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Exam Notes Multivariable Calculus Detailed Fixed

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55 views3 pages

Exam Notes Multivariable Calculus Detailed Fixed

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maniacrazy26
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Exam-Focused Notes: Multivariable Calculus

Exam-Focused Notes: Multivariable Calculus

Key Concepts and Definitions:

1. Functions of Two Variables:

- Definition: A function z = f(x, y) relates two independent variables (x, y) to a dependent variable z.

- Example: z = x^2 + y^2 represents a surface.

2. Partial Derivatives:

- Notations: dz/dx = p, dz/dy = q.

- Successive derivatives: d^2z/dx^2, d^2z/dxdy, etc.

3. Gradient:

- grad(phi) = (df/dx)i + (df/dy)j + (df/dz)k.

4. Maxima, Minima, and Saddle Points:

- Use the second derivative test with:

D = (f_xx)(f_yy) - (f_xy)^2.

5. Method of Lagrange Multipliers:

- Solve constrained optimization problems by introducing multipliers.

Examples and Detailed Solutions:

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Exam-Focused Notes: Multivariable Calculus

Example 1: Limit of a Function

Find lim (x,y)->(2,-1) (x^2 - 2xy + 3y^2 - 4x + 3y - 6).

Solution:

Step 1: Substitute x = 2, y = -1 directly into the expression.

Step 2: Compute:

= (2)^2 - 2(2)(-1) + 3(-1)^2 - 4(2) + 3(-1) - 6

= 4 + 4 + 3 - 8 - 3 - 6 = -1.

Final Answer: -1.

Example 2: Prove a Limit Does Not Exist

Prove that lim (x,y)->(0,0) (x^2 - y^2) / (x^2 + y^2) does not exist.

Solution:

Step 1: Approach along y = mx (a straight line through origin).

Substitute y = mx into the function:

f(x, y) = (x^2 - m^2x^2) / (x^2 + m^2x^2) = (1 - m^2) / (1 + m^2).

The result depends on m, so the limit varies with the path.

Final Conclusion: The limit does not exist.

Example 3: Continuity of a Function

Test for continuity at (0, 0) for:

f(x, y) = (x^3 - y^3) / (x^2 + y^2), x^2 + y^2 != 0; f(0, 0) = 0.

Solution:

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Exam-Focused Notes: Multivariable Calculus

Step 1: Evaluate lim (x,y)->(0,0) along y = mx:

Substitute y = mx into the function.

Simplify to get: lim x->0 (x^3 - m^3x^3) / (x^2 + m^2x^2).

Result: 0 (independent of m).

Step 2: Verify f(0, 0) = 0.

Conclusion: The function is continuous at (0, 0).

(Additional examples and solutions will be included as extracted...)

Key Tips for Exam Preparation:

- Memorize critical formulas and properties (e.g., gradient, limits, and Lagrange multipliers).

- Solve examples repeatedly to strengthen problem-solving skills.

- Focus on identifying and applying the right approach to each problem type.

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