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Chapter weightage
Evolution
Evolution Origin and evolution of life forms
Ordery change from one form to another
Study of life forms.
Gradual and irreversible process.
Biological Evolution
Evidences
Theories
Origin of Life
Origin of Universe
Origin of Galaxies
Origin of Earth
Origin of Universe
Universe expanded in volume and
temperature came down .
This was explained by Big Bang Theory
- huge explosion unimaginable in
Physical terms
H2 & the gas - condensed -
gravitational force
Origin of Galaxies
Nebular hypothesis
Formation of galaxies
Milky way /Akash Ganga
Origin of Earth 4.5 by a Conditions on primitive earth
No atmosphere
High temperature
Reducing atmosphere
No free oxygen
Thunderstorms
Volcanic eruptions
Primitive earth
❖ Volcanic eruptions - Water vapour, Methane, NH3 & CO2
❖ UV rays act on H2O vapour & broke it into Hydrogen and OXygen
❖ O2 -- NH3 and CH4 forms H2O, CO2 & other gases
❖ O2 formation of Ozone Temp came down
❖ Rained - large oceans
❖ After 500 million years - life appeared on earth
Theories About Origin of Life
Theory of special creation
Theory of catastrophism
Theory of Biogenesis
Theory of extraterrestrial /cosmozoic theory / panspermia theory
Theory of spontaneous Generation/ Abiogenesis
Experimental evidence for chemical evolution-
urey-miller experiment
RNA World
Discovery in 1980, RNA act as enzymes
First molecule was RNA
Removal of O2 from ‘2’ position made it more stable ∴ It made DNA genetic
material over RNA
Evidences of Evolution
Fossils / Palaeontological evidences
- found in sedimentary rocks.
- the preserved remains of hard parts of the organisms
in the rocks
Types
Petrified fossils
Archaeopteryx lithographica
➢ Discovered in 1861
➢ Andreas wagner
➢ Missing link -reptiles & birds
➢ taxonomically-birds
Connecting link
Euglena - animals & plants
Proterospongia - protozoa & sponges
neopilina - annelida & mollusca
Peripatus - annelida & arthropoda
Balanoglossus - chordate & non-chordate
Lung fishes - fishes & amphibians
Latineria /coelocanth - fishes & amphibian
Chimaera - cartilgenous & bony fish
Ornythorhyncus - reptiles & mammals
Evolution of Dinosaurs - 200 mya
Pteranodon-flying Tyrannosaurus
Triceratops
Horns on head Largest carnivore
3 horned face 20 feet tall
crocodilian
Brachiosaurus - arm
Stegosaurus lizard
Thick armour-spikes, plates archeopteryx Biggest & heaviest
Bony protuberance 50 tonnes
Common ancestor
Morphological and Anatomical Evidences
:- External and Internal structure
Homologous structure Autologous structure
Homologous organs - similar organs Homoplastic organs - Dissimilar organs
Divergent / true evolution convergent evolution / no true evolution
Forelimb- whales,bats,human,cheetah Wings of butterfly & birds
Biochemical & molecular homology Eye of octopus and of mammals
Thorns and tendrils Flippers of penguin & dolphin
Homology in insects legs, Mouth parts in
Sweet potato & potato
insects
Placental Mammal as example of convergent
evolution
Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials
Anteater Numbat (Anteater)
Lemur Spotted Cuscus
Flying Squirrel Phalanger
Mole Marsupial mole
Mouse Marsupial Rat
Wolf Tasmanian wolf
Bobcat Tasmanian cat
Adaptive Radiation
1. Darwin Finches
Vegetarian
Bore into wood
Insectivorous
Cactus Eating
Originally they were
seed eating Birds
2. Australian Marsupials
Sugar glides Tasmanian wolf
Tiger cat
Marsupial
mole Banded anteater
Common
Koala Ancestor
Marsupial rat
Wombat
Kangaroo Tiger cat
Vestigial Organs
Remnants of organs which were completely
Examples
functional in their ancestors.
★ Reptilian jaw apparatus ★ Wisdom tooth
★ Hindlimbs of python ★ Body hair
★ Hindlimbs of Greenland whales ★ Segmental muscles on abolamen
★ Auriculas muscles of pinna ★ Appendix
★ Nictitating membrane ★ Caudal vertebrae
ATAVISM
It is the reappearance of certain ancestral
Examples
characters
★ Moving pinna
★ Developed canine teeth.
★ Long dense hair
★ Shout tail in some babies
★ Additional mammae
★ Citrus leaf
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