NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND

PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

IX SEMESTER B.ARCH. DISSERTATION REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture
of the University of Calicut

SUBMITTED BY

ASMA SHIRIN
HIAUEBC009.

College of Architecture
CHITTILAPPILLY, THRISSUR
 2017- 2022

College of Architecture
CHITTILAPPILLY, THRISSUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation titled “NOMADIC
ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND
PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES” submitted by Ms. Asma Shirin
submitted as Semester IX subject in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture of the
University of Calicut is a bonafide work carried out by her under my
guidance and supervision.

GUIDE PRINCIPAL

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2 CHAIRMAN

2
 DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that

1. The Dissertation titled “NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE

STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES” is the

outcome of my own research study done under the guidance of Asst.Prof. Ar.
Aysha Najma Ikbal, during the IX Semester of the B. Arch Degree course at IES
College of Architecture, Chittilappilly, Thrissur.
2. The work has not been submitted previously, in part or whole, elsewhere for the
award of any degree.
3. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit by citing them in the text of the dissertation and
giving their details in the references.
4. I have duly acknowledged all the sources used by me in the preparation of this
dissertation.

Place: Thrissur
ASMA SHIRIN
Date:

3
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would want to begin by giving praise and thanks to Allah, The Most Gracious
and The Most Merciful, for his blessings on my studies. My greatest gratitude
goes out to Ar. Aysha Najma Ikbal and Ar.Amal Plakkat who served as my guide
during the research and provided me with insightful advice. I am also thankful to
all the faculty members of the IES College of Architecture for their timely advice
and encouragement, and to Asst.Prof.Sreekumar A.K and Ar.Mariya Simon the
dissertation coordinators, for their efforts. I will forever owe a debt of gratitude to
my friends for their infallible analytical discussions and opinions, without which
this publication would not have been possible. Finally, I would like to extend my
gratitude to my parents for their motivation, support, and tolerance throughout
this course.

ASMA SHIRIN

4
 ABSTRACT
Nomadic architecture originating from traditions of building movable shelters for
protection against extreme environments has undergone significant evolution over
time. The core aspect of this style has always been its adaptability in both spatial and
functional aspects. Historically these flexible structures enabled people to move and
reconstruct their homes, as necessary. Today this concept has expanded to
encompass a range of portable structures used for various purposes such as social
gatherings, emergency accommodations and mobile residences. In times the field of
nomadic architecture has embraced innovative technologies that have revolutionized
the design, construction, and functionality of portable structures. Unlike buildings
these structures can be disassembled and relocated multiple times providing versatile
solutions for diverse needs. They are often more cost effective and faster to build
compared to structures while not requiring fixed foundations. Many modern portable
structures are also designed with energy efficiency in mind.They are constructed
using recyclable materials to reduce their environmental footprint. This research
paper explores the merging of nomadic practices with contemporary sustainable
design principles by examining how advancements in materials, digital tools and
construction methods are improving the performance, efficiency, and durability of
portable structures. This study explores the potential of nomadic architecture to tackle
urgent environmental issues, like climate change, resource depletion and waste
reduction by delving into various literature and examining real life examples.In this
research paper the comparative analysis investigates the design, construction, and
functional efficacy of pneumatic and prefabricated nomadic structures. Through a
critical examination of structural integrity, sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and
adaptability, this study evaluates the suitability of these portable structures for
temporary applications.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE .................................................................................................................2
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................5
LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 11
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY ........................................................................................................ 11
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ........................................................................................................ 12
1.3 NEED OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................... 12
1.4 AIM..................................................................................................................................... 13
1.5 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 13
1.6 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 13
1.7 LIMITATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.8 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 15
2.1 RESEARCH PAPERS..................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 A REVIEW ON PORTABLE STRUCTURES BY FERAY MADEN ................................................ 15
2.1.2 NOMADIC: PNEUMATIC BUILDINGS THAT MOVE BY REBECCA RUDOLPH ........................ 19
2.1.3 ARCHITECTURE: NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE OF INNER ASIA BY FERENC ZAMOLYI ............ 21
2.2 LITERATURE CASE STUDY .......................................................................................................... 23
2.2.1 DRAPER – LAND ARK .......................................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 PREFABRICATED CABIN ...................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 3 DATA COLLECTION ....................................................................................... 25
3.1 DATA FROM JOURNALS AND WEBSITES.................................................................................... 25
3.1.1 TRADITIONAL NOMADIC STRUCTURES .............................................................................. 25
3.1.2 PREFAB STRUCTURES ......................................................................................................... 28
3.1.3 PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES .................................................................................................. 31
3.1.4 TENSILE STRUCTURES ......................................................................................................... 32
3.1.5 MOBILE HOMES AND TRAILERS.......................................................................................... 34
3.1.6 EMERGENCY SHELTERS ...................................................................................................... 36
3.2 LIVE CASE STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.1 METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................... 41

6
 3.3 SERVICES IN PORTABLE STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 45
3.3.1 ELECTRICAL SERVICES ......................................................................................................... 45
3.3.2 PLUMBING SERVICES .......................................................................................................... 45
3.3.3 HVAC SERVICES................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 45
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES ......................................................................... 47
4.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES ................................ 47
4.2 INFERENCE ............................................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 50
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................... 51

7
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 - Comparative analysis............................................................................................................ 47

8
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 - Traditional yurts,tipis and tents ......................................................................................... 11

Figure 2 - Modern portable structures - walking house, The looper and weaved home tent............ 12
Figure 3 - Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 4 - Folded platestructures ........................................................................................................ 16
Figure 5 - Pneumatic structures .......................................................................................................... 17
Figure 6 - Scissor and bar system ........................................................................................................ 18
Figure 7 - Lávvu ................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 8 - Pao I & II .............................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 9 - Nomadic structures of inner Asia ........................................................................................ 22
Figure 10 – Draper............................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 11 - Prefab cabins ..................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 12 - Traditional and modern Yurts ........................................................................................... 26
Figure 13 - Traditional and modernTipis ............................................................................................. 27
Figure 14 - Traditional and modern Bedouin tents ............................................................................. 28
Figure 15 - Modular building ............................................................................................................... 29
Figure 16 - Container house ................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 17 - Foldable home................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 18 - Inflatable tents .................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 19 - Air supported domes......................................................................................................... 32
Figure 20 - Tensile tents ...................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 21 - Geodesic domes ................................................................................................................ 34
Figure 22 – Caravan ............................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 23 - House on wheels ............................................................................................................... 36
Figure 24 - Refugee Shelters ............................................................................................................... 37
Figure 25 - Hexayurts .......................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 26 - Modular house .................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 27 - Building sytems ................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 28 - Building Configuration....................................................................................................... 40
Figure 29 - Product distribution .......................................................................................................... 41

9
Figure 30 – Prefabrication ................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 31 - Packaging........................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 32 - Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 33 - On site mounting............................................................................................................... 43
Figure 34 - Modular House 1 ............................................................................................................... 44
Figure 35 - Modular house 2 ............................................................................................................... 44
Figure 36 - Composting toilets,Incinerating toilets,vaccum toilets,chemical toilet ............................ 46

10
 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

Nomadic architecture is a type of design that is mobile, flexible and adaptable,
inspired by traditional nomadic cultures where structures were built to be moved.
These portable structures have been a staple in many nomadic societies for
centuries, where people would move according to seasons, resources and
environment. In modern times the concept of nomadic architecture has gained
interest again due to globalisation, urbanisation, displacement and the need for
sustainable and adaptable solutions in housing and infrastructure.

Historically nomadic architecture was shaped by the environmental and social needs
of nomadic communities, the Mongolian yurt, the Bedouin tent and the Native
American tipi as shown in figure 1. These structures were light weight, easy to
assemble and disassemble and designed for specific climates and landscapes. As
global environmental concerns rise, and populations are displaced by natural
disasters, conflicts or economic instability the principles of nomadic living are more
relevant to modern architecture.

Figure 1 - Traditional yurts,tipis and tents

Source – Philip Arnell,Roland Tanglao

In the 21st century the discourse around mobility has expanded with the development
of new building technologies like prefabricated (prefab) and pneumatic structures.
These systems offer efficient, flexible and rapid deployment solutions for temporary
or mobile living. But modern nomadic architecture goes beyond the traditional
associations with tents or shelters. It encompasses a wide range of design strategies
that prioritise sustainability, adaptability and responsiveness to changing living
conditions.
IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 11
 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

The integration of technology such as the renewable energy sources and modular
construction systems has also enabled nomadic architecture in urban environments.
Modern nomadic structures (Shown in Figure 2) are not just for disaster relief or
temporary shelters but also for long term housing solutions that can be moved,
reconfigured or adapted according to the user’s needs.

This study aims to explore the evolution of nomadic architecture with a focus on
comparing prefabricated and pneumatic structures as two key methods. By looking
into their material properties, construction techniques, sustainability and applicability
to contemporary challenges this research will contribute to the understanding of how
mobility, flexibility and sustainability can be integrated into future architectural
practices.

Figure 2 - Modern portable structures - walking house, The looper and weaved home tent
Source – Jim Dobson,2021

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION

• What are the technological innovations in the field of nomadic architecture.
• How can sustainability be encouraged through nomadic architecture.

1.3 NEED OF THE STUDY

The study of nomadic architecture is important for addressing the contemporary
challenges in the society with new technology and sustainability. With growing
urbanization and environmental concerns, there is a need for innovative housing
options that are adaptable and ecologically friendly. The improvement in materials
science and construction methods has resulted into strong yet light weight mobile
structures which consumes less energy. Therefore, these new technologies have
been put in place to minimize the impact of residential areas on the environment and
also address the changing dynamics of the housing sector. Sustainable nomadic
IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 12
 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

architecture means that communities can be more resistant to crisis by providing

them with quick shelter alternatives with minimal cost during natural disasters.

Despite the growing interest in nomadic architecture, there is a lack of comprehensive

research comparing the design, construction, and functional efficacy of pneumatic
and prefabricated structures. This study aims to address this knowledge gap,
exploring the potential of nomadic architecture to provide sustainable, adaptable
solutions for contemporary environmental challenges.

1.4 AIM
To investigate the potential of nomadic architecture as a sustainable and adaptable
building solution, through a comparative analysis of pneumatic and prefabricated
structures.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
• To examine the idea of nomadic architecture and its evolution.
• To study the technological innovations in the field of nomadic architecture.
• To study and analyze how sustainability can be promoted through nomadic
architecture.
• To do a comparative analysis of prefab and pneumatic structures.

1.6 SCOPE
The research paper explores sustainable design strategies tailored to nomadic
architecture. It mainly helps to understand the idea of nomadic architecture, its new
technologies and how nomadic architecture can promote sustainability.

1.7 LIMITATIONS
• Limited number of case studies available.
• No live case study is available for pneumatic structures.
• Limited due to time limit.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 13

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

1.8 METHODOLOGY

Figure 3 - Methodology
Source – Generated by author,2024

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 14

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 RESEARCH PAPERS

2.1.1 A REVIEW ON PORTABLE STRUCTURES BY FERAY MADEN

It explores the evolution, applications, and significance of portable structures in
architecture. The main objective is to analyze how these structures have adapted
over time to meet the changing needs of society, particularly in terms of mobility,
sustainability, and functionality. The authors hypothesize that portable structures can
provide innovative solutions to modern architectural challenges, such as housing
shortages and disaster relief

Key findings of the paper indicate that portable structures have a rich historical
context, dating back to ancient civilizations that utilized temporary shelters for
protection. The review highlights various modern applications, including mobile
homes, prefabricated buildings, and modular designs, which have gained popularity
due to their flexibility and efficiency. The authors emphasize that advancements in
materials and technology have significantly enhanced the functionality and aesthetic
appeal of portable structures, making them viable options for contemporary living and
working environments. [1]

(i) Folded plate systems.

These systems (Shown in Figure 4) utilize flat plates that are folded to create a three-
dimensional form, providing both aesthetic appeal and structural efficiency.

Characteristics:

• Structural Efficiency

• Design Flexibility

• Construction and portability

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 15

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 4 - Folded platestructures

source - Nenad Šekularac 2012

Applications

Folded plate systems are particularly useful in portable structures due to their ability
to combine functionality with aesthetic design. They are often employed in:

• Temporary shelters

• Exhibition spaces

• Mobile offices

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 16

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

(ii) Pneumatic systems.

These systems (Shown in Figure – 5)utilize compressed air to create movement and
support structures, offering unique advantages in terms of flexibility and adaptability.

Characteristics:

• Dynamic Support

• Rapid Deployment

• Energy Efficiency

Applications

Pneumatic systems are particularly suited for portable structures due to their flexibility
and ease of use. Common applications include:

• Inflatable shelters for disaster relief

• Temporary exhibition spaces

• Mobile medical facilities

Figure 5 - Pneumatic structures

source – Alexey Peretz ,2021

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 17

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

(iii) Scissors and bar systems.

These systems utilize interconnected bars and scissor-like mechanisms to create

dynamic and adaptable structures that can be easily deployed and retracted.

Characteristics :

• Modular Design.

• Space Efficiency.

• Structural Stability.

Applications

Scissors and bar systems (Shown in Figure 6) are particularly effective in portable
structures due to their adaptability and ease of use. Common applications include:

• Temporary event spaces

• Mobile stages

• Emergency shelters

Figure 6 - Scissor and bar system

source – Kelvin Roovers,2017

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 18

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

In conclusion, this paper on portable structures highlights the significance of various

innovative design systems, including folded plate systems, pneumatic systems, and
scissors and bar systems. Each of these structures offers unique advantages that
cater to the evolving needs of modern architecture, emphasizing adaptability,
efficiency, and rapid deployment. Folded plate systems provide structural efficiency
and aesthetic flexibility, making them suitable for a range of applications from
temporary shelters to public buildings. Pneumatic systems stand out for their dynamic
support and rapid deployment capabilities, ideal for emergency situations and
temporary installations. Meanwhile, scissors and bar systems offer modularity and
space efficiency, ensuring stability while allowing for easy assembly and disassembly.
Together, these systems represent the future of portable architecture, addressing the
challenges of mobility and sustainability while enhancing the functionality of
temporary structures. The continued exploration and development of these innovative
designs will play a crucial role in meeting the diverse demands of contemporary
society.

2.1.2 NOMADIC: PNEUMATIC BUILDINGS THAT MOVE BY REBECCA

RUDOLPH
In an era marked by rapid globalization and shifting cultural landscapes, the concept
of nomadism has emerged as a compelling framework for rethinking architectural
practices. Historically, nomadic societies have thrived by adapting to their
environments, utilizing lightweight and portable structures that reflect their dynamic
lifestyles. This thesis investigates the potential of deployable architecture to foster
cultural exchange and community engagement, addressing the pressing need for
responsive and inclusive spaces in a world increasingly characterized by transience
and uncertainty. By exploring the intersection of nomadic systems and contemporary
architectural design, this research aims to propose innovative solutions that not only
honor local traditions but also embrace the complexities of modern societal demands.
Through a comprehensive analysis of historical precedents, case studies, and design
methodologies, the study seeks to illuminate the role of mobile architecture in shaping
a sustainable and culturally rich future. [4]

The research employs a mixed-methods approach that combines various actions to

explore nomadic architecture. Key elements include:

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 19

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Case Study Analysis: Examination of selected mobile infrastructures to understand

their cultural and technical significance.
Research Actions: A blend of reading, writing, analysing, designing, and modelling to
facilitate simultaneous exploration of design processes.
Theoretical Framework: Utilizes insights from nomadic, pneumatic, and deployable
systems, informed by local knowledge, to create a flexible architectural proposal that
addresses cultural and environmental needs.

This comprehensive methodology aims to uncover how mobile systems can serve as
effective tools for responsive and inclusive architecture.

This research paper delves into nomadic architecture, particularly focusing on the
local nomad, the Sámi people. The paper connects Sámi culture to contemporary
architectural practices by emphasizing the importance of local knowledge and
traditional techniques in the design of mobile and deployable structures. It highlights
the Sámi's historical use of lightweight, portable dwellings, such as the Lávvu, (Shown
in Figure 7) as a model for creating flexible architectural solutions that respond to
environmental and cultural contexts. By integrating Sámi craftsmanship and
vernacular practices into modern design, the research advocates for a dialogue
between old and new technologies, fostering a sustainable architectural approach
that respects and revitalizes indigenous cultural heritage.

Figure 7 - Lávvu
source – Rebecca Rudolph ,2021

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 20

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

The study also looks at contemporary nomadism, including the new nomad concept
depicted by Archigram and Toyo Ito, and the urban nomad idea. The research aims
to create a sustainable cultural infrastructure for a possible nomadic future,
emphasizing the importance of local knowledge, materials, and techniques in
designing deployable structures.

Toyo Ito in 1985 developed a vision of the life of an Urban Nomad, through the piece
PaoI&II: dwelling for the Tokyo Nomad Girl as shown in figure 8. Consisting of a light
structure with exposed units and an envelope activated by domestic furniture, it
illustrates human life during the bubble economy period of Japan.

Figure 8 - Pao I & II

source – Mariabruna Fabrizi,2016

The paper discusses about the deployable structures through the lens of nomadic
systems, aiming to create lightweight, mobile architecture that promotes cultural
exchange and community engagement. It reviews relevant literature, articulates a
research question focused on using mobile systems for inclusive architecture, and
examines case studies of mobile infrastructures to understand their cultural and
technical implications. The design proposal outlines a system of overlapping
structures that can adapt to various scenarios, emphasizing the importance of local
techniques and participatory programs in addressing contemporary cultural and
environmental challenges.

2.1.3 ARCHITECTURE: NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE OF INNER ASIA BY FERENC

ZAMOLYI
This research paper talks about the Nomadic Architecture in inner Asia including
Central Asia,Mangolia and Tibet. Discussing about Yurts (Shown in figure -9) and its
structural properties. Yurts are mobile and easily transportable. They have light
IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 21
 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

wooden frames covered with felt. Yurts are designed for easy assembly and
disassembly. Interior of yurts is divided into men's and women's sections. [2]

Structural Properties:

• Yurts have optimized spatial structures.

• Assembled yurts have dome or cone-shaped interiors.

• They are built for minimal effort in disassembly and transport.

The key features of the traditional Mongolian yurts are:

Structure: Lightweight wooden frame covered with layers of felt for insulation and
protection against harsh weather.
Design: Typically features a low-pitched roof, which is more stable in strong winds
and better suited for winter storms.
Mobility: Easily disassembled and transported on animals or carts, allowing for quick
setup and relocation.
Orientation: Always erected facing south, with the entrance positioned accordingly.
Interior: Often includes decorative elements like painted roof wheels and struts, with
a central hearth for warmth

Figure 9 - Nomadic structures of inner Asia

source – Ferenc Zamolyi,2016

The paper concludes that traditional Mongolian yurts are not only functional dwellings
but also vital cultural symbols that embody the nomadic lifestyle of Inner Asia. Their
design and construction reflect a deep understanding of the environment, allowing for
adaptability and resilience in the face of harsh climatic conditions. As modernization
influences nomadic practices, the preservation of yurt architecture and the cultural

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 22

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

heritage it represents remains crucial for maintaining the identity of nomadic

communities in Mongolia.

2.2 LITERATURE CASE STUDY

2.2.1 DRAPER – LAND ARK

Optimized for an individual or a couple, this mid-century modern camper mobile home
design delivers a functional layout in a sophisticated package (shown in figure – 10).
The mud room entry features a 7 ft.+ width wardrobe, a separate W/D utility closet
and a nook with a bench and cubbies. Connecting this space to the rest of the interior
is a gallery with recessed lighting and clerestory windows. From the gallery, ascend
up the custom designed oak ladder into the sleeping loft enclosed with large windows.
A compact, yet surprisingly luxurious bathroom features a vanity, wall-hung toilet and
a full-size, walk-in shower with recessed lighting and a window. Flooded with natural
light, the main living area opens up to a large galley kitchen.[10]

The insulation consists of closed-cell spray applied to the floor, walls, and roof. The
exterior features maintenance-free black corrugated metal siding, complemented by
wood-look siding on the deck inset for added aesthetic appeal. The structure includes
twelve dual-pane, tempered windows, of which eight are operable, while four are fixed
at an angle.

Figure 10 – Draper
source – Landarkrv.com

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 23

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

2.2.2 PREFABRICATED CABIN

The prefabricated cabin by artist Bobby Niven and architect Iain MacLeod is designed
to be easily transported on the back of a lorry (Shown in Figure – 11). This is a
prefabricated multipurpose space designed to bring its owners closer to nature. Built
in Scotland from sustainable materials, it is inspired by an artist residency space
conceived by Niven and MacLeod in the Scottish Highlands. Created to work either
as an off-grid space or be connected to electricity and water services, the classic
design evokes traditional agricultural dwellings designed to blend into their
surroundings. [8]

Figure 11 - Prefab cabins

source - Jessica Mairs,2018

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 24

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 3 DATA COLLECTION

3.1 DATA FROM JOURNALS AND WEBSITES

Nomadic or portable structures are designed with the core principles of mobility,
flexibility, and ease of assembly/disassembly in mind, making them ideal for
temporary or adaptable living. Historically rooted in the lifestyles of nomadic cultures,
these structures have evolved dramatically over time to encompass both traditional
methods and modern innovations, addressing the growing demand for sustainable,
movable, and rapid-deployment housing solutions. Below is an in-depth exploration
of the primary types of nomadic and portable structures, illustrating their unique
features, cultural origins, and applications in contemporary architecture.

So, the portable structures can be mainly divided into:

• Traditional Nomadic Structures

• Prefabricated (Prefab) Structure

• Pneumatic Structures

• Tensile Structures

• Mobile Homes & Trailers

• Emergency Shelters

3.1.1 TRADITIONAL NOMADIC STRUCTURES

(i) Yurts

Nomadic or portable structures are designed with the core principles of mobility,
flexibility, and ease of assembly/disassembly in mind, making them ideal for
temporary or adaptable living. Historically rooted in the lifestyles of nomadic cultures,
these structures have evolved dramatically over time to encompass both traditional
methods and modern innovations, addressing the growing demand for sustainable,
movable, and rapid-deployment housing solutions. Below is an in-depth exploration

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 25

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

of the primary types of nomadic and portable structures, illustrating their unique
features, cultural origins, and applications in contemporary architecture. [2]

The yurt, (Shown in figure 12) or ger, is a circular, tent-like structure used by Central
Asian nomads, especially in Mongolia.

Construction Process:
Frame: Wooden lattice walls and rafters form the circular frame.
Covering: The frame is covered with felt (usually made from sheep's wool) and a
waterproof outer layer.
Central Support: Central poles support the dome-like roof.

Key Features:
Insulation: Felt insulation offers protection against cold winters and hot summers.
Modular Design: The frame consists of collapsible wooden poles and lattice walls,
making it highly portable.
Cultural Importance: Yurts are a symbol of Mongolian nomadic culture, combining
simplicity with practical elegance.
Modern Applications: Modern yurts are often used as eco-friendly, off-grid homes or
glamping accommodations due to their simplicity and sustainability.

Figure 12 - Traditional and modern Yurts

source - Philip Arnell,
(ii) Tipis

The tipi, or tepee,(Shown in figure -13) is a conical tent traditionally used by Native
American tribes, particularly on the Great Plains of North America. [2]

Construction Process:

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 26

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Frame: Long wooden poles arranged in a conical shape.

Covering: Animal hides or canvas are draped over the poles and tied securely.
Smoke Hole: A small hole is left at the top for ventilation.

Key Features:
Weather Resistance: Tipis are designed to withstand strong winds and cold climates.
Ventilation: A smoke hole at the top allows for ventilation, making them ideal for living
in harsh environments.
Mobility: The tipi’s poles and fabric can be easily transported and reassembled, ideal
for frequent relocation.
Modern Applications: Tipis are now popular as camping structures, eco-retreats, and
cultural tourism experiences, blending heritage with modern living.

Figure 13 - Traditional and modernTipis

source - Roland Tanglao

(iii) Bedouin tents

Traditionally used by Bedouin nomads in the deserts of the Middle East and North
Africa, it is both durable and weather resistant.(Shown in figure -14)

construction Process:
Frame: Wooden or metal poles support the large tent.
Covering: Goat hair fabric is woven into strips, creating the tent walls and roof.
Weather Adaptation: The fabric is flexible to allow airflow in the desert environment.
Key Features:
Heat Resistance: The tents are designed to provide shade and cooling in the desert
sun while being water-resistant.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 27

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Modularity: Sections of the tent can be added or removed to suit different needs or
group sizes.
Cultural Significance: Bedouin tents are symbolic of hospitality in nomadic culture.
Modern Applications: Bedouin-style tents are now used in eco-lodges, desert tourism,
and festival venues.

Figure 14 - Traditional and modern Bedouin tents

source – Kiqe Bosch

3.1.2 PREFAB STRUCTURES

(i) Modular buildings

Modular buildings (Shown in figure – 15) are pre-manufactured units designed to be

assembled on-site, providing flexible solutions for residential, commercial, or
temporary use.

Construction Process:
Pre-Manufacture: Modules are built in factories.
Transportation: The modules are transported to the site.
Assembly: The modules are connected to form a complete structure.

Key Features:
Scalability: Multiple modules can be combined to create larger buildings.
Speed of Construction: The use of pre-built modules drastically reduces on-site
construction time.
Versatility: Used for everything from permanent housing to temporary offices,
schools, or healthcare facilities.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 28

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Modern Applications: Modular buildings are often used in urban housing, disaster
relief, or as temporary spaces for events or exhibitions.

Figure 15 - Modular building

source – J.SPrefab homes

(ii) Shipping container homes

Shipping containers (Shown in figure – 16) are repurposed as portable homes or

offices. Made from steel, these containers are durable and weather resistant.

construction Process:
Container Sourcing: Used shipping containers are repurposed.
Cutting and Insulation: Windows, doors, and insulation are added to convert
containers into living spaces.
Stacking: Multiple containers can be stacked to create multi-story buildings.

Key Features:
Durability: Designed to withstand harsh shipping conditions, making them ideal for
long-term use.
Sustainability: Repurposing containers reduces waste and provides a cost-effective
housing solution.
Portability: Easily transported and stacked to create multi-story homes or structures.
Modern Applications: Shipping container homes are popular in urban environments,
eco-friendly communities, and as emergency shelters.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 29

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 16 - Container house

source - IndiaMart

(iii) Foldable/flat pack homes

These homes are designed to fold or collapse into flat sections for easy transport.
Once on-site, they can be quickly unfolded and assembled.(Shown in figure – 17)

Construction Process:
Pre-Fabrication: Walls and roof sections are manufactured and packed flat.
Assembly: On-site, the sections are unfolded and locked together to form a complete
building.

Key Features:
Compact Design: Ideal for transport to remote locations.
Quick Setup: Can be set up in a matter of hours, making them ideal for emergency
housing.
Versatility: Used for disaster relief, temporary housing, or modular offices.
Modern Applications: These homes are used in disaster-prone areas or for affordable,
off-grid living solutions.

Figure 17 - Foldable home

source – Caleb wedman

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 30

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

3.1.3 PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

(i) Inflatable tents

Inflatable tents (Shown in figure – 18) use air to create tension and maintain their
structure, offering quick deployment and portability.

Construction Process:
Air-Filled Frame: Air pumps inflate fabric tubes that form the frame of the tent.
Fabric Shell: The exterior is made from durable, weather-resistant fabric stretched
over the air-filled tubes.
Anchoring: The structure is anchored to the ground for stability.

Key Features:
Lightweight: Made from durable, air-tight fabric.
Rapid Setup: Can be deployed and taken down quickly.
Versatility: Used for events, medical facilities, or temporary housing in disaster areas.
Modern Applications: Inflatable tents are widely used in outdoor events, military
bases, and disaster relief camps.

Figure 18 - Inflatable tents

source – John jing,2024

(ii) Air supported domes

Description: These domes are large, enclosed spaces supported by maintaining a

constant internal air pressure.(Shown in figure – 19)

Construction Process:
Air Pressure System: Air pumps maintain internal air pressure to keep the dome
inflated.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 31

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Dome Structure: Made from lightweight materials like PVC-coated fabric.

Anchoring: The dome is anchored to the ground, and a constant flow of air maintains
the shape.

Key Features:
Spacious: Can cover large areas without the need for internal supports.
Energy-Efficient: Air pressure systems use relatively little energy.
Temporary Use: Commonly used for sports facilities, exhibitions, or festivals.
Modern Applications: Air-supported domes are used for temporary stadiums, event
pavilions, and even semi-permanent structures in harsh environments.

Figure 19 - Air supported domes

source - Wikipedia

3.1.4 TENSILE STRUCTURES

(i) Tensile tents

Tensioned fabric tents (Shown in Figure – 20) supported by poles or cables,

commonly used for large events or temporary shelters.

Construction Process:
Support Poles: Tall poles or cables support tensioned fabric.
Tensioned Fabric: The fabric is stretched to form a canopy, anchored at various
points.
Modular Design: Different sizes can be created by adjusting the tension and support
poles.
IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 32
 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Key Features:
Flexibility: Fabric can be stretched into various shapes to cover large areas.
Durability: Modern materials like PVC-coated fabrics are strong and weather-
resistant.
Aesthetic Appeal: Often used for outdoor events, providing elegant, open spaces.
Modern Applications: Tensile tents are popular at music festivals, outdoor exhibitions,
and temporary marketplaces.

Figure 20 - Tensile tents

source - IndiaMart

(ii) Geodesic domes

Geodesic domes (Shown in figure – 21) are built from a network of triangles that
distribute stress evenly, resulting in a strong, lightweight structure.

Construction Process:
Triangular Panels: A network of triangular panels is assembled to form the dome.
Modular Assembly: Prefabricated pieces are connected at hubs to create the
structure.
Covering: The structure is covered with fabric or rigid panels.

Key Features:
Strength: The triangular structure makes it highly resistant to external forces.
IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 33
 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Efficiency: Uses fewer materials compared to conventional buildings of the same size.
Portability: Can be assembled and disassembled quickly.
Modern Applications: Used for eco-housing, greenhouses, event spaces, and even
research stations in extreme environments.

Figure 21 - Geodesic domes

source – Geodesicdomes.ie

3.1.5 MOBILE HOMES AND TRAILERS

(i) Recreational vehicles (rvs) and caravans

RVs and caravans are vehicles (Shown in Figure – 22) that serve as both
transportation and living spaces.

Construction Process:
Chassis and Wheels: A standard vehicle chassis is equipped with wheels for mobility.
Interior Fit-Out: The interior is designed with living areas, kitchens, and bathrooms.
Self-Sustaining Systems: Water, power, and waste systems are integrated into the
vehicle.

Key Features:
Self-Sustaining: Equipped with kitchens, bathrooms, and sleeping areas.
Mobility: Designed to be driven or towed, allowing for continuous travel.
Versatility: Used for both long-term living and short-term travel.
Modern Applications: Popular among travellers and retirees, offering a nomadic
lifestyle with all the comforts of home.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 34

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 22 – Caravan
source – IndiaMart

(ii) Tiny house on wheels

Tiny houses on wheels (Shown in Figure – 23) are compact, fully functional homes
designed for minimalist living.

Construction Process:
Trailer Base: The house is built on a trailer with wheels for easy transport.
Framing and Insulation: Standard house construction methods are used for the walls
and roof.
Interior Design: Designed for efficient use of space, with multifunctional furniture and
eco-friendly features.

Key Features:
Eco-Friendly: Often built using sustainable materials and designed for energy
efficiency.
Minimalist Design: Focuses on small, well-organized living spaces.
Mobility: Can be towed to different locations, offering flexibility in living arrangements.
Modern Applications: Tiny houses on wheels are popular in the tiny home movement,
promoting sustainable, off-grid living.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 35

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 23 - House on wheels

source – Jen Grimble,2023

3.1.6 EMERGENCY SHELTERS

(i).Refugee shelters

Modular, portable shelters (Shown in figure – 24) designed for deployment in conflict
zones or disaster areas.

Construction Process:
Modular Components: Shelters are made from prefabricated panels or modules for
quick assembly.
Durable Materials: Materials like steel, aluminium, or plastic provide durability.
Scalable Design: The shelter can be expanded or reduced depending on need.

Key Features:
Quick Assembly: Can be rapidly set up to house displaced populations.
Durability: Built to withstand harsh conditions, including extreme weather and
prolonged use.
Scalability: Can be expanded or modified as needed to accommodate larger
populations.
Modern Applications: Used extensively by humanitarian organizations in disaster
relief efforts around the world.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 36

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 24 - Refugee Shelters

source – Fast company,2019

(ii).Hexayurt

A low-cost, easy-to-build shelter made from flat panels, often used in disaster
relief.(Shown in figure – 25)

Construction Process:
Simple Panels: Triangular and square panels are cut from plywood or insulation
board.
Assembly: The panels are joined at angles to form a hexagonal shape.
Low-Cost Materials: The shelter is built using inexpensive, readily available materials.

Key Features:
Affordable: Constructed from inexpensive, readily available materials like plywood or
insulation board.
Simple Construction: Can be built with minimal tools and expertise.
Versatile: Suitable for various climates and environments.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 37

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Modern Applications: Hexayurts are widely used in disaster response efforts,

particularly in temporary refugee camps.

Figure 25 - Hexayurts
source - Vijaarunkumar

3.2 LIVE CASE STUDY

LOOM CRAFTS – ERNAKULAM

Loom Crafts are the leading manufacturers of Modular Prefabricated Factory-made

Homes & Cottages for Farmhouses / Homestay's / Holiday Homes etc.

Figure 26 - Modular house

source – Captured by author,2024

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 38

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

BUILDING SYSTEMS

Loom crafts uses the best dry technologies, already tested and available on the
market, to design modular buildings with standard components. The structural
components of the floor, wall and roof are totally prefabricated by them as they are
experts in the processing, with numerically controlled machines, and assembly of the
materials. [7]

1. Modular Building Systems: Factory-built, modular units assembled on-site.

2. Panelised Building Systems: Prefabricated walls, floors, and roofs assembled

on-site.

3. Structural Insulated Panel (SIP) Systems: Foam-filled panels providing

insulation and structural support.

4. Steel Framing Systems: Lightweight, durable steel frames for walls and roofs.

5. Timber Framing Systems: Prefabricated wood frames for walls and roofs.

Figure 27 - Building sytems

source – Loomcraftsprefab.com

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 39

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

BUILDING CONFIGURATIONS

Loom crafts promotes modularity in the construction sector: buildings will be no longer
designed, but configured with standard components, that are produced in the factory.
The shape, the function and every surface, internal and external, are customizable:
there are no limits to the imagination

Loom Crafts pioneers modular building configuration, enabling customized, efficient,

and sustainable structures. [7]

Prefab structures can be configured in various ways:

1. Modular Configurations
2. Panelized Configurations
3. Hybrid Configurations

Figure 28 - Building Configuration

source – Loomcraftsprefab.com

PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION

Prefab components are delivered directly to the construction site and swiftly installed,
leveraging precise joint systems and mechanical fastenings. Collaboration with
specialized experts ensures eco-friendly products, efficient assembly, innovative
design, and high-quality buildings[7]

Prefab structures require specialized logistics and transportation:

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 40

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

1. Oversized Load Transportation

2. Container Shipping
3. Flatbed Trucking
4. Crane Services
5. Site Accessibility Evaluation

Figure 29 - Product distribution

source - Loomcraftsprefab.com

3.2.1 METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

(i) Off site prefabrication

Every layer of the modular panel is designed with the perspective of a mass
production: the purpose consists of reducing as more as possible the number of
processes carried out on-site, to manage them directly into the factory (off-site).

Off-site prefabrication in factories is a construction method that involves

manufacturing prefabricated structures in a controlled environment, away from the
construction site. This approach offers numerous benefits, transforming the
construction industry's efficiency, quality, and sustainability. [7]

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 41

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 30 – Prefabrication
source - Loomcraftsprefab.com

(ii) Packaging

The modular panels and the other elements are packed and safely loaded on trucks,
in order to assure the maximum performance and protect the quality of the product.
The final customer will not receive a pre-mounted module, as it used to implie an
oversize load, so the delivery cost would be expensive. [7]

Figure 31 - Packaging
source - Loomcraftsprefab.com

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 42

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

(iii) Delivery at the construction site

The modular panels and the other elements are packed and safely loaded on trucks,
in order to assure the maximum performance and protect the quality of the product.
The final customer will not receive a pre-mounted module, as it used to implie an
oversize load, so the delivery cost would be expensive. [7]

Figure 32 - Distribution
source - Loomcraftsprefab.com
(iv) Simple on site mounting

The assembly of the structures is simple, quick and intuitive. Each panel is lifted by
a light crane truck, it is positioned correctly, then fastened with screws. Finally,vapor
barriers seal the building, so that the structure is completely protected against water
and moisture. [7]

Figure 33 - On site mounting

source - Loomcraftsprefab.com

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 43

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Figure 34 - Modular House 1

source – Captured by author,2024

Figure 35 - Modular house 2

source – Captured by author,2024

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 44

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

3.3 SERVICES IN PORTABLE STRUCTURES

In portable structures, essential services like electrical, plumbing, and HVAC are
designed to be modular for easy assembly, disassembly, and relocation.

3.3.1 ELECTRICAL SERVICES

Electrical wiring is often pre-installed in modular panels for quick setup. Prefab
structures connect easily to local power grids, while pneumatic structures, due to their
temporary nature, typically use external power sources like generators or battery-
operated lights.

3.3.2 PLUMBING SERVICES

Flexible piping and quick-connect fittings allow for easy water supply and drainage
connections. Prefabs may have pre-installed plumbing within walls, while pneumatic
structures often use portable water tanks and compact filtration or greywater systems
to keep plumbing minimal.

3.3.3 HVAC SERVICES

Prefabs often use compact HVAC units like mini-splits integrated into wall panels.
Pneumatic structures rely on natural insulation and use portable heaters or fans due
to their temporary design

3.3.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT

In portable structures waste treatment needs to be compact, efficient and adaptable
to site conditions. Here are the main methods used for treating toilet waste and bio
waste in these structures:

(i) Composting Toilets: Composting toilets are used in portable and

temporary structures as they are waterless and produce usable compost.
Waste is broken down through aerobic decomposition and reduces to
compost. Good for off grid and eco sites.
(ii) (ii) Incinerating Toilets: These toilets use high heat to incinerate waste
into sterile ash. They require electricity or another fuel source but produce
minimal waste and are odour free. Incinerating toilets are good for small
spaces like pneumatic tents or small prefab units.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 45

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

(iii) (iii) Biogas Digesters: Toilet and kitchen waste can be fed into a
biodigester where anaerobic bacteria break down the waste and produce
biogas (methane). This biogas can then be used for heating or cooking.
Biodigesters are good for setups where waste collection is possible and
can be managed on site or nearby.
(iv) (iv) Vacuum Toilets with Remote Holding Tanks: Vacuum toilets pump
waste to a holding tank reducing water usage and giving flexibility in waste
storage. Good for high density or urban setups where waste can be
collected and treated at a central facility. Vacuum systems are used in
temporary event structures or densely populated prefab camps.
(v) (v) Chemical Toilets: Used in portable toilet units, chemical toilets contain
special chemicals that break down waste and control odours. Waste is
stored in a tank that needs to be emptied and maintained regularly. Easy
to install but not the most sustainable and requires servicing.
(vi) (vi) Greywater Recycling Systems: For non-toilet bio waste like sink and
shower water, greywater systems can treat and filter the water for reuse in
irrigation or flushing. Greywater recycling systems are good for overall
water reduction especially in setups where fresh water is limited.
(vii) (vii) Dehydrating Toilets: Using solar or electric heat these toilets dry out
waste reducing its volume significantly. The dried waste is then collected
and disposed of or composted.Low maintenance.

When choosing a system for portable structures one should consider the duration of
the setup, energy and water availability and environmental impact. For long term
setups biogas digesters or composting toilets are sustainable and low maintenance.
For short term or high traffic use vacuum toilets or chemical toilets are good for
efficient waste management with minimal infrastructure.

Figure 36 - Composting toilets,Incinerating toilets,vaccum toilets,chemical toilet

source – https://marinesan.com

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 46

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES

4.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

Table 1 - Comparative analysis
source – By author,2024
PARAMETERS PREFAB STRUCTURES PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES

Material usage Steel,wood,insulation,drywall and fabric or membrane materials(eg:

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

roofing materials. PVC ,Teflon),inflatable frames

Assembly & installation Factory built, transported and inflated with air or gas, anchored
process assembled on site to the ground
Structural integrity Rigid frame, load bearing walls Internal pressure maintains
structure
Customization options High degree of customization Limited customization due to
inflatable design
scalability Easily scalable Limited scalability due to size
constraints
Weight and ease of Heavy - requires specialized Lightweight - easy to transport
PORTABILITY &

transportation transport
MOBILITY

Set up and take down Longer setup time (days/weeks) Suitable for frequent relocation
time
storage requirements Large storage space required Compact storage

Weather resistance Excellent resistance Good resistance, but vulnerable to

PERFORMANCE &

extreme weather
DURABILITY

Insulation and climate Better insulation and climate Limited insulation, climate control
control control challenging
Maintenance Regular maintenance required. Minimal maintenance
requirements
Life span and Longer lifespan (50+ years) Shorter lifespan (5-20 years)
replacement
Purpose and intended Residential, commercial, industrial Events, exhibitions, temporary
FUNCTIONALITY &

use shelters
Occupancy capacity and Higher occupancy, better comfort Lower occupancy, basic comfort
comfort
USE

Amenities and features Full amenities (electricity, Limited amenities

plumbing, etc.)
Flexibility and Less flexible Highly flexible
adaptability
Material sustainability Moderate sustainability Low sustainability
ENVIRONMENTAL

and recyclability
Energy efficiency and Better energy efficiency Lower energy efficiency
IMPACT

carbon footprint
Waste generation and Moderate waste generation Minimal waste generation
disposal

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 47

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

Initial investment and Higher initial cost Lower initial cost

ECONOMICS

cost
COST AND

Operating and Higher operating costs Lower operating costs

maintenance costs
Cost-effectiveness Cost-effective for permanent Cost-effective for temporary or
structures event-based structures
Structural safety and Excellent structural safety Good structural safety, but
stability vulnerable to wind
SAFETY AND
SECURITY

Fire resistance and Better fire resistance Limited fire resistance

suppression
Emergency evacuation Well-planned emergency response Limited emergency response
& response plans planning

4.2 INFERENCE
The comparative study shows that the main advantages of using prefabricated
structures are the capabilities of customization and architectural uniqueness to fit
various operational and stylistic needs. Such structures also provide good structural
adequacy since they conform to high standards of safety and make the structures
more resilient. Moreover, the buildings’ designs make sure that the structures can
endure different environmental conditions thereby making them dependable in
different surroundings. Their ability to insulate and climate control contributes to
energy efficiency and providing comforts while their strength assures long-time use
with little maintenance.

Similarly, pneumatic structures have the advantage in applications where flexibility

and movement are needed. Their weight is low so they can easily be moved which is
suitable for situations that require movement more than once. In addition, these
structures are rapid in the assemble and disassemble processes, which is very
important for temporary uses or occasions. In addition, the price of pneumatic
structures is lower than that of prefabs, so they can be used temporarily. Thus,
pneumatic structures are ideal for quick and cheap solutions to temporary activities
or emergency shelters.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 48

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
This comparative study of prefab and pneumatic structures within the broader context
of nomadic architecture highlights both similarities and unique differences that
influence their design, applicability, and cultural significance. Prefabricated structures
focus on modularity, durability, and quick assembly, making them a flexible option for
both temporary and semi-permanent homes. They perform well in settings that
require a mix of speed, durability, and reusability, often utilizing modern building
materials and technologies. However, they can face challenges related to
transportation logistics and the necessity for foundational support.

Conversely, pneumatic structures provide a lighter, more adaptable solution for

temporary housing needs. These air-inflated designs emphasize minimalism, quick
deployment, and ease of transport. Their flexibility and low material demands make
them particularly suitable for short-term or emergency situations where weight and
storage efficiency are crucial. Nonetheless, they generally have lower durability and
may be more susceptible to environmental conditions, necessitating more frequent
maintenance or even replacement over time.

While both types of structures embody the principles of mobility and adaptability, their
ideal applications differ. Prefab structures are more appropriate for scenarios that
require longevity and modularity, whereas pneumatic structures excel in situations
that demand rapid deployment for short durations. The future of nomadic architecture
may involve blending these two approaches, combining the strength of prefab
techniques with the lightweight, adaptable qualities of pneumatic designs, thus
creating new opportunities for temporary and flexible living solutions. Ultimately, both
prefab and pneumatic architectures play a vital role in the ongoing conversation about
sustainable, adaptable, and portable built environments.

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 49

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

REFERENCES
1. Journal/conference/symposium/seminar/workshop papers: -
[1] Cerrahoglu.M and Maden.F (August 2020). “A review on portable structures.”
International Symposium of Architecture, Technology and Innovation (ATI 2020)
2. E-Journal article:-
[2] Zamolyi.F (2016,January). “Architecture:Nomadic Architecture of inner Asia”.
3. Books:-
[3] Selin.H “Encyclopedia of the history of science technology and medicine in non-
western cultures”,Kluwer Academic Publishers.Third edition,2016.
4. Theses/Dissertations: -
[4] Rudolph.R. “Nomadic: Pneumatic – Buildings that move”. Master
thesis, Dept of Arch, Umeå Univ, Umeå ,Sweden,2021.
[5] Allen.M.D Towards a Nomadic theory of architecture”.Thesis,Dept
of Arch,Univ of Washington,Seattle,Washington,2005
[6] Cowan.G.“Nomadology in Architecture:Ephemerality,Movement and
Collaboration”.Dissertation,Univ of Adelaide, Adelaide,Australia,2002
6. Websites:-
[7] Lommcraftsprefab.com Available: https://www.loomcraftsprefab.com/
[8]Jeyaseelan R.C 10 examples of mobile architecture in the world.
Available: 10 Examples of Mobile Architecture in the world - RTF
[9] Mandal.S.Mobile Architecture – 10 Stunning Examples.
URL : Mobile Architecture – 10 Stunning Examples - RTF | Rethinking The Future
[10] Landarkrv.com (anon.)
Available: https://landarkrv.com/draper/

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 50

 NOMADIC ARCHITECTURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PREFAB AND PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

APPENDIX
1. Bhumi Patel (2021,November 12) Foldable portable architecture and its
resilience in dynamic situation.
https://issuu.com/bhumipatel0987.bp/docs/11-_bhumi_patel

2.Ernest Brian Abuin (2013, November 11).Kinetic performance : a study in

portable architecture.
https://www.academia.edu/28426903/Kinetic_performance_a_study_in_portable_
architecture

3.Aishwarya Bharatkumar (2013, August 5).Flexible Architecture:what value does

flexible architecture add to dwellings?
https://issuu.com/ashbk/docs/dissertation-flexible_architecture

4.Rudy Trisno , Denny Husin and Fermanto Lianto(2023 , January 4)

.Reconceptualising nomadic architecture: from the body to the space creation
https://cityterritoryarchitecture.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40410-022-
00191-0#Abs1

5.Philip Jodidio (2017) Nomadic homes,Architecture on the move.

https://archive.org/details/nomadichomesarch0000jodi/page/n7/mode/2up

IES COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE 51