18MEC106T – Mechanics of Solids

UNIT – V
Columns, struts, Thin and Thick Cylinders
& Spheres

E. Vijayaragavan
Department of Mechanical Engineering
[email protected]
+919884214710
MEC 205, Mechanical “C” Block
 Session plan
Duration (hour) 12
SLO-1 Columns and struts
S-1
SLO-2 Members subjected to combined bending and axial loads
SLO-1 Expression for crippling load with different end conditions based on Euler’s theory
S-2
SLO-2 Problems on crippling load with different end conditions based on Euler’s theory
SLO-1 Expression for crippling load by Rankine’s theory
S-3
SLO-2 Problems on crippling load by Rankine’s theory
SLO-1 Tutorial on crippling load by Rankine’s theory
S-4
SLO-2 Tutorial on crippling load by Rankine’s theory
SLO-1 Thin cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure
S-5
SLO-2 Change in dimensions of thin cylindrical shells due to internal pressure
SLO-1 Problems on thin cylindrical shells subjected to internal pressure
S-6
SLO-2 change in dimensions of thin cylindrical shells due to internal pressure
SLO-1 Thin spherical shells subjected to internal pressure
S-7
SLO-2 Change in dimensions of thin spherical shells
SLO-1 Tutorial on thin spherical shells subjected to internal pressure, change in dimensions of thin spherical shells
S-8
SLO-2 due to internal pressure
SLO-1 Lame’s theory on stresses in thick cylinders
S-9
SLO-2 Lame’s theory on stresses in thick cylinders
SLO-1 Problems on Lame’s theory on stresses in thick cylinders
S-10
SLO-2 Problems on Lame’s theory on stresses in thick cylinders
SLO-1 Stresses in compound thick cylinder and Shrink fit
S-11
SLO-2 Problems on stresses in compound thick cylinder
SLO-1
S-12 Tutorial on stresses in compound thick cylinder and Shrink fit
SLO-2
 Columns and struts
A structural member subjected to axial compressive
loads, which fails by buckling is called Column /
Strut.
Column is a vertical member with both ends fixed.
Example: Vertical pillar connecting the floor an the
roof.
Strut is a horizontal / inclined member that carries
axial compressive load with its ends pinned / hinged.
Examples: Connecting rod, piston rod, etc.,
 Failure of a column
A short column under axial
compressive load fails by
crushing when the yield
stress of the material in
compression is exceeded.

Long columns fail by

buckling some time before
the yield stress in
compression is reached.
 Euler’s column theory
• Buckling load based on bending stress is derived.

• Effect of direct stress (σ=P/A) is neglected for long

columns as it is very less compared to bending
stress.

• Euler’s theory cannot be used for short columns.

 Assumptions in Euler’s theory
• Column is perfectly straight and the load is applied
axially.
• Cross section of the beam remains same through
out its length.
• Column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous
and isotropic.
• Length of the column >>> Cross sectional
dimensions.
• Direct stress is neglected and the failure is only by
bending (buckling).
Sign conventions
 Column with both ends hinged
Moment due to critical load P:
ⅆ2𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2
= 𝑀 = −P𝑦
ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ2𝑦 𝑃
2
+ 𝑦=0
ⅆ𝑥 𝐸𝐼
ⅆ2 𝑦 2 𝑃
+ 𝑝²𝑦 = 0, where 𝑝 =
ⅆ𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼
The general solution for the
above PDE is given by:
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝑝𝑥 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑥
Sub. x=0 & y= 0; we get B =0
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝑝𝑥
 Column with both ends hinged
2 𝑃
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝑝𝑥, where 𝑝 =
𝐸𝐼
Sub. x=L & y= 0;
sin 𝑝𝑙 = 0; pL = nπ
pL = π
𝑃
𝐿= π
𝐸𝐼
Crippling (or) Buckling load
π2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃=
𝐿²
𝑃 π2 𝐸𝐼 π2 𝐸 (𝐴𝑟 2 ) π2 𝐸
Crippling stress 𝜎𝑐 = = = = 𝐿 2
𝐴 𝐴𝐿² 𝐴𝐿²
𝑟
𝑳
is the slenderness ratio; r is the radius of gyration
𝒓
 Column with one end fixed and
other end free
• Behave as the upper half
of a pin-connected
column.
• Column length equal to
twice the actual length L
of pin-connected column.
π2 𝐸𝐼 π2 𝐸
𝑃= and 𝜎𝑐 = 𝐿𝑒 2
𝐿𝑒²
𝑟
𝐿𝑒 - effective length L of
the column
 Column with both ends fixed
• shear at C and the
horizontal components of
the reactions at A and B be
zero
• Restraints imposed upon
the upper half AC of the
column by the support at A
and by the lower half CB
are identical
 Column with both ends fixed
• Portion AC must thus be
symmetric about its
midpoint D, and this point
must be a point of
inflection, where the
bending moment is zero.
• Since the bending moment
at the ends of a pin-ended
column is zero, it follows
that the portion DE of the
column must behave as a
pin ended column
• Effective length of a
column with two fixed
ends is 𝐿𝑒 = L/2.
 Column with one end fixed and
other end hinged
Effective length of a column with one end fixed and
𝐿
the other end hinged is 𝐿𝑒 = .
2
Effective length of column for
various end conditions
 Limitations of Euler’s formula
π2 𝐸
Crippling stress 𝜎𝑐 = 𝐿𝑒 2
is inversely proportional to
𝑟
slenderness ratio.
Considering mild steel column (both ends hinged)
having crushing stress 330 N/mm² and E = 210 GPa,
π2 𝐸
𝜎𝑐 = 𝐿 2
= 330; we get;
𝑟
𝑳
Slenderness ratio = 80, which is a limiting case.
𝒓
𝑳
If < 80; the Euler’s equation is invalid.
𝒓
 Tutorials
Determine the critical load of a steel tube that is 5 m long and
has a 100-mm outer diameter and a 16-mm wall thickness. Use
E = 200 GPa = 2x105 N/mm².
π
𝐼= 1004 − 844 = 2.464𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4
64
π2 𝐸𝐼 π2 ∗ 2 ∗ 105 ∗ 2.464𝑥106
𝑃= =
𝐿𝑒² 𝐿𝑒²
For both ends hinged , 𝐿𝑒 = L = 5000 mm; P = 194.6 kN
𝐿
For both ends fixed , 𝐿𝑒 = = 2500 mm; P = 778.4 kN
2
For one end fixed and other hinged,
𝐿
𝐿𝑒 = = 3535.5 mm; P = 389.2 kN
2
For one end fixed and other free,
𝐿𝑒 = 2L = 10000 mm; P = 48.65 kN
 Tutorial
A 2-m-long pin-ended column of square cross section is to be made of wood.
Assuming E = 13 GPa, σall = 12 MPa, and using a factor of safety of 2.5 in computing
Euler’s critical load for buckling, determine the size of the cross section if the column
is to safely support (a) a 100 kN load, (b) a 200 kN load.
Critical load = FoS x Load applied
For both ends hinged column supporting 100 kN, P = 250 kN
π2 𝐸𝐼 𝑎4 𝐿2 𝑃
𝑃= ; 𝐼= = = 7.794𝑥10−6 𝑚4; a = 98.3 ~ 100 mm = 0.1m
𝐿² 12 π2 𝐸

𝑃 100
σ= = = 10 Mpa < σall, hence safe.
𝐴 0.1²

For both ends hinged column supporting 200 kN, P = 500 kN

π2 𝐸𝐼 𝑎4 𝐿2 𝑃
𝑃= ; 𝐼= = = 15.588𝑥10−6 𝑚4; a = 116.95 mm = 0.1m
𝐿² 12 π2 𝐸

𝑃 200
σ= = = 14.62 Mpa > σall, hence unsafe.
𝐴 0.116²

Hence the dimension is selected on the basis of its resistance to compression

𝑃 200
𝐴= = = 16.67 x 10−3 m²; 𝑎 = 16.67 x 10−3 = 129.1 ~ 130 mm
σall 12
 Tutorial
A hollow alloy tube 5 m long having external ad internal diameters
40 mm and 25 mm respectively was found to extend 6.4 mm under a
tensile load of 60 kN. Find the bucking load for the tube when used
as a column with both ends pinned. Also, find the safe load for the
tube, taking factor of safety as 4.
L = 5000 mm; D = 40 mm; d = 25 mm; δL= 6.4 mm; W = 60 kN;
π π
𝐴= 402 − 252 = 766 𝑚𝑚2 ; 𝐼 = 404 − 254 = 106500 𝑚𝑚4
4 64
𝑊
𝐸 = 𝐴 = 6.12𝑥104 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
δL
𝐿
Crippling load for a column with both ends hinged is given by
π2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃= = 2573 N;
𝐿²
2573
𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎ⅆ = 𝑃 = = 643.2 𝑁
4
 Tutorial
Two brass rods used as compression members, each of 3
m effective length, have the cross sections shown. (a)
Determine the wall thickness of the hollow square rod
for which the rods have the same cross-sectional area.
(b) Using E = 105 GPa, determine the critical load of
each rod, when is used a column in all four conditions.
 Tutorial
A straight steel rod 350 mm long and of 6 mm
diameter is loaded axially in compression until it
buckles. Assuming that the ends are pin-jointed, find
the critical load using the Euler formula. Also
calculate the maximum central deflection when the
material reaches a yield stress of 300 MN/m²
compression. Take E = 200 GN/m².
 Rankine’s formula
Considering the limitations of the Euler’s formula
(invalid for short column), Rankine established an
empirical formula which can be used for any column.
1 1 1
= +
𝑃 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐸
Where, P = Crippling load by Rankine’s formula
π2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐸 = Crippling load by Euler’s formula =
𝐿𝑒²
𝑃𝐶 = Crushing load = σc A;
 Short columns
1 1 1
= +
𝑃 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐸
For short columns, L is small, which results in larger
values of 𝑃𝐸 ,
1
Thereby is too small which can be neglected when
𝑃𝐸
1
compared to .
𝑃𝐶
1 1
= ; Hence, Rankine Crippling load (P) is
𝑃 𝑃𝐶
approximately equal to Crushing load 𝑃𝐶 .
 Long columns
1 1 1
= +
𝑃 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐸
For long columns, L is large, which results in lower
values of 𝑃𝐸 ,
1 1
Thereby is larger compared to .
𝑃𝐸 𝑃𝐶
1
Hence is neglected.
𝑃𝐶
1 1
= ; Hence, Rankine Crippling load (P) is
𝑃 𝑃𝐸
approximately equal to Euler’s Crippling load 𝑃𝐸 .
 Rankine’s formula
1 1 1 𝑃𝐸 𝑃 𝐶 𝑃𝐶
= + ; 𝑃= ; 𝑃= 𝑃
𝑃 𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐸 𝑃𝐸 +𝑃𝐶 1+ 𝐶
𝑃𝐸
σ𝐶 𝐴 σ𝐶 𝐴
𝑃= σ𝐶 𝐴 ;𝑃= σ 𝐴𝐿𝑒² ;
1+ 2
π 𝐸𝐼
1+ 𝐶2
π 𝐸𝐴𝑟²
𝐿𝑒²

σ𝐶 𝐴
𝑃= σ𝐶 𝐿𝑒²
;
1+ 2
π 𝐸 𝑟²
σ𝐶 𝐴
𝑃=
𝐿𝑒²
1+α
𝑟²
σ𝐶
Where α = is Rankine’s constant.
π2 𝐸
 Tutorial
The external and internal diameter of the hollow cast iron
column are 50 and 40 mm respectively. If the column is of 3 m
long fixed at both ends. Find the Rankine’s crippling load,
1
taking α = and σ𝐶 = 550 N/mm².
1600
𝜋
𝐴 = 502 − 402 = 225 π 𝑚𝑚²
4
𝜋
𝐼 = 504 − 404 = 57656 π 𝑚𝑚4
64
Radius of gyration 𝑟 = 𝐼/𝐴 = 25.625 mm.
Effective length when both ends fixed;
𝐿𝑒 = L/2 = 1500 mm;
σ𝐶 𝐴
𝑃= 𝐿𝑒²
= 123.75 kN.
1+α 𝑟²
 References
1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., John T.
Dewolf, David F. Mazurek, “Mechanics of
Materials”, Sixth edition, 2012, Chapter 10, pp.
630-691, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
2. R K Bansal, “Strength of Materials”, Revised
fourth edition, 2011, Chapter 19, pp. 817-880,
Laxmi publications, New Delhi, India.
3. R S Khurmi “Strength of Materials”, Twenty third
edition, 2009, Chapter 34, pp. 795-820, S Chand &
Company, New Delhi, India.
 Tutorial
A hollow cylindrical cast iron column is 4 m long with both ends fixed. Determine the
minimum diameter of the column, if it has to carry a safe load of 250 kN with a factor
of safety of 5. Take the internal diameter is 80 % of the external diameter, σc = 550
1
MN/m² and 𝑎 = in Rankine’s formula.
1600
For column with both ends fixed Le = L/2 = 2000 mm
Crippling load = Safe load x FoS = 1250 kN
π 2
𝐴 = 𝐷 − 0.8𝐷 2 = 0.09π𝐷2 ;
4
π
𝐼= 𝐷4 − 0.8𝐷 4 = 0.009225π𝐷4
64
Radius of gyration 𝑟 = 𝐼/𝐴 = 0.32D
σ𝐶 𝐴 550 ∗0.09π𝐷2
𝑃= 𝐿𝑒² ; 1250000 = 1 2000²
1+α 1+
𝑟² 1600 0.32𝐷²

𝐷 4 − 8038𝐷 2 − 196239700 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation which in terms of 𝐷2 ;
𝐷2 = 18592.5
D = 136.3 mm; d = 0.8 D = 109 mm.
 Tutorial
Compare the crippling loads given by Rankine’s and Euler’s formula for tubular strut
2,25 m long having outer and inner diameter of 37.5 mm and 32.5 mm respectively
loaded through pin joints at both ends. Take E = 200 GN/m², σy = 315 MN/m², α =
1/7500. If σy = 200 MN/m², what length of strut is invalid for Euler’s formula to apply.

For both ends pinned (hinged), Le = L = 2.25 m;

π
π2 𝐸𝐼 π2 ∗200∗109 ∗ (0.03754 −0.03254 )
Crippling load by Euler’s formula 𝑃 = 𝐿²
= 64
2.25²
= 37.116 𝑘𝑁
π
𝐼 64
0.03754 −0.03254
Radius of gyration 𝑟 = = π = 0.0124 m
𝐴 (0.03752 −0.03252 )
4
π
σ𝐶 𝐴 315∗106 ∗ (0.03752 −0.03252)
Crippling load by Rankine’s formula 𝑃 = 𝐿𝑒²
= 4
1 2.25²
= 16.065 kN
1+α 1+
𝑟² 7500 0.0124²
π2 𝐸
Crippling stress by Euler’s formula 𝜎𝑐 = 𝐿 2
𝑟
π2 ∗ 200 ∗ 109
200 ∗ 106 = 2
𝐿
0.0124
L = 1.231 m