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SYNTHESIS OF PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE (P2P)

BY R H ODI U M

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
Introduction
P2P from Benzyl Cyanide
P2P from Phenylacetic Acid
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Benzene with 2-Nitropropane
Reduction of Phenyl-2-Nitropropene
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Benzene with Chloroacetone
Hydrolysis of Ephedrine Derivatives
Electrochemical Coupling of Benzyl Chloride and Acetic Anhydride
Nickel-mediated Coupling of Benzyl Chloride and Acetyl Chloride
Semipinacol Rearrangement of Phenyl-2-Propanal
P2P from Bromobenzene/Acetone Enolate
Radical Alkylation of Benzene with Acetone, catalyzed by Mn 3+
Oxythallation of alpha-methylstyrene
Wittig reaction of Benzaldehyde
Cu(I)-catalyzed Arylation of Potassium Acetylacetonate
Pd-catalyzed Arylation of Isopropenyl Acetate
Alkylation of Benzyl cyanide with Trimethylaluminium
P2P from Phenylacetaldehyde and Dimethyl Cadmium
P2P from Phenylacetyl Chloride and Dimethyl Cadmium
P2P via Grignard Addition to Acetic Anhydride
P2P via Grignard Addition to Benzyl Cyanide
References

INTRODUCTION

Aside from the often amateurish reduction of (pseudo)ephedrine to methamphetamine, the most popular
precursor to amphetamine and methamphetamine is phenyl-2-propanone (also called P2P, BMK, Benzyl Methyl
Ketone or Phenylacetone). There is an astounding array of synthetic routes to this compound, both due to the
relative simple structure of the compound, and also because of its popularity. Many of the earliest routes to the
compound has been more or less abandoned due to restrictions on the pre-precursors used to make it, but
there has always sprung up new methods of performing the feat of making this compound. Here is a collection
of some of the possible methods of s ynthesizing phenyl-2-propanone, ranging from simple one-step methods to
elaborate multi-step variants, and from the very easy to the very complicated. Welcome to the world of P2P.

Many of the syntheses can also be tweaked to produce substituted phenyl-2-propanones, such as the ever
popular MDMA precursor MDP2P (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone) by using starting materials with the
desirable aromatic substituents.

Appearance: Clear oil, flowery odor

Boiling Point: 214-216°C/760mmHg, 86-87°C/6mmHg
Melting Point: -15°C
Molecular Weight: 134.19 g/mol
 Density: 1.0057 g/ml (20°C)
Refractive Index: 1.5168

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM BENZYL CYANIDE

alpha-Phenylacetoacetonitrile1

A solution of sodium ethoxide is

prepared from 60 g. (2.6 mol) clean
sodium and 700 ml of absolute
alcohol (dried over calcium oxide or
sodium) in a 2000 ml round-
bottomed flask equipped with a
reflux condenser. To the hot
solution added a mixture of 234g (2
moles) of pure benzyl cyanide 264g
(3 moles) of dry ethyl acetate (dried by refluxing over P 2O 5 for 30min followed by distillation). The mixture is
thoroughly shaken, the condenser closed with a calcium chloride tube, and the solution heated on the steam
bath for two hours before standing overnight. The next morning the mixture is stirred with a wooden rod to
break lumps, cooled in a freezing mixture to -10°C, and kept at this temperature for two hours. The sodium salt
is collected on a 6 inch Buchner funnel and washed four times on the funnel with 250 ml portions of ether. The
filter cake is practically colorless and corresponds 250-275g of dry sodium salt, or 69-76% of the calculated
mount. The combined filtrates are placed in the freezing mixture until they can be worked up as indicated below.

The sodium salt still wet with ether is dissolved in 1.3 liters of distilled water at room temperature, the solution
cooled to 0°C, and the nitrile precipitated by adding slowly, with vigorous shaking, 90 ml of glacial acetic acid,
while the temperature is kept below 10°C. The precipitate separated by suction filtration and washed four times
on the funnel with 250 ml portions of water. The moist cake weighing about 300g corresponds to 188-206g (59-
64%) of dry colorless alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile, mp 87-89°C.

Phenyl-2-Propanone2

350 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid is placed in a

3000ml flask and cooled to -10°C. The total first crop
of moist alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile obtained
according to the procedure above (corresponding to
188-206g or 1.2-1.3 moles of dry product) is added
slowly, with shaking, the temp being kept below 20°C
(If pure dry alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile is used, half
its weight of water should be added to the sulfuric acid
or charring will take place on the steam bath). After all
is added the flask is warmed on the steam bath until solution is complete and then for five minutes longer. The
solution is cooled to 0°C, 1750ml of water added rapidly, and the flask placed on a vigorously boiling water bath
and heated for two hours, with occasional shaking. The ketone forms a layer and, after cooling, is separated
and the acid layer extracted with 600ml of ether. The oil and ether layers are washed successively with 100ml of
water, the ether combined with the oil and dried over 20g of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The sodium sulfate is
collected on a filter, washed with ether, and discarded. The ether is removed from the filtrates, and the residue
distilled from a modified Claisen flask with a 25 cm fractionating side arm. The fraction boiling at 110-112°C at
24 mmHg is collected; it weighs 125-150g (77-86% of the theoretical amount).

A somewhat higher yield has been obtained by a different variation of this synthesis, originating from Russia.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM PHENYLACETIC ACID

In this reaction, it is important that acetic anhydride is present in the reaction mixture in a large molar excess
over the phenylacetic acid. If the ratio is too small, the phenylacetone will condense with itself to form useless
Dibenzyl Ketone.
Sodium Acetate Method
(alternative) 3b

The Phenylacetic Acid

(PAA), Acetic Anhydride
(AA) and Sodium Acetate
(NaOAc) is put in to a large round-bottomed flask
equipped with a reflux condenser fitted with a drying
tube. Heating of the reaction mixture to 145-150°C on
an oil bath provides sufficiently energetic evolution of PAA AA AA:PAA NaOAc Time Yield
carbon dioxide. Formation of the ketone is controlled by 60 g 600 g 10 30 g 5h 0%
mixing an aliquot of the reaction mixture with excess of
water and ammonium hydroxide until weakly alkaline – 60 g 600 g 10 30 g 8 h 33.0%
upon heating to boiling the oily layer must not
disappear. 60 g 600 g 10 30 g 12 h 46.3%
60 g 600 g 10 30 g 20 h 50.8%
The reflux setup is rearranged for distillation and
excess solvent is removed (acetic acid and acetic 60 g 1000 g 16.6 30 g 20 h 51.6%
anhydride, purify and reuse). To the residue there is
60 g 600 g 11.5 90 g 20 h 51.5%
added 400ml water and the mixture is extracted with
3x100mL dichloromethane (or chloroform). The solvent 100 g 600 g 6 50 g 20 h 49.0%
is stripped off under vacuum and by vacuum distilling at
125-135°C/30-32 mmHg the crude product is obtained. 100 g 600 g 2 50 g 20 h 33.0%
A second distillation gives 50-55% yield of product
boiling at 210-215°C at atmospherical pressure. 100 g 600 g 6 500 g 20 h 56.0%
Phenyl-2-Propanone Ketoxime was obtained in 88-90%
yield, which was distilled at 154-156°C/30mmHg.

Sodium Acetate Method (alternative) 3b

50 g phenylacetic acid, 25 g anhydrous sodium acetate and 850 ml acetic anhydride are refluxed with stirring
under moisture protection for 40 h. 500 ml acetic anhydride and acetic acid are distilled off, the rest is mixed
with 1000 ml water after cooling down, the crude product is extracted with 2x250ml dichloromethane and the
pooled organic layers are washed with cold diluted sodium hydroxide solution (any formed P2P enol ester must
be hydrolyzed) until no more acids are present in the organic layer. The solution is dried over Na 2SO 4 and the
dichloromethane is distilled off under ordinary pressure (and is saved for reuse) the rest of the volatiles are
evaporated in vacuo, and the crude phenyl-2-propanone is vacuum distilled at 25 mmHg, bp 120-140°C. The
yield about 30ml (70%).

Potassium Acetate/Copper Sulfate3c

To a mixture of 136 g (1.0 mol) phenylacetic acid, 70 g sodium or potassium acetate, and 16 g (0.1 mol)
anhydrous cupric sulphate is introduced 2000 ml anhydrous acetic anhydride in 4000 ml flask. The mixture is
refluxed 24 h. After cooling 500 ml of solvent (CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2) is added and the mixture is poured to a flask
containing 2000 ml ice-water. After separation of layers upper layer is removed and lower layer is three times
decanted with water, separated, dried (Na 2SO 4, CaCl2), and distilled. The solvent is distilled off and
fractionation column is placed on the top of the flask. Remaining acetic acid and acetic anhydride is then
removed, pure product is collected at 100°C/15mmHg. Yield 70-90 g (52-67%).

Pyridine Method5

A mixture of phenylacetic acid (13.6 g, 0.1 mol), acetic anhydride (50 ml) and pyridine (50 ml) was refluxed six
hours (in the beginning carbon dioxide evolution was vigorous. After removal of the solvent the residue was
taken up in toluene and washed with 10% sodium hydroxide. Removal of the solvent left a residue witging 12g,
which on fractional vacuum distillation gave 7.5 g (56%) phenyl-2-propanone, bp 30-64°C/0.1mmHg.

Lead Acetate Method6

Place 1000g phenylacetic acid and 3000g

anhydrous (or trihydrate) lead acetate in a
distillation apparatus and heat. First an
amount of water will distill, and next phenyl-2-
propanone in this destructive distillation, which
requires liberal application of heat. The
distillate will separate into two layers. The
organic layer is separated and redistilled to give pure phenyl-2-propanone, bp 105°C/10 mmHg or 216°C at
atmospherical pressure.

A considerable improvement to this method has been made by Xtaldoc on a large scale.

The Lead(II)Acetate can be substituted with Calcium(II)Acetate, making the synthesis more environmentally
friendly.

Methyllithium addition to Phenylacetic Acid27

In a 100ml rb flask equipped with a side tube for a gas

inlet capillary, a reflux condenser protected by a sodium
hydroxide drying tube and magnetic stirring was placed
0.026 mole (3.5 g) of phenylacetic acid dissolved in 50
ml of ether, and the air was then expelled with a rapid
stream of dry nitrogen. After 2-3 minutes the gas
stream was slowed down, just to create sufficient
bubbles for stirring the solution during the experiment.

When all air had been expelled 0.055 mole of an ethereal solution of methyllithium was added through the
condenser. A vivid reaction took place, the ether refluxed, and a white precipitate was formed (lithium salt of the
acid). After the addition of all the methyllithium the precipitate partly dissolved and a weakly opalescent solution
was obtained. If necessary, the solution was then refluxed for 10-30 minutes to complete the reaction. After the
solution had reached room temperature, water was slowly added. The excess of methyllithium was thus
destroyed and lithium hydroxide was formed from the intermediate dilithium salt.

The alkaline water layer, which contained the lithium salt of unreacted acid, was removed in a separatory
funnel, and the ethereal layer washed three times with half its volume of water. The ether solution was then
dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the ether driven off, first at ordinary pressure and then at aspirator
vacuum to give 2.65g (76%) of phenylacetone, usually pure enough for most purposes.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE BY NITR OALKYLATION OF BENZENE

Titanium Tetrachloride Method7

To a stirred solution of 2-nitropropene (0.1

mol, 8.7g) in dry CH2Cl2 (300ml) was added
benzene (0.5 mol, 39g) at room
temperature. Titanium tetrachloride (0.1
mol, 19g) was then added dropwise into the
mixture with stirring at the same temperature. After being stirred for 60 min (or when the starting material
completely disappears on TLC), water (150 ml) was added and the resultant heterogenous mixture was stirred
at reflux for 2h. The organic phase was separated, the aqueous phase extracted with CH2Cl2, and the pooled
organic extracts washed with 1 M Na 2CO 3 solution and dried over MgSO 4. Evaporation of the solvent followed
by vacuum distillation (bp 100-101°C at 14mmHg) afforded Phenyl-2-propanone (ca 9g, 70% of theory).

Triflic Acid Method14

A solution of 2-nitropropene (300 mg) in benzene (30 equivalents) was added to a well-stirred solution of
CF3SO 3H (10 equivalents with respect to 2-nitropropene) and benzene with the co-solvent of methylene
chloride cooled to -40°C in a dry ice-acetone bath. The reaction mixture was immediately (after 1 minute)
poured into large excess dry methanol (100 mL) cooled to -78°C with vigorous stirring. After being warmed to
ambient temperature (10-15 min), the yellow solution was diluted with water (150 mL), neutralized with
powdered NaHCO 3 and saturated with NaCl. The solution was extracted with CH2Cl2, dried over Na 2SO 4, and
concentrated, and the residue was flash chromatographed (on SiO 2, eluting with CH2Cl2:n-hexane 12:7) to give
pure phenyl-2-propanone, 392 mg (85%), as a colorless oil. The 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative,
recrystallized from methanol, had mp 152.5-153.5°C.
PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM PHENYL-2-NITR OPR OPENE8

Sodium Borohydride/Nef Reaction

In this preparation, phenyl-2-

nitropropene is reduced to
phenyl-2-nitropropane with
NaBH4 in methanol, followed by
hydrolysis of the nitro group
with hydrogen peroxide and
potassium carbonate, a variety of the Nef reaction. The preparation is a one-pot synthesis, without isolation of
the intermediate. This synthesis is not suitable for ring-substituted phenyl-2-nitropropenes, as the side chain
tends to be oxidized when electron-donating substituents are present on the ring.

16.3g (0.1 mole) phenyl-2-nitropropene was dissolved in 200ml methanol in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask situated
on a magnetic stirrer, and chilled to 0°C with an ice/salt bath. Then, with good stirring, 7.6g (0.2 mole) of NaBH4
was added a little at the time, and the temperature was not allowed to to rise above 15°C. When the
generation of heat had subsided, the ice/salt- bath was removed and the solution was stirred at room
temperature for two hours. At the end of this period, the flask was once again placed in an ice/salt bath and the
solution was allowed to cool to 0°C again. 100 ml of 30% H2O 2 was then added, together with 30 grams of
anhydrous potassium carbonate, and the solution was left to stir for 18-24 hours at room temp. During the
addition of H2O 2/K2CO 3 a white, sticky precipitate forms, which can be a bit too thick for a weak magnetic stirrer
to handle, so the mass can be stirred with a glass rod now and then during the first two hours, after which the
precipitate will be much looser and no match for any mag-stirrer.

The next day, the solution is slowly acidified with 2M HCl with good stirring, care being taken for the evolution of
heat and CO 2. About 300 ml of acid is needed. When the pH of the solution turned acid, the color became
significantly more yellow, but the acidity was confirmed with pH paper. All of the precipitate was also be gone at
this point. The solution was extracted with 3x100ml CH2Cl2, and the pooled organic extracts washed with 100ml
2M NaOH and 200ml H2O. The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4, filtered with suction, and the solvent
removed under vacuum to give a clear yellow oil. After distillation of said oil at aspirator vacuum, the yield was
around 60-70% of phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) as a light yellow oil.

Reduction with Iron Powder13

If phenyl-2-nitropropene is reduced by
iron powder in an acidic medium (such
as acetic acid or aqueous hydrochloric
acid) the nitroalkene is reduced to the
oxime, which is then hydrolyzed by the
acid into the desired phenyl-2-
propanone.

Phenyl-2-nitropropene (10 g, 61 mmol) was dissolved in 75 ml HOAc and slowly dripped into a refluxing slurry of
Fe powder (32 g, 0.57 mol) in 140 ml HOAc. The mixture turned brownish and foamy, and the mixture was
refluxed on low heat for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was poured into 2000ml water, and was extracted with
3x100 ml CH2Cl2. The combined extracts was washed with 2x150 ml H2O and dried over MgSO 4. The solvent
was distilled off, and the residue distilled under vacuum to give phenyl-2-propanone in 75% yield.

Reduction with Chromous Chloride18

Another method for reducing phenyl-2-nitropropene to phenyl-2-propanone in 80% yield is to use

Chromium(II)chloride as the reducing agent.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM CHLOROACETONE9

41 grams (0.31 mole) of anhydrous

aluminum chloride and 100 ml of anhydrous
benzene (free from thiophene) were put in a
500ml three-necked flask which was
equipped with a mercury-sealed stirrer, a
reflux water condenser and a small addition
funnel. The top of the condenser was
connected to a sulfuric acid trap and this
trap was connected to a gas absorption bottle. The mixture was stirred and heated to refluxing on a steam
bath and 13.9 g (0.15 mole) of chloroacetone was allowed drop in slowly during a period of 30 minutes. After
refluxing for 5 hours, the solution was practically black. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture
was decomposed by slowly adding water through the condenser, stirring during the addition. When no more
hydrogen chloride was evolved, 20 ml of water and 20 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added. The
benzene layer was separated and the aqueous layer extracted with four 25 ml portions of benzene. All of the
benzene solutions were combined and filtered. The benzene was distilled off, and the remaining viscous oil was
distilled under reduced pressure. Nine grams of liquid boiling below 123°C/20-22mmHg was obtained.
Approximately 10g of high-boiling material was left in the distilling flask. Phenyl-2-Propanone was recovered
from the distillate by making the bisulfite addition product, filtering, decomposing the addition product with
sodium carbonate solution, and steam distilled as long as any oil distilled over. The distillate was extracted with
ether, the ether dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 and the ether distilled on a steam bath. The phenyl-2-Propanone
was distilled under reduced pressure, bp 108-114°C/20-22mmHg. Yield 6.5 g (32%).

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM EPHEDRINE DERIVATIVES10

When ephedrine and related compounds are heated in strong aqueous acid, they are dehydrated to the
enamine, which spontaneously can rearrange to the isomeric imine (Schiff Base), which then can be hydrolyzed
into phenyl-2-propanone and an amine salt. As all the steps are reversible processes, the reaction equilibrium is
driven towards the desired product by continuously removing the formed phenyl-2-propanone by the aid of
steam distillation.

Ephedrine derivatives that can be used in this procedure include Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Norephedrine
and Norpseudoephedrine (Phenylpropanolamine). Many other metal salts can be used instead of the zinc
chloride, for details, see the translation of the original patents.

1025g 75% sulfuric acid was mixed with 1g ZnCl2, and 192g (1.16 mol) Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine freebase
was dissolved at a temperature of 50-100°C, and the reaction mixture was heated further to 145-150°C. At
125°C steam is passed through the solution to facilitate mixing of the contents. At 145°C the stream of steam is
increased, and during 2.5-3 hours the phenylacetone is steam distilled from the reaction mixture. The the crude
phenyl-2-propanone, which is free from propiophenone, is isolated by toluene extraction of the distillate. After
distillation through a short vigreaux column, 130g (82%) of phenyl-2-propanone is isolated in a purity of 99.8%.

ELECTR OSYNTHESIS OF P2P FROM BENZYL CHLOR IDE4

Synthesis of phenyl-2-propanone from benzyl chloride (79 mmol) and acetic anhydride (686 mmol) by electrolysis
of the reaction mixture. The anode is made of magnesium or aluminium, the cathode of nickel, the solvent is DMF
(110g) and the supporting electrolyte is tetrabutylammonium fluoroborate (2 g, 6 mmol). After the electrolysis
using a current of 1A at a temperature of 0°C (2.2 faradays per mole of benzyl chloride), the remaining benzyl
chloride, the toluene which is
a byproduct of the reduction
of benzyl chloride, and
phenyl-2-propanone, both in
free form and in the form of its
enol acetate, are present in
the solution. After the DMF
has been evaporated off and
the residue has been
hydrolysed with hot dilute HCl, phenyl-2-propanone is isolated by extraction with ether in 64% yield.

Another procedure 33, using a lead cathode and a carbon anode, DMF as the solvent and a tetrabutylammonium
tosylate electrolyte gives a 73% yield of phenyl-2-propanone after hydrolysis of the resulting enol ester.

METALLIC NICKEL-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF P2P FROM BENZYL

CHLOR IDE AND ACETYL CHLOR IDE28,29

Preparation of Metallic Nickel

A 50-mL two-neck flask was equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a rubber septum, and a condenser topped with
argon inlet and outlet to oil pump. Lithium metal was cut under mineral oil. One piece of lithium with a shining
metal surface was rinsed in hexane and transferred into a glass tube with a stopcock and a rubber septum
which had been filled with argon. The glass tube was evacuated to evaporate the hexane, filled with argon, and
weighed. Nickel halide (1.0 equiv, 9-13 mmol), lithium (2.3 equiv, 21-30 mmol), and naphthalene (0.1 equiv, 0.9-
1.3 mmol) were placed in the flask through the side neck. The flask was evacuated and filled with argon two or
three times. The use of a glovebox or -bag is not required if contact of the lithium with air is kept to a minimum.
Then, glyme (25-30 mL) was added through the septum with a syringe, and the mixture was stirred for 12 h.
During the reduction the surface of lithium became pink. After the lithium metal was consumed completely, the
stirring was stopped; metallic nickel which had adhered to the walls of the flask was scraped off with the stirrer
and a magnet. The nickel precipitated as a bulky black powder in a clear colorless solution after standing. The
septum on the side neck was replaced with an addition funnel, and a mixture of appropriate reagents in glyme
(10 mL) was then added to the nickel.

Reaction of Benzyl Chloride with Acetyl Chloride in the Presence of Metallic Nickel

Metallic nickel in glyme (25 mL), prepared from nickel iodide (2.97 mmol), lithium (0.152 g, 21.9 mmol), and
naphthalene (0.122 g, 0.95 mmol), was heated to reflux. A mixture of benzyl chloride (1.0 g, 7.9 mmol) and
acetyl chloride (0.65 g, 8.3 mmol) in glyme (10 mL) was added dropwise for 30 min. Additional heating was
continued for 15 min, and the red-brown reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into a
separatory funnel containing hydrochloric acid solution (37%, 100 mL), and extracted with chloroform twice. The
chloroform solution was washed with water, and the aqueous phase was extracted with additional chloroform.
The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The crude oil was purified
by silica gel chromatography. It was eluted with hexane followed by chloroform to give phenyl-2-propanone
(0.72 g, 68%), bp 95-96°C (11 mmHg); IR (neat) 1710 cm-1 (C=O).

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE BY REARRANGEMENT OF 2-PHENYLPR OPANAL11

2-Phenylpropanal can be rearranged

with either mercuric chloride (HgCl2) or
sulfuric acid (H2SO 4) to form the
isomeric phenyl-2-Propanone (P2P). 2-
Phenyl-propanal (hydratropic aldehyde)
is an unwatched industrial chemical
which is used in the perfume industry.
2-phenylpropanal can also be made
from alpha-methylstyrene.
The CAS number for 2-phenyl-propanal is [93-53-8], and synonyms for it include Hydratropic aldehyde; 2-
Phenylpropionaldehyde; Cumenealdehyde; alpha-methyl benzeneacetaldehyde and alpha-methyl
phenylacetaldehyde. Boiling point 92-94°C/12mmHg, 222°C/760mmHg.

There are other ways of performing this rearrangement, 2-phenylpropanal is isomerized to phenyl-2-propanone
in up to 87% yield by passing its vapor over an iron zeolite catalyst bed at 500°C, followed by condensation of
the vapors and redistilling the P2P 12.

Even if the method below which uses mercuric chloride is higher yielding than the one using cold sulfuric acid, I
would definitely reccommend the one with sulfuric acid, as it is much cheaper to use, and is not disastrous for
your health or the environment. 60g of mercuric chloride contains 45 grams of mercury, enough to poison a
medium-sized lake if released into the environment, and if you happen to ingest it yourself, it will accumulate in
your body.

It is not possible to effectively separate 2-phenylpropanal (bp 222°C/760mmHg) from phenyl-2-propanone (bp
214°C/760mmHg) through simple distillation and certainly not via vacuum distillation as the boiling points are
too close. Fractional distillation could theoretically be used to separate them, but the size of the column that
would have to be used makes that option impractical. A good idea for separating a mixture of the two is to
oxidize the mixture with a mild oxidant which won't affect the P2P, but which will oxidize the aldehyde to 2-
phenylpropionic acid. The acid can then be separated from the ketone by dissolving the mixture in a non-polar
solvent and washing the solution with dilute sodium hydroxide. The P2P stays in the organic layer, which is then
dried over MgSO 4, the solvent removed under vacuum and the residue vacuum distilled to give pure P2P.

Method A

30g of 2-phenylpropanal is heated together with a mixture of 60g mercuric chloride (HgCl2, 1 eq.) and 450ml
75% ethanol in a pressure-safe sealed glass container for 4.5h at 100°C in a boiling water bath, during which
time a precipitate forms. Water is added, and the solution is steam-distilled (during which operation the
precipitate redissolves). The distillate is extracted with ether, dried, and the solvent is evaporated. The oily
residue is then vacuum distilled with a fractionating column to collect the phenyl-2-propanone in a yield of 80%
or more, bp 92-101°C at 14mmHg.

When 0.1 equivalents of HgCl2 was used, only 10% phenyl-2-propanone was formed, the rest consisted of
unchanged aldehyde.

Method B

9 g of 2-phenylpropanal is slowly added with good stirring during 35 minutes to 40ml concentrated sulfuric acid,
while the temperature of the reaction mixture is kept at -16°C. After all the 2-phenylpropanal has been added,
the mixture is allowed to stand at the same temperature for another 15 minutes, and then the mixture is
poured onto crushed ice (100-150g is probably a suitable amount). When the ice has melted, the organics are
extracted from the water phase by 3x50ml diethyl ether, the pooled organic phases dried over MgSO 4, the
ether distilled off and finally the residue is vacuum distilled (bp 91-96°C at 11 mmHg) to give 5.6g (62%) of
phenyl-2-propanone.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM ACETONE ENOLATE

If acetone is reacted with a strong base, which is able to deprotonate one of the relatively acidic alpha protons
of the ketone, acetone enolate is formed in quantitative yield. Such strong bases include sodium amide, lithium
diisopropylamide and several alkoxides, for example potassium tert-butoxide.

If this enolate of acetone is allowed to react with a halobenzene

(preferably iodobenzene, but bromobenzene should also work) in DMSO
under rigidly anhydrous conditions, the two species will combine to form
phenyl- 2-propanone.

There has been no known actual attempts at this synthesis using the
enolate of acetone and a halobenzene in DMSO (but it has been done in
liquid
 ammonia), but other ketone enolates, such
as pinacolone has been extensively studied
in this medium. There are no theoretical
obstacles at all to why it would not work in
the production of phenyl-2-propanone. The
yields in the reactions range between 50
and 98%. The reaction can be catalyzed by
iron salts, oxygen or UV light.

For a more in-depth discussion of this synthesis, read Drone #342's Enolate Phenylacetone Synthesis FAQ 1.0

FR EE-RADICAL ALKYLATION OF BENZENE WITH ACETONE CATALYZED

BY MANGANESE(III)ACETATE17

Phenyl-2-Propanone can be made in a single step by a free-radical reaction between benzene and acetone. The
reaction relies upon the special oxidative powers of manganese(III)acetate, a compound easily prepared from
potassium permanganate. The yield is relatively low, and requires high dilution of the reactants, but this can be
improved, and the reaction is also applicable for other substituted benzenes, as can be seen in the
comprehensive Manganese(III)acetate catalyzed aromatic acetonylation document on this site.

A mixture of Manganese(III)acetate
dihydrate (13.4g, 50 mmol), benzene
(150ml), acetone (150ml) and glacial acetic
acid (250ml) was refluxed under an inert
atmosphere (argon, helium or nitrogen) until
the dark brown color of
manganese(III)acetate changed to the pale
pink of manganese(II)acetate (about 90 min). The reaction mixture was partitioned between 400ml ether and
250ml water. The ether layer was separated and washed with 250ml water and with 2x250ml 5% Na 2CO 3 to
remove any remaining acetic acid. The ether was then dried over anhydrous Na 2SO 4 (or MgSO 4), the solvent
evaporated and the residue fractionately distilled to recover unreacted benzene, and to give phenyl-2-
propanone in 40% yield (1.34g) based on the reacted manganese(III)acetate, which is the limiting reagent in
this reaction.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE OXYTHALLATION OF ALPH A-

BY
METHYLSTYR ENE WITH THALLIUM(III)NITRATE23

Warning: Thallium salts are exceedingly toxic, and may be lethal upon ingestion! Handle with gloves only!

A solution of Thallium(III)Nitrate (39g, 100 mmol) in

100ml methanol is added to a solution of alpha-
methylstyrene (11.82g, 100mmol) in 50ml methanol at
room temperature with stirring, and there is an
immediate precipitation of Thallium(I)Nitrate, and after
standing for 15 minutes, the precipitate is filtered off,
washed with a little methanol, and the filtrate is shaken
for 5 min with 1M H2SO 4 to hydrolyze the formed
Phenyl-2-Propanone dimethyl acetal. The solution is extracted with ether, dried over MgSO 4 and the solvent
distilled off, and the residue vacuum distilled to give 10.9g Phenyl-2-Propanone (81% yield).

Thallium(III)Nitrate

50g Thallium(III)Oxide (Tl2O 3) is dissolved in 150ml warm, concentrated nitric acid and cooling the pale yellow
solution to 0°C. The colorless crystals of Thallium(III)Nitrate trihydrate are filtered, washed with a little dilute
nitric acid and dried in vacuo over phsphorus pentoxide. Thallium(III)Nitrate (mol wt 390) is stable indefinitely if
stored in tightly sealed bottles. The salt is readily soluble in methanol and dilute mineral acids.

alpha-Methylstyrene can also be treated with Bromine and Sulfuric Acid to yield P2P.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FR OM BENZALDEHYDE AND A PHOSPHONIUM

Y LIDE (WITTIG REACTION)15

The phosphonium salt was prepared by dissolving triphenyl phosphine (76.4g, 0.29 mol) and alpha-chloroethyl
methyl ether16 (28.4g, 0.30 mol) in 125 mL benzene. After standing for 40 h the mixture was filtered and
washed with ether giving a white solid (112g, 88%) consisting of the crude phosphonium salt containing one
molar equivalient of benzene crystallization. This salt is slightly hygroscopic on exposure in air but can be stored
indefinitely in a sealed container. The ylid resulting from treatment of the phosphonium salt with base was
found to be very unstable at room tempature, the characteristic red color dissappearing within a few seconds.
Accordingly, the preparation and reaction of this ylid was best carried out at -40°C.

The phosphonium salt (33 mmol) was suspended in 40 mL of glyme at -40°C under nitrogen. Potassium tert-
butoxide (33 mmol) in 15 mL of glyme was added with stirring over 5 minutes. At this point a solution of
benzaldehyde (30 mmol) in 5 mL of glyme was added over five minutes. The mixture was allowed to warm to
room temp over 1h and was then directly distilled, to give pure phenyl-2-propanone enol methyl ether).

Phenyl-2-propanone was conveniently prepared from the enol ether by mixing with one equivalent of water with
0.5% HCl and enough methanol to effect solution. The solution was heated to boiling and the solvent was then
evaporated to give relatively pure phenyl-2-propanone in 88% overall yield.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE BY AR YLATION OF POTASSIUM

ACETYLACETONATE21

To a stirred solution of bromobenzene (31.4g, 200 mmol) in DMF

(1 liter) was added cuprous iodide (32.4 g, 167 mmol) and
potassium acetylacetonate hemihydrate (125g, 834 mmol;
Aldrich). The mixture was stirred and heated at 100°C for 24 hr,
cooled, stirred with 2M sodium hydroxide (250 ml) for 1 hr and
extracted with toluene (2x500 ml). The combined extracts were
washed with water, 1M hydrochloric acid and satd. aq. sodium
bicarbonate, dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated
in vacuo to leave a dark brown oil, which after purification gave phenyl-2-propanone in 65% yield.
PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE BY HECK AR YLATION22

To a stirred solution of bromobenzene (60 mmol),

isopropenyl acetate (9g, 90 mmol) and dichloro-bis-
(tri-o-tolylphosphine)palladium (0.47g, 0.67 mmol) in
dry toluene (30 ml), under nitrogen, was added
tributyltin methoxide (25.9 ml, 90 mmol; Aldrich).
The mixture was stirred and heated at 100°C for 5
hr, cooled and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The
residue was chromatographed on silica gel, to
afford the phenyl-2-propanone in 67% yield.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM BENZYL CYANIDE AND

TR IMETHYLALUMINUM25

Trimethylaluminium (30ml of a 2M solution in toluene) was

added to a solution of benzyl cyanide (2.34g, 20 mmol) in
20ml of toluene at -78°C and the mixture was under
stirring allowed to slowly warm up to room temperature
and refluxed for 12h. After being cooled to 0°C, the
solution was poured over crushed ice and made acidic
with 6M HCl. Ethyl acetate was added and the mixture
was vigorously stirred for one hour. The organic layer
was washed with aqueous NaHCO 3, brine and dried over MgSO 4. Removal of the solvent gave 2.75g of crude
phenyl-2-propanone as an oil, which can be purified by vacuum distillation or column chromatography.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM PHENYLACETALDEHYDE AND DIMETHYL

CADMIUM

Dimethyl Cadmium

2 MeMgI + CdCl2 => Me 2Cd + 2 MgICl

To 500 ml. 3-neck rb. DRY FLASK attach a reflux condenser. Attach 125ml sep. funnel, add 31.3 ml. methyl iodide
either freshly prepared or dried overnight with calcium chloride. Add 60 ml. anhydrous diethyl ether to sep.
funnel, replace stopper.

Add 12.5 grams Magnesium turnings to flask. Add 75 ml anhydrous ether to flask. Allow aprox. 10 ml. of halide
ether solution to enter flask. If cloudiness does not become apparent in 1 or 2 min stop. Do not add more! Take
a glass rod about 12 inches in length and score with a 3 corner file 2 inches from one end using pliers and a rag
to protect your hands break away the 2 inch piece. using the remaing 10 inch piece gently poke at the
magnesium turnings to expose fresh metal.

If reaction starts, add halide dropwise as quickly as the reflux column can handle. Be prepared to stop and cool
with ice water bath if needed. When all the halide has been added and the reaction is no longer refluxing, add
31.2 grams of anhydrous cadmium chloride in small portions through side neck restoppering after each addition.

After all the Cadmium chloride has been added, the flask will have a tannish brown solid mass inside. This is the
dimethyl cadmium, keep it covered and protected from air. Proceed immediately to next part if at all possible.

Notes: Avoid breathing the cadmium chloride dust (it needs to be finely ground after drying) avoid contact with
the methyl iodide or ether solution of methyl iodide avoid breathing any vapours of the metal conversion
reaction (it smells like garlic if you must know).

Phenyl-2-Propanone

To a clean dry sep. funnel add 64 ml. freshly

distilled phenylacetaldehyde (Note 1) and 50 ml.
anhydrous ether. Add dropwise the
aldehyde/ether solution to the dimethyl cadmium
swirling occasionally to break up the clumps. Be
prepared to stop addition and cool if needed.
When reflux has subsided do not heat. Quickly
pour into a 1000 ml. beaker containing 100 ml. distilled water 10 ml conc. HCl and 100 cc. of chipped ice.
Neutralize with sat. sodium bicarb untill fizzing stops. Separate, and extract water layer with 2x50 ml portions of
technical grade ether. Distill under reduced pressure to strip off excess ether. Test with bisulfite any product not
forming addition is phenyl-2-propanol (very small amount) can be saved for later oxidation. Hydrolyse addition
product and distill if desired. bp. 100 at 13 mm. Yield 50-55 ml, ~85% of P2P.

Note 1: The phenylacetaldehyde will polymerise on standing. This polymer is degraded to the monomer on
distillation. For this preparation it also needs to be as dry as possible.

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE FROM PHENYLACETYL CHLOR IDE AND

DIMETHYL CADMIUM32

A mixture of 40 ml. of anhydrous ether and 6.1 grams (0.25 mole) of magnesium was stirred under reflux while
35.5 grams (0.25 mole) of methyl iodide in 140 ml. of anhydrous ether was added over a 3-hour period; stirring
under reflux was continued for an additional hour. The reaction mixture was cooled with an ice bath and 22.4
grams (0.134 mole) of powdered anhydrous cadmium chloride was added over a 5- to 10-minute period,
warmed to room temperature, and refluxed on a steam cone for 1 hour. Ether was removed by distillation on a
steam bath. To theresidue was added 100 ml. of anhydrous benzene and the distillation was continued until
about 50 ml. more of distillate was collected. Again 100 ml of anhydrous benzene was added, the flask was
cooled in an ice bath, and 30.9 grams (0.2 mole) of phenylacetyl chloride in 75 ml of anhydrous benzene was
added with stirring over a period of approximately 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was warmed to room
temperature and refluxed with stirring on a steam cone for 1 hour. The flask was again cooled in an ice bath
and the reaction mixture decomposed by the addition of a solution of 25 grams of ammonium chloride in 200 ml
of cold water. The organic phase was separated, washed, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The
benzene was removed by flash distillation and the ketone distilled under reduced pressure. There was thus
obtained 15.5 grams (58%) of 1-phenyl-2-propanone, bp 74-76°C/3 mmHg).

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE BY GRIGNARD ADDITION TO ACETIC

ANHYDR IDE26

In a 500-mL three-necked flask, situated in a dry ice/acetone slush in a Dewar flask, there was added a solution
of acetic anhydride (40g, 2.55 mol) in diethyl ether (100ml), and the flask was equipped with a magnetic stirrer,
a thermometer and an addition funnel (modified so that the added liquid was cooled externally by dry
ice/acetone). To this was added an etheral solution of benzylmagnesium chloride, prepared from benzyl chloride
(25.5g, 0.2 mol) and magnesium shavings (4.9g, 0.2 mol). After the addition after one hour was finished, the
reaction mixture was allowed to stir at dry ice temperature for 2-3 hours, the cooling bath removed and the
reaction quenched by the careful addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride. The aqueous layer was
separated, the organic phase washed with 10% sodium carbonate solution until the washes were no longer
acidic to universal pH paper, followed by 50 ml brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4, filtered, the
ether evaporated on a water bath and the residue fractionately distilled to yield phenyl-2-propanone (14g,
52%), bp 214-215°C/760mmHg (100-101°C/13mmHg).

PHENYL-2-PR OPANONE BY GRIGNARD ADDITION TO NITRILES19,24

127g benzyl chloride was dissolved in 250mL Et2O, to this was added 27g Mg turnings in portions, an iodine
crystal being added after the first portion to initiate Grignard rxn. A thick white precipitate built up and clogged
up some Mg, but after all was added, there was excess unclogged Mg which would not react. [NOTE: This
clogged-up material didn't react fully w/the MeCN, and so was decomposed to toluene, so try to avoid it!].Submersion
of the flask in cold H2O was used as necessary during addition to prevent excessive boiling of the Et2O. After all
Mg was added, and no further reaction occurred, the rxn mixture was cooled in an ice-salt bath. A soln. of 62g
acetonitrile in 100mL Et2O was added slowly while stirring w/a thermometer. The reaction temperature rose to
30°C. After completion of addition, the mixture was refluxed gently, stirred thoroughly, then left to cool to room
temp. 500mL 10% HCl was added slowly under stirring. [NOTE: This seemed to cause the Et2O layer to take on a
reddish tint. I think the purity of final product would be higher if reaction mixture was first poured onto ice, then
acidified.] After all effervescence had stopped, the organic layer was separated. NaCl was added to the aqueous
layer, which was then extracted w/Et2O [NOTE: I think a lot of product was left behind in this aqueous layer; it was
still very orange even after adding NaCl and extracting with Et2O (which was a lighter shade of orange than the aq.
layer!)]. The combined Et2O layers were washed with H2O, dried over MgSO 4. Et2O and a small amount of
toluene were evaporated to give 42g crude phenyl-2-propanone as a clear orange oil. Vacuum distillation of this
oil afforded pure phenyl-2-propanone (bp 91-96°C at 11 mmHg).

The intermediate phenyl-2-propanone imine magnesium salt can also be prepared from methylmagnesium iodide
and benzyl cyanide. Both are hydrolyzed to phenyl-2-propanone with dilute hydrochloric acid. The imine salt can
also be reduced directly to amphetamine by sodium borohydride in methanol in high yield.

Simplification of the above procedure, by Poodle:

In a dream, 0.2 mol benzylmagesiumchloride grignard reagent were prepared by standard methods in
diethylether (Total reaction volume: 200ml). Reaction initiated by heating the mixture to 60°C for a short
periode of time. About 2 moles of acetonitrile (100ml) was mixed with 100 ml of anhydrous diethylether and
cooled in ice/water. The benzylmagnesium chloride solution was added the acetonitrile over a periode of 10
minutes, using constant swirling of the reaction mixture. A white percipitate was formed, corresponding to a
intermediate complex, not soluble in ether or acetonitrile. This complex was isolated by filtration through a
buchner, and washed twice with water-free ether to remove any unwanted remains of acetonitrile or benzyl
chloride. The white complex was brie fly dried, but as it began to turn yellow, no chances was taken and 15 ml
distilled water was added, then another 10 ml (The complex reacted immediatly with the water, giving heat and
causing remaining ether to boil, the solution turned yellow/orange with oily orange bubbles.) The solution was
exposed for a vacuum to remove any remaining ether in the solution. Upon using the vaccum, ether was
removed and the solution separated into two layers with an orange oil on top and a water layer containing
salts and undissolved salts. The oily layer was separated and gave 21 ml of possible P2P, about 75-80% of the
theoretical 26 ml. The ketone was frozen at -20, responding to that temperature by forming a solid, as
theoretically expected by a substance having a melting point at -16.

This method could be of interest for producing P2P from acetonitrile, as it greatly simplifies the procedure by
eliminating any need for extensive extraction of the ketone.
 Phenyl-2-Propanone from Benzylchloride (via dibenzyl cadmium) 20,30,31

2 PhCH2MgCl + CdCl2 → (PhCH2)2Cd + 2 MgCl2

(PhCH2)2Cd + 2 CH3COCl → 2 PhCH2COCH3 + CdO

Benzylmagnesium chloride was prepared from a solution of 0.2 mol benzyl chloride in 100ml anhydrous ether
and 0.2 mol magnesium turnings (Org. Synth. Coll. Vol 1, p. 471). The clear dark solution was filtered under
nitrogen through a glass wool plug. The solution of the grignard reagent was diluted with ether so that the
concentration was no greater than 0.2 mol per 300ml and then cooled in an ice-bath. Anhydrous cadmium
chloride (0.16 mol) was added with vigorous stirring over 10-15 min. Stirring was continued with cooling for 2h.

A solution of 0.1 mol acetyl chloride in 3 volumes anhydrous ether was added to the cold benzyl cadmium
reagent over 5 min. It was necessary to use a 2:1 molar ratio of the cadmium reagent to acid chloride, if the
ratio was less a considerable amount of acid was found in the product. The mixture was stirred in an ice-bath
for 8h, and hydrolyzed with 20% H2SO 4. The ether layer was separated and the aqueous phase extracted twice
with ether. The combined ether solutions were washed with water and 10% sodium bicarbonate, and was
allowed to stand without drying overight. The ether solution was then extracted with 4x25ml 10% sodium
bicarbonate, and the combined aqueous extracts were extracted twice with ether, and all the pooled ether
extracts were washed with water and dried over sodium sulfate. The ether was distilled off, and the residue
vacuum distilled to give phenyl-2-propanone in 50-70% yield (calculated on the acid chloride), (bp 91-96°C at 11
mmHg).

The thermal stability of dibenzyl cadmium is low, so keep it on ice during handling. Using benzyl cadmium
chloride or dibenzyl cadmium gave little difference in yield.

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