KOTLIN

KOTLIN BASIC TO
ADVANCED
APP DEVELOPMENT

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Contents
About ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1: Getting started with Kotlin ............................................................................................................... 2
Section 1.1: Hello World ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Section 1.2: Hello World using a Companion Object .................................................................................................. 2
Section 1.3: Hello World using an Object Declaration ................................................................................................ 3
Section 1.4: Main methods using varargs .................................................................................................................... 4
Section 1.5: Compile and Run Kotlin Code in Command Line ................................................................................... 4
Section 1.6: Reading input from Command Line ........................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 2: Basics of Kotlin ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Section 2.1: Basic examples .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 3: Strings ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Section 3.1: String Equality ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Section 3.2: String Literals ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Section 3.3: Elements of String ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Section 3.4: String Templates ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 4: Arrays ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Section 4.1: Generic Arrays ........................................................................................................................................... 9
Section 4.2: Arrays of Primitives .................................................................................................................................. 9
Section 4.3: Create an array ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Section 4.4: Create an array using a closure ............................................................................................................. 9
Section 4.5: Create an uninitialized array ................................................................................................................... 9
Section 4.6: Extensions ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Section 4.7: Iterate Array ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Chapter 5: Collections .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Section 5.1: Using list ................................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 5.2: Using map ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Section 5.3: Using set .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Chapter 6: Enum .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Section 6.1: Initialization .............................................................................................................................................. 12
Section 6.2: Functions and Properties in enums ...................................................................................................... 12
Section 6.3: Simple enum ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Section 6.4: Mutability ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Chapter 7: Functions ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Section 7.1: Function References ............................................................................................................................... 14
Section 7.2: Basic Functions ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Section 7.3: Inline Functions ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Section 7.4: Lambda Functions .................................................................................................................................. 16
Section 7.5: Operator functions ................................................................................................................................. 16
Section 7.6: Functions Taking Other Functions ........................................................................................................ 17
Section 7.7: Shorthand Functions .............................................................................................................................. 17
Chapter 8: Vararg Parameters in Functions ................................................................................................ 18
Section 8.1: Basics: Using the vararg keyword ......................................................................................................... 18
Section 8.2: Spread Operator: Passing arrays into vararg functions .................................................................... 18
Chapter 9: Conditional Statements ................................................................................................................... 19
Section 9.1: When-statement argument matching .................................................................................................. 19
Section 9.2: When-statement as expression ............................................................................................................ 19

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 Section 9.3: Standard if-statement ............................................................................................................................ 19
Section 9.4: If-statement as an expression ............................................................................................................... 19
Section 9.5: When-statement instead of if-else-if chains ....................................................................................... 20
Section 9.6: When-statement with enums ................................................................................................................ 20
Chapter 10: Loops in Kotlin .................................................................................................................................... 22
Section 10.1: Looping over iterables ........................................................................................................................... 22
Section 10.2: Repeat an action x times ...................................................................................................................... 22
Section 10.3: Break and continue ............................................................................................................................... 22
Section 10.4: Iterating over a Map in kotlin ............................................................................................................... 23
Section 10.5: Recursion ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 10.6: While Loops ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Section 10.7: Functional constructs for iteration ...................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 11: Ranges ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Section 11.1: Integral Type Ranges ............................................................................................................................. 25
Section 11.2: downTo() function .................................................................................................................................. 25
Section 11.3: step() function ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Section 11.4: until function ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Chapter 12: Regex ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
Section 12.1: Idioms for Regex Matching in When Expression ................................................................................ 26
Section 12.2: Introduction to regular expressions in Kotlin ..................................................................................... 27
Chapter 13: Basic Lambdas .................................................................................................................................... 30
Section 13.1: Lambda as parameter to filter function .............................................................................................. 30
Section 13.2: Lambda for benchmarking a function call ......................................................................................... 30
Section 13.3: Lambda passed as a variable .............................................................................................................. 30
Chapter 14: Null Safety ........................................................................................................................................... 31
Section 14.1: Smart casts ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Section 14.2: Assertion ................................................................................................................................................. 31
Section 14.3: Eliminate nulls from an Iterable and array ......................................................................................... 31
Section 14.4: Null Coalescing / Elvis Operator .......................................................................................................... 31
Section 14.5: Nullable and Non-Nullable types ......................................................................................................... 32
Section 14.6: Elvis Operator (?:) .................................................................................................................................. 32
Section 14.7: Safe call operator .................................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 15: Class Delegation ................................................................................................................................ 34
Section 15.1: Delegate a method to another class ................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 16: Class Inheritance ............................................................................................................................... 35
Section 16.1: Basics: the 'open' keyword .................................................................................................................... 35
Section 16.2: Inheriting fields from a class ................................................................................................................ 35
Section 16.3: Inheriting methods from a class .......................................................................................................... 36
Section 16.4: Overriding properties and methods .................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 17: Visibility Modifiers ............................................................................................................................. 38
Section 17.1: Code Sample ........................................................................................................................................... 38
Chapter 18: Generics ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Section 18.1: Declaration-site variance ...................................................................................................................... 39
Section 18.2: Use-site variance ................................................................................................................................... 39
Chapter 19: Interfaces .............................................................................................................................................. 41
Section 19.1: Interface with default implementations ............................................................................................... 41
Section 19.2: Properties in Interfaces ......................................................................................................................... 42
Section 19.3: super keyword ....................................................................................................................................... 42
Section 19.4: Basic Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 42

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 Section 19.5: Conflicts when Implementing Multiple Interfaces with Default Implementations .......................... 43
Chapter 20: Singleton objects .............................................................................................................................. 44
Section 20.1: Use as replacement of static methods/fields of java ....................................................................... 44
Section 20.2: Use as a singleton ................................................................................................................................ 44
Chapter 21: coroutines ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Section 21.1: Simple coroutine which delay's 1 second but not blocks ................................................................... 45
Chapter 22: Annotations ......................................................................................................................................... 46
Section 22.1: Meta-annotations .................................................................................................................................. 46
Section 22.2: Declaring an annotation ...................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 23: Type aliases ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Section 23.1: Function type ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Section 23.2: Generic type .......................................................................................................................................... 47
Chapter 24: Type-Safe Builders ......................................................................................................................... 48
Section 24.1: Type-safe tree structure builder .......................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 25: Delegated properties ..................................................................................................................... 49
Section 25.1: Observable properties .......................................................................................................................... 49
Section 25.2: Custom delegation ............................................................................................................................... 49
Section 25.3: Lazy initialization .................................................................................................................................. 49
Section 25.4: Map-backed properties ....................................................................................................................... 49
Section 25.5: Delegate Can be used as a layer to reduce boilerplate .................................................................. 49
Chapter 26: Reflection ............................................................................................................................................. 51
Section 26.1: Referencing a class ............................................................................................................................... 51
Section 26.2: Inter-operating with Java reflection .................................................................................................. 51
Section 26.3: Referencing a function ......................................................................................................................... 51
Section 26.4: Getting values of all properties of a class ......................................................................................... 51
Section 26.5: Setting values of all properties of a class .......................................................................................... 52
Chapter 27: Extension Methods ........................................................................................................................... 54
Section 27.1: Potential Pitfall: Extensions are Resolved Statically .......................................................................... 54
Section 27.2: Top-Level Extensions ........................................................................................................................... 54
Section 27.3: Lazy extension property workaround ................................................................................................ 54
Section 27.4: Sample extending Java 7+ Path class ............................................................................................... 55
Section 27.5: Sample extending long to render a human readable string ........................................................... 55
Section 27.6: Sample extending Java 8 Temporal classes to render an ISO formatted string .......................... 55
Section 27.7: Using extension functions to improve readability ............................................................................. 55
Section 27.8: Extension functions to Companion Objects (appearance of Static functions) .............................. 56
Section 27.9: Extensions for easier reference View from code .............................................................................. 57
Chapter 28: DSL Building ........................................................................................................................................ 58
Section 28.1: Infix approach to build DSL .................................................................................................................. 58
Section 28.2: Using operators with lambdas ............................................................................................................ 58
Section 28.3: Overriding invoke method to build DSL ............................................................................................. 58
Section 28.4: Using extensions with lambdas ........................................................................................................... 58
Chapter 29: Idioms ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
Section 29.1: Serializable and serialVersionUid in Kotlin ......................................................................................... 60
Section 29.2: Delegate to a class without providing it in the public constructor .................................................. 60
Section 29.3: Use let or also to simplify working with nullable objects ................................................................. 61
Section 29.4: Use apply to initialize objects or to achieve method chaining ........................................................ 61
Section 29.5: Fluent methods in Kotlin ...................................................................................................................... 61
Section 29.6: Filtering a list ......................................................................................................................................... 62
Section 29.7: Creating DTOs (POJOs/POCOs) ........................................................................................................ 62

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Chapter 30: RecyclerView in Kotlin ................................................................................................................... 63
Section 30.1: Main class and Adapter ........................................................................................................................ 63
Chapter 31: logging in kotlin .................................................................................................................................. 65
Section 31.1: kotlin.logging .......................................................................................................................................... 65
Chapter 32: Exceptions ............................................................................................................................................. 66
Section 32.1: Catching exception with try-catch-finally ........................................................................................... 66
Chapter 33: JUnit ........................................................................................................................................................ 67
Section 33.1: Rules ........................................................................................................................................................ 67
Chapter 34: Kotlin Android Extensions ............................................................................................................ 68
Section 34.1: Using Views ............................................................................................................................................ 68
Section 34.2: Configuration ........................................................................................................................................ 68
Section 34.3: Painful listener for getting notice, when the view is completely drawn now is so simple and
awesome with Kotlin's extension ....................................................................................................................... 69
Section 34.4: Product flavors ..................................................................................................................................... 69
Chapter 35: Kotlin for Java Developers ......................................................................................................... 71
Section 35.1: Declaring Variables ............................................................................................................................... 71
Section 35.2: Quick Facts ............................................................................................................................................ 71
Section 35.3: Equality & Identity ................................................................................................................................. 71
Section 35.4: IF, TRY and others are expressions, not statements ......................................................................... 72
Chapter 36: Java 8 Stream Equivalents ......................................................................................................... 73
Section 36.1: Accumulate names in a List ................................................................................................................. 73
Section 36.2: Collect example #5 - find people of legal age, output formatted string ........................................ 73
Section 36.3: Collect example #6 - group people by age, print age and names together ................................. 73
Section 36.4: Dierent Kinds of Streams #7 - lazily iterate Doubles, map to Int, map to String, print each
................................................................................................................................................................................ 74
Section 36.5: Counting items in a list after filter is applied ..................................................................................... 75
Section 36.6: Convert elements to strings and concatenate them, separated by commas ............................... 75
Section 36.7: Compute sum of salaries of employee .............................................................................................. 75
Section 36.8: Group employees by department ...................................................................................................... 75
Section 36.9: Compute sum of salaries by department .......................................................................................... 75
Section 36.10: Partition students into passing and failing ....................................................................................... 75
Section 36.11: Names of male members ................................................................................................................... 76
Section 36.12: Group names of members in roster by gender ............................................................................... 76
Section 36.13: Filter a list to another list .................................................................................................................... 76
Section 36.14: Finding shortest string a list ............................................................................................................... 76
Section 36.15: Dierent Kinds of Streams #2 - lazily using first item if exists ....................................................... 76
Section 36.16: Dierent Kinds of Streams #3 - iterate a range of Integers .......................................................... 77
Section 36.17: Dierent Kinds of Streams #4 - iterate an array, map the values, calculate the average
................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Section 36.18: Dierent Kinds of Streams #5 - lazily iterate a list of strings, map the values, convert to Int,
find max ............................................................................................................................................................... 77
Section 36.19: Dierent Kinds of Streams #6 - lazily iterate a stream of Ints, map the values, print results
................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Section 36.20: How streams work - filter, upper case, then sort a list ................................................................... 78
Section 36.21: Dierent Kinds of Streams #1 - eager using first item if it exists ................................................... 78
Section 36.22: Collect example #7a - Map names, join together with delimiter ................................................... 78
Section 36.23: Collect example #7b - Collect with SummarizingInt ....................................................................... 79
Chapter 37: Kotlin Caveats .................................................................................................................................... 81
Section 37.1: Calling a toString() on a nullable type ................................................................................................ 81

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Appendix A: Configuring Kotlin build ................................................................................................................ 82
Section A.1: Gradle configuration ............................................................................................................................... 82
Section A.2: Using Android Studio ............................................................................................................................. 83
Section A.3: Migrating from Gradle using Groovy script to Kotlin script ............................................................... 84
Credits .............................................................................................................................................................................. 86
You may also like ........................................................................................................................................................ 88

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Chapter 1: Getting started with Kotlin
Version Release Date
1.0.0 2016-02-15
1.0.1 2016-03-16
1.0.2 2016-05-13
1.0.3 2016-06-30
1.0.4 2016-09-22
1.0.5 2016-11-08
1.0.6 2016-12-27
1.1.0 2017-03-01
1.1.1 2017-03-14
1.1.2 2017-04-25
1.1.3 2017-06-23
1.1.6 2017-11-13
1.2.2 2018-01-17
1.2.3 2018-03-01
1.2.4 2018-04-19

Section 1.1: Hello World

All Kotlin programs start at the main function. Here is an example of a simple Kotlin "Hello World" program:

package my.program

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

println("Hello, world!")
}

Place the above code into a file named Main.kt (this filename is entirely arbitrary)

When targeting the JVM, the function will be compiled as a static method in a class with a name derived from the
filename. In the above example, the main class to run would be my.program.MainKt.

To change the name of the class that contains top-level functions for a particular file, place the following annotation
at the top of the file above the package statement:

@file:JvmName("MyApp")

In this example, the main class to run would now be my.program.MyApp.

See also:

Package level functions including @JvmName annotation.

Annotation use-site targets

Section 1.2: Hello World using a Companion Object

Similar to using an Object Declaration, you can define the main function of a Kotlin program using a Companion
Object of a class.

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package my.program

class App {
companion object {
@JvmStatic fun main(args: Array<String>) {
println("Hello World")
}
}
}

The class name that you will run is the name of your class, in this case is my.program.App.

The advantage to this method over a top-level function is that the class name to run is more self-evident, and any
other functions you add are scoped into the class App. This is similar to the Object Declaration example, other
than you are in control of instantiating any classes to do further work.

A slight variation that instantiates the class to do the actual "hello":

class App {
companion object {
@JvmStatic fun main(args: Array<String>) {
App().run()
}
}

fun run() {
println("Hello World")
}
}

See also:

Static Methods including the @JvmStatic annotation

Section 1.3: Hello World using an Object Declaration

You can alternatively use an Object Declaration that contains the main function for a Kotlin program.

package my.program

object App {
@JvmStatic fun main(args: Array<String>) {
println("Hello World")
}
}

The class name that you will run is the name of your object, in this case is my.program.App.

The advantage to this method over a top-level function is that the class name to run is more self-evident, and any
other functions you add are scoped into the class App. You then also have a singleton instance of App to store state
and do other work.

See also:

Static Methods including the @JvmStatic annotation

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Section 1.4: Main methods using varargs
All of these main method styles can also be used with varargs:

package my.program

fun main(vararg args: String) {

println("Hello, world!")
}

Section 1.5: Compile and Run Kotlin Code in Command Line

As java provide two different commands to compile and run Java code. Same as Kotlin also provide you different
commands.

javac to compile java files. java to run java files.

Same as kotlinc to compile kotlin files kotlin to run kotlin files.

Section 1.6: Reading input from Command Line

The arguments passed from the console can be received in the Kotlin program and it can be used as an input. You
can pass N (1 2 3 and so on) numbers of arguments from the command prompt.

A simple example of a command-line argument in Kotlin.

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

println("Enter Two number")

var (a, b) = readLine()!!.split(' ') // !! this operator use for NPE(NullPointerException).

println("Max number is : ${maxNum(a.toInt(), b.toInt())}")

}

fun maxNum(a: Int, b: Int): Int {

var max = if (a > b) {

println("The value of a is $a");
a
} else {
println("The value of b is $b")
b
}

return max;

Here, Enter two number from the command line to find the maximum number. Output:

Enter Two number

71 89 // Enter two number from command line

The value of b is 89
Max number is: 89

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For !! Operator Please check Null Safety.

Note: Above example compile and run on Intellij.

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Chapter 2: Basics of Kotlin
This topic covers the basics of Kotlin for beginners.

Section 2.1: Basic examples

1. The Unit return type declaration is optional for functions. The following codes are equivalent.

fun printHello(name: String?): Unit {

if (name != null)
println("Hello ${name}")
}

fun printHello(name: String?) {

...
}

2. Single-Expression functions:When a function returns a single expression, the curly braces can be omitted and the
body is specified after = symbol

fun double(x: Int): Int = x * 2

Explicitly declaring the return type is optional when this can be inferred by the compiler

fun double(x: Int) = x * 2

3. String interpolation: Using string values is easy.

In java:
int num=10
String s = "i =" + i;

In Kotlin
val num = 10
val s = "i = $num"

4. In Kotlin, the type system distinguishes between references that can hold null (nullable references) and those
that can not (non-null references). For example, a regular variable of type String can not hold null:

var a: String = "abc"

a = null // compilation error

To allow nulls, we can declare a variable as nullable string, written String?:

var b: String? = "abc"

b = null // ok

5. In Kotlin,== actually checks for equality of values. By convention, an expression like a == b is translated to

a?.equals(b) ?: (b === null)

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Chapter 3: Strings
Section 3.1: String Equality
In Kotlin strings are compared with == operator which check for their structural equality.

val str1 = "Hello, World!"

val str2 = "Hello," + " World!"
println(str1 == str2) // Prints true

Referential equality is checked with === operator.

val str1 = """

|Hello, World!
""".trimMargin()

val str2 = """

#Hello, World!
""".trimMargin("#")

val str3 = str1

println(str1 == str2) // Prints true

println(str1 === str2) // Prints false
println(str1 === str3) // Prints true

Section 3.2: String Literals

Kotlin has two types of string literals:

Escaped string
Raw string

Escaped string handles special characters by escaping them. Escaping is done with a backslash. The following
escape sequences are supported: \t, \b, \n, \r, \', \", \\ and \$. To encode any other character, use the Unicode
escape sequence syntax: \uFF00.

val s = "Hello, world!\n"

Raw string delimited by a triple quote """, contains no escaping and can contain newlines and any other
characters

val text = """

for (c in "foo")
print(c)
"""

Leading whitespace can be removed with trimMargin() function.

val text = """

|Tell me and I forget.
|Teach me and I remember.
|Involve me and I learn.
|(Benjamin Franklin)
""".trimMargin()

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Default margin prefix is pipe character |, this can be set as a parameter to trimMargin; e.g. trimMargin(">").

Section 3.3: Elements of String

Elements of String are characters that can be accessed by the indexing operation string[index].

val str = "Hello, World!"

println(str[1]) // Prints e

String elements can be iterated with a for-loop.

for (c in str) {
println(c)
}

Section 3.4: String Templates

Both escaped strings and raw strings can contain template expressions. Template expression is a piece of code
which is evaluated and its result is concatenated into string. It starts with a dollar sign $ and consists of either a
variable name:

val i = 10
val s = "i = $i" // evaluates to "i = 10"

Or an arbitrary expression in curly braces:

val s = "abc"
val str = "$s.length is ${s.length}" // evaluates to "abc.length is 3"

To include a literal dollar sign in a string, escape it using a backslash:

val str = "\$foo" // evaluates to "$foo"

The exception is raw strings, which do not support escaping. In raw strings you can use the following syntax to
represent a dollar sign.

val price = """

${'$'}9.99
"""

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Chapter 4: Arrays
Section 4.1: Generic Arrays
Generic arrays in Kotlin are represented by Array<T>.

To create an empty array, use emptyArray<T>() factory function:

val empty = emptyArray<String>()

To create an array with given size and initial values, use the constructor:

var strings = Array<String>(size = 5, init = { index -> "Item #$index" })

print(Arrays.toString(a)) // prints "[Item #0, Item #1, Item #2, Item #3, Item #4]"
print(a.size) // prints 5

Arrays have get(index: Int): T and set(index: Int, value: T) functions:

strings.set(2, "ChangedItem")
print(strings.get(2)) // prints "ChangedItem"

// You can use subscription as well:

strings[2] = "ChangedItem"
print(strings[2]) // prints "ChangedItem"

Section 4.2: Arrays of Primitives

These types do not inherit from Array<T> to avoid boxing, however, they have the same attributes and methods.

Kotlin type Factory function JVM type

BooleanArray booleanArrayOf(true, false) boolean[]
ByteArray byteArrayOf(1, 2, 3) byte[]
CharArray charArrayOf('a', 'b', 'c') char[]
DoubleArray doubleArrayOf(1.2, 5.0) double[]
FloatArray floatArrayOf(1.2, 5.0) float[]
IntArray intArrayOf(1, 2, 3) int[]
LongArray longArrayOf(1, 2, 3) long[]
ShortArray shortArrayOf(1, 2, 3) short[]

Section 4.3: Create an array

val a = arrayOf(1, 2, 3) // creates an Array<Int> of size 3 containing [1, 2, 3].

Section 4.4: Create an array using a closure

val a = Array(3) { i -> i * 2 } // creates an Array<Int> of size 3 containing [0, 2, 4]

Section 4.5: Create an uninitialized array

val a = arrayOfNulls<Int>(3) // creates an Array<Int?> of [null, null, null]

The returned array will always have a nullable type. Arrays of non-nullable items can't be created uninitialized.
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Section 4.6: Extensions
average() is defined for Byte, Int, Long, Short, Double, Float and always returns Double:

val doubles = doubleArrayOf(1.5, 3.0)

print(doubles.average()) // prints 2.25

val ints = intArrayOf(1, 4)

println(ints.average()) // prints 2.5

component1(), component2(), ... component5() return an item of the array

getOrNull(index: Int) returns null if index is out of bounds, otherwise an item of the array

first(), last()

toHashSet() returns a HashSet<T> of all elements

sortedArray(), sortedArrayDescending() creates and returns a new array with sorted elements of current

sort(), sortDescending sort the array in-place

min(), max()

Section 4.7: Iterate Array

You can print the array elements using the loop same as the Java enhanced loop, but you need to change keyword
from : to in.

val asc = Array(5, { i -> (i * i).toString() })

for(s : String in asc){
println(s);
}

You can also change data type in for loop.

val asc = Array(5, { i -> (i * i).toString() })

for(s in asc){
println(s);
}

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Chapter 5: Collections
Unlike many languages, Kotlin distinguishes between mutable and immutable collections (lists, sets, maps, etc).
Precise control over exactly when collections can be edited is useful for eliminating bugs, and for designing good
APIs.

Section 5.1: Using list

// Create a new read-only List<String>
val list = listOf("Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3")
println(list) // prints "[Item 1, Item 2, Item 3]"

Section 5.2: Using map

// Create a new read-only Map<Integer, String>
val map = mapOf(Pair(1, "Item 1"), Pair(2, "Item 2"), Pair(3, "Item 3"))
println(map) // prints "{1=Item 1, 2=Item 2, 3=Item 3}"

Section 5.3: Using set

// Create a new read-only Set<String>
val set = setOf(1, 3, 5)
println(set) // prints "[1, 3, 5]"

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Chapter 6: Enum
Section 6.1: Initialization
Enum classes as any other classes can have a constructor and be initialized

enum class Color(val rgb: Int) {

RED(0xFF0000),
GREEN(0x00FF00),
BLUE(0x0000FF)
}

Section 6.2: Functions and Properties in enums

Enum classes can also declare members (i.e. properties and functions). A semicolon (;) must be placed between the
last enum object and the first member declaration.

If a member is abstract, the enum objects must implement it.

enum class Color {

RED {
override val rgb: Int = 0xFF0000
},
GREEN {
override val rgb: Int = 0x00FF00
},
BLUE {
override val rgb: Int = 0x0000FF
}

abstract val rgb: Int

fun colorString() = "#%06X".format(0xFFFFFF and rgb)

}

Section 6.3: Simple enum

enum class Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}

Each enum constant is an object. Enum constants are separated with commas.

Section 6.4: Mutability

Enums can be mutable, this is another way to obtain a singleton behavior:

enum class Planet(var population: Int = 0) {

EARTH(7 * 100000000),
MARS();

override fun toString() = "$name[population=$population]"

}

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 println(Planet.MARS) // MARS[population=0]
Planet.MARS.population = 3
println(Planet.MARS) // MARS[population=3]

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Chapter 7: Functions
Parameter Details
Name Name of the function
Params Values given to the function with a name and type: Name:Type
Type Return type of the function
Type Argument Type parameter used in generic programming (not necessarily return type)
ArgName Name of value given to the function
ArgType Type specifier for ArgName
ArgNames List of ArgName separated by commas

Section 7.1: Function References

We can reference a function without actually calling it by prefixing the function's name with ::. This can then be
passed to a function which accepts some other function as a parameter.

fun addTwo(x: Int) = x + 2

listOf(1, 2, 3, 4).map(::addTwo) # => [3, 4, 5, 6]

Functions without a receiver will be converted to (ParamTypeA, ParamTypeB, ...) -> ReturnType where
ParamTypeA, ParamTypeB ... are the type of the function parameters and `ReturnType1 is the type of function return
value.

fun foo(p0: Foo0, p1: Foo1, p2: Foo2): Bar {

//...
}
println(::foo::class.java.genericInterfaces[0])
// kotlin.jvm.functions.Function3<Foo0, Foo1, Foo2, Bar>
// Human readable type: (Foo0, Foo1, Foo2) -> Bar

Functions with a receiver (be it an extension function or a member function) has a different syntax. You have to add
the type name of the receiver before the double colon:

class Foo
fun Foo.foo(p0: Foo0, p1: Foo1, p2: Foo2): Bar {
//...
}
val ref = Foo::foo
println(ref::class.java.genericInterfaces[0])
// kotlin.jvm.functions.Function4<Foo, Foo0, Foo1, Foo2, Bar>
// Human readable type: (Foo, Foo0, Foo1, Foo2) -> Bar
// takes 4 parameters, with receiver as first and actual parameters following, in their order

// this function can't be called like an extension function, though

val ref = Foo::foo
Foo().ref(Foo0(), Foo1(), Foo2()) // compile error

class Bar {
fun bar()
}
print(Bar::bar) // works on member functions, too.

However, when a function's receiver is an object, the receiver is omitted from parameter list, because these is and
only is one instance of such type.

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object Foo
fun Foo.foo(p0: Foo0, p1: Foo1, p2: Foo2): Bar {
//...
}
val ref = Foo::foo
println(ref::class.java.genericInterfaces[0])
// kotlin.jvm.functions.Function3<Foo0, Foo1, Foo2, Bar>
// Human readable type: (Foo0, Foo1, Foo2) -> Bar
// takes 3 parameters, receiver not needed

object Bar {
fun bar()
}
print(Bar::bar) // works on member functions, too.

Since kotlin 1.1, function reference can also be bounded to a variable, which is then called a bounded function
reference.

Version ≥ 1.1.0
fun makeList(last: String?): List<String> {
val list = mutableListOf("a", "b", "c")
last?.let(list::add)
return list
}

Note this example is given only to show how bounded function reference works. It's bad practice in all other
senses.

There is a special case, though. An extension function declared as a member can't be referenced.

class Foo
class Bar {
fun Foo.foo() {}
val ref = Foo::foo // compile error
}

Section 7.2: Basic Functions

Functions are declared using the fun keyword, followed by a function name and any parameters. You can also
specify the return type of a function, which defaults to Unit. The body of the function is enclosed in braces {}. If the
return type is other than Unit, the body must issue a return statement for every terminating branch within the
body.

fun sayMyName(name: String): String {

return "Your name is $name"
}

A shorthand version of the same:

fun sayMyName(name: String): String = "Your name is $name"

And the type can be omitted since it can be inferred:

fun sayMyName(name: String) = "Your name is $name"

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Section 7.3: Inline Functions
Functions can be declared inline using the inline prefix, and in this case they act like macros in C - rather than
being called, they are replaced by the function's body code at compile time. This can lead to performance benefits
in some circumstances, mainly where lambdas are used as function parameters.

inline fun sayMyName(name: String) = "Your name is $name"

One difference from C macros is that inline functions can't access the scope from which they're called:

inline fun sayMyName() = "Your name is $name"

fun main() {
val name = "Foo"
sayMyName() # => Unresolved reference: name
}

Section 7.4: Lambda Functions

Lambda functions are anonymous functions which are usually created during a function call to act as a function
parameter. They are declared by surrounding expressions with {braces} - if arguments are needed, these are put
before an arrow ->.

{ name: String ->

"Your name is $name" //This is returned
}

The last statement inside a lambda function is automatically the return value.

The type's are optional, if you put the lambda on a place where the compiler can infer the types.

Multiple arguments:

{ argumentOne:String, argumentTwo:String ->

"$argumentOne - $argumentTwo"
}

If the lambda function only needs one argument, then the argument list can be omitted and the single argument be
referred to using it instead.

{ "Your name is $it" }

If the only argument to a function is a lambda function, then parentheses can be completely omitted from the
function call.

# These are identical

listOf(1, 2, 3, 4).map { it + 2 }
listOf(1, 2, 3, 4).map({ it + 2 })

Section 7.5: Operator functions

Kotlin allows us to provide implementations for a predefined set of operators with fixed symbolic representation
(like + or *) and fixed precedence. To implement an operator, we provide a member function or an extension
function with a fixed name, for the corresponding type. Functions that overload operators need to be marked with

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the operator modifier:

data class IntListWrapper (val wrapped: List<Int>) {

operator fun get(position: Int): Int = wrapped[position]
}

val a = IntListWrapper(listOf(1, 2, 3))

a[1] // == 2

More operator functions can be found in here

Section 7.6: Functions Taking Other Functions

As seen in "Lambda Functions", functions can take other functions as a parameter. The "function type" which you'll
need to declare functions which take other functions is as follows:

# Takes no parameters and returns anything

() -> Any?

# Takes a string and an integer and returns ReturnType

(arg1: String, arg2: Int) -> ReturnType

For example, you could use the vaguest type, () -> Any?, to declare a function which executes a lambda function
twice:

fun twice(x: () -> Any?) {

x(); x();
}

fun main() {
twice {
println("Foo")
} # => Foo
# => Foo
}

Section 7.7: Shorthand Functions

If a function contains just one expression, we can omit the brace brackets and use an equals instead, like a variable
assignment. The result of the expression is returned automatically.

fun sayMyName(name: String): String = "Your name is $name"

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Chapter 8: Vararg Parameters in Functions
Section 8.1: Basics: Using the vararg keyword
Define the function using the vararg keyword.

fun printNumbers(vararg numbers: Int) {

for (number in numbers) {
println(number)
}
}

Now you can pass as many parameters (of the correct type) into the function as you want.

printNumbers(0, 1) // Prints "0" "1"

printNumbers(10, 20, 30, 500) // Prints "10" "20" "30" "500"

Notes: Vararg parameters must be the last parameter in the parameter list.

Section 8.2: Spread Operator: Passing arrays into vararg

functions
Arrays can be passed into vararg functions using the Spread Operator, *.

Assuming the following function exists...

fun printNumbers(vararg numbers: Int) {

for (number in numbers) {
println(number)
}
}

You can pass an array into the function like so...

val numbers = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3)

printNumbers(*numbers)

// This is the same as passing in (1, 2, 3)

The spread operator can also be used in the middle of the parameters...

val numbers = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3)

printNumbers(10, 20, *numbers, 30, 40)

// This is the same as passing in (10, 20, 1, 2, 3, 30, 40)

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Chapter 9: Conditional Statements
Section 9.1: When-statement argument matching
When given an argument, the when-statement matches the argument against the branches in sequence. The
matching is done using the == operator which performs null checks and compares the operands using the equals
function. The first matching one will be executed.

when (x) {
"English" -> print("How are you?")
"German" -> print("Wie geht es dir?")
else -> print("I don't know that language yet :(")
}

The when statement also knows some more advanced matching options:

val names = listOf("John", "Sarah", "Tim", "Maggie")

when (x) {
in names -> print("I know that name!")
!in 1..10 -> print("Argument was not in the range from 1 to 10")
is String -> print(x.length) // Due to smart casting, you can use String-functions here
}

Section 9.2: When-statement as expression

Like if, when can also be used as an expression:

val greeting = when (x) {

"English" -> "How are you?"
"German" -> "Wie geht es dir?"
else -> "I don't know that language yet :("
}
print(greeting)

To be used as an expression, the when-statement must be exhaustive, i.e. either have an else branch or cover all
possibilities with the branches in another way.

Section 9.3: Standard if-statement

val str = "Hello!"
if (str.length == 0) {
print("The string is empty!")
} else if (str.length > 5) {
print("The string is short!")
} else {
print("The string is long!")
}

The else-branches are optional in normal if-statements.

Section 9.4: If-statement as an expression

If-statements can be expressions:

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val str = if (condition) "Condition met!" else "Condition not met!"

Note that the else-branch is not optional if the if-statement is used as an expression.

This can also been done with a multi-line variant with curly brackets and multiple else if statements.

val str = if (condition1){

"Condition1 met!"
} else if (condition2) {
"Condition2 met!"
} else {
"Conditions not met!"
}

TIP: Kotlin can infer the type of the variable for you but if you want to be sure of the type just annotate it
on the variable like: val str: String = this will enforce the type and will make it easier to read.

Section 9.5: When-statement instead of if-else-if chains

The when-statement is an alternative to an if-statement with multiple else-if-branches:

when {
str.length == 0 -> print("The string is empty!")
str.length > 5 -> print("The string is short!")
else -> print("The string is long!")
}

Same code written using an if-else-if chain:

if (str.length == 0) {
print("The string is empty!")
} else if (str.length > 5) {
print("The string is short!")
} else {
print("The string is long!")
}

Just like with the if-statement, the else-branch is optional, and you can add as many or as few branches as you like.
You can also have multiline-branches:

when {
condition -> {
doSomething()
doSomeMore()
}
else -> doSomethingElse()
}

Section 9.6: When-statement with enums

when can be used to match enum values:

enum class Day {

Sunday,
Monday,

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 Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday
}

fun doOnDay(day: Day) {

when(day) {
Day.Sunday -> // Do something
Day.Monday, Day.Tuesday -> // Do other thing
Day.Wednesday -> // ...
Day.Thursday -> // ...
Day.Friday -> // ...
Day.Saturday -> // ...
}
}

As you can see in second case line (Monday and Tuesday) it is also possible to combine two or more enum values.

If your cases are not exhaustive the compile will show an error. You can use else to handle default cases:

fun doOnDay(day: Day) {

when(day) {
Day.Monday -> // Work
Day.Tuesday -> // Work hard
Day.Wednesday -> // ...
Day.Thursday -> //
Day.Friday -> //
else -> // Party on weekend
}
}

Though the same can be done using if-then-else construct, when takes care of missing enum values and makes it
more natural.

Check here for more information about kotlin enum

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Chapter 10: Loops in Kotlin
Section 10.1: Looping over iterables
You can loop over any iterable by using the standard for-loop:

val list = listOf("Hello", "World", "!")

for(str in list) {
print(str)
}

Lots of things in Kotlin are iterable, like number ranges:

for(i in 0..9) {
print(i)
}

If you need an index while iterating:

for((index, element) in iterable.withIndex()) {

print("$element at index $index")
}

There is also a functional approach to iterating included in the standard library, without apparent language
constructs, using the forEach function:

iterable.forEach {
print(it.toString())
}

it in this example implicitly holds the current element, see Lambda Functions

Section 10.2: Repeat an action x times

repeat(10) { i ->
println("This line will be printed 10 times")
println("We are on the ${i + 1}. loop iteration")
}

Section 10.3: Break and continue

Break and continue keywords work like they do in other languages.

while(true) {
if(condition1) {
continue // Will immediately start the next iteration, without executing the rest of the
loop body
}
if(condition2) {
break // Will exit the loop completely
}
}

If you have nested loops, you can label the loop statements and qualify the break and continue statements to
specify which loop you want to continue or break:
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outer@ for(i in 0..10) {
inner@ for(j in 0..10) {
break // Will break the inner loop
break@inner // Will break the inner loop
break@outer // Will break the outer loop
}
}

This approach won't work for the functional forEach construct, though.

Section 10.4: Iterating over a Map in kotlin

//iterates over a map, getting the key and value at once

var map = hashMapOf(1 to "foo", 2 to "bar", 3 to "baz")

for ((key, value) in map) {

println("Map[$key] = $value")
}

Section 10.5: Recursion

Looping via recursion is also possible in Kotlin as in most programming languages.

fun factorial(n: Long): Long = if (n == 0) 1 else n * factorial(n - 1)

println(factorial(10)) // 3628800

In the example above, the factorial function will be called repeatedly by itself until the given condition is met.

Section 10.6: While Loops

While and do-while loops work like they do in other languages:

while(condition) {
doSomething()
}

do {
doSomething()
} while (condition)

In the do-while loop, the condition block has access to values and variables declared in the loop body.

Section 10.7: Functional constructs for iteration

The Kotlin Standard Library also provides numerous useful functions to iteratively work upon collections.

For example, the map function can be used to transform a list of items.

val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0)

val numberStrings = numbers.map { "Number $it" }

One of the many advantages of this style is it allows to chain operations in a similar fashion. Only a minor
modification would be required if say, the list above were needed to be filtered for even numbers. The filter
function can be used.
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val numbers = listOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0)
val numberStrings = numbers.filter { it % 2 == 0 }.map { "Number $it" }

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Chapter 11: Ranges
Range expressions are formed with rangeTo functions that have the operator form .. which is complemented by in
and !in. Range is defined for any comparable type, but for integral primitive types it has an optimized
implementation

Section 11.1: Integral Type Ranges

Integral type ranges ( IntRange , LongRange , CharRange ) have an extra feature: they can be iterated over. The
compiler takes care of converting this analogously to Java's indexed for-loop, without extra overhead

for (i in 1..4) print(i) // prints "1234"

for (i in 4..1) print(i) // prints nothing

Section 11.2: downTo() function

if you want to iterate over numbers in reverse order? It's simple. You can use the downTo() function defined in the
standard library

for (i in 4 downTo 1) print(i) // prints "4321"

Section 11.3: step() function

Is it possible to iterate over numbers with arbitrary step, not equal to 1? Sure, the step() function will help you

for (i in 1..4 step 2) print(i) // prints "13"

for (i in 4 downTo 1 step 2) print(i) // prints "42"

Section 11.4: until function

To create a range which does not include its end element, you can use the until function:

for (i in 1 until 10) { // i in [1, 10), 10 is excluded

println(i)
}

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Chapter 12: Regex
Section 12.1: Idioms for Regex Matching in When Expression
Using immutable locals:

Uses less horizontal space but more vertical space than the "anonymous temporaries" template. Preferable over
the "anonymous temporaries" template if the when expression is in a loop--in that case, regex definitions should be
placed outside the loop.

import kotlin.text.regex

var string = /* some string */

val regex1 = Regex( /* pattern */ )

val regex2 = Regex( /* pattern */ )
/* etc */

when {
regex1.matches(string) -> /* do stuff */
regex2.matches(string) -> /* do stuff */
/* etc */
}

Using anonymous temporaries:

Uses less vertical space but more horizontal space than the "immutable locals" template. Should not be used if then
when expression is in a loop.

import kotlin.text.regex

var string = /* some string */

when {
Regex( /* pattern */ ).matches(string) -> /* do stuff */
Regex( /* pattern */ ).matches(string) -> /* do stuff */
/* etc */
}

Using the visitor pattern:

Has the benefit of closely emulating the "argument-ful" when syntax. This is beneficial because it more clearly
indicates the argument of the when expression, and also precludes certain programmer mistakes that could arise
from having to repeat the when argument in every whenEntry. Either the "immutable locals" or the "anonymous
temporaries" template may be used with this implementation the visitor pattern.

import kotlin.text.regex

var string = /* some string */

when (RegexWhenArgument(string)) {
Regex( /* pattern */ ) -> /* do stuff */
Regex( /* pattern */ ) -> /* do stuff */
/* etc */
}

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And the minimal definition of the wrapper class for the when expression argument:

class RegexWhenArgument (val whenArgument: CharSequence) {

operator fun equals(whenEntry: Regex) = whenEntry.matches(whenArgument)
override operator fun equals(whenEntry: Any?) = (whenArgument == whenEntry)
}

Section 12.2: Introduction to regular expressions in Kotlin

This post shows how to use most of the functions in the Regex class, work with null safely related to the Regex
functions, and how raw strings makes it easier to write and read regex patterns.

The RegEx class

To work with regular expressions in Kotlin, you need to use the Regex(pattern: String) class and invoke
functions like find(..) or replace(..) on that regex object.

An example on how to use the Regex class that returns true if the input string contains c or d:

val regex = Regex(pattern = "c|d")

val matched = regex.containsMatchIn(input = "abc") // matched: true

The essential thing to understand with all the Regex functions is that the result is based on matching the regex
pattern and the input string. Some of the functions requires a full match, while the rest requires only a partial
match. The containsMatchIn(..) function used in the example requires a partial match and is explained later in
this post.

Null safety with regular expressions

Both find(..) and matchEntire(..) will return a MatchResult? object. The ? character after MatchResult is
necessary for Kotlin to handle null safely.

An example that demonstrates how Kotlin handles null safely from a Regex function, when the find(..) function
returns null:

val matchResult =
Regex("c|d").find("efg") // matchResult: null
val a = matchResult?.value // a: null
val b = matchResult?.value.orEmpty() // b: ""
a?.toUpperCase() // Still needs question mark. => null
b.toUpperCase() // Accesses the function directly. => ""

With the orEmpty() function, b can't be null and the ? character is unnecessary when you call functions on b.

If you don't care about this safe handling of null values, Kotlin allows you to work with null values like in Java with
the !! characters:

a!!.toUpperCase() // => KotlinNullPointerException

Raw strings in regex patterns

Kotlin provides an improvement over Java with a raw string that makes it possible to write pure regex patterns
without double backslashes, that are necessary with a Java string. A raw string is represented with a triple quote:

"""\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}""" // raw Kotlin string

"\\d{3}-\\d{3}-\\d{4}" // standard Java string

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find(input: CharSequence, startIndex: Int): MatchResult?

The input string will be matched against the pattern in the Regex object. It returns a Matchresult? object with the
first matched text after the startIndex, or null if the pattern didn't match the input string. The result string is
retrieved from the MatchResult? object's value property. The startIndex parameter is optional with the default
value 0.

To extract the first valid phone number from a string with contact details:

val phoneNumber :String? = Regex(pattern = """\d{3}-\d{3}-\d{4}""")

.find(input = "phone: 123-456-7890, e..")?.value // phoneNumber: 123-456-7890

With no valid phone number in the input string, the variable phoneNumber will be null.

findAll(input: CharSequence, startIndex: Int): Sequence

Returns all the matches from the input string that matches the regex pattern.

To print out all numbers separated with space, from a text with letters and digits:

val matchedResults = Regex(pattern = """\d+""").findAll(input = "ab12cd34ef")

val result = StringBuilder()
for (matchedText in matchedResults) {
result.append(matchedText.value + " ")
}

println(result) // => 12 34

The matchedResults variable is a sequence with MatchResult objects. With an input string without digits, the
findAll(..) function will return an empty sequence.

matchEntire(input: CharSequence): MatchResult?

If all the characters in the input string matches the regex pattern, a string equal to the input will be returned. Else,
null will be returned.

Returns the input string if the whole input string is a number:

val a = Regex("""\d+""").matchEntire("100")?.value // a: 100

val b = Regex("""\d+""").matchEntire("100 dollars")?.value // b: null

matches(input: CharSequence): Boolean

Returns true if the whole input string matches the regex pattern. False otherwise.

Tests if two strings contains only digits:

val regex = Regex(pattern = """\d+""")

regex.matches(input = "50") // => true
regex.matches(input = "50 dollars") // => false

containsMatchIn(input: CharSequence): Boolean

Returns true if part of the input string matches the regex pattern. False otherwise.

Test if two strings contains at least one digit:

Regex("""\d+""").containsMatchIn("50 dollars") // => true

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Regex("""\d+""").containsMatchIn("Fifty dollars") // => false

split(input: CharSequence, limit: Int): List

Returns a new list without all the regex matches.

To return lists without digits:

val a = Regex("""\d+""").split("ab12cd34ef") // a: [ab, cd, ef]

val b = Regex("""\d+""").split("This is a test") // b: [This is a test]

There is one element in the list for each split. The first input string has three numbers. That results in a list with
three elements.

replace(input: CharSequence, replacement: String): String

Replaces all matches of the regex pattern in the input string with the replacement string.

To replace all digits in a string with an x:

val result = Regex("""\d+""").replace("ab12cd34ef", "x") // result: abxcdxef

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Chapter 13: Basic Lambdas
Section 13.1: Lambda as parameter to filter function
val allowedUsers = users.filter { it.age > MINIMUM_AGE }

Section 13.2: Lambda for benchmarking a function call

General-purpose stopwatch for timing how long a function takes to run:

object Benchmark {
fun realtime(body: () -> Unit): Duration {
val start = Instant.now()
try {
body()
} finally {
val end = Instant.now()
return Duration.between(start, end)
}
}
}

Usage:

val time = Benchmark.realtime({

// some long-running code goes here ...
})
println("Executed the code in $time")

Section 13.3: Lambda passed as a variable

val isOfAllowedAge = { user: User -> user.age > MINIMUM_AGE }
val allowedUsers = users.filter(isOfAllowedAge)

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Chapter 14: Null Safety
Section 14.1: Smart casts
If the compiler can infer that an object can't be null at a certain point, you don't have to use the special operators
anymore:

var string: String? = "Hello!"

print(string.length) // Compile error
if(string != null) {
// The compiler now knows that string can't be null
print(string.length) // It works now!
}

Note: The compiler won't allow you to smart cast mutable variables that could potentially be modified
between the null-check and the intended usage.

If a variable is accessible from outside the scope of the current block (because they are members of a
non-local object, for example), you need to create a new, local reference which you can then smart cast
and use.

Section 14.2: Assertion

!! suffixes ignore nullability and returns a non-null version of that type. KotlinNullPointerException will be
thrown if the object is a null.

val message: String? = null

println(message!!) //KotlinNullPointerException thrown, app crashes

Section 14.3: Eliminate nulls from an Iterable and array

Sometimes we need to change type from Collection<T?> to Collections<T>. In that case, filterNotNull is our
solution.

val a: List<Int?> = listOf(1, 2, 3, null)

val b: List<Int> = a.filterNotNull()

Section 14.4: Null Coalescing / Elvis Operator

Sometimes it is desirable to evaluate a nullable expression in an if-else fashion. The elvis operator, ?:, can be used
in Kotlin for such a situation.

For instance:

val value: String = data?.first() ?: "Nothing here."

The expression above returns "Nothing here" if data?.first() or data itself yield a null value else the result of
data?.first().

It is also possible to throw exceptions using the same syntax to abort code execution.

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val value: String = data?.second()
?: throw IllegalArgumentException("Value can't be null!")

Reminder: NullPointerExceptions can be thrown using the assertion operator (e.g. data!!.second()!!)

Section 14.5: Nullable and Non-Nullable types

Normal types, like String, are not nullable. To make them able to hold null values, you have to explicitly denote
that by putting a ? behind them: String?

var string : String = "Hello World!" var nullableString: String? = null string = nullableString // Compiler error: Can't
assign nullable to non-nullable type. nullableString = string // This will work however!

Section 14.6: Elvis Operator (?:)

In Kotlin, we can declare variable which can hold null reference. Suppose we have a nullable reference a, we can
say "if a is not null, use it, otherwise use some non-null value x"

var a: String? = "Nullable String Value"

Now, a can be null. So when we need to access value of a, then we need to perform safety check, whether it
contains value or not. We can perform this safety check by conventional if...else statement.

val b: Int = if (a != null) a.length else -1

But here comes advance operator Elvis(Operator Elvis : ?:). Above if...else can be expressed with the Elvis
operator as below:

val b = a?.length ?: -1

If the expression to the left of ?: (here : a?.length) is not null, the elvis operator returns it, otherwise it returns the
expression to the right (here: -1). Right-hand side expression is evaluated only if the left-hand side is null.

Section 14.7: Safe call operator

To access functions and properties of nullable types, you have to use special operators.

The first one, ?., gives you the property or function you're trying to access, or it gives you null if the object is null:

val string: String? = "Hello World!"

print(string.length) // Compile error: Can't directly access property of nullable type.
print(string?.length) // Will print the string's length, or "null" if the string is null.

Idiom: calling multiple methods on the same, null-checked object

An elegant way to call multiple methods of a null-checked object is using Kotlin's apply like this:

obj?.apply {
foo()
bar()
}

This will call foo and bar on obj (which is this in the apply block) only if obj is non-null, skipping the entire block

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otherwise.

To bring a nullable variable into scope as a non-nullable reference without making it the implicit receiver of function
and property calls, you can use let instead of apply:

nullable?.let { notnull ->

notnull.foo()
notnull.bar()
}

notnull could be named anything, or even left out and used through the implicit lambda parameter it.

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Chapter 15: Class Delegation
A Kotlin class may implement an interface by delegating its methods and properties to another object that
implements that interface. This provides a way to compose behavior using association rather than inheritance.

Section 15.1: Delegate a method to another class

interface Foo {
fun example()
}

class Bar {
fun example() {
println("Hello, world!")
}
}

class Baz(b : Bar) : Foo by b

Baz(Bar()).example()

The example prints Hello, world!

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Chapter 16: Class Inheritance
Parameter Details
Base Class Class that is inherited from
Derived Class Class that inherits from Base Class
Init Arguments Arguments passed to constructor of Base Class
Function Definition Function in Derived Class that has different code than the same in the Base Class
DC-Object ”Derived Class-Object“ Object that has the type of the Derived Class

Any object-oriented programming language has some form of class inheritance. Let me revise:

Imagine you had to program a bunch of fruit: Apples, Oranges and Pears. They all differ in size, shape and color,
that's why we have different classes.

But let's say their differences don't matter for a second and you just want a Fruit, no matter which exactly? What
return type would getFruit() have?

The answer is class Fruit. We create a new class and make all fruits inherit from it!

Section 16.1: Basics: the 'open' keyword

In Kotlin, classes are final by default which means they cannot be inherited from.

To allow inheritance on a class, use the open keyword.

open class Thing {

// I can now be extended!
}

Note: abstract classes, sealed classes and interfaces will be open by default.

Section 16.2: Inheriting fields from a class

Defining the base class:
open class BaseClass {
val x = 10
}

Defining the derived class:

class DerivedClass: BaseClass() {
fun foo() {
println("x is equal to " + x)
}
}

Using the subclass:

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val derivedClass = DerivedClass()
derivedClass.foo() // prints: 'x is equal to 10'
}

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Section 16.3: Inheriting methods from a class
Defining the base class:
open class Person {
fun jump() {
println("Jumping...")
}
}

Defining the derived class:

class Ninja: Person() {
fun sneak() {
println("Sneaking around...")
}
}

The Ninja has access to all of the methods in Person

fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val ninja = Ninja()
ninja.jump() // prints: 'Jumping...'
ninja.sneak() // prints: 'Sneaking around...'
}

Section 16.4: Overriding properties and methods

Overriding properties (both read-only and mutable):
abstract class Car {
abstract val name: String;
open var speed: Int = 0;
}

class BrokenCar(override val name: String) : Car() {

override var speed: Int
get() = 0
set(value) {
throw UnsupportedOperationException("The car is broken")
}
}

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

val car: Car = BrokenCar("Lada")
car.speed = 10
}

Overriding methods:
interface Ship {
fun sail()
fun sink()
}

object Titanic : Ship {

var canSail = true

override fun sail() {

sink()
}

override fun sink() {

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 canSail = false
}
}

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Chapter 17: Visibility Modifiers
In Kotlin, there are 4 types of visibility modifiers are available.

Public: This can be accessed from anywhere.

Private: This can only be accessed from the module code.

Protected: This can only be accessed from the class defining it and any derived classes.

Internal: This can only be accessed from the scope of the class defining it.

Section 17.1: Code Sample

Public: public val name = "Avijit"

Private: private val name = "Avijit"

Protected: protected val name = "Avijit"

Internal: internal val name = "Avijit"

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Chapter 18: Generics
Parameter Details
TypeName Type Name of generic parameter
UpperBound Covariant Type
LowerBound Contravariant Type
ClassName Name of the class

A List can hold numbers, words or really anything. That's why we call the List generic.

Generics are basically used to define which types a class can hold and which type an object currently holds.

Section 18.1: Declaration-site variance

Declaration-site variance can be thought of as declaration of use-site variance once and for all the use-sites.

class Consumer<in T> { fun consume(t: T) { ... } }

fun charSequencesConsumer() : Consumer<CharSequence>() = ...

val stringConsumer : Consumer<String> = charSequenceConsumer() // OK since in-projection

val anyConsumer : Consumer<Any> = charSequenceConsumer() // Error, Any cannot be passed

val outConsumer : Consumer<out CharSequence> = ... // Error, T is `in`-parameter

Widespread examples of declaration-site variance are List<out T>, which is immutable so that T only appears as
the return value type, and Comparator<in T>, which only receives T as argument.

Section 18.2: Use-site variance

Use-site variance is similar to Java wildcards:

Out-projection:

val takeList : MutableList<out SomeType> = ... // Java: List<? extends SomeType>

val takenValue : SomeType = takeList[0] // OK, since upper bound is SomeType

takeList.add(takenValue) // Error, lower bound for generic is not specified

In-projection:

val putList : MutableList<in SomeType> = ... // Java: List<? super SomeType>

val valueToPut : SomeType = ...

putList.add(valueToPut) // OK, since lower bound is SomeType

putList[0] // This expression has type Any, since no upper bound is specified

Star-projection

val starList : MutableList<*> = ... // Java: List<?>

starList[0] // This expression has type Any, since no upper bound is specified

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 starList.add(someValue) // Error, lower bound for generic is not specified

See also:

Variant Generics interoperability when calling Kotlin from Java.

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Chapter 19: Interfaces
Section 19.1: Interface with default implementations
An interface in Kotlin can have default implementations for functions:

interface MyInterface {
fun withImplementation() {
print("withImplementation() was called")
}
}

Classes implementing such interfaces will be able to use those functions without reimplementing

class MyClass: MyInterface {

// No need to reimplement here
}
val instance = MyClass()
instance.withImplementation()

Properties

Default implementations also work for property getters and setters:

interface MyInterface2 {
val helloWorld
get() = "Hello World!"
}

Interface accessors implementations can't use backing fields

interface MyInterface3 {
// this property won't compile!
var helloWorld: Int
get() = field
set(value) { field = value }
}

Multiple implementations

When multiple interfaces implement the same function, or all of them define with one or more implementing, the
derived class needs to manually resolve proper call

interface A {
fun notImplemented()
fun implementedOnlyInA() { print("only A") }
fun implementedInBoth() { print("both, A") }
fun implementedInOne() { print("implemented in A") }
}

interface B {
fun implementedInBoth() { print("both, B") }
fun implementedInOne() // only defined
}

class MyClass: A, B {

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 override fun notImplemented() { print("Normal implementation") }

// implementedOnlyInA() can by normally used in instances

// class needs to define how to use interface functions

override fun implementedInBoth() {
super<B>.implementedInBoth()
super<A>.implementedInBoth()
}

// even if there's only one implementation, there multiple definitions

override fun implementedInOne() {
super<A>.implementedInOne()
print("implementedInOne class implementation")
}
}

Section 19.2: Properties in Interfaces

You can declare properties in interfaces. Since an interface cannot have state you can only declare a property as
abstract or by providing default implementation for the accessors.

interface MyInterface {
val property: Int // abstract

val propertyWithImplementation: String

get() = "foo"

fun foo() {
print(property)
}
}

class Child : MyInterface {

override val property: Int = 29
}

Section 19.3: super keyword

interface MyInterface {
fun funcOne() {
//optional body
print("Function with default implementation")
}
}

If the method in the interface has its own default implementation, we can use super keyword to access it.

super.funcOne()

Section 19.4: Basic Interface

A Kotlin interface contains declarations of abstract methods, and default method implementations although they
cannot store state.

interface MyInterface {
fun bar()

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}

This interface can now be implemented by a class as follows:

class Child : MyInterface {

override fun bar() {
print("bar() was called")
}
}

Section 19.5: Conflicts when Implementing Multiple Interfaces

with Default Implementations
When implementing more than one interface that have methods of the same name that include default
implementations, it is ambiguous to the compiler which implementation should be used. In the case of a conflict,
the developer must override the conflicting method and provide a custom implementation. That implementation
may choose to delegate to the default implementations or not.

interface FirstTrait {
fun foo() { print("first") }
fun bar()
}

interface SecondTrait {
fun foo() { print("second") }
fun bar() { print("bar") }
}

class ClassWithConflict : FirstTrait, SecondTrait {

override fun foo() {
super<FirstTrait>.foo() // delegate to the default implementation of FirstTrait
super<SecondTrait>.foo() // delegate to the default implementation of SecondTrait
}

// function bar() only has a default implementation in one interface and therefore is ok.
}

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Chapter 20: Singleton objects
An object is a special kind of class, which can be declared using object keyword. Objects are similar to Singletons (a
design pattern) in java. It also functions as the static part of java. Beginners who are switching from java to kotlin
can vastly use this feature, in place of static, or singletons.

Section 20.1: Use as replacement of static methods/fields of

java
object CommonUtils {

var anyname: String ="Hello"

fun dispMsg(message: String) {

println(message)
}
}

From any other class, just invoke the variable and functions in this way:

CommonUtils.anyname
CommonUtils.dispMsg("like static call")

Section 20.2: Use as a singleton

Kotlin objects are actually just singletons. Its primary advantage is that you don't have to use
SomeSingleton.INSTANCE to get the instance of the singleton.

In java your singleton looks like this:

public enum SharedRegistry {

INSTANCE;
public void register(String key, Object thing) {}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

SharedRegistry.INSTANCE.register("a", "apple");
SharedRegistry.INSTANCE.register("b", "boy");
SharedRegistry.INSTANCE.register("c", "cat");
SharedRegistry.INSTANCE.register("d", "dog");
}

In kotlin, the equivalent code is

object SharedRegistry {
fun register(key: String, thing: Object) {}
}

fun main(Array<String> args) {

SharedRegistry.register("a", "apple")
SharedRegistry.register("b", "boy")
SharedRegistry.register("c", "cat")
SharedRegistry.register("d", "dog")
}

It's obviously less verbose to use.

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Chapter 21: coroutines
Examples of Kotlin's experimental(yet) implementation of coroutines

Section 21.1: Simple coroutine which delay's 1 second but not

blocks
(from official doc)

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

launch(CommonPool) { // create new coroutine in common thread pool
delay(1000L) // non-blocking delay for 1 second (default time unit is ms)
println("World!") // print after delay
}
println("Hello,") // main function continues while coroutine is delayed
Thread.sleep(2000L) // block main thread for 2 seconds to keep JVM alive
}

result

Hello,
World!

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Chapter 22: Annotations
Section 22.1: Meta-annotations
When declaring an annotation, meta-info can be included using the following meta-annotations:

@Target: specifies the possible kinds of elements which can be annotated with the annotation (classes,
functions, properties, expressions etc.)

@Retention specifies whether the annotation is stored in the compiled class files and whether it's visible
through reflection at runtime (by default, both are true.)

@Repeatable allows using the same annotation on a single element multiple times.

@MustBeDocumented specifies that the annotation is part of the public API and should be included in the class
or method signature shown in the generated API documentation.

Example:

@Target(AnnotationTarget.CLASS, AnnotationTarget.FUNCTION,
AnnotationTarget.VALUE_PARAMETER, AnnotationTarget.EXPRESSION)
@Retention(AnnotationRetention.SOURCE)
@MustBeDocumented
annotation class Fancy

Section 22.2: Declaring an annotation

Annotations are means of attaching metadata to code. To declare an annotation, put the annotation modifier in
front of a class:

annotation class Strippable

Annotations can have meta-annotations:

@Target(AnnotationTarget.CLASS, AnnotationTarget.FUNCTION, AnnotationTarget.VALUE_PARAMETER,

AnnotationTarget.EXPRESSION)
annotation class Strippable

Annotations, like other classes, can have constructors:

annotation class Strippable(val importanceValue: Int)

But unlike other classes, is limited to the following types:

types that correspond to Java primitive types (Int, Long etc.);

strings
classes ( Foo:: class)
enums
other annotations
arrays of the types listed above

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Chapter 23: Type aliases
With type aliases, we can give an alias to other type. It's ideal for giving a name to function types like (String) ->
Boolean or generic type like Pair<Person, Person>.

Type aliases support generics. An alias can replace a type with generics and an alias can be generics.

Section 23.1: Function type

typealias StringValidator = (String) -> Boolean
typealias Reductor<T, U, V> = (T, U) -> V

Section 23.2: Generic type

typealias Parents = Pair<Person, Person>
typealias Accounts = List<Account>

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Chapter 24: Type-Safe Builders
Section 24.1: Type-safe tree structure builder
Builders can be defined as a set of extension functions taking lambda expressions with receivers as arguments. In
this example, a menu of a JFrame is being built:

import javax.swing.*

fun JFrame.menuBar(init: JMenuBar.() -> Unit) {

val menuBar = JMenuBar()
menuBar.init()
setJMenuBar(menuBar)
}

fun JMenuBar.menu(caption: String, init: JMenu.() -> Unit) {

val menu = JMenu(caption)
menu.init()
add(menu)
}

fun JMenu.menuItem(caption: String, init: JMenuItem.() -> Unit) {

val menuItem = JMenuItem(caption)
menuItem.init()
add(menuItem)
}

These functions can then be used to build a tree structure of objects in an easy way:

class MyFrame : JFrame() {

init {
menuBar {
menu("Menu1") {
menuItem("Item1") {
// Initialize MenuItem with some Action
}
menuItem("Item2") {}
}
menu("Menu2") {
menuItem("Item3") {}
menuItem("Item4") {}
}
}
}
}

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Chapter 25: Delegated properties
Kotlin can delegate the implementation of a property to a handler object. Some standard handlers are included,
such as lazy initialization or observable properties. Custom handlers can also be created.

Section 25.1: Observable properties

var foo : Int by Delegates.observable("1") { property, oldValue, newValue ->
println("${property.name} was changed from $oldValue to $newValue")
}
foo = 2

The example prints foo was changed from 1 to 2

Section 25.2: Custom delegation

class MyDelegate {
operator fun getValue(owner: Any?, property: KProperty<*>): String {
return "Delegated value"
}
}

val foo : String by MyDelegate()

println(foo)

The example prints Delegated value

Section 25.3: Lazy initialization

val foo : Int by lazy { 1 + 1 }
println(foo)

The example prints 2.

Section 25.4: Map-backed properties

val map = mapOf("foo" to 1)
val foo : String by map
println(foo)

The example prints 1

Section 25.5: Delegate Can be used as a layer to reduce

boilerplate
Consider Kotlin's Null Type system and WeakReference<T>.

So let's say we have to save some sort of reference and we wanted to avoid memory leaks, here is where
WeakReference comes in.

take for example this:

class MyMemoryExpensiveClass {
companion object {
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 var reference: WeakReference<MyMemoryExpensiveClass>? = null

fun doWithReference(block: (MyMemoryExpensiveClass) -> Unit) {

reference?.let {
it.get()?.let(block)
}
}
}

init {
reference = WeakReference(this)
}
}

Now this is just with one WeakReference. To Reduce this boilerplate, we can use a custom property delegate to help
us like so:

class WeakReferenceDelegate<T>(initialValue: T? = null) : ReadWriteProperty<Any, T?> {

var reference = WeakReference(initialValue)
private set

override fun getValue(thisRef: Any, property: KProperty<*>): T? = reference.get()

override fun setValue(thisRef: Any, property: KProperty<*>, value: T?) {

reference = WeakReference(value)
}
}

So Now we can use variables that are wrapped with WeakReference just like normal nullable variables !

class MyMemoryExpensiveClass {
companion object {
var reference: MyMemoryExpensiveClass? by WeakReferenceDelegate<MyMemoryExpensiveClass>()

fun doWithReference(block: (MyMemoryExpensiveClass) -> Unit) {

reference?.let(block)
}
}

init {
reference = this
}
}

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Chapter 26: Reflection
Reflection is a language's ability to inspect code at runtime instead of compile time.

Section 26.1: Referencing a class

To obtain a reference to a KClass object representing some class use double colons:

val c1 = String::class
val c2 = MyClass::class

Section 26.2: Inter-operating with Java reflection

To obtain a Java's Class object from Kotlin's KClass use the .java extension property:

val stringKClass: KClass<String> = String::class

val c1: Class<String> = stringKClass.java

val c2: Class<MyClass> = MyClass::class.java

The latter example will be optimized by the compiler to not allocate an intermediate KClass instance.

Section 26.3: Referencing a function

Functions are first-class citizens in Kotlin. You can obtain a reference on it using double colons and then pass it to
another function:

fun isPositive(x: Int) = x > 0

val numbers = listOf(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2)

println(numbers.filter(::isPositive)) // [1, 2]

Section 26.4: Getting values of all properties of a class

Given Example class extending BaseExample class with some properties:

open class BaseExample(val baseField: String)

class Example(val field1: String, val field2: Int, baseField: String):

BaseExample(baseField) {

val field3: String

get() = "Property without backing field"

val field4 by lazy { "Delegated value" }

private val privateField: String = "Private value"

}

One can get hold of all properties of a class:

val example = Example(field1 = "abc", field2 = 1, baseField = "someText")

example::class.memberProperties.forEach { member ->

println("${member.name} -> ${member.get(example)}")

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}

Running this code will cause an exception to be thrown. Property private val privateField is declared private
and calling member.get(example) on it will not succeed. One way to handle this it to filter out private properties. To
do that we have to check the visibility modifier of a property's Java getter. In case of private val the getter does
not exist so we can assume private access.

The helper function and it's usage might look like this:

fun isFieldAccessible(property: KProperty1<*, *>): Boolean {

return property.javaGetter?.modifiers?.let { !Modifier.isPrivate(it) } ?: false
}

val example = Example(field1 = "abc", field2 = 1, baseField = "someText")

example::class.memberProperties.filter { isFieldAccessible(it) }.forEach { member ->

println("${member.name} -> ${member.get(example)}")
}

Another approach is to make private properties accessible using reflection:

example::class.memberProperties.forEach { member ->

member.isAccessible = true
println("${member.name} -> ${member.get(example)}")
}

Section 26.5: Setting values of all properties of a class

As an example we want to set all string properties of a sample class

class TestClass {
val readOnlyProperty: String
get() = "Read only!"

var readWriteString = "asd"

var readWriteInt = 23

var readWriteBackedStringProperty: String = ""

get() = field + '5'
set(value) { field = value + '5' }

var readWriteBackedIntProperty: Int = 0

get() = field + 1
set(value) { field = value - 1 }

var delegatedProperty: Int by TestDelegate()

private var privateProperty = "This should be private"

private class TestDelegate {

private var backingField = 3

operator fun getValue(thisRef: Any?, prop: KProperty<*>): Int {

return backingField
}

operator fun setValue(thisRef: Any?, prop: KProperty<*>, value: Int) {

backingField += value
}

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 }
}

Getting mutable properties builds on getting all properties, filtering mutable properties by type. We also need to
check visibility, as reading private properties results in run time exception.

val instance = TestClass()

TestClass::class.memberProperties
.filter{ prop.visibility == KVisibility.PUBLIC }
.filterIsInstance<KMutableProperty<*>>()
.forEach { prop ->
System.out.println("${prop.name} -> ${prop.get(instance)")
}

To set all String properties to "Our Value" we can additionally filter by the return type. Since Kotlin is based on
Java VM, Type Erasure is in effect, and thus Properties returning generic types such as List<String> will be the
same as List<Any>. Sadly reflection is not a golden bullet and there is no sensible way to avoid this, so you need to
watch out in your use-cases.

val instance = TestClass()

TestClass::class.memberProperties
.filter{ prop.visibility == KVisibility.PUBLIC }
// We only want strings
.filter{ it.returnType.isSubtypeOf(String::class.starProjectedType) }
.filterIsInstance<KMutableProperty<*>>()
.forEach { prop ->
// Instead of printing the property we set it to some value
prop.setter.call(instance, "Our Value")
}

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Chapter 27: Extension Methods
Section 27.1: Potential Pitfall: Extensions are Resolved
Statically
The extension method to be called is determined at compile-time based on the reference-type of the variable being
accessed. It doesn't matter what the variable's type is at runtime, the same extension method will always be called.

open class Super

class Sub : Super()

fun Super.myExtension() = "Defined for Super"

fun Sub.myExtension() = "Defined for Sub"

fun callMyExtension(myVar: Super) {

println(myVar.myExtension())
}

callMyExtension(Sub())

The above example will print "Defined for Super", because the declared type of the variable myVar is Super.

Section 27.2: Top-Level Extensions

Top-level extension methods are not contained within a class.

fun IntArray.addTo(dest: IntArray) {

for (i in 0 .. size - 1) {
dest[i] += this[i]
}
}

Above an extension method is defined for the type IntArray. Note that the object for which the extension method
is defined (called the receiver) is accessed using the keyword this.

This extension can be called like so:

val myArray = intArrayOf(1, 2, 3)

intArrayOf(4, 5, 6).addTo(myArray)

Section 27.3: Lazy extension property workaround

Assume you want to create an extension property that is expensive to compute. Thus you would like to cache the
computation, by using the lazy property delegate and refer to current instance (this), but you cannot do it, as
explained in the Kotlin issues KT-9686 and KT-13053. However, there is an official workaround provided here.

In the example, the extension property is color. It uses an explicit colorCache which can be used with this as no
lazy is necessary:

class KColor(val value: Int)

private val colorCache = mutableMapOf<KColor, Color>()

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val KColor.color: Color
get() = colorCache.getOrPut(this) { Color(value, true) }

Section 27.4: Sample extending Java 7+ Path class

A common use case for extension methods is to improve an existing API. Here are examples of adding exist,
notExists and deleteRecursively to the Java 7+ Path class:

fun Path.exists(): Boolean = Files.exists(this)

fun Path.notExists(): Boolean = !this.exists()
fun Path.deleteRecursively(): Boolean = this.toFile().deleteRecursively()

Which can now be invoked in this example:

val dir = Paths.get(dirName)

if (dir.exists()) dir.deleteRecursively()

Section 27.5: Sample extending long to render a human

readable string
Given any value of type Int or Long to render a human readable string:

fun Long.humanReadable(): String {

if (this <= 0) return "0"
val units = arrayOf("B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "EB")
val digitGroups = (Math.log10(this.toDouble())/Math.log10(1024.0)).toInt();
return DecimalFormat("#,##0.#").format(this/Math.pow(1024.0, digitGroups.toDouble())) + " " +
units[digitGroups];
}

fun Int.humanReadable(): String {

return this.toLong().humanReadable()
}

Then easily used as:

println(1999549L.humanReadable())
println(someInt.humanReadable())

Section 27.6: Sample extending Java 8 Temporal classes to

render an ISO formatted string
With this declaration:

fun Temporal.toIsoString(): String = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_INSTANT.format(this)

You can now simply:

val dateAsString = someInstant.toIsoString()

Section 27.7: Using extension functions to improve readability

In Kotlin you could write code like:

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val x: Path = Paths.get("dirName").apply {
if (Files.notExists(this)) throw IllegalStateException("The important file does not exist")
}

But the use of apply is not that clear as to your intent. Sometimes it is clearer to create a similar extension function
to in effect rename the action and make it more self-evident. This should not be allowed to get out of hand, but for
very common actions such as verification:

infix inline fun <T> T.verifiedBy(verifyWith: (T) -> Unit): T {

verifyWith(this)
return this
}

infix inline fun <T: Any> T.verifiedWith(verifyWith: T.() -> Unit): T {

this.verifyWith()
return this
}

You could now write the code as:

val x: Path = Paths.get("dirName") verifiedWith {

if (Files.notExists(this)) throw IllegalStateException("The important file does not exist")
}

Which now let's people know what to expect within the lambda parameter.

Note that the type parameter T for verifiedBy is same as T: Any? meaning that even nullable types will be able to
use that version of the extension. Although verifiedWith requires non-nullable.

Section 27.8: Extension functions to Companion Objects

(appearance of Static functions)
If you want to extend a class as-if you are a static function, for example for class Something add static looking
function fromString, this can only work if the class has a companion object and that the extension function has
been declared upon the companion object:

class Something {
companion object {}
}

class SomethingElse {
}

fun Something.Companion.fromString(s: String): Something = ...

fun SomethingElse.fromString(s: String): SomethingElse = ...

fun main(args: Array<String>) {

Something.fromString("") //valid as extension function declared upon the
//companion object

SomethingElse().fromString("") //valid, function invoked on instance not

//statically

SomethingElse.fromString("") //invalid
}

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Section 27.9: Extensions for easier reference View from code
You can use extensions for reference View, no more boilerplate after you created the views.

Original Idea is by Anko Library

Extensions
inline fun <reified T : View> View.find(id: Int): T = findViewById(id) as T
inline fun <reified T : View> Activity.find(id: Int): T = findViewById(id) as T
inline fun <reified T : View> Fragment.find(id: Int): T = view?.findViewById(id) as T
inline fun <reified T : View> RecyclerView.ViewHolder.find(id: Int): T = itemView?.findViewById(id)
as T

inline fun <reified T : View> View.findOptional(id: Int): T? = findViewById(id) as? T

inline fun <reified T : View> Activity.findOptional(id: Int): T? = findViewById(id) as? T
inline fun <reified T : View> Fragment.findOptional(id: Int): T? = view?.findViewById(id) as? T
inline fun <reified T : View> RecyclerView.ViewHolder.findOptional(id: Int): T? =
itemView?.findViewById(id) as? T

Usage
val yourButton by lazy { find<Button>(R.id.yourButtonId) }
val yourText by lazy { find<TextView>(R.id.yourTextId) }
val yourEdittextOptional by lazy { findOptional<EditText>(R.id.yourOptionEdittextId) }

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Chapter 28: DSL Building
Focus on the syntax details to design internal DSLs in Kotlin.

Section 28.1: Infix approach to build DSL

If you have:

infix fun <T> T?.shouldBe(expected: T?) = assertEquals(expected, this)

you can write the following DSL-like code in your tests:

@Test
fun test() {
100.plusOne() shouldBe 101
}

Section 28.2: Using operators with lambdas

If you have:

val r = Random(233)
infix inline operator fun Int.rem(block: () -> Unit) {
if (r.nextInt(100) < this) block()
}

You can write the following DSL-like code:

20 % { println("The possibility you see this message is 20%") }

Section 28.3: Overriding invoke method to build DSL

If you have:

class MyExample(val i: Int) {

operator fun <R> invoke(block: MyExample.() -> R) = block()
fun Int.bigger() = this > i
}

you can write the following DSL-like code in your production code:

fun main2(args: Array<String>) {

val ex = MyExample(233)
ex {
// bigger is defined in the context of `ex`
// you can only call this method inside this context
if (777.bigger()) kotlin.io.println("why")
}
}

Section 28.4: Using extensions with lambdas

If you have:

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operator fun <R> String.invoke(block: () -> R) = {
try { block.invoke() }
catch (e: AssertException) { System.err.println("$this\n${e.message}") }
}

You can write the following DSL-like code:

"it should return 2" {

parse("1 + 1").buildAST().evaluate() shouldBe 2
}

If you feel confused with shouldBe above, see the example Infix approach to build DSL.

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Chapter 29: Idioms
Section 29.1: Serializable and serialVersionUid in Kotlin
To create the serialVersionUID for a class in Kotlin you have a few options all involving adding a member to the
companion object of the class.

The most concise bytecode comes from a private const val which will become a private static variable on the
containing class, in this case MySpecialCase:

class MySpecialCase : Serializable {

companion object {
private const val serialVersionUID: Long = 123
}
}

You can also use these forms, each with a side effect of having getter/setter methods which are not necessary
for serialization...

class MySpecialCase : Serializable {

companion object {
private val serialVersionUID: Long = 123
}
}

This creates the static field but also creates a getter as well getSerialVersionUID on the companion object which is
unnecessary.

class MySpecialCase : Serializable {

companion object {
@JvmStatic private val serialVersionUID: Long = 123
}
}

This creates the static field but also creates a static getter as well getSerialVersionUID on the containing class
MySpecialCase which is unnecessary.

But all work as a method of adding the serialVersionUID to a Serializable class.

Section 29.2: Delegate to a class without providing it in the

public constructor
Assume you want to delegate to a class but you do not want to provide the delegated-to class in the constructor
parameter. Instead, you want to construct it privately, making the constructor caller unaware of it. At first this might
seem impossible because class delegation allows to delegate only to constructor parameters. However, there is a
way to do it, as given in this answer:

class MyTable private constructor(table: Table<Int, Int, Int>) : Table<Int, Int, Int> by table {

constructor() : this(TreeBasedTable.create()) // or a different type of table if desired

With this, you can just call the constructor of MyTable like that: MyTable(). The Table<Int, Int, Int> to which

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MyTable delegates will be created privately. Constructor caller knows nothing about it.

This example is based on this SO question.

Section 29.3: Use let or also to simplify working with nullable

objects
let in Kotlin creates a local binding from the object it was called upon. Example:

val str = "foo"

str.let {
println(it) // it
}

This will print "foo" and will return Unit.

The difference between let and also is that you can return any value from a let block. also in the other hand will always
return Unit.

Now why this is useful, you ask? Because if you call a method which can return null and you want to run some
code only when that return value is not null you can use let or also like this:

val str: String? = someFun()

str?.let {
println(it)
}

This piece of code will only run the let block when str is not null. Note the null safety operator (?).

Section 29.4: Use apply to initialize objects or to achieve

method chaining
The documentation of apply says the following:

calls the specified function block with this value as its receiver and returns this value.

While the kdoc is not so helpful apply is indeed an useful function. In layman's terms apply establishes a scope in
which this is bound to the object you called apply on. This enables you to spare some code when you need to call
multiple methods on an object which you will then return later. Example:

File(dir).apply { mkdirs() }

This is the same as writing this:

fun makeDir(String path): File {

val result = new File(path)
result.mkdirs()
return result
}

Section 29.5: Fluent methods in Kotlin

Fluent methods in Kotlin can be the same as Java:

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fun doSomething() {
someOtherAction()
return this
}

But you can also make them more functional by creating an extension function such as:

fun <T: Any> T.fluently(func: ()->Unit): T {

func()
return this
}

Which then allows more obviously fluent functions:

fun doSomething() {
return fluently { someOtherAction() }
}

Section 29.6: Filtering a list

val list = listOf(1,2,3,4,5,6)

//filter out even numbers

val even = list.filter { it % 2 == 0 }

println(even) //returns [2,4]

Section 29.7: Creating DTOs (POJOs/POCOs)

Data classes in kotlin are classes created to do nothing but hold data. Such classes are marked as data:

data class User(var firstname: String, var lastname: String, var age: Int)

The code above creates a User class with the following automatically generated:

Getters and Setters for all properties (getters only for vals)
equals()
hashcode()
toString()
copy()
componentN() (where N is the corresponding property in order of declaration)

Just as with a function, default values can also be specified:

data class User(var firstname: String = "Joe", var lastname: String = "Bloggs", var age: Int = 20)

More details can be found here Data Classes.

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Chapter 30: RecyclerView in Kotlin
I just want to share my little bit knowledge and code of RecyclerView using Kotlin.

Section 30.1: Main class and Adapter

I am assuming that you have aware about the some syntax of Kotlin and how to use, just add RecyclerView in
activity_main.xml file and set with adapter class.

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity(){

lateinit var mRecyclerView : RecyclerView

val mAdapter : RecyclerAdapter = RecyclerAdapter()

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
val toolbar = findViewById(R.id.toolbar) as Toolbar
setSupportActionBar(toolbar)

mRecyclerView = findViewById(R.id.recycler_view) as RecyclerView

mRecyclerView.setHasFixedSize(true)
mRecyclerView.layoutManager = LinearLayoutManager(this)
mAdapter.RecyclerAdapter(getList(), this)
mRecyclerView.adapter = mAdapter
}

private fun getList(): ArrayList<String> {

var list : ArrayList<String> = ArrayList()
for (i in 1..10) { // equivalent of 1 <= i && i <= 10
println(i)
list.add("$i")
}
return list
}
}

this one is your recycler view adapter class and create main_item.xml file what you want

class RecyclerAdapter : RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerAdapter.ViewHolder>() {

var mItems: ArrayList<String> = ArrayList()

lateinit var mClick : OnClick

fun RecyclerAdapter(item : ArrayList<String>, mClick : OnClick){

this.mItems = item
this.mClick = mClick;
}

override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: ViewHolder, position: Int) {

val item = mItems[position]
holder.bind(item, mClick, position)
}

override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int): ViewHolder {

val layoutInflater = LayoutInflater.from(parent.context)
return ViewHolder(layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.main_item, parent, false))
}
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 override fun getItemCount(): Int {
return mItems.size
}

class ViewHolder(view: View) : RecyclerView.ViewHolder(view) {

val card = view.findViewById(R.id.card) as TextView
fun bind(str: String, mClick: OnClick, position: Int){
card.text = str
card.setOnClickListener { view ->
mClick.onClickListner(position)
}
}
}
}

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Chapter 31: logging in kotlin
Section 31.1: kotlin.logging
class FooWithLogging {
companion object: KLogging()

fun bar() {
logger.info { "hello $name" }
}

fun logException(e: Exception) {

logger.error(e) { "Error occurred" }
}
}

Using kotlin.logging framework

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Chapter 32: Exceptions
Section 32.1: Catching exception with try-catch-finally
Catching exceptions in Kotlin looks very similar to Java

try {
doSomething()
}
catch(e: MyException) {
handle(e)
}
finally {
cleanup()
}

You can also catch multiple exceptions

try {
doSomething()
}
catch(e: FileSystemException) {
handle(e)
}
catch(e: NetworkException) {
handle(e)
}
catch(e: MemoryException) {
handle(e)
}
finally {
cleanup()
}

try is also an expression and may return value

val s: String? = try { getString() } catch (e: Exception) { null }

Kotlin doesn't have checked exceptions, so you don't have to catch any exceptions.

fun fileToString(file: File) : String {

//readAllBytes throws IOException, but we can omit catching it
fileContent = Files.readAllBytes(file)
return String(fileContent)
}

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Chapter 33: JUnit
Section 33.1: Rules
To add a JUnit rule to a test fixture:

@Rule @JvmField val myRule = TemporaryFolder()

The @JvmField annotation is necessary to expose the backing field with the same visibility (public) as the myRule
property (see answer). JUnit rules require the annotated rule field to be public.

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Chapter 34: Kotlin Android Extensions
Kotlin has a built-in view injection for Android, allowing to skip manual binding or need for frameworks such as
ButterKnife. Some of the advantages are a nicer syntax, better static typing and thus being less error-prone.

Section 34.1: Using Views

Assuming we have an activity with an example layout called activity_main.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<Button
android:id="@+id/my_button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="My button"/>
</LinearLayout>

We can use Kotlin extensions to call the button without any additional binding like so:

import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.my_button

class MainActivity: Activity() {

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceBundle: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceBundle)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
// my_button is already casted to a proper type of "Button"
// instead of being a "View"
my_button.setText("Kotlin rocks!")
}
}

You can also import all ids appearing in layout with a * notation

// my_button can be used the same way as before

import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.*

Synthetic views can't be used outside of Activities/Fragments/Views with that layout inflated:

import kotlinx.android.synthetic.main.activity_main.my_button

class NotAView {
init {
// This sample won't compile!
my_button.setText("Kotlin rocks!")
}
}

Section 34.2: Configuration

Start with a properly configured gradle project.

In your project-local (not top-level) build.gradle append extensions plugin declaration below your Kotlin plugin,

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on top-level indentation level.

buildscript {
...
}

apply plugin: "com.android.application"

...
apply plugin: "kotlin-android"
apply plugin: "kotlin-android-extensions"
...

Section 34.3: Painful listener for getting notice, when the view
is completely drawn now is so simple and awesome with
Kotlin's extension
mView.afterMeasured {
// inside this block the view is completely drawn
// you can get view's height/width, it.height / it.width
}

Under the hood

inline fun View.afterMeasured(crossinline f: View.() -> Unit) {

viewTreeObserver.addOnGlobalLayoutListener(object : ViewTreeObserver.OnGlobalLayoutListener {
override fun onGlobalLayout() {
if (measuredHeight > 0 && measuredWidth > 0) {
viewTreeObserver.removeOnGlobalLayoutListener(this)
f()
}
}
})
}

Section 34.4: Product flavors

Android extensions also work with multiple Android Product Flavors. For example if we have flavors in
build.gradle like so:

android {
productFlavors {
paid {
...
}
free {
...
}
}
}

And for example, only the free flavor has a buy button:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

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 <Button
android:id="@+id/buy_button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Buy full version"/>
</LinearLayout>

We can bind to the flavor specifically:

import kotlinx.android.synthetic.free.main_activity.buy_button

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Chapter 35: Kotlin for Java Developers
Most people coming to Kotlin do have a programming background in Java.

This topic collects examples comparing Java to Kotlin, highlighting the most important differences and those gems
Kotlin offers over Java.

Section 35.1: Declaring Variables

In Kotlin, variable declarations look a bit different than Java's:

val i : Int = 42

They start with either val or var, making the declaration final ("value") or variable.

The type is noted after the name, separated by a :

Thanks to Kotlin's type inference the explicit type declaration can be omitted if there is an assignment with a
type the compiler is able to unambiguously detect

Java Kotlin
int i = 42; var i = 42 (or var i : Int = 42)
final int i = 42; val i = 42

Section 35.2: Quick Facts

Kotlin does not need ; to end statements
Kotlin is null-safe
Kotlin is 100% Java interoperable
Kotlin has no primitives (but optimizes their object counterparts for the JVM, if possible)
Kotlin classes have properties, not fields
Kotlin offers data classes with auto-generated equals/hashCode methods and field accessors
Kotlin only has runtime Exceptions, no checked Exceptions
Kotlin has no new keyword. Creating objects is done just by calling the constructor like any other method.
Kotlin supports (limited) operator overloading. For example, accessing a value of a map can be written like:
val a = someMap["key"]
Kotlin can not only be compiled to byte code for the JVM, but also into Java Script, enabling you to write both
backend and frontend code in Kotlin
Kotlin is fully compatible with Java 6, which is especially interesting in regards for support of (not so) old
Android devices
Kotlin is an officially supported language for Android development
Kotlin's collections have built-in distinction between mutable and immutable collections.
Kotlin supports Coroutines (experimental)

Section 35.3: Equality & Identity

Kotlin uses == for equality (that is, calls equals internally) and === for referential identity.

Java Kotlin
a.equals(b); a == b
a == b; a === b
a != b; a !== b

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See: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/equality.html

Section 35.4: IF, TRY and others are expressions, not

statements
In Kotlin, if, try and others are expressions (so they do return a value) rather than (void) statements.

So, for example, Kotlin does not have Java's ternary Elvis Operator, but you can write something like this:

val i = if (someBoolean) 33 else 42

Even more unfamiliar, but equally expressive, is the try expression:

val i = try {
Integer.parseInt(someString)
}
catch (ex : Exception)
{
42
}

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Chapter 36: Java 8 Stream Equivalents
Kotlin provides many extension methods on collections and iterables for applying functional-style operations. A
dedicated Sequence type allows for lazy composition of several such operations.

Section 36.1: Accumulate names in a List

// Java:
List<String> list = people.stream().map(Person::getName).collect(Collectors.toList());

// Kotlin:
val list = people.map { it.name } // toList() not needed

Section 36.2: Collect example #5 - find people of legal age,

output formatted string
// Java:
String phrase = persons
.stream()
.filter(p -> p.age >= 18)
.map(p -> p.name)
.collect(Collectors.joining(" and ", "In Germany ", " are of legal age."));

System.out.println(phrase);
// In Germany Max and Peter and Pamela are of legal age.

// Kotlin:
val phrase = persons
.filter { it.age >= 18 }
.map { it.name }
.joinToString(" and ", "In Germany ", " are of legal age.")

println(phrase)
// In Germany Max and Peter and Pamela are of legal age.

And as a side note, in Kotlin we can create simple data classes and instantiate the test data as follows:

// Kotlin:
// data class has equals, hashcode, toString, and copy methods automagically
data class Person(val name: String, val age: Int)

val persons = listOf(Person("Max", 18), Person("David", 12),

Person("Peter", 23), Person("Pamela", 23))

Section 36.3: Collect example #6 - group people by age, print

age and names together
// Java:
Map<Integer, String> map = persons
.stream()
.collect(Collectors.toMap(
p -> p.age,
p -> p.name,
(name1, name2) -> name1 + ";" + name2));

System.out.println(map);

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// {18=Max, 23=Peter;Pamela, 12=David}

Ok, a more interest case here for Kotlin. First the wrong answers to explore variations of creating a Map from a
collection/sequence:

// Kotlin:
val map1 = persons.map { it.age to it.name }.toMap()
println(map1)
// output: {18=Max, 23=Pamela, 12=David}
// Result: duplicates overridden, no exception similar to Java 8

val map2 = persons.toMap({ it.age }, { it.name })

println(map2)
// output: {18=Max, 23=Pamela, 12=David}
// Result: same as above, more verbose, duplicates overridden

val map3 = persons.toMapBy { it.age }

println(map3)
// output: {18=Person(name=Max, age=18), 23=Person(name=Pamela, age=23), 12=Person(name=David,
age=12)}
// Result: duplicates overridden again

val map4 = persons.groupBy { it.age }

println(map4)
// output: {18=[Person(name=Max, age=18)], 23=[Person(name=Peter, age=23), Person(name=Pamela,
age=23)], 12=[Person(name=David, age=12)]}
// Result: closer, but now have a Map<Int, List<Person>> instead of Map<Int, String>

val map5 = persons.groupBy { it.age }.mapValues { it.value.map { it.name } }

println(map5)
// output: {18=[Max], 23=[Peter, Pamela], 12=[David]}
// Result: closer, but now have a Map<Int, List<String>> instead of Map<Int, String>

And now for the correct answer:

// Kotlin:
val map6 = persons.groupBy { it.age }.mapValues { it.value.joinToString(";") { it.name } }

println(map6)
// output: {18=Max, 23=Peter;Pamela, 12=David}
// Result: YAY!!

We just needed to join the matching values to collapse the lists and provide a transformer to joinToString to move
from Person instance to the Person.name.

Section 36.4: Dierent Kinds of Streams #7 - lazily iterate

Doubles, map to Int, map to String, print each
// Java:
Stream.of(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
.mapToInt(Double::intValue)
.mapToObj(i -> "a" + i)
.forEach(System.out::println);

// a1
// a2
// a3

// Kotlin:

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sequenceOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0).map(Double::toInt).map { "a$it" }.forEach(::println)

Section 36.5: Counting items in a list after filter is applied

// Java:
long count = items.stream().filter( item -> item.startsWith("t")).count();

// Kotlin:
val count = items.filter { it.startsWith('t') }.size
// but better to not filter, but count with a predicate
val count = items.count { it.startsWith('t') }

Section 36.6: Convert elements to strings and concatenate

them, separated by commas
// Java:
String joined = things.stream()
.map(Object::toString)
.collect(Collectors.joining(", "));

// Kotlin:
val joined = things.joinToString() // ", " is used as separator, by default

Section 36.7: Compute sum of salaries of employee

// Java:
int total = employees.stream()
.collect(Collectors.summingInt(Employee::getSalary)));

// Kotlin:
val total = employees.sumBy { it.salary }

Section 36.8: Group employees by department

// Java:
Map<Department, List<Employee>> byDept
= employees.stream()
.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getDepartment));

// Kotlin:
val byDept = employees.groupBy { it.department }

Section 36.9: Compute sum of salaries by department

// Java:
Map<Department, Integer> totalByDept
= employees.stream()
.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Employee::getDepartment,
Collectors.summingInt(Employee::getSalary)));

// Kotlin:
val totalByDept = employees.groupBy { it.dept }.mapValues { it.value.sumBy { it.salary }}

Section 36.10: Partition students into passing and failing

// Java:
Map<Boolean, List<Student>> passingFailing =

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 students.stream()
.collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(s -> s.getGrade() >= PASS_THRESHOLD));

// Kotlin:
val passingFailing = students.partition { it.grade >= PASS_THRESHOLD }

Section 36.11: Names of male members

// Java:
List<String> namesOfMaleMembersCollect = roster
.stream()
.filter(p -> p.getGender() == Person.Sex.MALE)
.map(p -> p.getName())
.collect(Collectors.toList());

// Kotlin:
val namesOfMaleMembers = roster.filter { it.gender == Person.Sex.MALE }.map { it.name }

Section 36.12: Group names of members in roster by gender

// Java:
Map<Person.Sex, List<String>> namesByGender =
roster.stream().collect(
Collectors.groupingBy(
Person::getGender,
Collectors.mapping(
Person::getName,
Collectors.toList())));

// Kotlin:
val namesByGender = roster.groupBy { it.gender }.mapValues { it.value.map { it.name } }

Section 36.13: Filter a list to another list

// Java:
List<String> filtered = items.stream()
.filter( item -> item.startsWith("o") )
.collect(Collectors.toList());

// Kotlin:
val filtered = items.filter { item.startsWith('o') }

Section 36.14: Finding shortest string a list

// Java:
String shortest = items.stream()
.min(Comparator.comparing(item -> item.length()))
.get();

// Kotlin:
val shortest = items.minBy { it.length }

Section 36.15: Dierent Kinds of Streams #2 - lazily using first

item if exists
// Java:
Stream.of("a1", "a2", "a3")
.findFirst()

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 .ifPresent(System.out::println);

// Kotlin:
sequenceOf("a1", "a2", "a3").firstOrNull()?.apply(::println)

Section 36.16: Dierent Kinds of Streams #3 - iterate a range

of Integers
// Java:
IntStream.range(1, 4).forEach(System.out::println);

// Kotlin: (inclusive range)

(1..3).forEach(::println)

Section 36.17: Dierent Kinds of Streams #4 - iterate an

array, map the values, calculate the average
// Java:
Arrays.stream(new int[] {1, 2, 3})
.map(n -> 2 * n + 1)
.average()
.ifPresent(System.out::println); // 5.0

// Kotlin:
arrayOf(1,2,3).map { 2 * it + 1}.average().apply(::println)

Section 36.18: Dierent Kinds of Streams #5 - lazily iterate a

list of strings, map the values, convert to Int, find max
// Java:
Stream.of("a1", "a2", "a3")
.map(s -> s.substring(1))
.mapToInt(Integer::parseInt)
.max()
.ifPresent(System.out::println); // 3

// Kotlin:
sequenceOf("a1", "a2", "a3")
.map { it.substring(1) }
.map(String::toInt)
.max().apply(::println)

Section 36.19: Dierent Kinds of Streams #6 - lazily iterate a

stream of Ints, map the values, print results
// Java:
IntStream.range(1, 4)
.mapToObj(i -> "a" + i)
.forEach(System.out::println);

// a1
// a2
// a3

// Kotlin: (inclusive range)

(1..3).map { "a$it" }.forEach(::println)

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Section 36.20: How streams work - filter, upper case, then
sort a list
// Java:
List<String> myList = Arrays.asList("a1", "a2", "b1", "c2", "c1");

myList.stream()
.filter(s -> s.startsWith("c"))
.map(String::toUpperCase)
.sorted()
.forEach(System.out::println);

// C1
// C2

// Kotlin:
val list = listOf("a1", "a2", "b1", "c2", "c1")
list.filter { it.startsWith('c') }.map (String::toUpperCase).sorted()
.forEach (::println)

Section 36.21: Dierent Kinds of Streams #1 - eager using first

item if it exists
// Java:
Arrays.asList("a1", "a2", "a3")
.stream()
.findFirst()
.ifPresent(System.out::println);

// Kotlin:
listOf("a1", "a2", "a3").firstOrNull()?.apply(::println)

or, create an extension function on String called ifPresent:

// Kotlin:
inline fun String?.ifPresent(thenDo: (String)->Unit) = this?.apply { thenDo(this) }

// now use the new extension function:

listOf("a1", "a2", "a3").firstOrNull().ifPresent(::println)

See also: apply() function

See also: Extension Functions

See also: ?. Safe Call operator, and in general nullability:

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34498562/in-kotlin-what-is-the-idiomatic-way-to-deal-with-nullable-values-refer
encing-o/34498563#34498563

Section 36.22: Collect example #7a - Map names, join together

with delimiter
// Java (verbose):
Collector<Person, StringJoiner, String> personNameCollector =
Collector.of(
() -> new StringJoiner(" | "), // supplier
(j, p) -> j.add(p.name.toUpperCase()), // accumulator
(j1, j2) -> j1.merge(j2), // combiner
StringJoiner::toString); // finisher
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String names = persons
.stream()
.collect(personNameCollector);

System.out.println(names); // MAX | PETER | PAMELA | DAVID

// Java (concise)
String names = persons.stream().map(p -> p.name.toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.joining(" | "));

// Kotlin:
val names = persons.map { it.name.toUpperCase() }.joinToString(" | ")

Section 36.23: Collect example #7b - Collect with

SummarizingInt
// Java:
IntSummaryStatistics ageSummary =
persons.stream()
.collect(Collectors.summarizingInt(p -> p.age));

System.out.println(ageSummary);
// IntSummaryStatistics{count=4, sum=76, min=12, average=19.000000, max=23}

// Kotlin:

// something to hold the stats...

data class SummaryStatisticsInt(var count: Int = 0,
var sum: Int = 0,
var min: Int = Int.MAX_VALUE,
var max: Int = Int.MIN_VALUE,
var avg: Double = 0.0) {
fun accumulate(newInt: Int): SummaryStatisticsInt {
count++
sum += newInt
min = min.coerceAtMost(newInt)
max = max.coerceAtLeast(newInt)
avg = sum.toDouble() / count
return this
}
}

// Now manually doing a fold, since Stream.collect is really just a fold

val stats = persons.fold(SummaryStatisticsInt()) { stats, person -> stats.accumulate(person.age) }

println(stats)
// output: SummaryStatisticsInt(count=4, sum=76, min=12, max=23, avg=19.0)

But it is better to create an extension function, 2 actually to match styles in Kotlin stdlib:

// Kotlin:
inline fun Collection<Int>.summarizingInt(): SummaryStatisticsInt
= this.fold(SummaryStatisticsInt()) { stats, num -> stats.accumulate(num) }

inline fun <T: Any> Collection<T>.summarizingInt(transform: (T)->Int): SummaryStatisticsInt =

this.fold(SummaryStatisticsInt()) { stats, item -> stats.accumulate(transform(item)) }

Now you have two ways to use the new summarizingInt functions:

val stats2 = persons.map { it.age }.summarizingInt()

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// or

val stats3 = persons.summarizingInt { it.age }

And all of these produce the same results. We can also create this extension to work on Sequence and for
appropriate primitive types.

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Chapter 37: Kotlin Caveats
Section 37.1: Calling a toString() on a nullable type
A thing to look out for when using the toString method in Kotlin is the handling of null in combination with the
String?.

For example you want to get text from an EditText in Android.

You would have a piece of code like:

// Incorrect:
val text = view.textField?.text.toString() ?: ""

You would expect that if the field did not exists the value would be empty string but in this case it is "null".

// Correct:
val text = view.textField?.text?.toString() ?: ""

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Appendix A: Configuring Kotlin build
Section A.1: Gradle configuration
kotlin-gradle-plugin is used to compile Kotlin code with Gradle. Basically, its version should correspond to the
Kotlin version you want to use. E.g. if you want to use Kotlin 1.0.3, then you need to apply kotlin-gradle-plugin
version 1.0.3 too.

It's a good idea to externalize this version in gradle.properties or in ExtraPropertiesExtension:

buildscript {
ext.kotlin_version = '1.0.3'

repositories {
mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
classpath "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin:$kotlin_version"
}
}

Then you need to apply this plugin to your project. The way you do this differs when targeting different platforms:

Targeting JVM
apply plugin: 'kotlin'

Targeting Android
apply plugin: 'kotlin-android'

Targeting JS
apply plugin: 'kotlin2js'

These are the default paths:

kotlin sources: src/main/kotlin

java sources: src/main/java
kotlin tests: src/test/kotlin
java tests: src/test/java
runtime resources: src/main/resources
test resources: src/test/resources

You may need to configure SourceSets if you're using custom project layout.

Finally, you'll need to add Kotlin standard library dependency to your project:

dependencies {
compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib:$kotlin_version"
}

If you want to use Kotlin Reflection you'll also need to add compile "org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-
reflect:$kotlin_version"

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Section A.2: Using Android Studio
Android Studio can configure Kotlin automatically in an Android project.

Install the plugin

To install the Kotlin plugin, go to File > Settings > Editor > Plugins > Install JetBrains Plugin... > Kotlin > Install, then
restart Android Studio when prompted.

Configure a project

Create an Android Studio project as normal, then press Ctrl + Shift + A . In the search box, type
"Configure Kotlin in Project" and press Enter.

Android Studio will alter your Gradle files to add all the necessary dependencies.

Converting Java

To convert your Java files to Kotlin files, press Ctrl + Shift + A and find "Convert Java File to Kotlin File".
This will change the current file's extension to .kt and convert the code to Kotlin.

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Section A.3: Migrating from Gradle using Groovy script to
Kotlin script
Steps:

clone the gradle-script-kotlin project

copy/paste from the cloned project to your project:

build.gradle.kts
gradlew
gradlew.bat
settings.gradle

update the content of the build.gradle.kts based on your needs, you can use as inspiration the scripts in
the project just cloned or in one of its samples

now open Intellij and open your project, in the explorer window, it should be recognized as a Gradle project,
if not, expand it first.

after opening, let Intellij works, open build.gradle.kts and check if there are any error. If the highlighting is
not working and/or is everything marked red, then close and reopen Intellij

open the Gradle window and refresh it

If you are on Windows, you may encounter this bug, download the full Gradle 3.3 distribution and use that instead
the one provided. Related.

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