(a) Describe their teachings about what Muslims believe; [4]

(b) Explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action.[4]

Hadith No 1
a) Teachings

• Belief in Articles of Faith

• Sensitivity to Others
• Community Loyalty
• Sincerity to All, Towards Allah , Quran & Prophet PBUH
• Respect for Leaders
• Brotherhood Among Muslims

b) Actions
➢ Follow Quran and Sunnah
➢ Worship Allah Alone
➢ Respect and Follow the Prophet (PBUH)
➢ Support and Guide Leaders ( Hz.Abu Bakr in his first address to the people as k halifa said:“Help
me if I am in the right ,set me right if I am in the wrong”.
➢ Help Fellow Muslims

Hadith No 2
a) Teachings
➢ Brotherhood in Islam
➢ Concern for Others’ Well-being
➢ Care for All People
➢ Mutual Love and Compassion
➢ Principle of Huquq-ul-Ibad (Human Rights)

b) Actions
➢ Responsiveness to Others' Needs
➢ Welfare of Muslim Brothers
➢ Desire Good for Others
➢ Support in Times of Need
➢ Moral and Financial Support
➢ Respect for Honour and Dignity

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➢ Mutual Consultation
➢ Enjoin Good, Forbid Evil
➢ Avoid Ill Will and Jealousy
➢ No Mockery
➢ Brotherhood of Muhajirin and Ansar

Hadith no 3

a) Teachings
o Fulfill Obligations to Please God
o Speak Truthfully and Responsibly
o Prioritize Community Care and Neighborliness
o Avoid Mischief Towards Neighbors
o Practice Generosity and Hospitality to Guests
b) Actions
▪ Avoid Abusive Language
▪ Refrain from Backbiting and Teasing
▪ Propagate Good Teachings
▪ Care for Neighbors
▪ Send Good Dishes to Neighbors
▪ Avoid Disturbing Neighbors
▪ Assist Neighbors When Needed
▪ Ensure Comfort of Guests
▪ Treat Guests Kindly
▪ Accompany Guests to the Door
▪ Check on Guests’ Comfort
▪ Demonstrate Sacrifice for Others

Hadith no 4
a) Teachings
Islam is Simple and Easy
Basic Requirements of a Good Muslim
Prayer and Fasting as Pillars of Faith
Prayer Develops Piety and Restraint
Fasting Cultivates Patience and Self-Control

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 Respect and Follow Allah's Laws
b) Actions
Be Obedient to God
Follow the Pillars of Islam
Perform Prayers Regularly
Maintain Focus During Prayer
Observe Fasting in Ramadan
Avoid Unlawful Actions
Follow the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH)
Teach Children Islamic Beliefs in Madrasas

Hadith no 5
a) Describe the teachings of this Hadith about what Muslims believe.
This Hadith’s teaching is explaining to Muslim the broader meaning of charity. In wider
perspective charity does not only mean to spend money in the way of Allah but there are many
ways to perform charity. It explains the signs of a true believer that he tries to do as much good
as he can for humanity. Every joint in the body that exists makes the movement possible
therefore; every joint is a great blessing of Allah so needs to perform charitable acts to show
gratitude to Him for His blessings. Holy Prophet (PBUH) has asked the Muslims to do good deeds
and actions that are a source of benefit and comfort to others, like settling disputes with justice,
helping people to mount their means of conveyance or carrying their belongings, going to
mosque and removing hindrances from the road are considered an act of charity, this will
strengthen the social structure of the society. Islamic concept of charity is the broadest. The
Prophet (PBUH) said: “Every good act is a Sadaqa ( charity )”. (Bukhari).

b) Explain how Muslims can put these teachings into actions.

This Hadith teaches that Muslims should be entirely a source of benefit and comfort to others
as it is considered an act of worship, which they have to perform in their everyday life. Charity
for the service of mankind is the main characteristic of Islam. Small act of charity or even a kind
word are as significant as many big acts of charity .We should help the weak members of society
as the poor , widows , weak , old , the blind and paralyzed because they really deserves our help
and support. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself carried the load of an old woman to her
destination. He by his own example showed how prayer and service to humanity help to
establish an exemplary society. We should not feel shame to help them like helping blind to
cross the road and removing the obstacles from the way. We should strictly avoid throwing
garbage, banana peel, etc on the road which might create problems for others.

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 Hadith and Sunnah
➢ In general Prophet (PBUH) sayings and silent approval (Taqreer) are called Hadith.
➢ While his actions are called Sunnah.
➢ But in Islamic legal thinking as primary and second source of Islamic law there is no
difference in Hadith and Sunnah. Both contain Prophet (PBUH) sayings, actions and
silent approval.

There are two categories of Hadith:

Hadith Qudsi & Hadith Nabawi

(b) ‘Truly, My mercy overcomes My wrath’. This is a Hadith Qudsi. What is special about
Hadiths of this kind? [04]

➢ The words of Allah which were said by the Prophet PBUH and they were not included in
the Quran are called Hadith Qudsi or a Divine Hadith.
➢ E.g. Prophet said” “Allah says, ‘Fasting is for Me and I shall certainly compensate it.”
➢ The sign of Hadith Qudsi is that under the inverted commas the first word “Allah says”
will be there in the beginning of the Hadith.
➢ Its rank is higher than Hadith Nabawi because these are the words of Allah.
➢ In Hadith Qudsi the pronouns will be used as capital, i.e. ‘I’ ‘Me’ ‘Mine’ because they
present the personality of Allah.
➢ Prophet PBUH was instructed by Allah not to include these Ahadith in the Holy Quran
because it would have become so much thick book that it would have been difficult to
carry and get guidance easily from it.

Hadith Nabawi
➢ A Hadith that contains words that the Prophet PBUH himself said is called Hadith Nabawi.
➢ E.g. Prophet PBUH said: “Actions are judged by intentions.” (Agreed)

Hadith e Qudsi Hdaith e Nabwi

1. Words and meanings are both from 1.Words are of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
Allah. meaning are from Allah.
2.It starts with “Allah says”. 2. Starts with “the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
said “.
3. Few in numbers , less than 1000. 3.They are over 100,000.

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 4. Topic regarding man – God relationship, 4.They have a wide range of topics, Salah
hereafter , Tawhid and worship. , Zakah, Sawm , Tawhid example and worship.
5.They are only Sayings of Allah. 5. They can be Sayings or Actions.
6.They are direct speech of Allah. 6. They are indirect speech of Allah.

Structure of Hadith (Isnad and Matn)

Each Hadith consists of two parts: Isnad (chain of narrators, which joins the compiler with the
Prophet) and the Matn, its text.

The Chain of narrators (Isnad/Sanad):

The list of narrators who narrate the sayings or actions of the Prophet PBUH is called Sanad. E.g.
Muhammad ibn Al-Muthanna reported from Abdul Wahab, from Ayub, from Abu Qilaabah, from
Malik that the Prophet said: “Pray as you have seen me praying.” (Agreed). In this example
Muhammad ibn Al-Muthanna…….. till Malik is “Sanad” (chain of narrators).

The Matn (Text of the Hadith):

What the prophet PBUH said or did is called ‘Matn’ (text of the Hadith). In the above example
the matn is “Pray as you have seen me praying.”

Sanad and Matn both are tested to check the authenticity of a Hadith. To be declared absolutely
reliable a Hadith must fulfill the following conditions.

8 Conditions of Isnad:

➢ Chain of the Hadith must go back to the Prophet PBUH.

➢ The last narrator in the chain must be a companion of the Prophet (PBUH).
➢ A strong isnad is the one who’s each transmitter (rawi) must be honest, upright a strong
and practicing Muslims.
➢ He must be truthful.
➢ He must have a good memory.
➢ Each transmitter must have known the transmitter before him, and also the transmitter
after.
➢ There must be no gaps or weaknesses in the chain.

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➢ Each transmitter must be of an age at which he could understand the full importance of
what he had heard.

We get all the information about the narrators from the books written on Asma-ul-Rijal. These
books contain 500,000 biographical accounts of the narrators.

8 Conditions of Matn:
For a Hadith to be authentic,

➢ The Matn (text) should be in pure Arabic style.

➢ It should not have been in conflict with Quran or reliable Ahadith.
➢ It should not praise any infamous individual or place.
➢ It should not give precise details of events that occurred after the Prophet’s time.
➢ It should not be against the consensus of the community (Ijma) or the basic principles of
Islam.
➢ It should not level accusation against the family of the Prophet (PBUH) or his companions.
➢ It should not have been against the historical facts.
Any Hadith that was against reason or common sense was rejected. E.g. promise of a high
reward for a small virtue, or severe punishment for the minor fault, was rejected.

Types of Ahadith
Authentic or Sahih Hadith:
If all above mentioned eight conditions of Sanad and eight conditions of matn are found in one
Hadith, that Hadith will be considered as Authentic or Sahih Hadith .E.g “Actions are judged by
intentions.” (Bukhari)

Approved or Hasan Hadith:

It is like Authentic Hadith except that it’s any of the narrators have been found defective in
memory. E.g. “Whenever the Prophet used to leave the toilet, he would say, ‘Ghufranaka’.”
This is Hassan Hadith because narrators do not have a perfect memory.

Weak or Daeef Hadith:

➢ The narrator was known to have been a liar.
➢ He was known to have had a bad memory.
➢ He was known to have not met the one; he was supposed to be narrating from.
➢ E.g “When the Prophet made Abul Aas pay a new Mahr and performed a new nikah for
him with his daughter Zainab.” This is Daeef because of the gap between the narrators.

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Maudoo or Febricated Hadith:

These are not the words of the Prophet PBUH. People made this false statement themselves.
Therefore, it is not considered as Hadith. E.g “Seek knowledge even as far as China.” / “The ink
of a scholar is holier than the blood of a martyr.” / “Madinah is holier than Makkah.” All these
are Febricated (Maudoo) Ahadith.

Mutawatir Hadith:
It is a Hadith reported by a large number of people in different times whose agreement on a lie
was not possible. There are 2 types of Mutawair Hadith:
(i) Mutawatir in words.
(ii) Mutawatir in meanings.

➢ Mutawatir in words is a Hadith in which all narrators report the Hadith with same words
without any change. E.g. “Whoever intentionally attributes a lie against me, should prepare his
seat in the fire.” It has been reported by Seventy four companions all with the same words.

➢ Mutawatir in meanings is a Hadith in which all narrators report the Hadith with different
words but with the same basic concept. E.g. “Prophet PBUH enjoyed to offers 2 units in Fajr, 4
units in Zuhr, Asr and Isha and 3 units in Maghirb prayers.” It is reported by a large number of
narrators but with different words.

Ahad (single or isolated) Hadith:

These were the Ahadith whose chain of narrators were broken or they were less widely accepted,
they were therefore less authentic if their narrators truthful and honest, they were accepted
otherwise rejected.
Ahad is divided into three subdivisions:
➢ Mashhur (well known). It was narrated by three narrators at every stage.
➢ Azeez (strong). It is a Hadith narrated by two narrators in all ages.
➢ Ghareeb (Rare or Unfamiliar). It is a Hadith that rests on the evidence of a single narrator
at any particular time.
Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)
11-13 A.H/632-634 A.D
Election as Caliph:-
The Prophet PBUH did not nominate his successor. After his death Ansar gathered in the place of
“Saqifah Banu Saaidah” to discuss appointment of a caliph. When Hz. Abu Bark (RA) was
informed about his gathering he took Hz. Umar (RA) and Hz. Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah (RA) along

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with him and went there. The Ansar insisted that in view of their services to Islam, the first caliph
should be amongst them. However, Hz. Abu Bakr (RA) argued that the Arabs would not agree
on any caliph other than a person from the Quraish. Then Ansar suggested that two caliphs
should be elected; one from amongst the Quraish and the other from amongst the Ansar. Hz.
Umar (RA) objected to this idea as it would create confusion amongst the Muslims because of
two Caliphs.
At that point Hz. Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah said: “O Ansar! You were the first to uphold Islam but
do not be first to sow the see of dissention in it.” Ansar immediately withdraw their claim,
saying that the Prophet PBUH belonged to the tribe of Quraish, so Quraishites had preference
over them. Hz. Abu Bakr (RA) proposed the name of Hz. Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (RA) and Hz.
Umar (RA) for this post but Hz. Umar (RA) held the hand of Hz. Abu Bakr (RA) and took the
pledge of loyalty (Bai’t). On seeing this, people from all the sides rushed to pledge their loyalty
to Hz. Abu Bakr (RA). Next day a general pledge of loyalty (Bai’t) was taken by the Muslims in the
mosque of the Prophet PBUH. In this way Hz. Abu Bakr (RA) became the first caliph of Islam.

False Prophets
(a) After being the Caliph, one the major problems faced by Hz. Abu Bakr was that several false
prophets arose in different parts of Arabia. They were:-
Aswad Ansi:- He was the leader of the ‘Ans’ tribe in Yemen and was known as ‘Ansi’ ‘the veiled
prophet’ because he wore a veil on his face all the time. He was the first person to claim to be a
prophet. During the last days of illness of the Prophet PBUH he attacked Najran and dismissed
the Muslims governors. Then he advanced towards Sana’a. An expedition was organized and
led by Firoz al-Dhalaymi, a Persian Muslim, who killed Aswad Ansi. His followers regrouped
against Muslims under the leadership of Qais. They were also defeated by Firoz and surrendered
along with their leader.
The second false prophet, Tulayha, belonged to the tribe of Banu Asad in Northern Arabia. He
claimed to be a prophet during the last days of the Prophet (PBUH). Just after the death of the
Prophet (PBUH), he rose in open revolt. Hz. Abu Bakr sent Hz. Khalid bin Walid Syria. Afterwards
he again accepted Islam.
Among the false prophets, there was a Christian woman called Sajjah who claimed to be a
prophetess. She belonged to the Banu Taghlib tribe. She married Musailmah, and accepted his
prophethood. She collected a force of 4000 to attack Madinah but learning of Tulayha’s defeat
she dropped her plan. Khalid bin Walid crushed her forces. After Musailimah’s death, she
became a Muslim. The most dangerous one was Musailimah al-Kadhdhab (The Liar) who
belonged to the Banu Hanifa tribe of Yamamah. He declared himself a prophet during the
Prophet’s lifetime. He parodied the verses of the Quran and also invented his own verses,
claiming to have a share in Hz. Muhammad’s prophethood. Musailima’s army was 40,000. Hz.

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Abu Bakr sent Hz. Ikramah bin Abu Jahl and Shurabeel bin Hasnah and to crush the rebellion;
later Hz. Khalid bin Walid joined them. Muslims were 15,000. Musailima’s army was defeated
after a fierce battle at Yamamah in 633 A.D and Wahshi, who had killed Hz. Hamza int the battle
of Uhad, killed Musailimah. In this battle, about 3,000 Muslims were martyred including a large
number of Huffaz (those who had memorized the Quran) and about 10,000 enemies were killed.
In this way Hz. Abdu Bakr defeated all the false prophets and wipe rooted them.

Write about:
(i) Abu Bakr’s conquest of the false prophets
(ii) Uthman’s arrangements to make collection of the Qur’an.

Ans:- (i) After being the Caliph, one the major problems faced by Hz. Abu Bakr was that several
false prophets arose in different parts of Arabia. They were:-
Aswad Ansi:- He was the leader of the ‘Ans’ tribe in Yemen and was known as ‘Ansi’ ‘the veiled
prophet’ because he wore a veil on his face all the time. He was the first person to claim to be a
prophet. During the last days of illness of the Prophet PBUH he attacked Najran and dismissed
the Muslims governors. Then he advanced towards Sana’a. An expedition was organized and
led by Firoz al-Dhalaymi, a Persian Muslim, who killed Aswad Ansi. His followers regrouped
against Muslims under the leadership of Qais. They were also defeated by Firoz and surrendered
along with their leader.
The second false prophet, Tulayha, belonged to the tribe of Banu Asad in Northern Arabia. He
claimed to be a prophet during the last days of the Prophet (PBUH). Just after the death of the
Prophet (PBUH), he rose in open revolt. Hz. Abu Bakr sent Hz. Khalid bin Walid Syria. Afterwards
he again accepted Islam.
Among the false prophets, there was a Christian woman called Sajjah who claimed to be a
prophetess. She belonged to the Banu Taghlib tribe. She married Musailmah, and accepted his
prophethood. She collected a force of 4000 to attack Madinah but learning of Tulayha’s defeat
she dropped her plan. Khalid bin Walid crushed her forces. After Musailimah’s death, she
became a Muslim. The most dangerous one was Musailimah al-Kadhdhab (The Liar) who
belonged to the Banu Hanifa tribe of Yamamah. He declared himself a prophet during the
Prophet’s lifetime. He parodied the verses of the Quran and also invented his own verses,
claiming to have a share in Hz. Muhammad’s prophethood. Musailima’s army was 40,000. Hz.
Abu Bakr sent Hz. Ikramah bin Abu Jahl and Shurabeel bin Hasnah and to crush the rebellion;
later Hz. Khalid bin Walid joined them. Muslims were 15,000. Musailima’s army was defeated
after a fierce battle at Yamamah in 633 A.D and Wahshi, who had killed Hz. Hamza int the battle
of Uhad, killed Musailimah. In this battle, about 3,000 Muslims were martyred including a large
number of Huffaz (those who had memorized the Quran) and about 10,000 enemies were killed.
In this way Hz. Abdu Bakr defeated all the false prophets and wipe rooted them.

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Ans:- (ii) By the time of Hz. Uthman’s caliphate Islam had grown well beyond Arabia. Many
people entered the fold of Islam and did not know the Arabic language and the Quran was
revealed by the Allah in seven different dialects (way of recitation), so the companions taught
the new converts in their own dialects and gradually the differences arose regarding the dialects
of Quran and the people were even close to start fighting. On this a companion, Huzaifa bin
Yaman asked the Caliph to stop this nation from fighting over the book of Allah like the pervious
nations. Then Hz. Uthman called again Zaid bin Thabit and ordered him and other members of
the group to decide the dialect of Quraish. Hz. Uthman got the Mashaf-e-Hafsa and gave it to a
team of four companions that consisted of Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin Zubair, Sa’id bin al-Asra
and Abd-ul-Rahman bin Harith. Hz. Zaid also compared his work with Mashaf-e-Hafsa
cautiously. This group once again prepared several copies from ‘Mashaf-e-Hafsa and made sure
that surahs, too, were arranged in order. The group wrote down all Surahs in their proper
sequence since in ‘Mashaf-e-Hafsa’ these had been written separately. Thirdly, instead of one,
the group prepared several copies of ‘Mashaf-e-Hafsa’ these were sent to Makkah, Syria,
Yemen, Bahrain , Basrah, Kufa and one was kept in Madinah. All pervious copies were burnet
ensure perfect uniformity. For this greatest work Hz. Uthman is known as Jami-ul-Quran.

Major challenges faced by Abu Bakr

Expedition to Syria
Hz. Abu Bakr (RA) took the charge of Khilafat at the most critical and the crucial moment of
Islamic history. He brought unity among the Muslim Ummah. After being the Caliph, the first
major unfinished task which Hz. Abu Bakr had to accomplish, was to send and expedition to
Syria. The prophet (PBUH) before his death had appointed Usama bin Zaid to lead an expedition
against Syrians. When he was about to leave, the news of the death of the Prophet (PBUH) came
and the departure of the army was postponed. It was suggested to suggested Hz. Abu Bakr not
to send the army outside the country or to change the commander. He refused to change the
decision taken by the Prophet (PBUH). At last the army led by Hz. Usama bin Zaid left for Syria
and only after 40 days returned to Madinah with a great victory.
False prophets
After Prophet’s death several false prophets arose in different parts of the Islamic state.
• Of these Aswad al Ansi from Ansi tribe, was first to rise in Yemen. He was killed during Prophet’s
lifetime. Later, his followers grouped and revolted under a man called Qais bin Abd Yaghus, but
eventually they were defeated.
• Tulayha from the tribes of Banu Asad and Banu Ghatafan in Northern Arabia. In 630 AD he
converted to Islam but shortly afterwards he rebelled and proclaimed himself as a prophet.
Khalid bin Waleed defeated him at the battle of Buzaka in September 632 AD.

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• Sajjah from Banu Tamim tribe in Iraq she claimed to be a prophetess and collected a force of
4,000 to march on Madina. Khalid bin Waleed crushed her forces. She then joined Musailma
and after his death accepted Islam.
• And the most dangerous one Musailma from Banu Hanifa tribe in central Arabia. he was in
command of an army of 40,000. In December 632 AD Abu Bakr first sent Ikrmah and Shurabil.
when they were defeated then he sent Khalid bin Waleed with an army of 13,000 men . A hot
contest followed in which Muslims were victorious. It came to be known as the battle of Garden
of Death. This battle led to the compilation of Quran.

Refusal to pay Zakat

After the death of the Prophet (PBUH) some tribes such as Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu
Abbas, Banu M. Abu Bakr with the proposal that they would remain on friendly terms with the
authorities at Madinah but will not pay Zakat. Hz. Abu Bakr was very strict on this point. He
argued that Zakat being a fundamental injunction of Islam had to be paid. Addressing the
delegates, he said: “If with reference to Zakat, you withhold even as much as a string to tie a
camel, as the Khalifa of the Prophet (PBUH), it will be my duty to fight for it, whatever the
consequences.” Most of the companions did not consider it advisable to take action for time
being. However, Hz Abu Bakr was firm on taking strong action so that others may learn a lesson.
They decided to launch an attack on Madinah when the main Muslim army was away in Syria.
One night in 632 A.D they attacked Madinah, the army led by Hz. Abu Bakr took them by
surprise. Many tribesmen died; the rest fled in confusion. After this defeat those tribes agreed
to pay Zakat.

Compilation of Quran
One of the greatest services rendered to Islam by Hz. Abu Bakr was the collection of the Holy
Quran. When a large number of Huffaz were martyred in the battle of Yamamah, Hz. Umar
advised Hz. Abu Bakr to preserve the Quran in form of a book. He hesitated in the beginning
and said that he would not do the job left unfinished by the Prophet (PBUH). However, after
some discussion he agreed to it and appointed Hz. Zaid bin Thabit to compile the Holy Quran. It
was compiled in his caliphate and he named it as Mashaf. It was his great contribution to Islam.
If Quran had not been compiled it would have been lost.

Apostasy Movement (Ridda Wars)

After the death of the Prophet (PBUH) some tribes apostatized Islam. Among them were: -
People of Bahrain, Oman and Mahrah, Yemen and Hadramaut.
People of Bahrain accepted Islam with their leader in 7th year of hijra, when the Prophet (PBUH)
sent a letter to them. But the ruler of Bahrain also died soon after the death of the Prophet.
After his death most the people of Bahrain apostatized. They received help from the Persians

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and were fully prepared for a confrontation with the Muslims. In the battle that took place,
Muslims were victorious and thus the rebellion in Bahrain was completely crushed.

In 7th year of hijra when the Prophet (PBUH) sent a letter to the ruler of Oman, he said that he
wanted to accept Islam, but the difficulty was that his people were not likely to agree to the
payment of Zakat to Madinah. The Prophet assured him that if he and his people became
Muslims, the amount collected from Zakat could be distributed amongst the poor and need of
Oman. Thereupon the ruler of Oman and his people embraced Islam. But after the death of the
Prophet, people of Oman apostatized form Islam. Hz. Abu Bakr sent forces to undertake
operations in Oman. The Muslim was successful and the people of Oman laid down their arms
and came under the banner of Islam.

People of Mahrah also apostatized from Islam after the death of the Prophet (PBUH). Hz. Abu
Bakr (RA) sent Hz. Ikramah to fight against them. After a tough fight, Muslims were able to
crush the power of rebels. The defeated people embraced Islam and they were forgiven.

A large number of people of Yemen embraced Islam with their governor who had been asked
by Khurso Parvez, king of Persia to arrest the Prophet (PBUH) in 7th year of hijra. Governor of
Yemen was impressed by the prophesy of the Prophet that the kingdom of Khusro Parvez would
soon be broken up like he tore his letter. After the death of the Prophet, the people of Yaman
apostatized from Islam and supported Aswad Ansi, the false prophet who rose in Yaman. Hz.
Abu Bakr ordered any army to proceed to Yaman. The enemy was completely destroyed by the
Muslims.

In 633 A.D, the Kindi tribe in Hadramaut also apostatized from Islam. A battle took place in
which they were killed. The few who survived laid down their arms.
In 633 AD (12th year of Hijra), Arabia was united under the Caliph's rule in Madinah.

Compilation of the Quran

• Need for Compilation:
o The Quran was primarily memorized by the Prophet's companions.
o The Battle of Yamama resulted in the martyrdom of many Huffaz, leading to
concerns about the preservation of the Quran.
• Initiation of the Process:
o Umar ibn al-Khattab proposed the compilation of the Quran.
o Abu Bakr, after initial hesitation, approved the proposal.
• Appointment of Zaid ibn Thabit:
o Zaid ibn Thabit, a skilled scribe and Hafiz, was appointed to lead the compilation.
o He was tasked with collecting Quranic verses from various sources.

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• Rigorous Verification Process:
o Zaid cross-referenced written sources with the oral recitations of Hafiz
companions.
o He ensured the accuracy of the text through a meticulous verification process.
• Completion of the Mushaf:
o The compiled Quran was named "Mushaf."
o It was preserved by Abu Bakr and later by Umar.
• Significance:
o The compilation of the Quran ensured its preservation for future generations.
o It established a standard text for the recitation and interpretation of the Quran.

Battle of Yamama
• Rise of False Prophets:
o Several false prophets emerged after the Prophet's death, challenging the unity of
the Islamic state.
o Musaylimah ibn Habib al-Hanafi, a powerful leader from the Banu Hanifa tribe,
posed the greatest threat.
• Military Campaigns:
o Abu Bakr appointed Ikrimah to confront Musaylimah's forces but instructed him
not to engage in battle.
o Khalid ibn al-Walid, a skilled commander, was tasked with defeating Musaylimah
after dealing with other rebellions.
o Initial defeats for Muslim forces under Ikrimah and Shurahbil.
o Khalid's decisive intervention and strategic brilliance turned the tide of the war.
• The Battle:
o Fierce fighting between the Muslim and Musaylimah's armies.
o Khalid's bold cavalry charge caught Musaylimah's forces off guard.
o Musaylimah retreated to a fortified garden, followed by his army.
o A bloody battle ensued within the garden, known as the "Battle of Death."
• Outcome:
o Musaylimah's defeat and death.
o Surrender of the Banu Hanifa tribe.
o Significant Muslim casualties, including many Huffaz (memorizers of the Quran).
• Impact:
o Consolidation of Islamic rule and suppression of apostasy.
o Martyrdom of many Huffaz led to the compilation of the Quran under the
leadership of Zaid ibn Thabit.

Administration
Hazrat Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly democratic state following the teachings of
the Quran and the traditions of the
Prophet (P.B.U.H).

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 • Abu Bakr conducted affairs of the Government by consultation. He used to consult
eminent companions in all
important matters.
• For the purpose of administration, Arabia was divided into provinces each under a
governor, who was required to
lead the prayers, superintended the army, collect taxes, administer justice, and maintain
law and order. He was aided
by an Amil who collected revenues and a Qazi who administered justice.
• There was no regular police department at that time, but whenever any crime came
into his notice, he took strict
action against in the light of Quran and the Hadith.
• Abu Bakr selected all his officers, commanders and governors on their merit and not
because of family or tribal
consideration.
• He set up a strict standard of accounting of public money. He also gave proper shape to
the public treasury, the Baitul-Maal.
• He established military cantonments and maintained a reserve force. He dispatched
expeditionary forces to Iran,
Syria and Palestine. As a result, vast territories were added to Muslim Empire.
• He safeguarded and protected the rights of non-Muslim subjects who were granted
religious and cultural freedom.
They were allowed to manage their affairs themselves.
• By his efficient administration he preserved the integrity of Islam by suppressing
rebellions and making sure that the
Pillar of zakat was enforced.
• Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate was also significant for the preservation of the Quran.

Battles during the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA)

Persian Empire
• Battle of Chains:
o Khalid ibn al-Walid's campaign against the Persian Empire.
o Hurmuz, the Persian commander, rejected the Muslim offer of peace.
o The Persian army was chained together to prevent retreat, but this strategy
backfired.
o The Muslim army decisively defeated the Persians, resulting in heavy casualties.
• Muslim Advancements:

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 o After the Battle of Chains, the Muslim army continued its victorious march.
o They secured key victories at Mazar, Walaja, and Ulleis.
o The capture of Hira brought Central Iraq under Muslim control.
• Siege of Anbar:
o Khalid ibn al-Walid laid siege to the fortified city of Anbar.
o A clever strategy involving the use of camel carcasses allowed the Muslim army
to cross the defensive ditch.
o The governor of Anbar surrendered, leading to the city's capture.
• Conquest of Enat-ul-Tamar:
o The Muslim army successfully besieged and captured Enat-ul-Tamar.
o This victory further expanded Muslim territory in the region.

Roman Empire
• Early Muslim Advancements:
o Abu Bakr mobilized a large Muslim army to confront the Byzantine threat.
o Muslim commanders like Amr ibn al-Aas, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn
al-Hasanah, and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah led successful campaigns.
o Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor, responded by sending a large army under his
brother Theodorous.
• Khalid ibn al-Walid's Arrival:
o Khalid ibn al-Walid, a brilliant military commander, was summoned from Iraq to
lead the Syrian campaign.
o His swift march and tactical brilliance proved decisive.
• The Battle of Basra:
o Khalid ibn al-Walid's forces joined with the Muslim army under Shurahbil ibn al-
Hasanah.
o The Byzantine commander, Romanus, converted to Islam, weakening the
Byzantine morale.
o The Muslims, with the help of Romanus, successfully captured Basra.
• The Battle of Ajnadayn:
o A large Byzantine army was assembled to counter the Muslim advance.
o The Muslim army, under Khalid's leadership, employed effective tactics to defeat
the Byzantines.
o The victory at Ajnadayn solidified Muslim control over Syria.
• Siege of Damascus:
o The Muslim army laid siege to Damascus but halted their advance due to the news
of Abu Bakr's death.
o The city was eventually conquered during the reign of Umar ibn al-Khattab.

Belief in the Oneness of Allah (Tawhid)

Fundamental Principle: Tawhid is the core belief of Islam, forming its foundation.

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 • Meaning of Tawhid: It emphasizes the absolute oneness and uniqueness of Allah.
• Aspects of Tawhid:
o Tauhid Ar-Rabubiyyah (Oneness of Lordship): Allah is the sole Creator,
Sustainer, and Ruler of everything.
▪ He is eternal, without beginning or end.
▪ He has no partners in His existence or dominance. (Quran 112:1-3)
o Tauhid Al-Uluhiyyah (Oneness of Worship): Allah is the only one deserving of
worship and devotion.
▪ This is the primary duty of humankind. (Quran 2:21)
o Tauhid Al-Asma-Was-Sifat (Oneness of Names and Attributes): We believe
in all the names and attributes of Allah as revealed in the Quran and Hadith.
▪ None can share Allah's names or attributes. (Quran 112:4)

Opposing Belief: Shirk

• Shirk: Associating partners with Allah is the gravest sin in Islam and unforgivable if not
repented for. (Quran 4:48)
• Categories of Shirk:
o Shirk in Existence: Denying Allah's oneness or attributing partners to Him.
o Shirk in Attributes: Believing that other beings possess divine power or
knowledge like Allah.
o Shirk in Worship: Dedicating acts of worship to anyone other than Allah.

Significance of Tawhid:

• Foundation of Faith: It establishes a direct connection with Allah.

• Moral Framework: It guides righteous and ethical behavior.
• Unity: It unites Muslims worldwide under a common belief.

Belief in Angels
• Creation and Nature: Angels are created by Allah from light, invisible to human eyes.
They are pure, devoted to Allah, and have no free will.
• Duties and Responsibilities:
o Worshiping Allah: They constantly praise and glorify Allah.
o Protecting Humans: They guard humans from harm.
o Recording Deeds: Two angels, Kiraman Katibin, record every human action.
o Executing Divine Commands: They carry out tasks assigned by Allah, such as
delivering messages, causing natural disasters, and taking souls.
o Interceding for Believers: They pray to Allah for the forgiveness of believers.

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• Prominent Angels:
o Jibril (Gabriel): The chief angel, responsible for delivering divine revelations.
o Mikail: Controls the universe and provides sustenance.
o Israfil: Will blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgment.
o Izra’il: Takes the souls of the deceased.

Belief in Revealed Books

• Revelation: Allah revealed sacred scriptures to various prophets as guidance for
humanity.
• Purpose of Revelation: To convey Allah's message, establish moral principles, and
guide people to the right path.
• Major Divine Books:
o Tawrat (Torah): Revealed to Moses.
o Zabur (Psalms): Revealed to David.
o Injil (Gospel): Revealed to Jesus.
o Quran: The final revelation, revealed to Muhammad.
o Suhuf : Revealed on Hazrat Musa , Hazrat Ibrahim & on other prophets.
• Preservation of the Quran: Allah has guaranteed the preservation of the Quran in its
original form.

Belief in Prophets
• Divine Messengers: Prophets are chosen by Allah to convey His message to humanity.
• Human Nature: Prophets are human beings, born of women, and subject to human
emotions.
• Sinlessness: Prophets are free from major sins.
• Miracles: Many prophets were granted miracles to validate their claims.
• Universal Message: The core message of all prophets is the same: belief in the oneness
of Allah and following His commandments.
• Seal of the Prophets: Muhammad (PBUH) is the final prophet and messenger of Allah.

Khatam-an-Nabiyyin (Seal of the Prophets)

• Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the final messenger of Allah.

• His message is for all of humanity.
• He is the perfect model for human behavior.
‘’Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example’’(30:21)
• The Quran is the final and complete revelation.
• Allah has guaranteed the preservation of the Quran.
• No prophet will come after Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

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 "Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, and the seal of the Prophets." (Quran, 33:40)
"The building was most beautifully built. Everything was complete except the place for
brick. I have filled the place and now the building has been completed." (Bukhari)

Shahada: The First Pillar of Islam

• Definition: Shahada is the declaration of faith in the oneness of Allah and the prophethood of
Muhammad (PBUH).
• Importance: It is the fundamental belief that distinguishes a Muslim from a non-Muslim.
• Components:
o Tawhid (Oneness of Allah):
▪ Belief in the absolute oneness of Allah.
▪ Acknowledgment of Allah as the Creator, Sustainer, and Ruler of the universe.
▪ Worship of Allah alone and seeking help solely from Him.
o Risalah (Prophethood of Muhammad):
▪ Belief in Muhammad (PBUH) as the final messenger of Allah.
▪ Acceptance of Muhammad's teachings and guidance.
▪ Commitment to following the Sunnah (practices) of the Prophet.
• Significance:
o It establishes a direct connection between the individual and Allah.
o It provides a framework for a righteous and moral life.
o It unites Muslims worldwide under a common belief.
• Facts about Shahada

• The Shahadah is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

• It is recited in the Athan (call to prayer).
• It is recited during Salah (daily prayers).
• Reciting the Shahadah signifies acceptance into Islam.
• It is recited to newborns and at the time of death.

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