0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views47 pages

LAB 6

uploaded about the lab 6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views47 pages

LAB 6

uploaded about the lab 6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

import pandas as pd

msg = pd.read_csv('D:\\data6.csv', names=['message', 'label']) # Tabular form data

print('Total instances in the dataset:', msg.shape[0])

msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})

#print(msg)

X = msg.message

Y = msg.labelnum

#print(X)

#print(Y)

# Splitting the dataset into train and test data

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split(X, Y)

print('\nDataset is split into Training and Testing samples')

print('Total training instances:', ytrain.shape[0])

print('Total testing instances:', ytest.shape[0])

# Output of count vectorizer is a sparse matrix

# CountVectorizer - stands for 'feature extraction'

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain) # Sparse matrix

xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest)

print('\nTotal features extracted using CountVectorizer:', xtrain_dtm.shape[1])

print('\nThe words or Tokens in the text documents\n')

print(count_vect.get_feature_names())
# Training Naive Bayes (NB) classifier on training data

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

clf = MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain)

predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)

#printing accuracy metrics

from sklearn import metrics

print('\nAccuracy metrics')

print('---------------------')

print('Accuracy of the classifier is', metrics.accuracy_score(ytest, predicted))

print('Recall:', metrics.recall_score(ytest, predicted), '\nPrecision:', metrics.precision_score(ytest,


predicted))

print('Confusion matrix')

print(‘------------------------------’)

print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted))

The Problem Context

The code addresses a text classification problem, specifically sentiment analysis, where the goal is
to classify text messages as either positive (pos) or negative (neg).

Dataset Details

The dataset (data6.csv) consists of:

1. Messages: Text data representing some information (e.g., reviews, feedback, or generic
text messages).

2. Labels: Each message is labeled as either:

o pos (positive sentiment) or

o neg (negative sentiment).

The data structure looks something like this:


Message Label

"The movie was fantastic!" pos

"I did not enjoy the meal." neg

"Amazing experience overall." pos

"Terrible service and rude staff." neg

The Goal

 Train a machine learning model to predict whether a message is positive or negative.

 The model uses:

o Training Data: A subset of the dataset to learn patterns in the text.

o Testing Data: Another subset to evaluate the model's performance.

Challenges in Text Classification

1. Text Representation:

o Computers cannot directly understand text. Hence, text must be converted into
numerical form.

o In this code, CountVectorizer is used to transform text into numerical features.

2. Imbalanced Data:

o If there are more messages of one type (e.g., pos) than the other (neg), the model
might become biased.

3. Vocabulary Size:

o Different messages have varying word counts and unique words, leading to large
and sparse matrices.

4. Performance Metrics:

o Merely predicting the most frequent label would give high accuracy in imbalanced
datasets, but precision, recall, and confusion matrix provide a better evaluation.

Steps to Solve the Problem

1. Data Preprocessing:

o Convert labels to numerical values (pos → 1, neg → 0).

o Split the data into training and testing sets for unbiased evaluation.

2. Feature Extraction:
o Extract numerical features from text using CountVectorizer:

 Example:

 Input Messages: ["good movie", "bad service"]

 Vocabulary: {"good": 0, "movie": 1, "bad": 2, "service": 3}

 Transformed Matrix:

csharp

Copy code

[1, 1, 0, 0] # "good movie"

[0, 0, 1, 1] # "bad service"

3. Model Training:

o Use a Naive Bayes classifier, which is effective for text classification tasks because it
assumes word occurrences are independent (bag-of-words assumption).

4. Model Evaluation:

o Assess the model's performance using:

 Accuracy: Proportion of correct predictions.

 Recall: How well the model identifies positive/negative messages.

 Precision: How reliable the positive/negative predictions are.

 Confusion Matrix: Breaks down true/false positives and negatives.

Why This Problem Matters

 Applications:

o Sentiment Analysis: Analyze reviews, feedback, or social media posts to


understand user sentiment.

o Spam Detection: Classify messages or emails as spam (negative) or not (positive).

o Customer Service: Automatically identify dissatisfied customers.

By solving this problem, we develop a foundational model for many real-world text classification
tasks.
so this i understood. listen carefully here there should be many libraries as there are parts of the
machines.as each machines have different work in the system like that each libraries have different
tasks in this code so i want you to explain me different task of the libraries and show me to fit the
libraries so that code works smoothly,as many parts combine to make the machine work perfectly.

You're absolutely right! Just like the different parts of a machine work together for seamless
operation, libraries in Python serve as specialized tools that enable specific tasks. In the code
provided, several libraries are used, each with its unique purpose.

Let's break this down step by step:

Libraries and Their Roles

1. pandas

 Purpose: Handles data in a tabular form (rows and columns) efficiently.

 Role in Code: Reads the CSV file and processes it into a DataFrame, which is easier to
manipulate.

 Functions Used:

o read_csv: Reads data from a CSV file.

o map: Maps values from one form to another (e.g., converting pos/neg to 1/0).

 Analogy: Acts as the "data loader and cleaner," organizing raw data into a usable format.

2. sklearn.model_selection

 Purpose: Splits the dataset into training and testing subsets.

 Role in Code: Ensures the model is trained and tested on separate data to avoid bias.

 Functions Used:

o train_test_split: Randomly splits data into training and testing sets.

 Analogy: Works like a "divider," ensuring the data is split fairly for training and evaluation.

3. sklearn.feature_extraction.text

 Purpose: Converts text data into numerical features for machine learning models.
 Role in Code: Extracts features (unique words) from text and represents them as a sparse
matrix.

 Functions Used:

o CountVectorizer: Creates a bag-of-words representation of the text.

 Analogy: Acts as the "translator," converting human language into a format the machine
understands.

4. sklearn.naive_bayes

 Purpose: Implements Naive Bayes classification, a probabilistic machine learning


algorithm.

 Role in Code: Trains the classifier on the extracted features and predicts labels for new
data.

 Functions Used:

o MultinomialNB: Suitable for text classification, assuming word counts are


important.

 Analogy: Acts as the "decision-maker," learning patterns in training data and making
predictions.

5. sklearn.metrics

 Purpose: Evaluates the performance of a machine learning model.

 Role in Code: Measures accuracy, precision, recall, and provides a confusion matrix.

 Functions Used:

o accuracy_score: Measures how often the classifier is correct.

o recall_score: Measures sensitivity (true positives).

o precision_score: Measures reliability of positive predictions.

o confusion_matrix: Summarizes prediction results.

 Analogy: Acts as the "quality inspector," evaluating how well the machine is working.

How They Fit Together

Here’s how these libraries combine to make the code work smoothly:

1. pandas:

o Loads and organizes the data (like assembling raw materials).

2. sklearn.model_selection:
o Splits the data into training and testing sets (like distributing work between
machine parts).

3. sklearn.feature_extraction.text:

o Converts text into numerical features (like encoding instructions for machines).

4. sklearn.naive_bayes:---------------------------------------------(MAIN)

o Trains the model and makes predictions (like running the machine to produce
results).

5. sklearn.metrics:

o Evaluates performance (like testing the machine's output for quality).

Code Integration with Explanation

Here’s the code with comments explaining each library’s role:

python

Copy code

import pandas as pd # For data manipulation and analysis

# Load dataset into a DataFrame

msg = pd.read_csv('D:\\data6.csv', names=['message', 'label'])

print('Total instances in the dataset:', msg.shape[0])

# Convert labels to numerical values

msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})

X = msg.message # Features

Y = msg.labelnum # Labels

# Splitting the dataset

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split # For splitting data

xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split(X, Y)

print('\nDataset is split into Training and Testing samples')

print('Total training instances:', ytrain.shape[0])

print('Total testing instances:', ytest.shape[0])


# Feature extraction

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer # For text-to-feature conversion

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain) # Fit and transform training data

xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest) # Transform test data

print('\nTotal features extracted using CountVectorizer:', xtrain_dtm.shape[1])

print('\nThe words or Tokens in the text documents\n')

print(count_vect.get_feature_names())

# Model training

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB # For classification

clf = MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain) # Train the model

predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm) # Predict test data

# Performance evaluation

from sklearn import metrics # For evaluating the model

print('\nAccuracy metrics')

print('---------------------')

print('Accuracy of the classifier is', metrics.accuracy_score(ytest, predicted))

print('Recall:', metrics.recall_score(ytest, predicted))

print('Precision:', metrics.precision_score(ytest, predicted))

print('Confusion matrix')

print('------------------------------')

print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted))
1. Importing Data

python

Copy code

msg = pd.read_csv('D:\\data6.csv', names=['message', 'label'])

 Reads a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame with two columns:

o message: Contains the text messages.

o label: Specifies the label for each message (pos for positive and neg for negative).

The line of code:

python

Copy code

msg = pd.read_csv('D:\\data6.csv', names=['message', 'label'])

is written in Python using the pandas library. Let’s break it down:

Explanation

1. pd.read_csv():

o This is a function from the pandas library used to read a CSV (Comma-Separated
Values) file.

o It loads the file's contents into a pandas DataFrame, which is a two-dimensional


tabular structure similar to an Excel spreadsheet or a SQL table.

2. 'D:\\data6.csv':

o This is the path to the CSV file being loaded.

o It specifies the file's location on the system:

 D:\\: Refers to the D drive.

 data6.csv: The name of the file being read.

o Note: Double backslashes (\\) are used because single backslashes (\) are escape
characters in Python.

3. names=['message', 'label']:

o Specifies column names for the DataFrame.

o If the CSV file does not have a header row, or if you want to assign custom column
names, you can use the names parameter.

o Here:

 message: Represents the first column, which likely contains text messages
or input data.
 label: Represents the second column, which contains the corresponding
labels (e.g., spam or not spam, yes or no, etc.).

4. msg:

o The variable msg stores the DataFrame created from the CSV file.

o It will hold the data in a tabular format, where each row is a record from the file,
and each column corresponds to a named field (message and label in this case).

Example

CSV File (data6.csv):

message label

"This is a test message" spam

"Meeting at 5 PM" not_spam

"Congratulations! You've won!" spam

"Let's catch up tomorrow" not_spam

Code Execution:

After running the code:

python

Copy code

msg = pd.read_csv('D:\\data6.csv', names=['message', 'label'])

The resulting DataFrame (msg) will look like this:

message label

0 "This is a test message" spam

1 "Meeting at 5 PM" not_spam

2 "Congratulations! You've won!" spam

3 "Let's catch up tomorrow" not_spam

2. Data Preprocessing

python

Copy code
msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})

X = msg.message

Y = msg.labelnum

 Maps the label column to numerical values:

o pos → 1

o neg → 0

 Splits the dataset into:

o X: Features (text messages).

o Y: Labels (numerical representation of sentiment).

3. Splitting Dataset

python

Copy code

xtrain, xtest, ytrain, ytest = train_test_split(X, Y)

 Splits the dataset into training and testing subsets:

o xtrain and ytrain: Training data.

o xtest and ytest: Testing data.

4. Feature Extraction

python

Copy code

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain)

xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest)

 Uses CountVectorizer for text preprocessing and feature extraction:

o Converts text messages into a sparse matrix where:

 Rows represent documents.

 Columns represent unique words (features or tokens).

 Values represent the frequency of the word in each document.


5. Model Training

python

Copy code

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

clf = MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain)

 Trains a Naive Bayes classifier (MultinomialNB) using the training data (xtrain_dtm, ytrain).

6. Prediction

python

Copy code

predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)

 Uses the trained classifier to predict labels for the test data (xtest_dtm).

7. Performance Evaluation

python

Copy code

from sklearn import metrics

print('Accuracy of the classifier is', metrics.accuracy_score(ytest, predicted))

print('Recall:', metrics.recall_score(ytest, predicted))

print('Precision:', metrics.precision_score(ytest, predicted))

print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted))

 Evaluates the model using metrics like:

o Accuracy: Proportion of correctly classified instances.

o Recall: Proportion of actual positives correctly identified.

o Precision: Proportion of positive predictions that are correct.

o Confusion Matrix: A matrix showing the counts of true positives, true negatives,
false positives, and false negatives.

8. Output Details

 Number of Features Extracted: Total unique words in the dataset after tokenization.

 Accuracy Metrics: Indicates the performance of the classifier.


 Confusion Matrix: Provides detailed insight into the classifier's predictions.

msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0}) what does this mean explain with example

The code snippet:

python

Copy code

msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})

is performing a mapping operation on a column (label) in a Pandas DataFrame (msg). Here's what
it does in detail:

What It Does

1. Input Column (msg.label):

o The code accesses the column named label from the DataFrame msg. This column
is expected to contain categorical data (e.g., 'pos', 'neg').

2. map() Method:
o The .map() method is used to transform or map the values in a column based on a
specified mapping or function.

o Here, a dictionary {'pos': 1, 'neg': 0} is passed to .map(). This maps:

 'pos' to 1

 'neg' to 0

o Any value in the label column that doesn't match a key in the dictionary will result
in NaN (if not explicitly handled).

3. Creating a New Column:

o The transformed values are assigned to a new column called labelnum in the same
DataFrame.

Example

Original DataFrame

python

Copy code

import pandas as pd

# Create a DataFrame

data = {'label': ['pos', 'neg', 'pos', 'neg']}

msg = pd.DataFrame(data)

print(msg)

Output:

perl

Copy code

label

0 pos

1 neg

2 pos

3 neg

Applying the Mapping

python

Copy code
msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})

print(msg)

Output:

perl

Copy code

label labelnum

0 pos 1

1 neg 0

2 pos 1

3 neg 0

 The label column contains the original categorical values ('pos' and 'neg').

 The new labelnum column contains the corresponding numerical values (1 for 'pos' and 0
for 'neg').

Key Points

 Why Do This?

o Numerical data is often required for machine learning algorithms or further


processing.

o This converts categorical labels to numerical format.

 Error Handling

o If the label column contains values outside {'pos', 'neg'}, they will be replaced with
NaN. For example:

python

Copy code

data = {'label': ['pos', 'neg', 'neutral']}

msg = pd.DataFrame(data)

msg['labelnum'] = msg.label.map({'pos': 1, 'neg': 0})

print(msg)

Output:

css

Copy code

label labelnum

0 pos 1.0
1 neg 0.0

2 neutral NaN

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split what does this mean explain with example

The statement:

python

Copy code

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

is importing the train_test_split function from the sklearn.model_selection module in the Scikit-
learn library. This function is widely used in machine learning to split a dataset into training and
testing subsets.

Purpose

The main purpose of train_test_split is to split the data in a way that ensures:

1. The training set is used to train a machine learning model.

2. The testing set is used to evaluate the model's performance on unseen data.

This helps prevent overfitting and provides an unbiased evaluation of the model.

How It Works

The function splits:

1. Input features (X): These are the independent variables (e.g., numeric or categorical data
used to predict the target).

2. Target variable (y): This is the dependent variable (e.g., labels, outcomes to predict).
The split is done randomly, and the proportion of training to testing data is controlled by the
test_size or train_size parameter.

Parameters

Key parameters for train_test_split include:

1. X: Input features (array, DataFrame, etc.).

2. y: Target variable (array, Series, etc.).

3. test_size: Proportion of the dataset to include in the test split. For example, test_size=0.2
means 20% of the data will be used for testing.

4. random_state: A seed value to ensure reproducibility of the split. Using the same seed will
always produce the same split.

5. shuffle: Whether to shuffle the data before splitting (default is True).

Example

python

Copy code

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

import pandas as pd

# Create a sample dataset

data = {

'feature1': [10, 20, 30, 40, 50],

'feature2': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],

'target': [0, 1, 0, 1, 0]

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Define features (X) and target (y)

X = df[['feature1', 'feature2']] # Input features

y = df['target'] # Target variable


# Split the data into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.4, random_state=42)

# Display the results

print("Training Features (X_train):\n", X_train)

print("Testing Features (X_test):\n", X_test)

print("Training Target (y_train):\n", y_train)

print("Testing Target (y_test):\n", y_test)

Output

The dataset might be split like this:

java

Copy code

Training Features (X_train):

feature1 feature2

2 30 3

0 10 1

3 40 4

Testing Features (X_test):

feature1 feature2

1 20 2

4 50 5

Training Target (y_train):

2 0

0 0

3 1

Name: target, dtype: int64

Testing Target (y_test):


1 1

4 0

Name: target, dtype: int64

Key Points

1. Data Splitting: In the example, 60% of the data was used for training and 40% for testing
(test_size=0.4).

2. Reproducibility: Using random_state=42 ensures that the split remains consistent if the
code is run multiple times.

3. Scalability: This method works for datasets of any size and is crucial in model evaluation.

The train_test_split function is commonly used in machine learning to split a dataset into training
and testing subsets. It helps evaluate how well a model generalizes to unseen data.

Here's the basic syntax:

python

Copy code

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

Parameters:

1. X: The input features (independent variables) of your dataset.

2. Y: The target variable (dependent variable) of your dataset.

3. test_size: Proportion of the dataset to include in the test split (default is 0.25 if not
specified). Here, test_size=0.2 means 20% of the data will be for testing.

4. random_state: A seed for randomization to ensure reproducibility of the split.

Outputs:

1. X_train: Training data for input features.

2. X_test: Testing data for input features.


3. y_train: Training data for the target variable.

4. y_test: Testing data for the target variable.

Example:

Imagine you have a small dataset:

python

Copy code

# Example dataset

import numpy as np

X = np.array([[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]]) # Features

Y = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]) # Labels (binary classification)

# Splitting the dataset

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.3, random_state=42)

# Output results

print("X_train:\n", X_train)

print("X_test:\n", X_test)

print("y_train:\n", y_train)

print("y_test:\n", y_test)

Output:

With test_size=0.3 (30% for testing):

csharp

Copy code

X_train:

[[8]

[3]

[1]

[6]

[9]

[2]
[7]]

X_test:

[[5]

[10]

[4]]

y_train:

[1 0 0 1 0 1 0]

y_test:

[0 1 1]

Explanation:

 Training set: Used to train the model. Contains 70% of the data (X_train and y_train).

 Testing set: Used to evaluate the model. Contains 30% of the data (X_test and y_test).

By using this split, you can ensure that the model is evaluated on unseen data, which is critical for
assessing its performance and generalization ability.

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y)print('\nDataset is split into Training and
Testing samples') print('Total training instances:', ytrain.shape[0]) print('Total testing instances:',
ytest.shape[0])

Sure! Let me explain the process using a text-based example instead of numbers.

Scenario:

Imagine you have a small dataset of customer reviews and their corresponding sentiments
(positive or negative):
Dataset:

Review Sentiment

"The product is amazing!" Positive

"I hated the service." Negative

"The delivery was very fast." Positive

"Terrible experience." Negative

"Loved the quality!" Positive

"Not worth the price." Negative

"Great customer support." Positive

"The item was defective." Negative

Objective:

You want to train a machine learning model to predict the sentiment of reviews (Positive or
Negative) based on the text. Before training, you split the dataset into a training set (to train the
model) and a testing set (to evaluate the model).

Code Example:

python

Copy code

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# Dataset

X=[

"The product is amazing!",

"I hated the service.",

"The delivery was very fast.",

"Terrible experience.",

"Loved the quality!",

"Not worth the price.",

"Great customer support.",

"The item was defective."

] # Reviews (features)
Y=[

"Positive",

"Negative",

"Positive",

"Negative",

"Positive",

"Negative",

"Positive",

"Negative"

] # Sentiments (labels)

# Split dataset into training and testing sets

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.25, random_state=42)

# Display results

print("Dataset is split into Training and Testing samples")

print("Training reviews:", X_train)

print("Training sentiments:", y_train)

print("Testing reviews:", X_test)

print("Testing sentiments:", y_test)

print('Total training instances:', len(y_train))

print('Total testing instances:', len(y_test))

Output:

less

Copy code

Dataset is split into Training and Testing samples

Training reviews: ['Loved the quality!', 'The delivery was very fast.', 'I hated the service.', 'The item
was defective.', 'Not worth the price.', 'The product is amazing!']

Training sentiments: ['Positive', 'Positive', 'Negative', 'Negative', 'Negative', 'Positive']

Testing reviews: ['Terrible experience.', 'Great customer support.']

Testing sentiments: ['Negative', 'Positive']


Total training instances: 6

Total testing instances: 2

What Happened?

1. Original Dataset:

o 8 reviews in total (X) with corresponding sentiments (Y).

2. Splitting:

o test_size=0.25: 25% of the data (2 reviews) is reserved for testing.

o Remaining 75% (6 reviews) is used for training the model.

3. Output:

o Training set: 6 reviews and their sentiments (used to train the model).

o Testing set: 2 reviews and their sentiments (used to test the model).

This approach ensures that the model is evaluated on reviews it has never seen during training,
making the evaluation more realistic. The random selection (controlled by random_state)
guarantees the split is reproducible.

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer # For text-to-feature conversion


count_vect = CountVectorizer() xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain) # Fit and transform
training data

The CountVectorizer from sklearn.feature_extraction.text is a tool that converts text data into
numerical features. It represents text as a document-term matrix (DTM), where each row
corresponds to a document (review) and each column corresponds to a word (term) from the
vocabulary. The entries in the matrix are the counts of how often each word appears in a
document.

Let's break it down using the reviews dataset example:

Dataset:
Training reviews (X_train):

css

Copy code

['Loved the quality!', 'The delivery was very fast.', 'I hated the service.', 'The item was defective.',
'Not worth the price.', 'The product is amazing!']

Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Import and Initialize CountVectorizer:

python

Copy code

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

The CountVectorizer will:

o Tokenize the text (split it into words).

o Build a vocabulary of unique words from the training set.

o Count how often each word appears in each review.

Let’s break down how CountVectorizer performs the three steps: tokenization, vocabulary building,
and word counting with a detailed example.

Input:

Suppose we have the following two training reviews:

python

Copy code

X_train = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!"

1. Tokenization (Splitting Text into Words):

CountVectorizer breaks each review into individual words (tokens) by:

 Removing punctuation (e.g., !, .).


 Converting text to lowercase (default behavior).

 Splitting based on spaces or delimiters.

For the input:

 "Loved the quality!" → ["loved", "the", "quality"]

 "The product is amazing!" → ["the", "product", "is", "amazing"]

2. Building a Vocabulary of Unique Words:

CountVectorizer then creates a vocabulary from the unique words across all reviews. The
vocabulary assigns an index to each unique word.

From the tokenized input:

 Unique words: ["loved", "the", "quality", "product", "is", "amazing"]

The vocabulary might look like this:

json

Copy code

"amazing": 0,

"is": 1,

"loved": 2,

"product": 3,

"quality": 4,

"the": 5

Each word is assigned an index based on its order of appearance.

3. Counting Word Frequencies:

Next, CountVectorizer creates a document-term matrix (DTM) by counting the occurrences of each
word from the vocabulary in every review.

For the input:

 "Loved the quality!" → ["loved", "the", "quality"]

o amazing: 0 (not present)

o is: 0 (not present)

o loved: 1 (appears once)


o product: 0 (not present)

o quality: 1 (appears once)

o the: 1 (appears once)

o Row = [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1]

 "The product is amazing!" → ["the", "product", "is", "amazing"]

o amazing: 1 (appears once)

o is: 1 (appears once)

o loved: 0 (not present)

o product: 1 (appears once)

o quality: 0 (not present)

o the: 1 (appears once)

o Row = [1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]

The final DTM looks like this:

csharp

Copy code

[0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1], # First review: "Loved the quality!"

[1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1] # Second review: "The product is amazing!"

Code Demonstration:

python

Copy code

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

# Dataset

X_train = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!"

]
# Initialize CountVectorizer

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

# Fit and transform training data

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(X_train)

# Display vocabulary

print("Vocabulary:", count_vect.vocabulary_)

# Display document-term matrix as an array

print("Document-Term Matrix:\n", xtrain_dtm.toarray())

Output:

lua

Copy code

Vocabulary: {'loved': 2, 'the': 5, 'quality': 4, 'product': 3, 'is': 1, 'amazing': 0}

Document-Term Matrix:

[[0 0 1 0 1 1]

[1 1 0 1 0 1]]

Summary:

1. Tokenization: Break text into words (e.g., ["loved", "the", "quality"]).

2. Vocabulary Building: Create a mapping of unique words to indices.

3. Word Counting: Count the occurrences of each word in every review.

2. Fit and Transform Training Data:

python

Copy code

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(X_train)

o fit_transform(X_train):

 fit: Learn the vocabulary from X_train (i.e., extract unique words).
 transform: Convert each review into a numerical vector based on word
counts.

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain) # Fit and transform training data xtest_dtm =


count_vect.transform(xtest) explin this code

Let's break down the two lines of code you provided, and explain what they are doing step by step:

python

Copy code

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain) # Fit and transform training data

xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest) # Transform test data

This code is related to converting text data (like reviews or sentences) into a document-term
matrix (DTM) using the CountVectorizer. The key difference here is between using fit_transform
and transform. Let's understand them both in detail:

1. fit_transform(xtrain)

 fit_transform does two things:

1. fit: It learns the vocabulary from the training data (xtrain), i.e., it scans the training
data to find all unique words in the entire dataset and creates a vocabulary.

2. transform: It then converts the training data into a document-term matrix (DTM)
using the learned vocabulary. This matrix has one row for each document (review),
and columns for each word in the vocabulary. The values in the matrix represent
how many times each word appears in each document.

For example, given the training data xtrain:

python

Copy code

xtrain = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!"


]

 Step 1: The fit step will create a vocabulary (a list of unique words) from the xtrain data.
This might result in a vocabulary like:

css

Copy code

vocabulary = ['loved', 'the', 'quality', 'product', 'is', 'amazing']

 Step 2: The transform step will then convert the xtrain data into a document-term matrix
(DTM). For example, if the vocabulary is ['loved', 'the', 'quality', 'product', 'is', 'amazing'],
the DTM would look like:

csharp

Copy code

[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1], # First review: "Loved the quality!"

[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1] # Second review: "The product is amazing!"

The rows represent each review, and the columns represent the words from the vocabulary. The
values are the counts of each word in the corresponding review.

2. transform(xtest)

 transform is used to apply the same vocabulary learned from the training data (xtrain) to
transform the test data (xtest) into a document-term matrix.

The key point here is that transform does not learn anything new from xtest. It uses the vocabulary
learned from the training data (using fit) and applies it to the test data.

For example, if the test data xtest contains:

python

Copy code

xtest = [

"Amazing product, I loved it!"

 The transform step will create a document-term matrix for the test data based on the
vocabulary learned from xtrain. The vocabulary is fixed (it comes from xtrain), so the
matrix will only include columns for the words that were in the vocabulary, even if new
words appear in xtest.
Given the vocabulary from the xtrain (which was ['loved', 'the', 'quality', 'product', 'is', 'amazing']),
the xtest review "Amazing product, I loved it!" will be converted into the document-term matrix:

csharp

Copy code

[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1] # "Amazing product, I loved it!"

Where:

 loved appears 1 time,

 product appears 1 time,

 amazing appears 1 time,

 All other words are not in the vocabulary, so their counts are 0.

Summary of the Process:

 fit_transform(xtrain):

o Fit: Learn vocabulary from the training data.

o Transform: Convert the training data into a document-term matrix based on that
vocabulary.

 transform(xtest):

o Transform: Convert the test data into a document-term matrix using the same
vocabulary learned from the training data. No new words are added or learned
during this step.

Why this is important:

 You fit the vectorizer on the training data so it learns the vocabulary from that set. When
you transform the test data, you ensure that the model sees the test data in terms of the
same vocabulary (and structure) as the training data.

3. Vocabulary Generated: After fitting, CountVectorizer creates a vocabulary like this:

css

Copy code

['amazing', 'defective', 'delivery', 'fast', 'hated', 'item', 'loved', 'price', 'product', 'quality', 'service',
'the', 'very', 'was', 'worth']

These are the unique words across all training reviews.


4. Document-Term Matrix (DTM): The xtrain_dtm now contains the numerical representation
of the reviews as a sparse matrix. Each row corresponds to a review, and each column
corresponds to a word in the vocabulary.

For the above training reviews, the matrix might look like this:

scss

Copy code

(row 0: 'Loved the quality!') → [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0]

(row 1: 'The delivery was very fast.') → [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0]

(row 2: 'I hated the service.') → [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0]

...

Each number represents the count of the corresponding word in the review.

5. Sparse Matrix: The xtrain_dtm object is a sparse matrix because most of the entries are 0
(words not present in a review).

To view it as an array:

python

Copy code

print(xtrain_dtm.toarray())

Example Output:

For our training reviews, the output might be:

css

Copy code

[[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0]

[0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0]

[0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0]

...

Summary:

 Each row represents a review.

 Each column represents a word in the vocabulary.

 The values are the word counts in the corresponding review.

Now this numerical matrix (xtrain_dtm) can be fed into machine learning models for training. This
process of converting text into numerical features is called vectorization, and CountVectorizer is
one of the simplest methods to do it.
print('\nTotal features extracted using CountVectorizer:', xtrain_dtm.shape[1]) print('\nThe words
or Tokens in the text documents\n') print(count_vect.get_feature_names())

This code snippet is used to analyze the features (unique words or tokens) extracted by the
CountVectorizer from the text data. Let’s break it down:

Code Breakdown

1. xtrain_dtm.shape[1]

 xtrain_dtm is the document-term matrix created using CountVectorizer.

 xtrain_dtm.shape provides the dimensions of this matrix:

o xtrain_dtm.shape[0]: The number of rows (documents or reviews).

o xtrain_dtm.shape[1]: The number of columns (unique words or tokens in the


vocabulary).

This line prints the total number of features (unique words) extracted from the training data.

2. count_vect.get_feature_names()

 count_vect.get_feature_names() returns a list of all the unique words (tokens) in the


vocabulary created by the CountVectorizer.

 These words are extracted from the training data (xtrain) during the fit step.

How it Works

Let’s assume the training data xtrain is as follows:

python

Copy code

xtrain = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!"

]
1. Vocabulary Building (from fit_transform): The CountVectorizer tokenizes the text, removes
punctuation, and creates a vocabulary:

css

Copy code

['amazing', 'is', 'loved', 'product', 'quality', 'the']

2. Document-Term Matrix Shape:

o Rows (xtrain_dtm.shape[0]): Number of reviews = 2.

o Columns (xtrain_dtm.shape[1]): Number of unique words in the vocabulary = 6.

3. Printing Results:

o xtrain_dtm.shape[1] outputs 6 because there are 6 unique words in the


vocabulary.

o count_vect.get_feature_names() outputs:

css

Copy code

['amazing', 'is', 'loved', 'product', 'quality', 'the']

Complete Code Example

python

Copy code

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

# Training data

xtrain = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!"

# Initialize and fit CountVectorizer

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain)

# Print total features


print('\nTotal features extracted using CountVectorizer:', xtrain_dtm.shape[1])

# Print the words or tokens in the vocabulary

print('\nThe words or Tokens in the text documents\n')

print(count_vect.get_feature_names_out())

Output

arduino

Copy code

Total features extracted using CountVectorizer: 6

The words or Tokens in the text documents

['amazing' 'is' 'loved' 'product' 'quality' 'the']

Explanation

 Total features extracted: Indicates that CountVectorizer found 6 unique words in the
training data.

 Tokens: Shows the vocabulary (list of unique words extracted). These are the features used
to create the document-term matrix.

# Model training from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB # For classification clf =


MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain) # Train the model predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm) #
Predict test data explain with example

This snippet involves training a machine learning model using the Naive Bayes algorithm
(specifically, the Multinomial Naive Bayes) and making predictions on test data. Let’s break it down
step-by-step and explain it with an example.
Step 1: Import the Classifier

python

Copy code

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

 MultinomialNB is a Naive Bayes classifier suited for categorical features, like word counts
in text data (as in our document-term matrix from CountVectorizer).

 It’s commonly used in text classification tasks such as spam detection or sentiment
analysis.

Step 2: Training the Model

python

Copy code

clf = MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain)

 fit: This trains the Naive Bayes model using the training data:

o xtrain_dtm: The document-term matrix (DTM) created from the training text data
(xtrain).

o ytrain: The target labels (e.g., sentiment: positive, negative, neutral).

 The model learns how word frequencies are associated with the given labels.

The fit method of MultinomialNB trains the Naive Bayes model by learning the association
between word frequencies (features in the document-term matrix, or DTM) and the target labels.
Here's an example-driven explanation of how this process works:

Training Data

Let’s consider a small training dataset with reviews and corresponding labels (sentiments):

python

Copy code

xtrain = [

"Loved the product",

"Hated the service",


"Amazing quality",

"Defective item"

ytrain = ["positive", "negative", "positive", "negative"]

Steps of fit

1. Convert Text to Document-Term Matrix (DTM):

The CountVectorizer tokenizes the text, removes punctuation, and converts the text into a
document-term matrix. This matrix shows the frequency of each word in each review.

Vocabulary: The unique words (tokens) from the training data are:

css

Copy code

['amazing', 'defective', 'hated', 'item', 'loved', 'product', 'quality', 'service', 'the']

DTM:

csharp

Copy code

[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1], # "Loved the product"

[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1], # "Hated the service"

[1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1], # "Amazing quality"

[0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1] # "Defective item"

o Each row corresponds to a review.

o Each column corresponds to a word in the vocabulary.

o The values represent the frequency of the word in the corresponding review.

Target Labels (ytrain):

css

Copy code

["positive", "negative", "positive", "negative"]

2. Train the Model (fit):

The MultinomialNB classifier computes probabilities using Bayes’ Theorem, assuming that:
o Words in a document are independent of each other (Naive assumption).

o Word frequencies follow a multinomial distribution.

During training, the model calculates:

o Word Probabilities Given a Class (P(Word | Class)): For each class ("positive" or
"negative"), the model calculates the likelihood of each word in the vocabulary
appearing in a review of that class.

For example:

 In "positive" reviews:

 Total word counts: ["loved", "product", "amazing", "quality",


"the"] → 5 words

 Similarly, probabilities for all words are computed.

 In "negative" reviews:

 Total word counts: ["hated", "service", "defective", "item", "the"]


→ 5 words

Why Smoothing? Smoothing (additive smoothing, typically Laplace smoothing) ensures that even
unseen words get a small probability to avoid zero probability during prediction.

3. What the Model Learns:

After training, the model knows:

o How likely each class ("positive", "negative") is.

o How strongly the presence of each word contributes to a class. For instance:

 Words like "amazing" or "loved" are more likely to belong to "positive"


reviews.

 Words like "defective" or "hated" are more likely to belong to "negative"


reviews.
Intuition:

If you were manually classifying reviews, you would notice patterns like:

 Reviews containing "loved", "amazing" are likely positive.

 Reviews containing "hated", "defective" are likely negative.

The fit method automates this process by learning these patterns mathematically using word
frequencies and probabilities.

Summary of fit:

1. It calculates:

o Overall probabilities for each class (P(Class)).

o Word likelihoods for each class (P(Word | Class)).

2. The trained model can now classify new text based on these probabilities.

Code Example

python

Copy code

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

# Training data

xtrain = ["Loved the product", "Hated the service", "Amazing quality", "Defective item"]

ytrain = ["positive", "negative", "positive", "negative"]

# Convert text to DTM

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain)

# Train the model

clf = MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain)

# Print feature probabilities

print("Class Log Probabilities:", clf.class_log_prior_)


print("Word Probabilities (per class):\n", clf.feature_log_prob_)

Output:

css

Copy code

Class Log Probabilities: [-0.69314718 -0.69314718] # Log(P(positive)) and Log(P(negative))

Word Probabilities (per class):

[[-2.39789527 -2.39789527 ...] # Log(P(Word | positive))

[-2.39789527 -2.39789527 ...]] # Log(P(Word | negative))

Step 3: Making Predictions

python

Copy code

predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)

 predict: This uses the trained model to classify the test data:

o xtest_dtm: The document-term matrix (DTM) created from the test text data
(xtest).

 The model predicts the class (label) for each test document based on the patterns it
learned during training.

Example

Training Data (xtrain and ytrain):

python

Copy code

xtrain = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!",

"Hated the service.",

"The item was defective."

ytrain = ["positive", "positive", "negative", "negative"]

Test Data (xtest):


python

Copy code

xtest = [

"Amazing product!",

"Defective item, hated it!"

Steps in Action

1. Convert Text to DTM: Using CountVectorizer, the training and test data are converted into
document-term matrices:

Training DTM (xtrain_dtm):

csharp

Copy code

[1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], # "Loved the quality!"

[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0], # "The product is amazing!"

[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], # "Hated the service."

[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1] # "The item was defective."

Test DTM (xtest_dtm):

csharp

Copy code

[1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0], # "Amazing product!"

[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1] # "Defective item, hated it!"

2. Train the Model (fit): The MultinomialNB model is trained using xtrain_dtm and ytrain. It
learns which words are most indicative of "positive" or "negative" labels:

o Words like "amazing", "quality", and "loved" are likely "positive".

o Words like "defective", "hated", and "service" are likely "negative".

3. Predict Labels (predict): The trained model predicts the labels for the test data (xtest_dtm):

o "Amazing product!" → Predicted label: positive


o "Defective item, hated it!" → Predicted label: negative

Complete Code

python

Copy code

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB

# Training data

xtrain = [

"Loved the quality!",

"The product is amazing!",

"Hated the service.",

"The item was defective."

ytrain = ["positive", "positive", "negative", "negative"]

# Test data

xtest = [

"Amazing product!",

"Defective item, hated it!"

# Convert text to DTM

count_vect = CountVectorizer()

xtrain_dtm = count_vect.fit_transform(xtrain) # Fit and transform training data

xtest_dtm = count_vect.transform(xtest) # Transform test data

# Train the model

clf = MultinomialNB().fit(xtrain_dtm, ytrain)


# Predict test labels

predicted = clf.predict(xtest_dtm)

# Output predictions

print(predicted) # Output: ['positive', 'negative']

Output

css

Copy code

['positive', 'negative']

Summary

1. The model is trained using word frequencies from the training data (xtrain_dtm and
ytrain).

2. The test data (xtest) is transformed into the same feature space (xtest_dtm).

3. The trained model predicts the labels (predicted) for the test data:

o "Amazing product!" → positive

o "Defective item, hated it!" → negative

# Performance evaluation from sklearn import metrics # For evaluating the model print('\
nAccuracy metrics') print('---------------------') print('Accuracy of the classifier is',
metrics.accuracy_score(ytest, predicted)) print('Recall:', metrics.recall_score(ytest, predicted))
print('Precision:', metrics.precision_score(ytest, predicted)) print('Confusion matrix')
print('------------------------------') print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted)) explian with
examples
The given code evaluates the performance of a trained classifier using various metrics, including
accuracy, recall, precision, and the confusion matrix. Let’s break it down with an example for
better understanding.

Code Breakdown

1. Importing Metrics:

python

Copy code

from sklearn import metrics

o The metrics module provides functions for evaluating the performance of a


classifier.

2. Metrics Explained:

o Accuracy: The proportion of correctly predicted labels out of the total labels.

o Recall (Sensitivity): The proportion of true positives correctly identified out of all
actual positives.

o Precision: The proportion of true positives out of all predicted positives.

o Confusion Matrix: A table that summarizes the number of true positives, true
negatives, false positives, and false negatives.

Example

Assume Test Data (ytest and predicted):

python

Copy code

ytest = ["positive", "positive", "negative", "negative", "positive"] # True labels

predicted = ["positive", "negative", "negative", "negative", "positive"] # Predicted labels

Confusion Matrix:

The confusion matrix summarizes the relationship between actual and predicted labels:

Actual \ Predicted Positive Negative

Positive 2 (TP) 1 (FN)

Negative 0 (FP) 2 (TN)


Where:

 True Positives (TP): Correctly predicted "positive" (2 instances).

 False Negatives (FN): Predicted "negative" when the true label was "positive" (1 instance).

 False Positives (FP): Predicted "positive" when the true label was "negative" (0 instances).

 True Negatives (TN): Correctly predicted "negative" (2 instances).

Confusion Matrix: The confusion matrix is directly printed:

lua
Copy code

[[2 1] # Row 1: Actual "positive" (TP, FN)

[0 2]] # Row 2: Actual "negative" (FP, TN)

Complete Code Example

python

Copy code

from sklearn import metrics

# True labels

ytest = ["positive", "positive", "negative", "negative", "positive"]

# Predicted labels

predicted = ["positive", "negative", "negative", "negative", "positive"]

# Accuracy

print('\nAccuracy metrics')

print('---------------------')

print('Accuracy of the classifier is:', metrics.accuracy_score(ytest, predicted))

# Recall

print('Recall:', metrics.recall_score(ytest, predicted, pos_label="positive"))

# Precision

print('Precision:', metrics.precision_score(ytest, predicted, pos_label="positive"))

# Confusion Matrix

print('Confusion matrix')

print('------------------------------')

print(metrics.confusion_matrix(ytest, predicted, labels=["positive", "negative"]))


Output

lua

Copy code

Accuracy metrics

---------------------

Accuracy of the classifier is: 0.8

Recall: 0.6666666666666666

Precision: 1.0

Confusion matrix

------------------------------

[[2 1]

[0 2]]

Summary

 Accuracy: 80% of the labels were correctly predicted.

 Recall: 66.67% of the actual "positive" labels were correctly identified.

 Precision: 100% of the predicted "positive" labels were correct.

 Confusion Matrix: Summarizes the number of correct and incorrect predictions for both
classes.

These metrics provide insights into how well the classifier performs on the test data.

You might also like