GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2: GRADE 12 – NEWTON (STEM)

ENGR. MARTYN MIGUEL Q.

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM TADENA
 PERFORMANCE TASK #3
• TUESDAY (April 23, 2024)
• Capstone Period (12:30-1:30PM)
• Chemistry Original Groupings (5 groups), maximum of 5 minutes only.
• Each group will perform a short role play, using the theme:
“Entropy: Why Life Always Seems to Get More Complicated.”
• Your group has the strategy to form a concept relevant to the theme with its
connection to entropy.
• If this will convey your message clearly, you have the complete freedom to
use Filipino / Tagalog language.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 REVIEW
Answer in complete statements or sentences.
1. What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
2. What is Gibbs’ free energy, and what is its symbol?
3. What is the Gibbs’ free energy equation?
4. What does a positive value of ΔG indicate? A negative value of ΔG
indicate?
5. When does a reaction become spontaneous at all times?
Nonspontaneous at all times? When does it depend upon its temperature?
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 IMAGINE THIS:
• Imagine you have a box filled with Lego
bricks. You pick up some of the bricks and
start piecing them together to build a house.
• But building a robot sounds way cooler! So,
you start taking your house apart, separating
the bricks and tossing them back into the pile.
• Soon, you are back where you started -
faced with a big box of Lego, ready to be
turned into another creation and used
again and again.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• In chemistry, a reversible reaction is like playing with Lego bricks.
• It's when you can take a chemical reaction apart and put it back
together again.
• This happens because the reaction can go both ways - it can produce
products or reactants.
• In reversible reactions, the reactants are not completely converted
into products and some of the products may be converted back into
reactants.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

• Unlike in irreversible reactions where a single-headed arrow

is used (→), reversible reactions consist of two reactions: the
forward reaction and the backward reaction.
• These reactions can be combined using two half-headed
arrows, ⇌, to show the reversible nature of the reaction.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Here are some examples of reversible reactions:
• Water can break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas, but hydrogen and
oxygen can also combine to form water.
2H2 + O2 ⇌ 2H2O
• Carbon dioxide can react with water to form carbonic acid, but carbonic acid
can also decompose into carbon dioxide and water.
H2O + CO2 ⇌ H2CO3
• Solid water can turn to liquid water through melting, but liquid water can go
back to solid form through freezing.
H2O (s) ⇌ H2O (l)
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• Reversible reactions are also important in reaching a state of
equilibrium.
• Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rate of the
forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction.
• It is a condition during a reversible chemical reaction in which
no net change in the amounts of reactants and products
occurs.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• One example is a bottle of fizzy cooldrink. In the bottle, there is carbon
dioxide (CO2) dissolved in the liquid. There is also CO2 gas in the space
between the liquid and the cap.
• There is a constant movement of CO2 from the liquid to the gas phase, and
from the gas phase into the liquid.
• However, if you look at the bottle, there does not appear to be any change.
The system is in equilibrium.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• In a reversible reaction, when the
reactants start to form the
products, the products would then
start to reform the reactants.
• The two opposing processes
happen at different rates but a
certain point in the reaction will
be reached where the rates of
the forward and backward
reactions are the same.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• In a state of chemical
equilibrium, since the rate of
product formation is equal to
the rate of the reformation of
the reactants, then the
concentrations of the
reactants and products
becomes constant.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
• The state of chemical equilibrium is a highly dynamic state.
• This means that though there are no change in the composition of the
reaction mixture and no visible changes taking place, the particles are
continuously reacting.
• Also, a system at chemical equilibrium can be easily disturbed by
changes in the reaction conditions. (Example, if the cap bottle of the
fizzy drink earlier is removed, a sudden pop happens, and the system
inside the bottle is no longer in chemical equilibrium.)
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
• The equilibrium constant (K) is the numerical value that is obtained
when equilibrium concentrations or partial pressures are substituted to
the equilibrium constant expression.
• It expresses the relationship between products and reactants of a
reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific unit.
• The value of K may vary from very large to very small values.
• This value provides an idea of the relative concentrations of the
reactants and products in an equilibrium mixture.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
• The general equilibrium reaction is
expressed as: Where:
• K = equilibrium constant (unitless)
• A, B, C D = substances acting as
reactants and products
• While the equilibrium constant expression • a, b, c, d = coefficients in the
goes by the given formula: reversible equation
• [A], [B], [C], [D] = concentrations
/ partial pressures of reactants
and products

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

NOTE: The equilibrium constant K can also be expressed depending

on the properties being substituted on the expression:
• It can be expressed using molar concentrations (mol/L or M) of
reactants and products. The symbol will become KC.
• It can also be expressed using partial pressures (usually in atm) of
reactants and products. The symbol will become KP.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
EXAMPLE:
• Gaseous hydrogen iodide is placed in a closed container at 425°C,
where it partially decomposes to hydrogen and iodine:
2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g)
At equilibrium, it is found that [HI] = 3.53 × 10–3 M, [H2] = 4.79 × 10–4 M
and [I2] =4.79 × 10–4 M. What is the value of Kc at this temperature?

ANSWER: 0.0184 or 1.84 x 10-2

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
EXAMPLE:
• Suppose a mixture of 2.00 mol of H2, 1.00 mol of N2 and 2.00 mol
of NH3 is placed on a sealed 1.00-L container. What is the value of
the equilibrium constant?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

ANSWER: 0.500
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT
EXAMPLE:
• At 1000 K, the equilibrium partial pressures for the reaction
below are: CH4 = 0.20 atm, H2S = 0.25 atm, CS2 = 0.52 atm,
and H2 = 0.10 atm. What is KP?
CH4(g) + 2H2S(g) ⇌ CS2(g) + 4H2(g)

ANSWER: 4.2 x 10-3

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 REVIEW
Answer in complete statements or sentences.
1. What does a reversible and irreversible reaction mean?
2. What symbol is used for chemical equations involving reversible
reactions?
3. What does chemical equilibrium mean?
4. What is the definition of equilibrium constant? What is its formula?
5. When does the equilibrium constant K become Kc and Kp?

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 REVIEW
EXAMPLE:
• At 500 K, the following concentrations were measured:
[N2] = 3.0 x 10-2 M, [H2] = 3.7 x 10-2 M, [NH3] = 1.6 x 10-2 M.
What is Kc?

2NH3(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 3H2(g)

ANSWER: 0.0059 or 5.9 x 10-3

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

Proponent: Henry Louis Le Chatelier (a French Chemist)

Le Chatelier’s Principle states that:
“If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the
conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract
the change to reestablish an equilibrium.”

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

The changes that may affect a system at chemical equilibrium

include:
1. Changes in the concentration of either products or reactants.
2. Changes in temperature.
3. Changes in pressure for gaseous equilibria.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
A. Effects of Changing the Concentration of Reactants or
Products
• When the concentration of either a reactant or a product is
increased, the equilibrium shifts into the direction that
would consume that added component.
• If the concentration is decreased, then the equilibrium shifts
into the direction that replenishes the lost component.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• Complete the chart below by determining if the equilibrium shifts to the
right, left or none. And if the concentrations of the reactants and products
increases, decreases or stays the same.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + 92.05 kJ
CHANGE [N2] [H2] [NH3] EQUILIBRIUM SHIFT
Add N2 INCREASES DECREASES INCREASES RIGHT
Add H2 DECREASES INCREASES INCREASES RIGHT
Add NH3 INCREASES INCREASES INCREASES LEFT
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• Complete the chart below by determining if the equilibrium shifts to the
right, left or none. And if the concentrations of the reactants and products
increases, decreases or stays the same.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + 92.05 kJ
CHANGE [N2] [H2] [NH3] EQUILIBRIUM SHIFT
Remove N2 DECREASES INCREASES DECREASES LEFT
Remove H2 INCREASES DECREASES DECREASES LEFT
Remove NH3 DECREASES DECREASES DECREASES RIGHT
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

B. Effects of Changes in Temperature

• When the temperature is increased, the reaction which
consumes the applied heat is favored.
• When the temperature is decreased, the reaction which
produces heat is favored.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• Complete the chart below by determining if the equilibrium shifts to the
right, left or none.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + 92.05 kJ

CHANGE EQUILIBRIUM SHIFT

Increase
Temperature LEFT
Decrease
Temperature
RIGHT

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
C. Effect of Changes in Pressure on Gaseous Equilibria
• When the total pressure is increased, the equilibrium has to shift to the
direction that has a lesser number of gaseous particles.
• When the total pressure is decreased, the equilibrium shifts to the
direction that would produce greater number of gas particles.
• Hint: Count the number of coefficients of each side of the equation. Again,
coefficients represent the number of moles of each reactant or product.
• If both sides of the equilibrium equation is equal in total number of moles
or coefficients, the equilibrium produces no shift.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• Complete the chart below by determining if the equilibrium shifts to the
right, left or none.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + 92.05 kJ

CHANGE EQUILIBRIUM SHIFT

Increase
Pressure
RIGHT
Decrease
Pressure
LEFT

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• What would happen to the position of the equilibrium when the following
changes are made to the equilibrium system below?
2SO3(g) ⇌ 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
A. SO2 is added to the system.
B. SO3 is removed from the system.
C. O2 is added to the system.
ANSWER: A. Shifts to the left, B. Shifts to the left, C. Shifts to the left
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• Predict the effect of increasing the pressure of the container to the
shift of each equilibrium.
A. 2H2O(g) + N2(g) ⇌ 2H2(g) + 2NO(g)
B. SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) ⇌ SiF4(g) + 2H2O(g)

ANSWER (A): Equilibrium shifts to the left

ANSWER (B): Equilibrium shifts to the right
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
EXAMPLE:
• Predict the effect of decreasing the temperature to the shift of each
equilibrium.
A. H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2HCl(g) + 49.7 kJ
B. SiO2(s) + 4HF(g) + 37.2 kJ ⇌ SiF4(g) + 2H2O(g)
C. CO(g) + H2O(g) + 27.6 kJ ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g)
ANSWER: A. Equilibrium shifts to the right, B. Equilibrium shifts to the
left, C. Equilibrium shifts to the left
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
 GET READY!
Prepare for 25-item Quiz #3 tomorrow.
Topics:
• Chemical Equilibrium
• Equilibrium Constant
• Le Chatelier’s Principle
Good luck! ☺

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
THANK YOU!