairing in the future.

Version 32109
Grey Workers

A. Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know
surprisingly little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the
old are paid more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That
might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they
persuade the 55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of
Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its
British employees aged 50 or over "to bring in new blood".

B. In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for
Hakuhodo, Japan's second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing
down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts-and in some
cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked
to seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years
with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly
surprising that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on
corporate profit-and-loss accounts.

C. In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view:
"The company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main
reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to 'defrost' the corporate
culture. Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers

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 are cheaper and more flexible." Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of
older workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the
average age of workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the company's
Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGLvalues older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the
union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early.

D. Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their
productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial
for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a
meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD
work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older
people are paid more because they are worth more.

E. And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. "The few companies that have kept
on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good," says
Mr Peterson. “Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today's
young high-school graduates." Companies may say that older workers are not worth
training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young
people tend to switch jobs so frequently that they offer the worst returns on training.
"The median age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s," says Mr
Hicks. "It goes mainly to managers."

F. Take those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much away
more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are
uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone's pay in later life although workers
on piece-rates often earn less over time. So retaining the services of older workers
may mean employing them in new ways.

G. One innovation, described in Mr Walker's report on combating age barriers, was

devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and having decided
to concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called Skill
Team, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to
the age of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at the age of 55 on a five-year
contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM
salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some
of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.

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H. The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such "bridge”
jobs: part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from
full-time work to retirement. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that,
in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs
in middle age moved into such "bridge" jobs at the end of their working lives. In
general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: "There are", he says,
"two very different types of bridge job-holders those who continue working because
they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they
could afford to retire."

I. If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them.
Often, they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a
study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of
businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only
19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will
need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the
grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks.

Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In
boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1. Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made decision that it would hire more
Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get fresh staffs.
2. Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are
employed
3. Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing
corporate culture
4. according to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the
contribution of they make.

Questions 5-6
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Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E. Write your answers in boxes 5-6 on your answer
sheet.
According to the passage there are several advantages to hire elder people, please choose
TWO from below:

A. their productivity are more superior than the young.

B. paid less compared with younger ones.
C. run fast when there is a meeting
D. have better inter-person relationship
E. identify problems in an advanced time

Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.
According to Mr. Peterson, Compared with elder employees, young graduates have
several weaknesses in workplace, please choose TWO of them below:

A. they are not worth training.

B. their productivity is lower than counterparts.
C. they change work more often
D. their academic criteria is someway behind elders
E. they are normally high school graduates..

Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9. According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that:
A. Older workers are more likely to attract other staff
B. people are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age.
C. Older people have more retaining motivation than young people
D. young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary.

10. Skill Team that has been founded by IBM conducted which of following:
movement:
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d worker to continue their job on former working hours basis
action of cutting off the elder's proportion of employment
es to work more hours in order to get extra pay
mployees and kept the salary a bit lower

11. which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn:

A. About 50% of all employees in America switched into 'bridge' jobs.
B. Only the worst-paid continue to work.
C. More men than women fell into the category of 'bridge' work.
D. Some old people keep working for their motive rather than economic incentive.

12. Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:

A. 70% business are successful if hire more older people.
B. Average success of self-employed business is getting lower.
C. Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive.
D. Older people's working hours are more flexible.

13. What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A. there must be a successful retiring program for the old
B. older people should be correctly valued in employment
C. old people should offer more helping young employees grow.
D. There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people

Version 32202
Does An IQ Test Prove Creativity?
Everyone has creativity, some a lot more than others. The development of humans, and
possibly the universe, depends on it. Yet creativity is an elusive creature. What do we
mean by it? What is going on in our brains when ideas form? Does it feel the same for
artists and scientists? We asked writers and neuroscientists, pop stars and AI gurus to try
to deconstruct the creative process - and learn how we can all ignite the spark within.

A. In the early 1970s, creativity was still seen as a type of intelligence. But when more
subtle tests of IQ and creative skills were developed in the 1970s, particularly by the
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 father of creativity testing, Paul Torrance, it became clear that the link was not so
simple. Creative people are intelligent, in terms of IQ tests at least, but only averagely
or just above. While it depends on the discipline, in general beyond a certain level IQ
does not help boost creativity; it is necessary, but not sufficient to make someone
creative.

B. Because of the difficulty of studying the actual process, most early attempts to study
creativity concentrated on personality. According to creativity specialist Mark Runco
of California State University, Fullerton, the "creative personality" tends to place a
high value on aesthetic qualities and to have broad interests, providing lots of
resources to draw on and knowledge to recombine into novel solutions. "Creatives"
have an attraction to complexity and an ability to handle conflict. They are also
usually Mod Suring: A Guide highly self-motivated, perhaps even a little obsessive.
Less creative people, on the other hand, tend to become irritated if they cannot
immediately fit all the pieces together. They are less tolerant of confusion. Creativity
comes to those who wait, but only to those who are happy to do so in a bit of a fog.

C. But there may be a price to pay for having a creative personality. For centuries, a link
has been made between creativity and mental illness. Psychiatrist Jamison of Johns
Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, found that established artists are
significantly more likely to have mood disorders. But she also suggests that a change
of mood state might be the key to triggering a creative event, rather than the negative
mood itself. Intelligence can help channel this thought style into great creativity, but
when combined with emotional problems, lateral, divergent or open thinking can lead
to mental illness instead.

D. Jordan Peterson, a psychologist at the University of Toronto, Canada, believes he has

identified a mechanism that could help explain this. He says that the brains of creative
people seem more open to incoming stimuli than less creative types. Our senses are
continuously feeding a mass of information into our brains, which have to block or
ignore most of it to save us from being snowed under. Peterson calls this process
latent inhibition, and argues that people who have less of it, and who have a
reasonably high IQ with a good working memory can juggle more of the data, and so
may be open to more possibilities and ideas. The downside of extremely low latent
inhibition may be a confused thought style that predisposes people to mental illness.
So for Peterson, mental illness is not a prerequisite for creativity, but it shares some
cognitive traits.

16
E. But what of the creative act itself? One of the first studies of the creative brain at work
was by Colin Martindale, a psychologist from the University of Maine in Orono. Back
in 1978, he used a network of scalp electrodes to record an electroencephalogram, a
record of the pattern of brain waves, as people made up stories. Creativity has two
stages: inspiration and elaboration, each characterised by very different states of mind.
While people were dreaming up their stories, he found their brains were surprisingly
quiet. The dominant activity was alpha waves, indicating a very low level of cortical
arousal: a relaxed state, as though the conscious mind was quiet while the brain was
making connections behind the scenes. It's the same sort of brain activity as in some
stages of sleep, dreaming or rest, which could explain why sleep and relaxation can
help people be creative. However, when these quiet-minded people were asked to
work on their stories, the alpha wave activity dropped off and the brain became
busier, revealing increased cortical arousal, more corralling of activity and more
organised thinking. Strikingly, it was the people who showed the biggest difference in
brain activity between the inspiration and development stages who produced the most
creative storylines. Nothing in their background brain activity marked them as
creative or uncreative. "It's as if the less creative person can't shift gear," says Guy
Claxton, a psychologist at the University of Bristol, UK. "Creativity requires different
kinds of thinking. Very creative people move between these states intuitively."
Creativity, it seems, is about mental flexibility: perhaps not a two-step process, but a
toggling between two states. In a later study, Martindale found that communication
between the sides of the brain is also important.

F. Paul Howard-Jones, who works with Claxton at Bristol, believes he has found another
aspect of creativity. He asked people to make up a story based on three words and
scanned their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In one trial, people
were asked not to try too hard and just report the most obvious story suggested by the
words. In another, they were asked to be inventive. He also varied the words so it was
easier or harder to link them. As people tried harder and came up with more creative
tales, there was a lot more activity in a particular prefrontal brain region on the right-
hand side. These regions are probably important in monitoring for conflict, helping us
to filter out many of the unhelpful ways of combining the words and allowing us to
pull out just the desirable connections, Howard-Jones suggests. It shows that there is
another side to creativity, he says. The story-making task, particularly when we are
stretched, produces many options which we have to assess. So part of creativity is a

17
 conscious process of evaluating and analysing ideas. The test also shows that the more
we try and are stretched, the more creative our minds can be.

G. And creativity need not always be a solitary, tortured affair, according to Teresa
Amabile of Harvard Business School. Though there is a slight association between
solitary writing or painting and negative moods or emotional disturbances, scientific
creativity and workplace creativity seem much more likely to occur when people are
positive and buoyant. In a decade-long study of real businesses, to be published soon,
Amabile found that positive moods relate positively to creativity in organisations, and
that the relationship is a simple linear one. Creative thought also improves people's
moods, her team found, so the process is circular. Time pressures, financial pressures
and hard-earned bonus schemes on the other hand, do not boost workplace creativity:
internal motivation, not coercion, produces the best work.

H. Another often forgotten aspect of creativity is social. Vera John-Steiner of the

University of New Mexico says that to be really creative you need strong social
networks and trusting relationships, not just active neural networks. One vital
characteristic of a highly creative person, she says, is that they have at least one other
person in their life who doesn't think they are completely nuts.

Questions 28-31
Do the following statement agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

28. High IQ guarantees more ability to create in one person than one with an average
score.
29. For a competitive society, individuals' language proficiency is more important than
the other abilities.
30. A wider range of resources and knowledge can be integrated into bringing about
creative approaches.
31. A creative person not necessarily suffers more mental illness.

Questions 32-26

18
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

A. Jamison
B. Jordan Peterson
C. Guy Claxton
D. Howard-Jone
E. Teresa Amabile
F. Vera John-Steiner

32. Instead of producing the negative mood, a shift of mood state might be the one
important factor of inducing a creative thinking.
33. Where the more positive moods individuals achieve, there is higher creativity in
organizations.
34. Good interpersonal relationship and trust contribute to a person with more
creativity
35. Creativity demands different kinds of thinking that can be easily changed back and
forth.
36. Certain creative mind can be upgraded if we are put into more practice in assessing
and processing ideas.

Questions 37-40
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph described below. In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet,
write the correct answer with no more than three words

But what of the creative act itself? In 1978, Colin Martindale made records of pattern
of brain waves as people made up stories by applying a system constituted of many
37……....... Two phrases of mind state such as 38……….... are found. While people
were still planning their stories, their brains shows little active sign and the mental
activity was showing a very relaxed state as the same sort of brain activity as in sleep,
dreaming or relaxing. However, experiment proved the signal of 39............ went down
and the brain became busier revealing increased cortical arousal, when these people
who are in a laidback state were required to produce their stories. Strikingly, it was
found the people who was perceived to have the greatest 40........... in brain activity
between two stages, produced storylines with highest level of creativity

19
Version 32203
Travel Accounts

A. There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies.
Some travelers may have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world.
Until recent times, however, trade, business dealings, diplomacy, political
administration, military campaigns, exile, flight from persecution, migration,
pilgrimage, missionary efforts, and the quest for economic or educational
opportunities were more common inducements for foreign travel than was mere
curiosity. While the travelers' accounts give much valuable information on these
foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and
histories, they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves, for these accounts help
them to have a better understanding of themselves.

B. Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing, and
fragmentary (adj.) travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in
ancient times. After the formation of large, imperial states in the classical world,
travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands, and they held
especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. The
Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in
researching the history of the Persian wars. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described
much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of
travels undertaken in the first century BC while searching for allies for the Han
dynasty. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny the
Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well as
reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge.

C. During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE), trade and pilgrimage emerged as
major incentives for travel to foreign lands. Muslim merchants sought trading
opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. They described lands,
peoples, and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin from east Africa to
Indonesia, and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in sub Saharan west
Africa. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit, devout Muslims traveled
as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. Since the
prophet Muhammad's original pilgrimage to Mecca, untold millions of Muslims have

20
 followed his example, and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences.
One of the best known Muslim travelers, Ibn Battuta, began his travels with the hajj
but then went on to visit central Asia, India, China, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of
Mediterranean Europe before returning finally to his home in Morocco. East Asian
travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims during the postclassical era, but they
too followed many of the highways and sea lanes of the eastern hemisphere. Chinese
merchants frequently visited southeast Asia and India, occasionally venturing even to
east Africa, and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. Between
the 5th and 9th centuries CE, hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese
Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers, collect sacred texts, and
visit holy sites. Written accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims, such as
Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims,
Buddhists from Japan, Korea, and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of
spiritual enlightenment.

D. Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and
east Asian counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era, although
gradually increasing crowds of Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem, Rome,
Santiago de Compostela (in northern Spain), and other sites. After the 12th century,
however, merchants, pilgrims, and missionaries from medieval Europe traveled
widely and left numerous travel accounts, of which Marco Polo's description of his
travels and sojourn in China is the best known. As they became familiar with the
larger world of the eastern hemisphere and the profitable commercial opportunities
that it offered - European peoples worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian
and African markets. Their efforts took them not only to all parts of the eastern
hemisphere, but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well.

E. If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel and travel writing in postclassical
times, European explorers, conquerors, merchants, and missionaries took center stage
during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). By no means did Muslim and
Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. But European peoples ventured
to the distant corners of the globe, and European printing presses churned out
thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading
public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. The
volume of travel literature was so great that several editors, including Giambattista
Ramusio, Richard Hakluyt, Theodore de Bry, and Samuel Purchas, assembled

21
 numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous published
collections.

F. During the 19th century, European travelers made their way to the interior regions of
Africa and the Americas, generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so.
Meanwhile, European colonial administrators devoted numerous writings to the
societies of their colonial subjects, particularly in Asian and African colonies they
established. By midcentury, attention was flowing also in the other direction.
Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro-
American societies, Asian travelers in particular visited Europe and the United States
in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganization of their own societies.
Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their
overseas observations and experiences in their own writings were the Japanese
reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen.

G. With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport, the 20th
century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the
volume of travel writing. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of
business, administration, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and missionary work, as in ages past,
increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds of
travel to flourish. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism, which emerged as a
major form of consumption for individuals living in the world's wealthy societies.
Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome, take a
cruise through the Caribbean, walk the Great Wall of China, visit some wineries in
Bordeaux, or go on safari in Kenya. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to
meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook, which offered advice on food,
lodging, shopping, local customs, and all the sights that visitors should not miss
seeing. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world, but other
new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times.
Recent times have seen unprecedented waves of migration, for example, and
numerous migrants have sought to record their experiences and articulate their
feelings about life in foreign lands. Recent times have also seen an unprecedented
development of ethnic consciousness, and many are the intellectuals and writers in
diaspora who have visited the homes of their ancestors to see how much of their
forebears' values and cultural traditions they themselves have inherited. Particularly
notable among their accounts are the memoirs of Malcolm X and Maya Angelou
describing their visits to Africa.

22
Questions 28-35
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage 3 for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 28-35 on your answer sheet.

TIME DESTINATION TRAVELER PURPOSE

Classical era Egypt and Anatolia Herodotus To obtain
information on
28……………
1st century BC Central Asia Zhang Qian To seek 29………..
Roman Empire Mediterranean Ptolemy, Strabo, To gather
Pliny the Elder 30…………..
Post-classical era Eastern Hemisphere Muslims For business and
31…………….
5th to 9th centuries India Asian Buddhists To study with
CE 32………. and for
spiritual
enlightenment
Early modern era Distant places of The Europeans To meet the
the globe public’s expectation
for the outside
th
19 century Asia, Africa Colonial To provide
administrator information on the
33………… they
conquer
By the mid-century Europe and United Sun Yat-sen, To learn
of the 1800s States Fukuzawa Yukichi 34………… for the
reorganization of
their societies
20th century Mass tourism People from For entertainment
35……….
countries

Questions 36-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 36-40 on your answer sheet.
23
36. Why did some people travel in the early days?
A. to do research on themselves
B. to write travel books
C. to have a better understanding of other people and places
D. to study local culture

37. The travelers' accounts are a mirror to themselves,

A. because they help them to be aware of local histories.
B. because travelers are curious about the world.
C. because travelers could do more research on the unknown.
D. because they reflect the writers' own experience and social life.

38. Most of the people who went to holy sites during the early part of the
postclassical era are
A. Europeans.
B. Muslim and East Asians.
C. Americans.
D. Greeks.

39. During the early modern era, a large number of travel books were published to
A. provide what the public wants.
B. encourage the public's feedback.
C. gain profit.
D. prompt trips to the new world.

40. What stimulated the market for traveling in the 20th century?
A. the wealthy
B. travel books
C. delicious food
D. mass transport

Version 32204
The Lost City

24
Thanks to modern remote-sensing techniques, a ruined city in Turkey is slowly revealing
itself as one of the greatest and most mysterious cities of the ancient world. Sally Palmer
uncovers more.

A. The low granite mountain, known as Kerkenes Dag, juts from the northern edge of the
Cappadocian plain in Turkey. Sprawled over the mountainside are the ruins of an
enormous city, contained by crumbling defensive walls seven kilometers long. Many
respected archaeologists believe these are the remains of the fabled city of Pteria, the
sixth-century BC stronghold of the Medes that the Greek historian Herodotus
described in his famous work The Histories. The short-lived city came under Median
control and only fifty years later was sacked, burned and its strong stone walls
destroyed.

B. British archeologist Dr Geoffrey Summers has spent ten years studying the site.
Excavating the ruins is a challenge because of the vast area they cover. The 7 km
perimeter walls run around a site covering 271 hectares. Dr Summers quickly realised
it would take far too long to excavate the site using traditional techniques alone. So he
decided to use modern technology as well to map the entire site, both above and
beneath the surface, to locate the most interesting areas and priorities to start digging.

C. In 1993, Dr Summers hired a special hand-held balloon with a remote-controlled

camera attached. He walked over the entire site holding the balloon and taking photos.
Then one afternoon, he rented a hot-air balloon and floated over the site, taking yet
more pictures. By the end of the 1994 season, Dr Summers and his team had a jigsaw
of aerial to use remote sensing, which would let them work out what lay below the
intriguing photographs of the whole site. The next stage was outlines and ruined
walls. "Archaeology is a discipline that lends itself very well to remote sensing
because it revolves around space," says Scott Branting, an associated director of the
project. He started working with Dr Summers in 1995.

D. The project used two main remote-sensing techniques. The first is magnetometry,
which works on the principle that magnetic fields at the surface of the Earth are
influenced by what is buried beneath. It measures localised variations in the direction
and intensity of this magnetic field. "The Earth's magnetic field can vary from place to
place, depending on what happened there in the past," says Branting. "if something
containing iron oxide was heavily burnt, by natural or human actions, the iron

25
 particles in it can be permanently reoriented, like a compass needle, to align with the
Earth's magnetic field present at that point in time and space.' The magnetometer
detects differences in the orientations and intensities of these iron particles from the
present-day magnetic field and uses them to produce an image of what lies below
ground.

E. Kerkenes Dag lends itself particularly well to magnetometry because it was all burnt
at once in a savage fire. In places the heat was sufficient to turn sandstone to glass and
to melt granite. The fire was so hot that there were strong magnetic signatures set to
the Earth's magnetic field from the time - around 547 BC - resulting in extremely
clear pictures. Furthermore, the city was never rebuilt. "if you have multiple layers
confusing picture, because you have different walls from different periods giving
signatures that all go in different directions," says Branting. "We only have one going
down about 1.5 meters, so we can get a good picture of this fairly short-lived city."

F. The other main sub-surface mapping technique, which is still being used at the site,
resistivity. This technique measures the way electrical pulses are conducted through
sub surface soil. It's done by shooting pulses into the ground through a thin metal
probe. Different materials have different electrical conductivity. For example, stone
and mudbrick are poor conductors, but looser, damp soil conducts very well. By
walking around the site and taking about four readings per metre, it is possible to get a
detailed idea of what is where beneath the surface. The teams then build up pictures of
walls, hearths and other remains. "It helps a lot if it has rained, because the electrical
pulse can get through more easily," says Branting. “Then if something is more
resistant, it really shows up." This is one of the reasons that the project has a spring
season, when most of the resistivity work is done. Unfortunately, testing resistivity is
a lot slower than magnetometry. "If we did resistivity over the whole site it would
take about 100 years," says Branting. Consequently, the team is concentrating on
areas where they want to clarify pictures from the magnetometry.

G. Remote sensing does not reveal everything about Kerkenes Dag, but it shows the most
interesting sub-surface areas of the site. The archaeologists can then excavate these
using traditional techniques. One surprise came when they dug out one of the fates in
the defensive walls. "Our observations in early seasons led us to assume that wall,
such as would be found at most other cities in the Ancient Near East," says Dr
Summers. "When we started to excavate we were staggered to discover that the walls

26
 were made entirely from stone and that the gate would have stood at least ten metres
high. After ten years of study, Pteria is gradually giving up its secrets."

Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

14. The reason why various investigative methods are introduced.

15. An example of an unexpected discovery.
16. The methods to surveyed the surface of the site from above.
17. The reason why experts want to study the site.

Questions 18-25
Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more
than THREE words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in
boxes 18-25 on your answer sheet.

Exploring the Ancient City of Pteria

The relevant work was done ten years ago. To begin with, experts took photos of the
site from the ground and then from a distance in a 18___________. To find out what
lay below the surface, they used two leading techniques. One was magnetometer,
which identifies changes in the magnetic field. These changes occur when the
19____________ in buried structures have changed direction as a result of great heat.
They match with the magnetic field, which is similar to a 20_____________.

The other one was resistivity, which uses a 21____________to fire electrical pulses
into the earth. The principle is that building materials like 22_____________ and stone
do not conduct electricity well, while 23___________ does this much better.
Archaeologists preferred to this technique during the 24_____________, when
conditions are more favourable. Resistivity is mainly being used to 25____________
some images generated by the magnetometer.

27
Questions 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

How do modern remote-sensing techniques help at the site?

A. They avoid the need for experts to dig any part of the site.
B. They bring parts of the site into light so that key areas can be researched further.
C. They show minute buried objects for the archaeologists to dig up.
D. They make the investigation more flexible as they can be used at any time of
year.

Version 32301
Carlill v
Carbolic Smoke Ball Company

A. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company made a product called the "smoke ball". It
claimed to be a cure for influenza and a number of other diseases, in the context of the
1889-1890 flu pandemic (estimated to have killed 1 million people). The bottle was a
patented design and the nozzle part was mental one with the gauze inside which filter
the air flux. The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a tube attached. It was filled with
carbolic acid (or phenol). The tube would be inserted into a user's nose and squeezed
at the bottom to release medicine powder (the vapours) hold inside the rubber ball
bottle. The nose would run, ostensibly flushing out viral infections

B. The Company published advertisements in the Pall Mall Gazette and other
newspapers on November 13, 1891, claiming that it would pay £100 to anyone who
got sick with influenza after using its product according to the instructions set out in
the advertisement.
" £100 reward will be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company to any person who
contracts the increasing epidemic influenza colds, or any disease caused by taking cold,

28
after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks, according to the printed
directions supplied with each ball.
£1000 is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street, showing our sincerity in the
matter.
During the last epidemic of influenza many thousand carbolic smoke balls were sold as
preventives against this disease, and in no ascertained case was the disease contracted
by those using the carbolic smoke ball.
One carbolic smoke ball will last a family several months, making it the cheapest remedy
in the world at the price, 10s. post free. The ball can be refilled at a cost of 5s. Address:
"Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, "27, Princes Street, Hanover Square, London.

C. Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlill saw the advertisement, bought one of the balls and used
it three times daily for nearly two months until she contracted the flu on 17 January
1892. She claimed £100 from the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. They ignored two
letters from her husband, a solicitor. On a third request for her reward, they replied
with an anonymous letter that if it is used properly the company had complete
confidence in the smoke ball's efficacy, but "to protect themselves against all
fraudulent claims" they would need her to come to their office to use the ball each day
and be checked by the secretary. Mrs Carlill brought a claim to court. The barristers
representing her argued that the advertisement and her reliance on it was a contract
between her and the company, and so they ought to pay. The company argued it was
not a serious contract.

D. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, despite being represented by HH Asquith, lost its
argument at the Queen's Bench. It appealed straight away. The Court of Appeal
unanimously rejected the company's arguments and held that there was a fully binding
contract for £100 with Mrs Carlill. Among the reasons given by the three judges were
that the advert was a unilateral offer to all the world that satisfying conditions for
using the smoke ball constituted acceptance of the offer that purchasing or merely
using the smoke ball constituted good consideration, because it was a distinct
detriment incurred at the behest of the company and, furthermore, more people buying
smoke balls by relying on the advert was a clear benefit to Carbolic that the
company's claim that £1000 was deposited at the Alliance Bank showed the serious
intention to be legally bound.

E. Lord Justice Lindley gave the first judgment, after running through the facts again. He
makes short shrift of the insurance and wagering contract arguments that were dealt

29
 with in the Queen's Bench. He believed that the advert was intended to be issued to
the public and to be read by the public. How would an ordinary person reading this
document construe it? It was intended unquestionably to have some effect. He
followed on with essentially five points. First, the advert was not "mere puff" as had
been alleged by the company, because the deposit of £1000 in the bank evidenced
seriousness. Second, the advertisement was an offer to the world. Third,
communication of acceptance is not necessary for a contract when people's conduct
manifests an intention to insurmountable obstacle. And fifth, the nature of Mrs
Carlill's contract. Fourth, that the vagueness of the advert's terms was no
consideration (what she gave in return for the offer) was good, because there is both
an advantage in additional sales in reaction to the advertisement and a "distinct
inconvenience" that people go to use a smoke ball.

F. Lord Justice Bowen LJ's opinion was more tightly structured in style and is frequently
cited. Five main steps in his reasoning can be identified. First, he says that the
contract was not too vague () to be enforced, because it could be interpreted according
to what ordinary people would understand by it. He differed slightly to Lindley LJ on
what time period one could contract flu and still have a claim (Lindley LJ said a
"reasonable time" after use, while Bowen LJ said "while the smoke ball is used") but
this was not a crucial point, because the fact was the Mrs Carlill got flu while using
the smoke ball. Second, like Lindley LJ, Bowen LJ says that the advert was not mere
puff because £1000 was deposited in the bank to pay rewards. Third, he said that
although there was an offer to the whole world, there was not a contract with the
whole world. Therefore, it was not an absurd basis for a contract, because only the
people that used it would bind the company. Fourth, he says that communication is
not necessary to accept the terms of an offer; conduct is and should be sufficient.
Fifth, there was clearly good consideration given by Mrs Carlill because she went to
the "inconvenience" of using it, and the company got the benefit of extra sales.

G. Carlill is frequently cited as a leading case in the common law of contract, particularly
where unilateral contracts are concerned. This is perhaps due to the ingenuity of
Counsel for the Defendant in running just about every available defence, requiring the
court to deal with these points in turn in the judgment. It provides an excellent study
of the basic principles of contract and how they relate to every day life till modern
world. The case remains good law. It still binds the lower courts of England and
Wales and is cited by judges with approval. However, in addition to the contractual
remedy afforded to users, the same facts would give rise to a number of additional

30
 statutory remedies and punishments were an individual to place an advert in the same
terms today.

Questions 14-17
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage? in
boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14. Influenza epidemic was more rampant in London city than in rural areas.
15. A letter has replied to Ms. Carlill bearing no signed name to claim the company's
innocent.
16. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company lost its law suit then the company accepted the
sentence straight away.
17. The new patented carbolic acid product can be poisonous and viral infectious.
Questions 18-21
Look at the diagram and fill in the blank with no more than one word
18. The part of the
19. a filtering.........embedded inside
20. the bottle was made of.....
21. the......... form medicine inside the bottle

Questions 22-25
Look at the following statements (Questions 22-25) and the list of people in the box
below:
Match each statement with the correct person A-D
Write the appropriate letter A-D in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.

A. Lord Justice Lindley

B. Lord Justice Bowen
C. Mrs. Carlill

31
 D. Mr. Carlill (the husband)

22. The person who initiated a law suit against the company.
23. The contract effectiveness can be established because the advert was to be issued to
the public including ordinary persons rather than professionals
24. The person who wrote complaints to the company and got no response again.
25. Vagueness of the advert's terms was no obstacle for people to enforce them.

Questions 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.

26. Why Carlill is frequently cited as a leading case in the common law of contract
A. It was the first and one of he most famous unilateral contract cases to be
concerned.
B. It helped companies to develop a number of contractual remedy afforded to users,
C. The case remains an excellent example that the basic principles and validity of
unilateral contract can be established
D. An individual to place an advert in the similar terms today can be free of the
punishment

Version 32303
What Are Dreams ?

A. Thousands of years ago, dreams were seen as messages from the gods, and in A cure
many cultures, they are still considered prophetic. In ancient Greece, sick people slept
at the temples of Asclepius, the god of medicine, in order to receive dreams that
would heal them. Modern dream science really begins at the end of the 19th century
with Sigmund Freud, who theorized that dreams were the expression of unconscious
desires often stemming from childhood. He believed that exploring these hidden
emotions through analysis could help cure mental illness. The Freudian model of
psychoanalysis dominated until the 1970s, when new research into the chemistry of
the brain showed that emotional problems could have biological or chemical roots, as
well as environmental ones. In other words, we weren't sick just because of something

32
 our mothers did (or didn't do), but because of some imbalance that might be cured
with medication.

B. After Freud, the most important event in dream science was the discovery in the early
1950s of a phase of sleep characterized by intense brain activity and rapid eye
movement (REM). People awakened in the midst of REM sleep reported vivid
dreams, which led researchers to conclude that most dreaming took place during
REM. Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers could see that brain
activity during REM resembled that of the waking brain. That told them that a lot
more was going on at night than anyone had suspected. But what, exactly?

C. Scientists still don't know for sure, although they have lots of theories. On one side
are scientists like Harvard's Allan Hobson, who believes that dreams are essentially
random. In the 1970s, Hobson and his colleague Robert McCarley proposed what they
called the "activation-synthesis hypothesis" which describes how dreams are formed
by nerve signals sent out during REM sleep from a small area at the base of the brain
called the pons. These signals, the researchers said, activate the images that we call
dreams. That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were meaningless nocturnal
firings, what was the point of studying them?

D. Adult humans spend about a quarter of their sleep time in REM, much of it dreaming.
During that time, the body is essentially paralyzed but the brain is buzzing. Scientists
using PET and fMRI technology to watch the dreaming brain have found that one of
the most active areas during REM is the limbic system, which controls our emotions.
Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logical thinking.
That could explain why dreams in REM sleep often lack a coherent story line (Some
researchers have also found that people dream in non-REM sleep as well, although
those dreams generally are less vivid.) Another active part of the brain in REM sleep
is the anterior cingulate cortex, which detects discrepancies. Eric Nofzinger, director
of the Sleep Neuroimaging Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
thinks that could be why people often figure out thorny problems in their dreams “as
if the brain surveys the internal milieu and tries to figure out what it should be doing,
and whether our actions conflict with who we are," he says.

E. These may seem like vital mental functions, but no one has yet been able to say that
REM sleep or dreaming is essential to life or even sanity. MAO inhibitors, an older
class of antidepressants, essentially block REM sleep without any detectable effects,

33
 although people do get a "REM rebound" - extra REM - if they stop the medication.
That's also true of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac, which
reduce dreaming by a third to a half. Even permanently losing the ability to dream
doesn't have to be disabling. Israeli researcher Peretz Lavie has been observing a
patient named Yuval Chamtzani, who was injured by a fragment of shrapnel that
penetrated his brain when he was 19. As a result, he gets no REM sleep and doesn't
remember any dreams. But Lavie says that Chamtzani, now 55,"is probably the most
normal person I know and one of the most successful ones." He's a lawyer, a painter
and the editor of a puzzle column in a popular Israeli newspaper.

F. The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it is ubiquitous
- at least in mammals and birds. But that doesn't mean all mammals and birds dream
(or if they do, they're certainly not talking about it). Some researchers think REM may
have evolved for physiological reasons. "One thing 2 that's unique about mammals
and birds is that they regulate body temperature", says neuroscientist Jerry Siegel,
director of UCLA's Center for Sleep Research. "There's no good evidence that any
coldblooded animal has REM sleep." REM sleep heats up the brain and non-REM
cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that the changing sleep cycles allow the
brain to repair itself. "It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a basic physiological
function and that dreams are a kind of epiphenomenon; Siegel says -an extraneous
byproduct; like foam on beer.

G. Whatever the function of dreams at night, they clearly can play a role in therapy
during the day. The University of Maryland's Clara Hill, who has studied the use of
dreams in therapy, says that dreams are a "back door, 'into a patient's thinking."
Dreams reveal stuff about you that you didn't know was there," she says. The
therapists she trains to work with patients' dreams are, in essence, heirs to Freud,
using dream imagery to uncover hidden emotions and feelings. Dreams provide clues
to the nature of more serious mental illness. Schizophrenics, for example, have poor-
quality dreams, usually about objects rather than people. "If you're going to
understand human behavior," says Rosalind Cartwright, a chairman of psychology at
Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, "here's a big piece of it. Dreaming is our
own storytelling time - to help us know who we are, where we're going and how we're
going to get there." Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men and
women, and she is finding that "good dreamers," people who have vivid dreams with
strong story lines, are less likely to remain depressed She thinks that dreaming helps
diffuse strong emotions. "Dreaming is a mental health activity" she says.

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Questions 27-31
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct number, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27. Reference of an artist's dreams who has versatile talents

28. Dream actually happens to many animals
29. Dreams are related with benefit and happiness
30. advanced scientific technology applied in investigation of REM stage.
31. questioning concern raised about usefulness of investigation on dreams

Questions 32-34
Choose the correct letter, A, B. C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.
32. What were dreams regarded as by ancient people?
A. superstitious and unreliable
B. communication with gods and chance to predict the future
C. medical relief for children with ill desire
D. rules to follow as they fell asleep in a temple
33. According to Paragraph D, which part of brain controls reasoning?
A. anterior cingulate cortex
B. internal cortext
C. limbic system
D. prefrontal cortex
34. What can we conclude when author cited reference on dreams in animals?
A. Brain temperature rises when REM pattern happens.
B. The reason why mammals are warm blooded
C. mammals are bound to appear with more frequent REM.
D. REM makes people want to drink beer with more foam.

Questions 35-40
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.

List of people

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 A. Sigmund Freud
B. B.Allan Hobson (Harvard)
C. Robert McCarley D Eric Nofzinger
D. Jerry Siegel
E. Clara Hill
F. Rosalind Cartwright

35. Dreams sometimes come along with REM as no more than a trivial attachment
36. Exploring patients' dreams would be beneficial for treatment as it reveals the
unconscious thinking
37. Dreams help people cope with difficulties they meet in daytime
38. Decoding dreams would provide a remind to human desire in early days
39. dreams are a body function to control strong emotion
40. Dreams seem to be as randomly occurring and have limited research significance.

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Version 32403
Malaria Combat in Italy

A. Mal-aria. Bad air. Even the word is Italian, and this horrible disease marked the life of
those in the peninsula for thousands of years. Giuseppe Garibaldi's wife died of the
disease, as did the country's first prime minister, Cavour, in 1861. Yet by 1962, Italy
was officially declared malaria-free, and it has remained so ever since. Frank
Snowden's study of this success story is a remarkable piece of historical work.
Original, crystal-clear, analytical and passionate, Snowden (who has previously
written about cholera) takes us to areas historians have rarely visited before.

B. Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. Malaria has always been
the subject of research for medical practitioners from time immemorial. However,
many ancient texts, especially medical literature, mention of various aspects of
malaria and even of its possible link with mosquitoes and insects. Early man,
confronting the manifestations of malaria, attributed the fevers to supernatural
influences: evil spirits, angered deities, or the black magic of sorcerers. But in the
19th century, most experts believed that the disease was not produced by unclean air
("miasma" or "poisoning of the air"). Two Americans, Josiah Clark Nott and Lewis
Daniel Beauperthy, echoed Crawford's ideas. Nott in his essay "Yellow Fever
Contrasted with Bilious Fever," published in 1850, dismissed the miasma theory as
worthless, arguing that microscopic insects somehow transmitted by mosquitoes
caused both malaria and yellow fever. Others made a link between swamps, water and
malaria, but did not make the further leap towards insects. The consequences of these
theories were that little was done to combat the disease before the end of the century.
Things became so bad that 11m Italians (from a total population of 25m) were
“permanently at risk”. In malarial zones the life expectancy of land workers was a
terrifying 22.5 years. Those who escaped death were weakened or suffered from
splenomegaly - a "painful enlargment of the spleen" and "a lifeless stare". The
economic impact of the disease was immense. Epidemics were blamed on southern
Italians, given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditary. In the 1880s, such
theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit.

C. Italian scientists, drawing on the pioneering work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran,
were able to predict the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries

37
 were made. Giovanni Battista Grassi, a naturalist, found that a particular type of
mosquito was the carrier of malaria. By experimenting on healthy volunteers
(mosquitoes were released into rooms where they drank the blood of the human
guinea pigs), Grassi was able to make the direct link between the insects (all females
of a certain kind) and the disease. Soon, doctors and scientists made another startling
discovery: the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere carriers. Every
year, during the mosquito season, malarial blood was moved around the population by
the insects. Definitive proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary
series of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial
zones but kept free of mosquito bites - and remained well. The new Italian state had
the necessary information to tackle the disease.

D. A complicated approach was adopted, which made use of quinine - a drug obtained
from tree bark which had long been used to combat fever, but was now seen as a
crucial part of the war on malaria. Italy introduced a quinine law and a quinine tax in
1904, and the drug was administered to large numbers of rural workers. Despite its
often terrible side-effects (the headaches produced were known as the "quinine-buzz")
the drug was successful in limiting the spread of the disease, and in breaking cycles of
infection. In addition, Italy set up rural health centres and invested heavily in
education programmes. Malaria, as Snowden shows, was not just a medical problem,
but a social and regional issue, and could only be defeated through multi-layered
strategies. Politics was itself transformed by the anti-malarial campaigns.

E. It was originally decided to give quinine to all those in certain regions - even healthy
people; peasants were often suspicious of medicine being forced upon them. Doctors
were sometimes met with hostility and refusal, and many were dubbed "poisoners".
Despite these problems, the strategy was hugely successful. Deaths from malaria fell
by some 80% in the first decade of the 20th century and some areas escaped
altogether from the scourge of the disease.

F. Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto Missiroli had a role to play in the
disaster: he did not distribute quinine, despite being well aware of the epidemic to
come. Snowden claims that Missiroli was already preparing a new strategy - with the
support of the US Rockefeller Foundation - using a new pesticide, DDT. Missiroli
allowed the epidemic to spread, in order to create the ideal conditions for a massive,
and lucrative, human experiment. Fifty-five thousand cases of malaria were recorded
in the province of Littoria alone in 1944. It is estimated that more than a third of those

38
 in the affected area contracted the disease. Thousands, nobody knows how many,
died.

G. With the war over, the US government and the Rockefeller Foundation were free to
experiment. DDT was sprayed from the air and 3m Italians had their bodies covered
with the chemical. The effects were dramatic, and nobody really cared about the toxic
effects of the chemical. By 1962, malaria was more or less gone from the whole
peninsula. The last cases were noted in a poor region of Sicily. One of the final
victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popular cyclist, Fausto Coppi. He had
contracted malaria in Africa in 1960, and the failure of doctors in the north of Italy to
spot the disease was a sign of the times. A few decades earlier, they would have
immediately noticed the tell-tale signs; it was later claimed that a small dose of
quinine would have saved his life.

H. As there are still more than 1m deaths every year from malaria worldwide, Snowden's
book also has contemporary relevance. This is a disease that affects every level of the
societies where it is rampant. As Snowden writes: "In Italy malaria undermined
agricultural productivity, decimated the army, destroyed communities and left
families impoverished." The economic miracle of the 50s and 60s which made Italy
into a modern industrial nation would not have been possible without the eradication
of malaria. Moreover, this book convincingly argues that the disease was "an integral
part of the big picture of modern Italian history". This magnificent study, beautifully
written and impeccably documented, deserves an audience beyond specialists in
history, or in Italy. It also provides us with "a message of hope for a world struggling
with the great present-day medical emergency".

Questions 14-17
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 2
Using no more than two words from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

Theories for malaria origin have always been the issue of research for medical
practitioners from the ancient time. Although the link between malaria and mosquito
was established lately, it has been recorded in words that 14….......... including
mosquito, may play the major culprits. In the 19th century, most experts rejected the
idea of the miasma theory which related malaria to 15…............. Even another
widespread theory arose that southern Italians were blamed, to whom malaria was

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16…............ In southern Italy, situation became so severe that near half the Italians
population was thought to be "permanently at risk". In malarial areas the 17……..........
of rural workers was surprisingly shorter. In the 1880s, such theories began to
withdraw as the mosquito was identified as the true cause.

Questions 18-21
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

18. The volunteers in Grassi experiments were from all parts over the Italy.
19. Healthy people could remain safe in the malaria- infectious zone if they did not
have mosquito bites.
20. Quinine is an effective drug which had long been used to combat malaria.
21. Eradicating malaria was a goal combined both medical and political significance.

Questions 22-27
Reading Passage 2 has 8 paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes, 22-27 on your answer sheet.

22. A breakthrough was found that mosquito was the carrier of malaria
23. A scientist intentionally failed to restrict the epidemic area.
24. This successful story still holds true for today's readers worldwide.
25. One of the final cases reported to die of malaria in Italy
26. the negative symptoms of the a highly effective drug
27. A list of speculative hypothesis were cited.

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Version 32601
Development of
Public management theory

Bureaucracy management: The classic one

A. Several theorists bridged the gap between strictly private and public sector
management. One good example is Max Weber exploring sociologist, who explored
the ideal bureaucracy in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
Bureaucratic Theory was developed by a German Sociologist and political economist
Max Weber (1864-1920). According to him, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of
organisation. The organisation has a well-defined line of authority. It has clear rules
and regulations which are strictly followed. According to Max Weber, there are three
types of power in an organisation: Traditional Power, Charismatic Power, and
Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.

The characteristics or features of Bureaucratic Organisation

B. Weber admired bureaucracy for its trustworthiness. The bureaucracy was constituted
by a group of professional, ethical public officials. These servants dedicate themselves
to the public in return for security of job tenure among the many advantages of public
employment. There is a high degree of Division of Labour and Specialisation as well
as a defined Hierarchy of Authority. There are well defined Rules and Regulations
which follows the principle of Rationality, Objectively and Consistency. There rules
cover all the duties and rights of the employees. These rules must be strictly followed.
Selection and Promotion is based on Technical qualifications. There are Formal and
Impersonal relations among the member of the organisation. Interpersonal relations
are based on positions and not on personalities.

C. Bureaucratic organisation is criticised because of the following reasons: Bureaucratic

organisation is a very rigid type of organisation. Too much emphasis on rules and
regulations which are rigid and inflexible. It does not give importance to human
relations. No importance is also given to informal groups which nowadays play an
important role in all business organisations. Yet, too much importance is given to the
technical qualifications of the employees for promotion and transfers. Dedication and
commitment of the employee is not considered. It is suitable for government

41
 organisations. It is also suitable for organisations where change is very slow. There
will be unnecessary delay in decision-making due to formalities and rules. It is
appropriate for static organisations. There is difficulty in coordination and
communication.

Management: A consolidated discipline

D. Herbert Simon, Chester Barnard, and Charles Lindblom are among the first of those
recognized as early American public administrators. These men ushered in an era
during which the field gained recognition as independent and unique, despite its
multidisciplinary Simon contributed theoretical separation to discern management,
decisions based upon nature. To phot fact versus those made based on values. one
Environ. ment Com Adherenc Health & tilness Quality of Lis Since cannot make
completely responsible decisions with public resources based solely on personal
values, one must attempt to upon objectively determined facts. Simon developed other
relevant theories as well. Similar to Lindblom's subsequently discussed critique of
comprehensive rationality, Simon also taught that a strictly economic man, one who
maximizes returns or values by making decisions based upon complete information in
unlimited time, is unrealistic. Instead, most public administrators use a sufficient
amount of information to make a satisfactory decision:, they" satisfice."

E. In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and
costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which
agents can make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only "bounded rationality"
and must make decisions by "satisficing," or choosing that which might not be
optimal but which will make them happy enough. "Rational behavior, in economics,
means that individuals maximizes his utility function under the constraints they face
(e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their self-interest.

F. Chester Barnard was also one of the watershed scholars. Barnard published "The
Economy of Incentives" (1938), in an attempt to explain individual participation in an
organization. Barnard explained organizations as systems of exchange. Low-level
employees must have more incentive to remain with the organization for which they
exchange their labor and loyalty. The organization (and higher level employees) must
derive sufficient benefit from its employees to keep them. The net pull of the
organization is determined by material rewards, environmental conditions, and other
intangibles like recognition. He gives great importance to persuasion, much more than
to economic incentives. He described four general and four specific incentives

42
 including Money and other material inducements; Personal non-material opportunities
for distinction; Desirable physical conditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as
pride of workmanship etc.

A new humanist era: Rethinking power and management

G. Humanists embrace a dynamic concept of an employee and management techniques.
This requires a theoretical shift away from the idea that an employee is a cog in the
industrial machine. Rather, employees are unique individuals with goals, needs,
desires, etc.
H. The humanist era ushered in other possible interpretations of such topics as power and
management. One of the most significant was Douglas McGregor's "Theory X and
Theory Y." McGregor's work provided a basis for a management framework, a
structure upon whose rungs the classic and new-aged management might be hung.
First, commonly held by early management theorists, Theory X begins with the
assumption that humans possess an inherent aversion to work. Employees must
therefore be coerced and controlled if management expects to see results. Further,
lazy humans prefer direction bordering micromanagement whenever possible.

I. Theory Y is much more compatible with the humanist tradition. This begins with the
assumption that work is as natural for humans as rest or play. Further, employees will
direct and control themselves as they complete objectives. Humans learn naturally and
seek responsibility. Consequently, managers need only to steer employees in a
cooperative manner toward goals that serve the organization. There is room for many
to create and share power.

J. The Z-Organization can be thought of as a complimentary third element to

McGregor's dichotomy. Z-organizations are a Japanese organizational model. Similar
to Theory-Y management, Z organizations place a large degree of responsibility upon
the employees. Further, relatively low-level employees are entrusted with the freedom
to be creative, "wander around the organization" and become truly unique, company-
specific employees. However, employees achieve only after "agreeing on a central set
of objectives and ways of doing business" In Z Organizations, decision-making is
democratic and participatory. Despite the many advantages of this organizational
model, there are several draw-backs. These include the depredation of a large
professional distance-de-personalization is impossible in Z-organizations. Since, in
reality, there is high percentage of workers would like work for the financial return
than the job objectives. A high level of self-discipline is also necessary.

43
Questions 14-21
Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 14-15.

What are the features and advantages for Bureaucratic Management?

A. There are equal opportunities coming from little hierarchy of authority among
companies.
B. employees' promotion can be much fairer which is based on job duties not on
characters
C. employees enjoy a greater freedom of duties than their strict right
D. Selection and Promotion is based on mastery of new technology.
E. These employees can dedicate themselves to the public for stability of a long
term job

Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 16-17.

What are the limitations for the ideas of Bureaucratic Management?

A. Commitment of the employee is not taken into consideration enough.
B. There is difficulty in decision-making based on formalities and rules.
C. Employees are casually oragnised as no importance is given to formal groups.
D. There is difficulty in enforcement of rules and regulations
E. It is not applicable to dynamic organisations where change is very fast.

Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 18-19.

What are the aims of management as Douglas McGregor's work of the "Theory
Y."
A. Employees must be coerced and controlled if management expects to see results.
B. Employees has natural tendency for rest or play.
C. Humans will not automatically seek responsibility.
D. managers may guide employees in a cooperative manner toward objectives

44
 E. There is little room for manager to designate or share his power.

Choose Two appropriate letters and fill in boxes 20-21.

What are the limitations for the "Theory Z.

A. decision-making is democratic and participatory
B. organization mode has inherent design fault
C. not all employee set higher interest in the job than that of wages
D. Personalization remains un-eliminated in organizations
E. self-discipline is an unnecessary quality

Questions 22-26
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-E) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
NB Some people may match more than one ideas

A. Mark weber
B. McGregor
C. Herbert Simon
D. Chester Barnard
E. Charles Lindblom

22. Employees like to follow professional, ethical public officials to secure a job.
23. Highly effective can be achieved only after "agreeing on a core of objectives and
method of doing things
24. Managers need to take the employees' emotional feeling, besides the material
rewards, into incentives system.
25. Individuals can maximize their self-interest when all the budget and choices are
utilised well
26. The assumption that humans possess a natural dislike to work who ought to be
forced and controlled

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Version 32602
Water Treatment 2: Reed Bed

A. Nowadays subsurface flow wetlands are a common alternative in Europe for the
treatment of wastewater in rural areas. Mainly in the last 10 to 12 years there has been
a significant growth in the number and size of the systems in use. Compared to
common treatment predicting facilities, wetlands are lower in cost investment, lesser
to maintain, and are ideal for densely populated rural or suburban areas rather than
urban areas.

B. The Common Reed has the ability to transfer oxygen from its leaves, down through
its stem and rhizomes, and out via its root system. As a result of this action, at very
high population of micro-organisms occurs in the root system, with zones of aerobic,
anoxic, and anaerobic conditions. Therefore with the waste water moving very slowly
and carefully through the mass of Reed roots, this liquid can be successfully treated.

C. A straightforward definition of a reed bed is if you have dirty water in your pool or
water, which is heavily polluted, Reed Beds will be planted to make the water clean
again. This is good for ecology and living organisms and fish in the water. Reed Beds
have a wide range of qualities and are acceptable for cleaning everything from
secondary to tertiary treatment of mild domestic effluent, to rural 144 waste and even
heavy industrial contaminants. The reason why they're so effective is often because
within the bed's root sector, natural biological, physical and 4 chemical processes
interact with one another to degrade or remove a good range of pollutants. Reed beds
can be built in a number of variants, but mainly they are of the horizontal flow or
vertical (down) flow configuration where water flows through the beds horizontally or
vertically.

HORIZONTAL FLOW REED BED SYSTEMS

46
D. Horizontal-flow wetlands may be of two types: free-water surface-flow (FWF) or sub-
surface water-flow (SSF). In the former the effluent flows freely above the
sand/gravel bed in which the reeds etc. are planted; in the latter effluent passes
through the sand/gravel bed. In FWF-type wetlands, effluent is treated by plant stems,
leaves and rhizomes. Such FWF wetlands are densely planted and typically have
water-depths of less than 0.4m. However, dense planting can limit oxygen diffusion
into the water. These systems work particularly well for low strength effluents or
effluents that have undergone some form of pretreatment and play an invaluable role
in tertiary treatment and the polishing of effluents. The horizontal reed flow system
uses a long reed bed, where the liquid slowly flows horizontally through. The length
of the reed bed is about 100 meters. The downside of the horizontal reed beds is that
they use up lots of land space and they do take quite a long time to produce clean
water.

VERTICAL FLOW REED BED SYSTEMS

E. A vertical flow reed bed is a sealed, gravel filled trench with reeds growing in it (see
the picture below). The common reed oxygenates the water, which helps to create the
right environment for colonies of bacteria to break down unwanted organic matter and
pollutants. The reeds also make the bed attractive to wildlife.

How a vertical flow reed bed works?

F. In vertical flow (downflow) reed beds, the wastewater is applied on top of the reed
bed, flows down through a rhizome zone with sludge as substrate, then the root zone
with sand as substrate and followed by a layer of gravel for drainage, and is collected
in an under drainage system of large stones. The effluent flows onto the surface of the
bed and percolates slowly through the different layers into an outlet pipe, which leads
to a horizontal flow bed and is cleaned by millions of bacteria, algae, fungi, and
microorganisms that digest the waste, including sewage. There is no standing water so
there should be no unpleasant smells.

G. Vertical flow reed bed systems are much more effective than horizontal flow reed-
beds not only in reducing biochemical oxygen demanded (BOD) and suspended solids
(SS) levels but also in reducing ammonia levels and eliminating smells. Usually
considerably smaller than horizontal flow beds, but they are capable of handling much
stronger effluents which contain heavily polluted matters and have a longer lifetime
value. A vertical Reed bed system works more efficiently than a horizontal reed bed

47
 system, but it requires more management, and its reed beds are often operated for a
few days then rested, so several beds and a distribution system are needed.

H. There are several advantages of Reed Bed Systems over traditional forms of water
treatment: first, they have low construction and running costs; second, they are easy
management; third, they have an excellent reduction of biochemical oxygen demand
and suspended solids; last, they have a potential for efficient removal of a wide range
of pollutants.

I. Reed beds are natural habitats found in floodplains, waterlogged depressions and
estuaries. The natural bed systems are a biologically proved, an environmentally
friendly and visually unobtrusive way of treating wastewater, and have the extra
virtue of frequently been better than mechanical wastewater treatment systems. In the
medium to long term reed bed systems are, in most cases, more cost effective in
installment than any other wastewater treatment. They are robust and require little
maintenance. They are naturally environmentally sound protecting groundwater,
dams, creeks, rivers and estuaries.

Questions 14-16
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

14. The Reed bed system is a conventional method for water treatment in urban area.
15. In the reed roots, there's a series of process that help breakdown the pollutants.
16. Escherichia coli is the most difficult bacteria to be dismissed.

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Questions 17-19
Complete the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage
for each answer.

Downflow Reed Bed System

17. __________ as substracte
18._____________
19. ____________ for drainage

Questions 20-24
Use the information in the passage to match the advantages and disadvantages of the two
systems: horizontal flow system and down-flow system (listed A-H) below. Write the
appropriate letters A-H in boxes 20-24 on your answer sheet.

20___________, which is the advantage of the down-flow system.

However, 21____________ and 22_____________ are the disadvantages of the down-
flow system
23_____________ and 24____________ are the two benefits of the horizontal flow
system. However it's less effective and efficient.

A. It can deal with a more seriously polluted effluent.

B. It requires more beds than one compared to the other.
C. It needs less control and doesn't need to be taken care of all the time.
D. It requires a lot of guidance.
E. It can't work all the time because the pool needs time to rest and recover after a
certain period.
F. It's a lot more complicated to build the system.
G. The system is easy to be built which does not need auxiliary system
H. It consumes less water.

Questions 25-26
Choose two correct letters, from the following A, B, C, D or E.
Write your answers in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.
What are the two benefits of natural bed systems when compared to the
conventional systems?
49
A. Operation does not require electricity or fuel supply.
B. They're visually good and environmental friendly.
C. No mechanical systems are involved.
D. They're to be set up and used in less cost.
E. They do not break down

50
Version 32701
The Power of Nothing
Geoff Watts, New Scientist (May26th, 2001)

A. Want to devise a new form of alternative medicine? No problem. Here is the recipe.
Be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve
physical contact, and each session with your patients should last at least half an hour.
Encourage your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how
their disorders relate to the rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess
the true power to heal. Make them pay you out of their own pockets. Describe your
treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields,
energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to
the knowledge of an earlier age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise and rise of
blind, mechanistic science. Oh, come off it, you are saying. Something invented off
the top of your head could not possibly work, could it?

B. Well yes, it could - and often well enough to earn you a living. A good living if you
are sufficiently convincing, or better still, really believe in your therapy. Many
illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at
just the right time you will get the credit. But that's only part of it. Some of the
improvement really would be down to you. Your healing power would be the
outcome of a paradoxical force that conventional medicine recognizes but remains
oddly ambivalent about: the placebo effect.

C. Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because
the patient has faith in their power to heal. Most often the term refers to a dummy pill,
but it applies just as much to any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a
crystal to an operation. The existence of the placebo effect implies that even quackery
may confer real benefits, which is why any mention of placebo is a touchy subject for
many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine, who are likely to
regard it as tantamount to a charge of charlatanism. In fact, the placebo effect is a
powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often
neglected or misunderstood.

51
D. One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practioners' skill in deploying the
placebo effect to accomplish real healing. "Complementary practitioners are miles
better at producing non-specific effects and good therapeutic relationships," says
Edzard Ernst, professor of CAM at Exeter University. The question is whether CAM
could be integrated into conventional medicine, as some would like, without losing
much of this power.

E. At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our
physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the
tear glands. But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely
unknown. Most of the scant research done so far has focused on the control of pain,
because it's one of the commonest compaints and lends itself to experimental study.
Here, attention has turned to the dndorphins, morphine-like neurochemicals known to
help control pain.

F. But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of
the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain, because it's one of the
commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has
turned to the endorphins, natural counterparts of morphine that are known to help
control pain. "Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain impulses or
modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response," says
Don Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida who studies the placebo effect
in dental pain.

G. "But endorphins are still out in front."That case has been strengthened by the recent
work of Fabrizio Benedetti of the University of Turin, who showed that the placebo
effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins.
Benedetti induced pain in human volunteers by inflating a blood-pressure cuff on the
forearm. He did this several times a day for several days, using morphine each time to
control the pain. On the final day, without saying anything, he replaced the morphine
with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects' pain: a placebo effect. But when
he added naloxone to the saline the pain relief disappeared. Here was direct proof that
placebo analgesia is mediated, at least in part, by these natural opiates.

H. Still, no one knows how belief triggers, endorph in release, or why most people can't
achieve placebo pain relief simply by willing it. Though scientists don't know exactly
how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of knowledge about how to

52
 trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy
capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on
American students revealed that blue pills make better sedatives than pink, a colour
more suitable for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or
Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic
equivalents may be less effective.

I. It matters, too, how the treatment is delivered. Decades ago, when the major
tranquilliser chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in Kansas categorised his
colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly sceptical of its benefits,
or took a "let's try and see" attitude. His conclusion: the more enthusiastic the doctor,
the better the drug performed. And this year Ernst surveyed published studies that
compared doctors' bedside manners. The studies turned up one consistent finding:
"Physicians who adopt a warm, friendly and reassuring manner," he reported, "are
more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not offer
reassurance."

J. Warm, friendly and reassuring are precisely CAM's strong suits, of course. Many of
the ingredients of that opening recipe -- the physical contact, the generous swathes of
time, the strong hints of supernormal healing power -- are just the kind of thing likely
to impress patients. It's hardly surprising, then, that complementary practitioners are
generally best at mobilising the placebo effect, says Arthur Kleinman, professor of
social anthropology at Harvard University.

Questions 27-32
Use the information in the passage to match the deed (listed A-H) with people below.
Write the appropriate letters A-H in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once

A. Should easily be understood

B. should improve by itself
C. Should not involve any mysticism
D. Ought to last a minimum length of time.
E. Needs to be treated at the right time..
F. Should give more recognition.
G. Can earn valuable money.

53
 H. Do not rely on any specific treatment

27. Appointments with alternative practitioner

28. An alternative practitioner's description of treatment
29. An alternative practitioner who has faith in what he does
30. The illness of patients convinced of alternative practice
31. Improvements of patients receiving alternative practice
32. Conventional medical doctors (who is aware of placebo)

Questions 33-35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your
answer sheet.

33. In the fifth paragraph, the writer uses the example of anger and sadness to
illustrate that:
A. People's feeling could affect their physical behaviour
B. Scientists don't understand how the mind influences the body.
C. Research on the placebo effect is very limited
D. How placebo achieves its effect is yet to be understood.

34. Research on pain control attracts most of the attention because

A. Scientists have discovered that endorphins can help to reduce pain.
B. Only a limited number of researchers gain relevant experience
C. Pain reducing agents might also be involved in placebo effect.
D. Patients often experience pain and like to complain about it

35. Fabrizio Benedetti's research on endorphins indicates that

A. They are widely used to regulate pain.
B. They can be produced by willful thoughts
C. They can be neutralized by introducing naloxone.
D. Their pain-relieving effects do not last long enough.

Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
54
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

36. There is enough information for scientists to fully understand the placebo effect.
37. A London based researcher discovered that red pills should be taken off the market.
38. People's preference on brands would also have effect on their healing.
39. Medical doctors have a range of views of the newly introduced drug of
chlopromazine.
40. Alternative practitioners are seldom known for applying placebo effect.

Version 32702
William Gilbert and Magnetism

A. 16th and 17th centuries saw two great pioneers of modern science: Galileo and
Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent. Gilbert was the first modern scientist,
also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman
of learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known
of electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, nothing more than that the :
lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would
attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less
well-known than he deserves.

B. Gilbert's birth predated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester county
in the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to grammar school, and then studied medicine at
St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he traveled in the continent
and eventually settled down in London.

C. He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the
president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed the personal physician
to the Queen (Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. He faithfully served her
until her death. However, he didn't outlive the Queen for long and died on December

55
 10, 1603, only a few months after his appointment as personal physician to King
James.

D. Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large
portion of mysticism of alchemy involved (such as the transmutation of metal). He
gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient,
particularly about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange
minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime, Britain became a major
seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to
British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic : compass, yet
no one understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it, as Columbus once
speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey'
which ships would never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank
out all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years William Gilbert conducted
ingenious experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet
and Magnetic Bodies, Great Magnet of the Earth.

E. Gilbert's discovery was so important to modem physics. He investigated the nature of

magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word "elec- tric". Though the early
beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that
rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralize its magnetism, one example being that
sailors even believed the smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of
compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship's compass.
Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetized by rubbing materials such as fur,
plastic or the like on them. He named the ends of a magnet "north pole" and "south
pole". The magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending on polarity. In addition,
however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the
relationship between magnetism and electricity, sadly he didn't complete it. His
research of static electricity using amber and jet only demonstrated that objects with
electrical charges can work like magnets attracting small pieces of paper and stuff. It
is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical
charges, positive and negative.

F. He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Copernican, he

didn't express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the center of the
universe or in orbit around the sun. However he believed that stars are not equidistant
from the earth, but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth

56
 is itself like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They
spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth's polarity. He even likened the polarity of
the magnet to the polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this
analogy. In his explanation, magnetism was the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly
spherical lodestone, when aligned with the earth's poles, would wobble all by itself in
24 hours. Further, he also believed that suns and other stars wobble just like the earth
does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet
caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first
proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.

G. His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure
logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude
toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments were not in fashion.
It was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our
knowledge of magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as
magnetic potential, was named Gilbert in his honor. His approach of careful
observation and experimentation rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive
philosophy of others had laid the very foundation for modem science.

Questions 1-7
Reading passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number I-X in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
I. Early years of Gilbert
II. What was new about his scientific research method
III. The development of chemistry
IV. Questioning traditional astronomy
V. Pioneers of the early science
VI. Professional and social recognition
VII. Becoming the president of the Royal Science Society
VIII. The great works of Gilbert
IX. His discovery about magnetism
X. His change of focus

57
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F
7. Paragraph G

Questions 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8. He is less famous than he should be.

9. He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by the Queen.,
10. He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.

Questions 11-13
Choose THREE letters A-F. Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following are parts of Gilbert's discovery?

A. Metal can be transformed into another.

B. Garlic can remove magnetism.
C. Metals can be magnetized.
D. are at different distances from the earth.
E. The earth wobbles on its axis.
F. There are two charges of electricity.

58
Version 32703
Going nowhere fast
New transport mode PRT RUF

A. THIS is ludicrous! We can talk to people anywhere in the world or fly to meet them in
a few hours. We can even send probes to other planets. But when it comes to getting
around our cities, we depend on systems that have scarcely changed since the days of
Gottlieb Daimler.

B. In recent years, the pollution belched out by millions of vehicles has dominated the
debate about transport. The problem has even persuaded California that home of car
culture to curb traffic growth. But no matter how green they become, cars are unlikely
to get us around crowded cities any faster. And persuading people to use trains and
buses will always be an uphill struggle. Cars, after all, are popular for very good
reasons, as anyone with small children or heavy shopping knows.

C. A professor of mechanical engineering sits typing at a computer keyboard, conjuring

up a scene on his monitor that looks something like the classic computer game
PacMan. White dots stream in from the right of the screen, switch to red, and merge
with green boxes, which swiftly change colour to yellow and then red, while moving
through a bewildering maze. But this is not a video game. J. Edward Anderson of
Boston University is testing an urban transit system that he believes could
revolutionise public transport worldwide.

D. For the past quarter of a century, Anderson has been promoting his version of a
personal rapid transit (PRT). Other versions came and went in the 1970s, from
Europe, Japan and elsewhere in the US, but he was so convinced of the idea's
potential that he stuck with it and, in 1983, founded the Taxi 2000 Corporation to
'commercialise' the initiative. Although the University of Minnesota, Anderson's
employer until 1986, holds the patents to the technology, he is licensed to develop it
and to sub-license other developers. So politicians should be trying to lure people out
of their cars, not forcing them out. There's certainly no shortage of alternatives.
Perhaps the most attractive is the concept known as personal rapid transit (PRT),
independently invented in the US and Europe in the 1950s.

59
E. The idea is to go to one of many stations and hop into a computer-controlled c I which
can whisk you to your destination along a network of guideways. You I wouldn't have
to share your space with strangers, and with no traffic lights, car pedestrians or parked
cars to slow things down, PRT guideways can carry far more traffic, nonstop, than
any inner city road. It's a wonderful vision, but the odds are stacked against PRT for a
number of reasons. The first cars ran on existing roads, and it was only after they
became popular-and after governments started earning revenue from them—that a
road network designed specifically for motor vehicles was built. With PRT, the
infrastructure would have to come first and that would cost megabucks.

F. What's more, any transport system that threatened the car's dominance would be up
against all those with a stake in maintaining the status quo, from private car owners to
manufacturers and oil multinationals. Even if PRTS were spectacularly successful in
trials, it might not make much difference. Superior technology doesn't always
triumph, as the VHS versus Betamax and Windows versus Apple Mac battles showed.

G. But "dual-mode" systems might just succeed where PRT seems doomed to fail. The
Danish RUF system envisaged by Palle Jensen, for example, resembles PRT but with
one key difference: vehicles have wheels as well as a slot allowing them to travel on a
monorail, so they can drive off the rail onto a normal road. Once on a road, the
occupant would take over from the computer, and the RUF vehicle—the term comes
from a Danish saying meaning to "go fast"—would become an electric car

H. Build a fast network of guideways in a busy city centre and people would have a
strong incentive not just to use public RUF vehicles, but also to buy their own dual-
mode vehicle. Commuters could drive onto the guideway, sit back and read as they
are chauffeured into the city. At work, they would jump out, leaving their vehicles to
park themselves. Unlike PRT, such a system could grow organically, as each network
would serve a large area around it and people nearby could buy into it. And a dual-
mode system might even win the support of car manufacturers, who could easily
switch to producing dual-mode vehicles.

I. The RUF system can reduce the energy consumption from individual traffic. The
main factor is the reduction of air resistance due to close coupling of vehicles. The
energy consumption per ruf can be reduced to less than 1/3 at 100 km/h. Since RUF is
an electric system, renewable sources can be used without problems. A combination

60
 of windmills and a RUF rail could be used over water. Solar cells can also be
integrated into the system and ensure completely sustainable transportation.

J. Of course, creating a new transport system will not be cheap or easy. But unlike
adding a dedicated bus lane here or extending the underground railway there, an
innovative system such as Jensen's could transform cities. The vehicles in a RUF
system "rides" very safely on top of a triangular monorail. This means that
derailments are impossible and that the users will feel safe because it is easy to
understand that when the rail is actually inside the vehicle it is absolutely stable. The
special rail brake ensures that braking power is always available even during bad
weather. The brake can squeeze as hard against the rail as required in order to bring
the vehicle to a safe stop. If a vehicle has to be evacuated, a walkway between the two
rails can be used.

K. And it's not just a matter of saving a few minutes a day. According to the Red Cross,
more than 30 million people have died in road accidents in the past century-three
times the number killed in the First World War-and the annual death toll is rising.
And what's more, the Red Cross believes road accidents will become the third biggest
cause of death and disability by 2020, ahead of diseases such as AIDS and
tuberculosis. Surely we can find a better way to get around.

Questions 14-17
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2
In boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

14. City transport developed slower than other means of communication.

15. Many states in the US consider to reduce cars growth.
16. Car pollution has been concerned these days.
17. Trains and buses are not suitable to drive on uphill road.

Questions 18-24
61
Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-C) with description
below. Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 18-24 on your answer sheet.

A. ONLY PRT
B. ONLY RUF
C. BOTH OF THEM

18. Totally apply computer system

19. Opposition to system from companies
20. Reach destination fast
21. Not necessary to share with the public
22. Work on existing road
23. Individuals can buy the cars after all
24. Controlled both by computer and manual

Questions 25-27
Choose THREE correct letters from followings that are advantages of developing a NEW
TRANSPORT SYSTEM:
Write your answers in boxes 25-27 on your answer sheet.

A. Stimulating economy
B. Successful application in Europe
C. Safety consideration
D. Less pollution to environment
E. Economical budget
F. Public popularity
G. Fast speed

62