LAB 6
LAB 6
#print(msg)
X = msg.message
Y = msg.labelnum
#print(X)
#print(Y)
count_vect = CountVectorizer()
xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest)
print(count_vect.get_feature_names())
# Training Naive Bayes (NB) classifier on training data
predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)
print('\nAccuracy metrics')
print('---------------------')
print('Confusion matrix')
print(‘------------------------------’)
print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted))
The code addresses a text classification problem, specifically sentiment analysis, where the goal is
to classify text messages as either positive (pos) or negative (neg).
Dataset Details
1. Messages: Text data representing some information (e.g., reviews, feedback, or generic
text messages).
The Goal
1. Text Representation:
o Computers cannot directly understand text. Hence, text must be converted into
numerical form.
2. Imbalanced Data:
o If there are more messages of one type (e.g., pos) than the other (neg), the model
might become biased.
3. Vocabulary Size:
o Different messages have varying word counts and unique words, leading to large
and sparse matrices.
4. Performance Metrics:
o Merely predicting the most frequent label would give high accuracy in imbalanced
datasets, but precision, recall, and confusion matrix provide a better evaluation.
1. Data Preprocessing:
o Split the data into training and testing sets for unbiased evaluation.
2. Feature Extraction:
o Extract numerical features from text using CountVectorizer:
Example:
Transformed Matrix:
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3. Model Training:
o Use a Naive Bayes classifier, which is effective for text classification tasks because it
assumes word occurrences are independent (bag-of-words assumption).
4. Model Evaluation:
Applications:
By solving this problem, we develop a foundational model for many real-world text classification
tasks.
so this i understood. listen carefully here there should be many libraries as there are parts of the
machines.as each machines have different work in the system like that each libraries have different
tasks in this code so i want you to explain me different task of the libraries and show me to fit the
libraries so that code works smoothly,as many parts combine to make the machine work perfectly.
You're absolutely right! Just like the different parts of a machine work together for seamless
operation, libraries in Python serve as specialized tools that enable specific tasks. In the code
provided, several libraries are used, each with its unique purpose.
1. pandas
Role in Code: Reads the CSV file and processes it into a DataFrame, which is easier to
manipulate.
Functions Used:
o map: Maps values from one form to another (e.g., converting pos/neg to 1/0).
Analogy: Acts as the "data loader and cleaner," organizing raw data into a usable format.
2. sklearn.model_selection
Role in Code: Ensures the model is trained and tested on separate data to avoid bias.
Functions Used:
Analogy: Works like a "divider," ensuring the data is split fairly for training and evaluation.
3. sklearn.feature_extraction.text
Purpose: Converts text data into numerical features for machine learning models.
Role in Code: Extracts features (unique words) from text and represents them as a sparse
matrix.
Functions Used:
Analogy: Acts as the "translator," converting human language into a format the machine
understands.
4. sklearn.naive_bayes
Role in Code: Trains the classifier on the extracted features and predicts labels for new
data.
Functions Used:
Analogy: Acts as the "decision-maker," learning patterns in training data and making
predictions.
5. sklearn.metrics
Role in Code: Measures accuracy, precision, recall, and provides a confusion matrix.
Functions Used:
Analogy: Acts as the "quality inspector," evaluating how well the machine is working.
Here’s how these libraries combine to make the code work smoothly:
1. pandas:
2. sklearn.model_selection:
o Splits the data into training and testing sets (like distributing work between
machine parts).
3. sklearn.feature_extraction.text:
o Converts text into numerical features (like encoding instructions for machines).
4. sklearn.naive_bayes:---------------------------------------------(MAIN)
o Trains the model and makes predictions (like running the machine to produce
results).
5. sklearn.metrics:
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X = msg.message # Features
Y = msg.labelnum # Labels
count_vect = CountVectorizer()
print(count_vect.get_feature_names())
# Model training
# Performance evaluation
print('\nAccuracy metrics')
print('---------------------')
print('Confusion matrix')
print('------------------------------')
print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted))
1. Importing Data
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o label: Specifies the label for each message (pos for positive and neg for negative).
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Explanation
1. pd.read_csv():
o This is a function from the pandas library used to read a CSV (Comma-Separated
Values) file.
2. 'D:\\data6.csv':
o Note: Double backslashes (\\) are used because single backslashes (\) are escape
characters in Python.
3. names=['message', 'label']:
o If the CSV file does not have a header row, or if you want to assign custom column
names, you can use the names parameter.
o Here:
message: Represents the first column, which likely contains text messages
or input data.
label: Represents the second column, which contains the corresponding
labels (e.g., spam or not spam, yes or no, etc.).
4. msg:
o The variable msg stores the DataFrame created from the CSV file.
o It will hold the data in a tabular format, where each row is a record from the file,
and each column corresponds to a named field (message and label in this case).
Example
message label
Code Execution:
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message label
2. Data Preprocessing
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msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})
X = msg.message
Y = msg.labelnum
o pos → 1
o neg → 0
3. Splitting Dataset
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4. Feature Extraction
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count_vect = CountVectorizer()
xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain)
xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest)
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Trains a Naive Bayes classifier (MultinomialNB) using the training data (xtrain_dtm, ytrain).
6. Prediction
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predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)
Uses the trained classifier to predict labels for the test data (xtest_dtm).
7. Performance Evaluation
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print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted))
o Confusion Matrix: A matrix showing the counts of true positives, true negatives,
false positives, and false negatives.
8. Output Details
Number of Features Extracted: Total unique words in the dataset after tokenization.
msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0}) what does this mean explain with example
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is performing a mapping operation on a column (label) in a Pandas DataFrame (msg). Here's what
it does in detail:
What It Does
o The code accesses the column named label from the DataFrame msg. This column
is expected to contain categorical data (e.g., 'pos', 'neg').
2. map() Method:
o The .map() method is used to transform or map the values in a column based on a
specified mapping or function.
'pos' to 1
'neg' to 0
o Any value in the label column that doesn't match a key in the dictionary will result
in NaN (if not explicitly handled).
o The transformed values are assigned to a new column called labelnum in the same
DataFrame.
Example
Original DataFrame
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import pandas as pd
# Create a DataFrame
msg = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(msg)
Output:
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label
0 pos
1 neg
2 pos
3 neg
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msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})
print(msg)
Output:
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label labelnum
0 pos 1
1 neg 0
2 pos 1
3 neg 0
The label column contains the original categorical values ('pos' and 'neg').
The new labelnum column contains the corresponding numerical values (1 for 'pos' and 0
for 'neg').
Key Points
Why Do This?
Error Handling
o If the label column contains values outside {'pos', 'neg'}, they will be replaced with
NaN. For example:
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msg = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(msg)
Output:
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label labelnum
0 pos 1.0
1 neg 0.0
2 neutral NaN
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split what does this mean explain with example
The statement:
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is importing the train_test_split function from the sklearn.model_selection module in the Scikit-
learn library. This function is widely used in machine learning to split a dataset into training and
testing subsets.
Purpose
The main purpose of train_test_split is to split the data in a way that ensures:
2. The testing set is used to evaluate the model's performance on unseen data.
This helps prevent overfitting and provides an unbiased evaluation of the model.
How It Works
1. Input features (X): These are the independent variables (e.g., numeric or categorical data
used to predict the target).
2. Target variable (y): This is the dependent variable (e.g., labels, outcomes to predict).
The split is done randomly, and the proportion of training to testing data is controlled by the
test_size or train_size parameter.
Parameters
3. test_size: Proportion of the dataset to include in the test split. For example, test_size=0.2
means 20% of the data will be used for testing.
4. random_state: A seed value to ensure reproducibility of the split. Using the same seed will
always produce the same split.
Example
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import pandas as pd
data = {
'target': [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
Output
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feature1 feature2
2 30 3
0 10 1
3 40 4
feature1 feature2
1 20 2
4 50 5
2 0
0 0
3 1
4 0
Key Points
1. Data Splitting: In the example, 60% of the data was used for training and 40% for testing
(test_size=0.4).
2. Reproducibility: Using random_state=42 ensures that the split remains consistent if the
code is run multiple times.
3. Scalability: This method works for datasets of any size and is crucial in model evaluation.
The train_test_split function is commonly used in machine learning to split a dataset into training
and testing subsets. It helps evaluate how well a model generalizes to unseen data.
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Parameters:
3. test_size: Proportion of the dataset to include in the test split (default is 0.25 if not
specified). Here, test_size=0.2 means 20% of the data will be for testing.
Outputs:
Example:
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# Example dataset
import numpy as np
X = np.array([[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]]) # Features
# Output results
print("X_train:\n", X_train)
print("X_test:\n", X_test)
print("y_train:\n", y_train)
print("y_test:\n", y_test)
Output:
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X_train:
[[8]
[3]
[1]
[6]
[9]
[2]
[7]]
X_test:
[[5]
[10]
[4]]
y_train:
[1 0 0 1 0 1 0]
y_test:
[0 1 1]
Explanation:
Training set: Used to train the model. Contains 70% of the data (X_train and y_train).
Testing set: Used to evaluate the model. Contains 30% of the data (X_test and y_test).
By using this split, you can ensure that the model is evaluated on unseen data, which is critical for
assessing its performance and generalization ability.
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y)print('\nDataset is split into Training and
Testing samples') print('Total training instances:', ytrain.shape[0]) print('Total testing instances:',
ytest.shape[0])
Sure! Let me explain the process using a text-based example instead of numbers.
Scenario:
Imagine you have a small dataset of customer reviews and their corresponding sentiments
(positive or negative):
Dataset:
Review Sentiment
Objective:
You want to train a machine learning model to predict the sentiment of reviews (Positive or
Negative) based on the text. Before training, you split the dataset into a training set (to train the
model) and a testing set (to evaluate the model).
Code Example:
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# Dataset
X=[
"Terrible experience.",
] # Reviews (features)
Y=[
"Positive",
"Negative",
"Positive",
"Negative",
"Positive",
"Negative",
"Positive",
"Negative"
] # Sentiments (labels)
# Display results
Output:
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Training reviews: ['Loved the quality!', 'The delivery was very fast.', 'I hated the service.', 'The item
was defective.', 'Not worth the price.', 'The product is amazing!']
What Happened?
1. Original Dataset:
2. Splitting:
3. Output:
o Training set: 6 reviews and their sentiments (used to train the model).
o Testing set: 2 reviews and their sentiments (used to test the model).
This approach ensures that the model is evaluated on reviews it has never seen during training,
making the evaluation more realistic. The random selection (controlled by random_state)
guarantees the split is reproducible.
The CountVectorizer from sklearn.feature_extraction.text is a tool that converts text data into
numerical features. It represents text as a document-term matrix (DTM), where each row
corresponds to a document (review) and each column corresponds to a word (term) from the
vocabulary. The entries in the matrix are the counts of how often each word appears in a
document.
Dataset:
Training reviews (X_train):
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['Loved the quality!', 'The delivery was very fast.', 'I hated the service.', 'The item was defective.',
'Not worth the price.', 'The product is amazing!']
Step-by-Step Explanation:
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count_vect = CountVectorizer()
Let’s break down how CountVectorizer performs the three steps: tokenization, vocabulary building,
and word counting with a detailed example.
Input:
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X_train = [
CountVectorizer then creates a vocabulary from the unique words across all reviews. The
vocabulary assigns an index to each unique word.
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"amazing": 0,
"is": 1,
"loved": 2,
"product": 3,
"quality": 4,
"the": 5
Next, CountVectorizer creates a document-term matrix (DTM) by counting the occurrences of each
word from the vocabulary in every review.
o Row = [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1]
o Row = [1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
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Code Demonstration:
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# Dataset
X_train = [
]
# Initialize CountVectorizer
count_vect = CountVectorizer()
xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(X_train)
# Display vocabulary
print("Vocabulary:", count_vect.vocabulary_)
Output:
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Document-Term Matrix:
[[0 0 1 0 1 1]
[1 1 0 1 0 1]]
Summary:
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xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(X_train)
o fit_transform(X_train):
fit: Learn the vocabulary from X_train (i.e., extract unique words).
transform: Convert each review into a numerical vector based on word
counts.
Let's break down the two lines of code you provided, and explain what they are doing step by step:
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This code is related to converting text data (like reviews or sentences) into a document-term
matrix (DTM) using the CountVectorizer. The key difference here is between using fit_transform
and transform. Let's understand them both in detail:
1. fit_transform(xtrain)
1. fit: It learns the vocabulary from the training data (xtrain), i.e., it scans the training
data to find all unique words in the entire dataset and creates a vocabulary.
2. transform: It then converts the training data into a document-term matrix (DTM)
using the learned vocabulary. This matrix has one row for each document (review),
and columns for each word in the vocabulary. The values in the matrix represent
how many times each word appears in each document.
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xtrain = [
Step 1: The fit step will create a vocabulary (a list of unique words) from the xtrain data.
This might result in a vocabulary like:
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Step 2: The transform step will then convert the xtrain data into a document-term matrix
(DTM). For example, if the vocabulary is ['loved', 'the', 'quality', 'product', 'is', 'amazing'],
the DTM would look like:
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The rows represent each review, and the columns represent the words from the vocabulary. The
values are the counts of each word in the corresponding review.
2. transform(xtest)
transform is used to apply the same vocabulary learned from the training data (xtrain) to
transform the test data (xtest) into a document-term matrix.
The key point here is that transform does not learn anything new from xtest. It uses the vocabulary
learned from the training data (using fit) and applies it to the test data.
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xtest = [
The transform step will create a document-term matrix for the test data based on the
vocabulary learned from xtrain. The vocabulary is fixed (it comes from xtrain), so the
matrix will only include columns for the words that were in the vocabulary, even if new
words appear in xtest.
Given the vocabulary from the xtrain (which was ['loved', 'the', 'quality', 'product', 'is', 'amazing']),
the xtest review "Amazing product, I loved it!" will be converted into the document-term matrix:
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Where:
All other words are not in the vocabulary, so their counts are 0.
fit_transform(xtrain):
o Transform: Convert the training data into a document-term matrix based on that
vocabulary.
transform(xtest):
o Transform: Convert the test data into a document-term matrix using the same
vocabulary learned from the training data. No new words are added or learned
during this step.
You fit the vectorizer on the training data so it learns the vocabulary from that set. When
you transform the test data, you ensure that the model sees the test data in terms of the
same vocabulary (and structure) as the training data.
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['amazing', 'defective', 'delivery', 'fast', 'hated', 'item', 'loved', 'price', 'product', 'quality', 'service',
'the', 'very', 'was', 'worth']
For the above training reviews, the matrix might look like this:
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...
Each number represents the count of the corresponding word in the review.
5. Sparse Matrix: The xtrain_dtm object is a sparse matrix because most of the entries are 0
(words not present in a review).
To view it as an array:
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print(xtrain_dtm.toarray())
Example Output:
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[[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0]
[0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0]
[0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0]
...
Summary:
Now this numerical matrix (xtrain_dtm) can be fed into machine learning models for training. This
process of converting text into numerical features is called vectorization, and CountVectorizer is
one of the simplest methods to do it.
print('\nTotal features extracted using CountVectorizer:', xtrain_dtm.shape[1]) print('\nThe words
or Tokens in the text documents\n') print(count_vect.get_feature_names())
This code snippet is used to analyze the features (unique words or tokens) extracted by the
CountVectorizer from the text data. Let’s break it down:
Code Breakdown
1. xtrain_dtm.shape[1]
This line prints the total number of features (unique words) extracted from the training data.
2. count_vect.get_feature_names()
These words are extracted from the training data (xtrain) during the fit step.
How it Works
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xtrain = [
]
1. Vocabulary Building (from fit_transform): The CountVectorizer tokenizes the text, removes
punctuation, and creates a vocabulary:
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3. Printing Results:
o count_vect.get_feature_names() outputs:
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# Training data
xtrain = [
count_vect = CountVectorizer()
xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain)
print(count_vect.get_feature_names_out())
Output
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Explanation
Total features extracted: Indicates that CountVectorizer found 6 unique words in the
training data.
Tokens: Shows the vocabulary (list of unique words extracted). These are the features used
to create the document-term matrix.
This snippet involves training a machine learning model using the Naive Bayes algorithm
(specifically, the Multinomial Naive Bayes) and making predictions on test data. Let’s break it down
step-by-step and explain it with an example.
Step 1: Import the Classifier
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MultinomialNB is a Naive Bayes classifier suited for categorical features, like word counts
in text data (as in our document-term matrix from CountVectorizer).
It’s commonly used in text classification tasks such as spam detection or sentiment
analysis.
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fit: This trains the Naive Bayes model using the training data:
o xtrain_dtm: The document-term matrix (DTM) created from the training text data
(xtrain).
The model learns how word frequencies are associated with the given labels.
The fit method of MultinomialNB trains the Naive Bayes model by learning the association
between word frequencies (features in the document-term matrix, or DTM) and the target labels.
Here's an example-driven explanation of how this process works:
Training Data
Let’s consider a small training dataset with reviews and corresponding labels (sentiments):
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xtrain = [
"Defective item"
Steps of fit
The CountVectorizer tokenizes the text, removes punctuation, and converts the text into a
document-term matrix. This matrix shows the frequency of each word in each review.
Vocabulary: The unique words (tokens) from the training data are:
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DTM:
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o The values represent the frequency of the word in the corresponding review.
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The MultinomialNB classifier computes probabilities using Bayes’ Theorem, assuming that:
o Words in a document are independent of each other (Naive assumption).
o Word Probabilities Given a Class (P(Word | Class)): For each class ("positive" or
"negative"), the model calculates the likelihood of each word in the vocabulary
appearing in a review of that class.
For example:
In "positive" reviews:
In "negative" reviews:
Why Smoothing? Smoothing (additive smoothing, typically Laplace smoothing) ensures that even
unseen words get a small probability to avoid zero probability during prediction.
o How strongly the presence of each word contributes to a class. For instance:
If you were manually classifying reviews, you would notice patterns like:
The fit method automates this process by learning these patterns mathematically using word
frequencies and probabilities.
Summary of fit:
1. It calculates:
2. The trained model can now classify new text based on these probabilities.
Code Example
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# Training data
xtrain = ["Loved the product", "Hated the service", "Amazing quality", "Defective item"]
count_vect = CountVectorizer()
xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain)
Output:
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predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)
predict: This uses the trained model to classify the test data:
o xtest_dtm: The document-term matrix (DTM) created from the test text data
(xtest).
The model predicts the class (label) for each test document based on the patterns it
learned during training.
Example
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xtrain = [
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xtest = [
"Amazing product!",
Steps in Action
1. Convert Text to DTM: Using CountVectorizer, the training and test data are converted into
document-term matrices:
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2. Train the Model (fit): The MultinomialNB model is trained using xtrain_dtm and ytrain. It
learns which words are most indicative of "positive" or "negative" labels:
3. Predict Labels (predict): The trained model predicts the labels for the test data (xtest_dtm):
Complete Code
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# Training data
xtrain = [
# Test data
xtest = [
"Amazing product!",
count_vect = CountVectorizer()
predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)
# Output predictions
Output
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['positive', 'negative']
Summary
1. The model is trained using word frequencies from the training data (xtrain_dtm and
ytrain).
2. The test data (xtest) is transformed into the same feature space (xtest_dtm).
3. The trained model predicts the labels (predicted) for the test data:
# Performance evaluation from sklearn import metrics # For evaluating the model print('\
nAccuracy metrics') print('---------------------') print('Accuracy of the classifier is',
metrics.accuracy_score(ytest, predicted)) print('Recall:', metrics.recall_score(ytest, predicted))
print('Precision:', metrics.precision_score(ytest, predicted)) print('Confusion matrix')
print('------------------------------') print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted)) explian with
examples
The given code evaluates the performance of a trained classifier using various metrics, including
accuracy, recall, precision, and the confusion matrix. Let’s break it down with an example for
better understanding.
Code Breakdown
1. Importing Metrics:
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2. Metrics Explained:
o Accuracy: The proportion of correctly predicted labels out of the total labels.
o Recall (Sensitivity): The proportion of true positives correctly identified out of all
actual positives.
o Confusion Matrix: A table that summarizes the number of true positives, true
negatives, false positives, and false negatives.
Example
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Confusion Matrix:
The confusion matrix summarizes the relationship between actual and predicted labels:
False Negatives (FN): Predicted "negative" when the true label was "positive" (1 instance).
False Positives (FP): Predicted "positive" when the true label was "negative" (0 instances).
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# True labels
# Predicted labels
# Accuracy
print('\nAccuracy metrics')
print('---------------------')
# Recall
# Precision
# Confusion Matrix
print('Confusion matrix')
print('------------------------------')
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Accuracy metrics
---------------------
Recall: 0.6666666666666666
Precision: 1.0
Confusion matrix
------------------------------
[[2 1]
[0 2]]
Summary
Confusion Matrix: Summarizes the number of correct and incorrect predictions for both
classes.
These metrics provide insights into how well the classifier performs on the test data.