International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3S, October 2019

PHP Frameworks Usability in Web Application

Development
Norhaidah A. Haris, Nurdatillah Hasim

developer who wished to adopt the PHP framework to

Abstract: A framework defined as a structure that supports build web applications should understand on the basic
the development of dynamic websites, web applications, and concept related to PHP framework and grab the
services. Framework code and design are often reusable to necessary knowledge and skill required to become a
assist customization, resource service, and API-related
tasks. This study discussed current practice to help a
competent web application developer.
developer understand PHP frameworks adoption for web The significance of this study will provide an insight
application development. Three approaches were selected to for developers who wished to develop web
understand the features suitability of the PHP frameworks: application using PHP frameworks. Developers
the systematic approach, score criteria evaluation, and would have better knowledge on which PHP
PHP framework technical factors. A comparison of 23
frameworks that are suitable to be implemented in
different frameworks features also has been studied that
involves features such as ORM, Code Generator, Template their web application development environment.
Engine, and CRUD Generator. Besides PHP framework
features, understanding the basic core PHP to build web II. RELATED STUDIES ON PHP FRAMEWORKS
application would help a lot in learning PHP frameworks.
Moreover, new developers should not limit themselves to a PHP is a server-side programming language which
particular PHP framework only but also allow themselves commonly used for websites development. The studies
to explore various PHP frameworks in the development of conducted by W3Techs [2] has identified that PHP is
web application projects. the most popular server-side programming languages
for websites development as shown in Figure 1 [2].
Index Terms: PHP framework, Web Application, User
Experience, Usability

I. INTRODUCTION
PHP was initially developed by Rasmus Lerdoff in
1994 to watch over his online resume and related
personal information in which PHP initially named as”
Personal Home Page”. However, two programmers
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rebuilt, updated and
released the PHP core in 1997 and changed the
acronym PHP to” Hypertext Processor” [9]. Through
time PHP has evolved and PHP has been used as a
language for the World Wide Web (WWW) or so
called Internet in which developers find PHP is a Figure 1: Server-side programming languages for websites
language that easy to learn, community friendly, freely development
available as an open source software and easily to PHP or core PHP is a basic programming language
deployed. The current PHP environment requires which could also be used to develop dynamic web
developers to create interfaces components of the pages. The core PHP works without libraries or built-in
system, link to database and user authentication. The functionalities and usually developers have to make
usage of framework could overcome the problems the code script using their skills and logic. On the other
during development life cycle environment by reuse of hand, PHP framework is a framework that consist a
code which could save times and costs to design, collection of organized source codes in a specified
developing codes and tests [13]. This study discussed architecture to support the development of dynamic
on the current practice to understand PHP language websites applications and services [26].
and PHP frameworks in building web application. Any

Revised Manuscript Received on August 18, 2019

Norhaidah A. Haris, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology,
Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nurdatillah Hasim, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology,
Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C1020.1083S19 109 & Sciences Publication
 PHP Frameworks Usability in Web Application Development

There are a few comparison studies have been properties, methods and other framework features is
conducted by researchers to identify which of PHP essential.
frameworks would provide developers with better III. PHP FRAMEWORKS CONCEPT
features regarding performance, development process
A framework is defined as the skeleton for an
and code maintenance. These researchers have
application with a built in collection of related objects,
conducted several testing such as load testing and
factored into classes in which the framework code or
stress testing to measure the performance efficiency on
design are reusable [8]. In other words, a framework is
the specified PHP frameworks. The discussion
a collection of source codes organized into an
involved the suitability choices on various issues
architecture that supports the development of dynamic
related to PHP frameworks for specified web
websites, web applications and services [26].
application development. Usually, the comparison
Frameworks also assist for customization, resource
made based on the researchers’ interest to study in
service and API-related tasks [21].
depth on certain PHP frameworks. A few PHP
1) The concept of a PHP framework is related to
frameworks comparison studies which have been
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) and Model
conducted are as follows:
View Controller (MVC). MVC is a design pattern
1) CakePHP and CodeIgniter [10], [7].
that applies the concept of software development
2) CakePHP, Yii, Zend, CodeIgniter, Prado and
and originally designed to provide multiple views
Symfony [26].
of the same data virtually for modern inter- active
3) CodeIgniter, Laravel and core PHP [6].
applications [18]. The MVC pattern allows the
4) Symfony, laravel, CodeIgniter, Phalcon and core
interaction of data and methods in multiple
PHP [24].
classes and offers possible solutions to problems
5) CakePHP, Laravel and CodeIgniter [15].
which could arise in the application development
6) CakePHP2, CodeIgniter, Symfony2, Yii and
[4]. MVC pattern has three separate application
Phalcon [23].
components as follows [26]: Model —represent
7) CakePHP, CodeIgniter, Laravel, Symphony, Yii
data structure relationship and dependencies
and Zend Framework [17].
which provides an interface to manipulate all
Most of these studies have chosen either CakePHP or
classes corresponding to the logical object of the
Code Igniter or both in comparing with other PHP
application.
frameworks such as Yii, Zend, Prado, Symfony,
2) View —represent screen presentation on different
Laravel and Phalcon. CakePHP and CodeIgniter have
de- vices in which the application could have
been used for quite some time since their release in
multiple views of the data.
2005 and 2006 respectively compared with other
3) Controller —represent as an information
frameworks which are released a few years ago. These
collector or input for the user and transfers the
studies also suggest developers who wished to learn
information to the model.
PHP frameworks should have first knowledge of the The idea of having MVC in PHP frameworks are the
PHP language itself. Besides, they might as well
code presentation and layout will be simpler and well
learned HTML, CSS, JavaScript and MySQL to have a separated that will make the application more
firm understanding of the fundamental development of maintainable. In other words, the controller could
web application.
easily handle the view inside the files and the logic
Understanding frameworks require techniques in
inside the model [1]. Figure 2 shows the interaction
governing modern software development. The PHP
flows between each component in MVC pattern [20].
developers would have exposure in developing
Basically, MVC would improves the PHP process flow
appealing application, clear view on the use of design
by effectively divided the flow into smaller steps and
patterns, illustrate the concepts on more complex GUI
separate them clearly. The motivations in using MVC
frameworks, understanding the collaboration pattern
are as follows [20]:
especially the reuse of design and code, exposure on
1) Built in libraries, helpers and less codes to
the commercial tools, utilization of the OOP concepts
developed application functionality.
[4] and understand the MVC frameworks concepts in 2) Standardize, consistency and
displaying powerful and flexible software design [28]. predictability and allow software components to
However, to choose which PHP frameworks most be shared and reused.
suitable and easy to learn in the shortest time requires
3) Allows easy visualization on how the entire
careful studies. system works.
Recently, the most popular PHP frameworks in
4) Security, interoperability and maintenance.
2018 as discussed in a survey by Lunarpages are Besides MVC pattern the
Laravel, CodeIgniter, Symfony, Phalcon and CakePHP OOP concept is also
[16]. However, even though Laravel is the most implemented in PHP
popular but for beginners strong understanding of core frameworks. OOP is a
PHP and OOP concepts such as classes, objects,

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3S, October 2019

programming languages concept which abstract the suitability, and other software assessment evaluation.
data, logic and interactions into a set of objects. The Hence, the relevance of the PHP frameworks could
areas of Object Oriented (OO) involves the concept be determined through the weight score of each
such as class, instance, method, message passing, PHP frameworks that have been tested. Another
inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, study conducted by Milos and Zurkiewicz [17]
polymorphism and decoupling [5]. However, this suggested that evaluation on PHP frameworks
study will not discuss further on the OOP concepts. weightage criteria should include these analyses as
follows:
1) Documentation and technical support—to ensure
the source code reliability.
2) Tools are supporting web application
development—to reduce programmer’s
workload with generated source codes.
3) Programming techniques—to reduce the amount
of source code for a reliable application.
4) Database technologies—to allow applications to
integrate with other elements of the system.
5) Caching (Buffering)—to ensure optimum
performance application.
6) Integration—to ensure compatibility with other
IV. THE SELECTION OF PHP FRAMEWORKS elements of IT system.
APPROACH 7) Conciseness of source code—to reduce the
Any developers who have the intention to build possibility of making mistakes in improving the
knowledge and skill regarding PHP frameworks reliability of the application.
requires to be vigilant on the current trend regarding 8) Framework efficiency—important to determine
the development on web application technologies. the server workload so the resources could be
Currently, there are many PHP frameworks with used intensively.
unique features, thus careful selection should be made Therefore, any organization who wished to adopt any
to identify which framework is suitable for them. The PHP frameworks for building their IT system or
question aroused how to choose the right PHP application should consider the weight criteria as
frameworks because the choice might depend on which proposed.
PHP frameworks that have a large user base and
community support, useful features, popular, trendy B. Score Criteria Evaluation
and widely used [4]. Another assessment approach is using score criteria
evaluation. The score criteria evaluation is adopted from
This study has identified that there are three Chao et al. [4] to identify which PHP framework is
approaches could be conducted to identify on the relevant to be learned or taught for beginners. Chao
choice on which PHP frameworks should be selected studies has makes a few comparison of the PHP
for beginners or anybody who wished to fully frameworks such as Zend, CakePHP, CodeIgniter, Yii,
understand the concept of PHP frameworks at the and Symfony.
initial stage. The approach is a Systematic approach,
Chao et al. suggested any organization especially
Score Criteria Evaluation, and PHP framework
Higher Education Institution(HEI) which have planned
technical factors.
to adopt PHP frameworks in preparing their students
A. Systematic Approach
with PHP skills and knowledge should consider these
The systematic approach proposed by Parker [22] evaluative scores criteria as follows: -
described the commonly approach used in selecting
1) Pedagogical features—students learning curve
software tools for the IT curriculum. This study
associated with framework complexity for
adopted the systematic approach on the selection of the
beginners [12] and ample time to study in at least
suitable PHP frameworks as follows:
four months or a semester for in-depth
1) Compile the PHP frameworks criteria list. understanding [22].
2) Weight each of the criteria of the PHP 2) Industry penetration—students have marketable
frameworks. skills and the adoption of industry software tools
3) Determine the PHP frameworks list. and technologies will expose students with future
4) Rate each of the PHP frameworks.
workplace practices [14].
5) Calculate the weighted score for every PHP 3) Support and Training requirement—resources on
framework. various aspects such as availability of
The systematic approach requires each of the documentation, training and support for both
PHP frameworks to be tested using a few
Instructors and
evaluation criteria such as performance, students [3].
maintenance,

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 PHP Frameworks Usability in Web Application Development

4) Software Cost—PHP frameworks usually are portability of the source code between projects.
open source software. b) b) Support Technologies and Programming
5) Software Characteristics–Most PHP frameworks have Technique: The support technologies and
similar features and are available on all platforms. programming techniques vary based on the framework
6) Course Methodology / Software Paradigm–PHP usefulness for the development of web application
frameworks usually implement an MVC design project as follows [29], [17]:
pattern. 1) Model-View-Controller (MVC).
7) Acceptance in Academic Environment–perception 2) Object Relational Mapping (ORM) - technique
about PHP frameworks suitability in IT curriculum. for mapping database objects and relationship
Chao et al study discussed that pedagogical features between programming language classes.
are the most important in choosing the right PHP 3) Code generator - generate resources like views,
frameworks. The weighted score for each criteria controllers, routes, migrations and form requests.
elements of the result also suggested that the Yii PHP 4) DB objects - support access to databases.
framework has the highest ratings compared to 5) Templates - support techniques in managing
templates (two step view or composite view).
CodeIgniter, Cake PHP, Symfony, and Zend [4].
6) Cache - technique for storing intermediate results.
However, in another study conducted by Prokofyeva
7) AJAX - frameworks provide classes that increase
and Boltunova,, the CakePHP is identified as the
performance and simplify source code.
easiest PHP framework to learn compared to Zend 8) Modules - divide source code into functionality
which is quite complex, CodeIgniter and Symfony are groups which improves management and portability
moderately easy and complex[23]. of source code between projects.
Therefore, selecting the most appropriate 9) EDP (Event Driven Programming) - source code
framework for beginners or students in HEI usually organization technique.
requires the academician involves in the course 10) Namespace - provide better source code
planning should do extensive research and well versed management.
hands-on experience [4]. Consequently, the PHP frameworks technologies
C. PHP Framework Technical Factors are to simplify the complexity of the development of
web applications. Currently, there are 42 different type
Apart from understanding the criteria in learning of PHP frameworks for web application development
PHP, the PHP framework technical factors which are [11]. However, this study only compare 21 PHP
related to the PHP framework components suitability frameworks features as shown in Table 1. Other
[29] are essential to be studied such as the
framework such as Flight, Meedo, Simple MVC, PHP
performance of the framework related to the source
Mini, Silex (reached its end of life in June 2018), Typo
code, the framework documentation quality and
3 Flow, Guzzle PHP, YAF, Akelos PHP, Qcodo,
availability of technical support. Other
technologies feature that already built in the PHP evoCore, Stratus, Seagul, Maintainable, Limb,
frameworks are application tools, support Phocoa, AjaxAc, Zoop, BlueShoes, Recess and
technologies and programming technique should also PHPDevShell that are not listed in Table 1 will not be
be considered as listed follows: discussed deeply in this paper because the insufficient
information regarding the frameworks. The features
a) Web Application Tools: The frameworks that should be considered in the selection of PHP
usually distributed together with tools that support the frameworks are ORM, Code Generator, Template
development of the source code elements. The tools Engine and CRUD Generator.
could speed up the process of developing the source Template engine in a framework is useful in
code of an application, reduce programmer’s workload separating between application logic and display logic,
and decrease programming mistake [29]. The tools that therefore the back-end developers and front-end
support the MVC patterns should have the following developers could collaborate on the same areas of the
elements:
website and they will not interfere with each other
1) Models —MVC pattern represent a problem codes. The common template engines are Blade,
subject to business logic in which models is use Mustache, Smarty, Twig and Volt.
for table mapping.
2) CRUD — (Create, Read, Update and Deletec) c) PHP Micro-framework: The micro-frameworks are
records) tools enable to perform basic operations designed specifically to simplify development of small
on the database record. websites. They usually do not have some of the advanced
3) Controller —classes are responsible for the features provided by other frameworks listed in Table 1.
functionality of a controller in MVC pattern. The fewer features and modules make it lightweight and
4) Views —MVC pattern elements. fast. Therefore, integration between the micro-framework
5) Forms —single classes or groups of classes and small website will not be affecting its performance and
responsible for rendering and validating logic of user experience. Each micro-framework offers features to
entry data. up development of small web
6) Modules —separate functionality and ensure the application, while reducing

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C1020.1083S19 112 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3S, October 2019

overheads and simplifying deployment. Listed are the PHP continuous supported from service provider and follow
micro-frameworks. the software engineering practices. Lastly, the
conclusion is the choice of the PHP framework is
1) Laravel - laravel.com dependent on the web application project in which
2) Symfony - symfony.com every project has different requirement or features and
sometimes the choice might not quite suitable for the
3) CodeIgniter - codeigniter.com next new project.
4) Yii Framework - yiiframework.com The PHP framework requirement decision is also
5) Phalcon - phalcon.com important to be put into consideration whether to use a
framework or develop from scratch. There are a few
6) PHPixie - phpixie.com requirements that vital to be considered in the
7) Slim - slimframework.com development of web application using framework as
shown in Table 2 on the advantages and disadvantages
8) POP PHP - popphp.org using frameworks [25].
9) Fat-free - fatfreeframework.com Besides the advantages discussed in Table 2, PHP
10) Limonade - limonade-php.github.io frameworks exploitation is adequate for a large and
complex web application, however, for the small and
simple web applications the benefits of frameworks
V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION could not be fully utilized, and justification should be
The PHP framework requirement decision is also made whether the framework usage is over sufficient
important to be put into consideration whether to use a and thorough consideration or evaluation is required
framework or develop from scratch. There are a few [27]. On the other hand, the core PHP works without
requirements that vital to be considered in the any extra library and developers involved should have
development of web application using framework as strong programming skill and logic. Consequently,
shown in Table 2 on the advantages and disadvantages developers with a strong foundation of core PHP
using frameworks [25]. would find PHP frameworks are much easier to
understand especially if the basic knowledge of the
Besides the advantages discussed in Table 2, PHP core PHP such as functions, classes, and methods is
frameworks exploitation is adequate for a large and deeply well-versed.
complex web application, however, for the small and
simple web applications the benefits of frameworks Therefore, developers who wished to start using
could not be fully utilized, and justification should be frameworks are require to understand the core PHP to
made whether the framework usage is over sufficient build web application. The knowledge would
and thorough consideration or evaluation is required amazingly help to improves the web development as a
[27]. On the other hand, the core PHP works without whole and developers will not limit themselves to a
any extra library and developers involved should have particular PHP framework only [19]. The beginner
strong programming skill and logic. Consequently, developer should also consider learning the easiest
developers with a strong foundation of core PHP framework as discussed by Chao et al [4] to build their
would find PHP frameworks are much easier to knowledge and skills confidence level. Another
understand especially if the basic knowledge of the important thing that should be considered is the
core PHP such as functions, classes, and methods is framework selection criteria such as built-in feature
deeply well-versed. actively developed or improved, continuous supported
from service provider and follow the software
Looking at this situation for developers who engineering practices. Lastly, the conclusion is the
wished to start using frameworks, understanding choice of the PHP framework is dependent on the web
core PHP to build web application would application project in which every project has different
amazingly help to improves the web requirement or features and sometimes the choice
development as a whole and developers will not might not quite suitable for the next new project.
limit themselves to a particular PHP framework
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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C1020.1083S19 114 & Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3S, October 2019

Framework PHP Code Template CRUD

License ORM Website
Name Version Generator Engine Generator
Laravel
Laravel MIT >= PHP 5.4 Eloquent Artisan CLI Blade Backpack laravel.com
/CRUD
Doctrine 2, PHP, Sensio
Symfony MIT >=PHP CLI Generator symfony.com
Propel Twig
5.5.9 Bundle
Doctrine, PHP, Grocery
CodeIgneiter MIT >= PHP Active codeigniter.com
Twig CRUD
5.1.6 Record
Database
Access Yii, CLI, Razor,
Yii BSD >= PHP 5.4 Object Gii, Smarty, Gii yiiframework.com
(DAO), (Web based) Twig
Active Record
Custom Custom,
Cake PHP MIT >= PHP (Cake PHP’s CLI Smarty, Scaffolding cakephp.org
5.2.8 standard) Twig
Phalcon
Phalcon BSD Phalcon Developer Volt, PHP Scaffolding phalcon.com
Tools
Zend BSD >= PHP 5.3 Doctrine zend.com
Aura Aura Marsh CLI auraphp ApiGen auraphp.com
all
Smarty, Model
Fuel PHP MIT Doctrine CLI CRUD, fuelphp.com
Twig, Dwoo
Scaffolding
PHPixie BSD >=PHP PHPixie phpixie.com
5.3.0
Kohana BSD >=PHP 5.0 Custom Twig kohanaframework.org
Slim Doctrine, Twig, Slim
>=PHP 5.5 Yeoman Framework slimframework.com
Ver. 3.11 Eloquent Smarty
3 skeleton
PHP,
Axon(SQL), custom
M2 plugin,
Fat-Free GNU N/A CLI fatfreeframework.com
(Mango DB), Twig,
Jig(Flatfiles) Haanga,
Smarty
Nette
Nette BSD Doctrine Latte, Twig nette.org
CRUD
POP PHP BSD >=PHP 5.6 CLI SQLite popphp.org
Zikula GNU >=PHP Doctrine Module Smarty zikula.org
Studio
5.4.1
Database
Access
Prado BSD >=PHP 5.3 CLI pradoframework.org
Object
(DAO)
Agavi LGPL NO ORM Dwoo agavi.org
Cappucino GNU >=PHP 5.3 Objective J cappucino-
project.org
lemonade-php.
Limonade MIT >=PHP Eloquent Twig
github.io
5.1.6
Webasyst LGPL >=PHP 5.2 Smarty webasyst.com

Table 1: PHP Frameworks Comparison

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 PHP Frameworks Usability in Web Application Development

No Advantages Disadvantages
Complete environment for website Complexity on framework code for certain
1 condition
development, interoperability, security, and which affects the performance and put burden
maintenance. on the hardware.
Security in the framework could affects the built
2 Standards, consistency and predictability. web application.
3 Standard architecture for easy visualization Require high learning curve
Able to share or reuse the codes in libraries, Strict framework convention that hinder
4 classes and functions application flexibility and developer’s creativity
Table 2: PHP Frameworks: Advantages and Disadvantages

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Retrieval Number: C10201083S19/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.C1020.1083S19 116 & Sciences Publication