Table of Contents

North East India: Strategic Importance and Security Concerns................................................................2

Typology Of Conflicts..................................................................................................................................... 4

Evolution of Insurgency in the North East....................................................................................................5

The trend of Incidents year-wise................................................................................................................ 8

Insurgent Groups in North East India........................................................................................................... 9

Causes of Insurgency in the North-East.................................................................................................... 14

Government’s Approach and Action Plan to deal with North East Insurgency......................................18

Curtailing Insurgency in North East India.................................................................................................. 23

Bezbaruah Committee Report..................................................................................................................26

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North East India: Strategic Importance and Security Concerns

The North Eastern Region of India comprises eight states: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. This region occupies a unique geopolitical position
and faces distinct socio-economic challenges due to its historical, cultural, and strategic factors.

Let us first understand the geography of North-East India to better appreciate the issues in the region.

Key Facts:

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 ● Geographical Coverage:
The region accounts for 8% of India’s geographical area and is home to around 4% of the
national population.
● International Borders:
Almost the entire 5,484-kilometer border of the North Eastern states is an international boundary,
making the region highly sensitive:
○ Bangladesh: 1,880 km
○ Myanmar: 1,643 km
○ China: 1,346 km
○ Bhutan: 516 km
○ Nepal: 99 km
● Ethnic Diversity:
North East India is an ethnic and cultural mosaic, with over 160 Scheduled Tribes and around
400 other tribal and sub-tribal communities and groups. This diversity contributes to the
region's unique cultural heritage but also creates challenges in maintaining social harmony and
political stability.

Strategic Importance:

1. Border Security:
Due to its proximity to international borders with China, Myanmar, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, the
region holds immense strategic importance for India’s defence and security.
2. Geopolitical Sensitivity:
The region serves as a buffer zone, and its security is critical to maintaining peace along India’s
northeastern frontiers.

Historical and Socio-Economic Challenges:

● Complex Socio-Economic Conditions:

The region faces underdevelopment, a lack of infrastructure, and poor socio-economic
conditions, which have fueled a sense of alienation and economic marginalization among the
local population.

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 ● Ethnic and Tribal Rivalries:
There is a long history of ethnic and tribal rivalries. Issues like control over local resources, land
ownership, and competition for political power have led to simmering tensions among different
tribal communities.

Security Challenges:

● Insurgent Groups and Demands:

The fragile security situation has led to the rise of various Indian Insurgent Groups (IIGs). Many
of these groups have resorted to violence and secessionist demands. Common issues include
ethnic identity, control over resources, and greater autonomy or independence.
● Cross-border Insurgency:
The porous international borders make the region susceptible to the infiltration of insurgents,
arms smuggling, and narcotics trafficking. Insurgent groups often seek safe havens in
neighbouring countries, complicating counter-insurgency operations.

Typology Of Conflicts

The typology of conflicts in the Northeast region of India can be broadly categorized into the following:

1. National Conflicts: These conflicts involve demands for secession and the creation of independent
nation-states based on ethnic or tribal identities. Prominent examples include the Naga insurgency
and the ULFA movement in Assam.
2. Ethnic Conflicts: These conflicts arise from tensions and rivalries between different ethnic and
tribal groups within a state or region, often competing for resources, political power, or cultural
dominance. Examples include the Bodo-non-Bodo conflict in Assam and the Kuki-Naga conflict in
Manipur.
3. Sub-Regional Conflicts: These conflicts involve demands for greater autonomy or separate
statehood within existing states, often driven by a sense of neglect or underdevelopment in certain
regions. The demand for a separate Bodoland state within Assam and the Gorkhaland movement in

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 West Bengal are illustrative of this category.

4. Insurgency for Autonomy: These conflicts seek a greater degree of self-governance and
autonomy within the Indian Union, often driven by a desire to preserve cultural and linguistic
identities, and to have control over local resources and administration. Several insurgent groups in
the Northeast fall under this category.
5. 'Sponsored Terrorism' and External Influences: Some conflicts in the Northeast have been
allegedly fueled by external forces, particularly neighbouring countries, through the provision of
arms, funds, and training to insurgent groups. This adds a layer of complexity to the conflict
dynamics in the region.
6. Migrant-Related Conflicts: Tensions between local populations and migrants from other parts of
India or neighbouring countries have also resulted in conflicts, often over issues such as land rights,
economic opportunities, and cultural assimilation.
7. Intra-Group Conflicts: Factionalism and internal disputes within insurgent groups have also
contributed to violence and instability in the region.

It is important to note that these categories are not mutually exclusive, and conflicts in the Northeast often
exhibit overlapping characteristics and motivations. The complex interplay of historical, ethnic,
socio-political, and economic factors makes the conflict landscape in the region particularly challenging to
address.

Evolution of Insurgency in the North East

1. Post-Independence and Early Insurgencies (1940s-1960s)

● Nagaland (1947): One of the earliest insurgencies in the North East began in Nagaland, led by the
Naga National Council (NNC), which demanded complete independence from India. This
insurgency was driven by the Naga people’s distinct ethnic identity and their historical disconnect
from Indian governance. The conflict eventually led to the Shillong Accord (1975), but a faction of
the NNC, led by Thuingaleng Muivah and Isak Chishi Swu, broke away and formed the National
Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) in 1980.

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 ● Assam (1960s): Insurgency in Assam began in the 1960s, with movements fueled by discontent
over resource allocation, demands for autonomy, and the inflow of migrants from Bangladesh. The
formation of the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) in 1979 aimed to create a sovereign
Assam through armed struggle. Other groups such as the Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) later
emerged, driven by ethnic Bodo aspirations.

2. Ethnic Fragmentation and Rise of Multiple Insurgent Groups (1970s-1990s)

● Mizoram (1966): The Mizo insurgency was rooted in dissatisfaction over central government
policies and the handling of famine in the region. The Mizo National Front (MNF) led the armed
struggle for independence, which culminated in a peace agreement in 1986, resulting in Mizoram’s
elevation to statehood and the integration of the insurgent leadership into the political system.
● Tripura (1970s-1980s): In Tripura, insurgency arose from concerns over the marginalization of
indigenous Tripuris due to large-scale immigration from Bangladesh. Groups like the National
Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) demanded the expulsion of
migrants and the restoration of indigenous dominance.
● Manipur (1980s-1990s): Insurgency in Manipur has been driven by several ethnic groups, including
the Meiteis, Nagas, and Kukis, each with different demands ranging from autonomy to outright
independence. The emergence of groups like the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has led to continued insurgency in the state, with demands for a
greater share of resources and recognition of ethnic identities.

3. Ethnic Conflicts and Fragmentation (1990s-Present)

● Fragmentation of Insurgent Groups: As insurgencies in the North East evolved, they became
increasingly fragmented. Ethnic divisions within states have led to the formation of multiple
insurgent groups with varying objectives, often targeting each other in addition to the government.
For instance, the split in the NSCN led to the formation of factions such as NSCN-IM
(Isak-Muivah) and NSCN-K (Khaplang).
● Inter-Ethnic Clashes: In states like Nagaland, Manipur, and Assam, inter-ethnic clashes have
aggravated the security situation. For example, conflicts between the Nagas and Kukis in Manipur,
and between Bodos and Muslims in Assam, have complicated efforts to address insurgency.

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 ● Increased Involvement of Foreign Elements: Over time, many insurgent groups in the North East
sought refuge in neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Bhutan, often using
these territories as bases for launching operations against India. The ULFA, for example,
established training camps in Bangladesh, while NSCN factions operated out of Myanmar.

4. Decline of Insurgency and Peace Agreements (2000s-Present)

● Peace Talks and Ceasefire Agreements: By the early 2000s, the Indian government initiated
several peace talks with insurgent groups. Notable among these is the ongoing dialogue with the
NSCN-IM, which resulted in the 1997 ceasefire agreement. Similarly, the BLT in Assam laid down
arms in 2003, leading to the creation of the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC).
● Reduction in Violence: By the 2010s, the violence associated with insurgency had reduced
significantly in many parts of the North East, although pockets of unrest continued. The signing of
the Bodo Peace Accord (2020) is one of the recent milestones in resolving insurgency issues in
Assam. The ULFA, however, continues to maintain its armed faction ULFA-I under Paresh Baruah,
although a majority of its leadership has entered negotiations.
● Development and Economic Integration: The Indian government has increasingly focused on
economic development and infrastructure as part of its counter-insurgency strategy. Initiatives like
the North East Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy (NEIIPP) and improving road and rail
connectivity under the Act East Policy have been geared towards integrating the region more fully
with the rest of the country and reducing feelings of alienation.
● Operation All Clear: A notable counter-insurgency operation was Operation All Clear in 2003,
where India secured cooperation from Bhutan to flush out insurgents like ULFA and NDFB who had
established camps in Bhutan. This operation significantly weakened the insurgent networks.

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 The trend of Incidents year wise

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 Insurgent Groups in North East India

1. Assam

● United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA):

○ Formation: 1979
○ Objective: Establish a sovereign Assam, citing economic exploitation and cultural
subjugation by the Indian government.
○ Current Status: Split into two factions—ULFA (Pro-Talks) and ULFA (Independent) led by
Paresh Baruah. The latter faction continues insurgent activities, including bombings,
extortion, and recruitment, especially from Myanmar.
● National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB):
○ Formation: 1986
○ Objective: Carve out an independent Bodo homeland in western Assam.
○ Current Status: Several factions of the NDFB have entered into peace talks with the
government, while some militant splinter groups continue to demand sovereignty. In 2020, a
Bodo Peace Accord was signed, significantly reducing violence.
● Karbi and Dimasa Militancy:
○ Groups: Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF) and Dima Halam Daogah
(DHD).
○ Objective: Autonomous homelands for the Karbi and Dimasa tribes.
○ Current Status: Periodic violence, extortion, and kidnappings in the hill districts, but many
groups have joined ceasefire agreements with the government.

2. Manipur
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 ● People’s Liberation Army (PLA):
○ Formation: 1978
○ Objective: Independence of Manipur from India.
○ Current Status: Active insurgent group, with bases in Myanmar, involved in ambushes
against security forces.
● United National Liberation Front (UNLF):
○ Formation: 1964
○ Objective: Secession of Manipur from India.
○ Current Status: The group remains active, with significant operational bases in Myanmar.
● National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Khaplang (NSCN-K):
○ Operates both in Nagaland and Manipur, seeking to establish "Greater Nagaland."

Manipur Conflict

The ongoing conflict in Manipur, persisting for over a year, is multifaceted and rooted in a complex
interplay of historical grievances, socio-economic disparities, and political anxieties. While the immediate
trigger was the Meitei community's demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, the conflict's underlying
causes are far more intricate.

Historical and Socio-Political Context:

● Ethnic Divide and Land Rights: The conflict primarily revolves around the Meitei community,
predominantly residing in the valley, and the Kuki-Zo tribes inhabiting the hills. Historical tensions
related to land rights, access to resources, and political representation have simmered for years,
periodically erupting into violence. The Meitei's demand for ST status further ignited these
tensions, with hill tribes fearing potential encroachment on their land and resources.
● Economic Disparities and Competition: The valley, inhabited by the Meiteis, is relatively more
developed than the hills. The Kuki-Zo tribes perceive this disparity as a result of historical neglect
and unequal distribution of resources, leading to resentment and a sense of marginalization.
● Political Dynamics and Manipulation: Political parties have historically exploited ethnic

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 divisions for electoral gains, fueling mistrust and animosity between communities. Accusations of
vote bank politics and partisan manipulation have further complicated the situation.
● Insurgency and Militancy: The presence of various insurgent groups, both Meitei and Kuki-Zo,
has historically contributed to the volatile security situation in the state. The easy availability of
arms and the potential for these groups to exploit ethnic tensions pose a significant challenge.

Immediate Triggers and Escalation:

● ST Status Demand: The Manipur High Court's order in April 2023 directing the state government
to consider the Meitei demand for ST status triggered widespread protests and violence. Hill
tribes feared that granting ST status to the Meiteis would lead to further marginalization and loss
of their traditional land rights.
● Eviction Drives and Forest Conservation Efforts: The state government's eviction drives
targeting alleged encroachments in forest areas, coupled with the crackdown on poppy
cultivation in the hills, primarily affecting Kuki-Zo communities, fueled resentment and
allegations of discriminatory targeting.
● Rumours and Misinformation: The spread of rumours and misinformation on social media
platforms played a significant role in escalating tensions and inciting violence. Hate speech and
fearmongering further exacerbated the situation.

Consequences and Humanitarian Crisis:

● Widespread Violence and Displacement: The conflict has resulted in a significant loss of life,
widespread destruction of property, and the displacement of thousands of people. Both
communities have suffered immensely, with reports of targeted attacks, arson, and sexual
violence.
● Breakdown of Trust and Social Fabric: The conflict has deeply fractured the social fabric of
Manipur, creating an atmosphere of fear and mistrust. The divide between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo
communities has widened, posing a serious challenge to reconciliation and rebuilding.
● Economic Disruption and Humanitarian Concerns: The violence has severely impacted the
state's economy, disrupting livelihoods and hindering development. The humanitarian crisis, with
thousands displaced and living in relief camps, requires immediate attention and long-term

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 solutions.

The Manipur conflict is a complex and deeply rooted issue with no easy solutions. Addressing the
underlying causes requires a multi-pronged approach, encompassing political dialogue, economic
development, social reconciliation, and addressing security concerns. The government, civil society
organizations, and community leaders must work together to build trust, promote peace, and ensure
justice for all affected communities. The path to lasting peace in Manipur is long and challenging, but a
sustained and concerted effort is crucial to prevent further violence and create a more inclusive and
harmonious society.

3. Nagaland

● National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN):

○ Formation: 1980 (Splintered from the Naga National Council)
○ Objective: Create a “Greater Nagalim” that includes parts of Assam, Manipur, Arunachal
Pradesh, and Myanmar.
○ Factions: The group split into NSCN (IM) led by Isak-Muivah and NSCN (K) led by
Khaplang.
○ Current Status: NSCN (IM) has been in peace talks with the Government of India since
1997. NSCN (K), which operates out of Myanmar, continues its armed struggle, though
weakened after a 2015 Indian Army strike.

4. Meghalaya

● Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC):

○ Formation: 1992
○ Objective: Create a sovereign Khasi state for the indigenous Khasi population.
○ Current Status: Weakened considerably due to government crackdowns, but occasionally
resurfaces with small-scale attacks.
● Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA):

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 ○ Formation: 2009
○ Objective: Creation of an independent Garo state.
○ Current Status: Weakened, with its top leadership either killed or captured, though
remnants of the group still operate.

5. Mizoram

● Mizo National Front (MNF):

○ Objective: Initially sought independence for Mizoram.
○ Current Status: After a peace accord in 1986, the group transformed into a political party,
leading to significant peace and stability in the state.

6. Tripura

● National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT):

○ Objective: Establish an independent Tripura for the indigenous tribal people.
○ Current Status: The active faction continues insurgent activities, but most of the group has
entered peace talks.
● All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF):
○ Objective: Expel the Bengali-speaking population from Tripura and establish tribal
dominance.
○ Current Status: Largely weakened after several operations by security forces.

7. Arunachal Pradesh

● Arunachal Pradesh has not seen indigenous insurgency, but groups such as NSCN (IM) and ULFA
have used parts of the state as a transit route and for shelter.
● Active Militant Presence: Arunachal has become a base for NSCN-K, with operations extending
into Myanmar.

8. Sikkim

● Unlike the other northeastern states, Sikkim has largely remained peaceful and has not witnessed
significant insurgency issues. The region is more focused on development and governance.

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Causes of Insurgency in the North-East

Insurgency in North East India has a complex and multifaceted origin, driven by various historical, social,
political, and economic factors. These drivers of insurgency have led to long-standing conflicts and
demands for autonomy or secession from India. Here are the key drivers:

1. Ethnic Diversity and Identity Politics:

● The North East is home to over 160 different tribes and sub-tribes, each with distinct languages,
cultures, and identities. Many of these communities feel a strong sense of distinctiveness and fear
losing their identity in the larger Indian nation.
● Ethnic tensions often lead to conflicts between different groups, such as the Naga-Kuki clashes,
and demands for autonomy or independence by ethnic insurgent groups like the National Socialist
Council of Nagaland (NSCN).
● A feeling of ethnic alienation has often fueled resentment against the central government, which
some groups feel does not adequately protect their culture and rights.

2. Historical Factors:

● The region’s history, particularly the colonial legacy, has contributed to separatist sentiments.
Many tribes in the region were relatively isolated from mainland India during British rule, and the
imposition of post-independence administrative structures was seen as foreign and unwanted.
● The creation of artificial boundaries during the British era, especially in Nagaland and Manipur, laid
the groundwork for territorial disputes, both within the region and with neighbouring countries like
Myanmar and Bangladesh.

3. Geopolitical Position and International Borders:

● The North East shares borders with Myanmar, Bangladesh, China, and Bhutan, creating unique
security and geopolitical challenges. The porous borders make it easy for insurgents to cross into
neighbouring countries to establish safe havens and conduct attacks.
● Neighbouring countries, such as China and Pakistan, have historically provided covert support to
insurgent groups in the North East, contributing to the continuation of insurgency.

4. Perceived Neglect and Economic Underdevelopment:

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 ● Many in the region perceive the Indian government as neglecting their developmental needs. This
perception has created a sense of alienation and marginalization among the people.
● The lack of infrastructure, education, healthcare, and job opportunities has created an
environment of frustration, particularly among the youth, leading them to join insurgent groups as a
means to secure a better future.
● The central government’s slow response to developmental needs has often been a key driver for
insurgent demands for autonomy or secession.

5. Migration and Demographic Changes:

● Large-scale migration, particularly of Bangladeshis into states like Assam and Tripura, has led to
significant demographic changes. This has heightened ethnic tensions, especially between
indigenous communities and migrant populations.
● The issue of illegal immigration has been a key driver of insurgent movements like the United
Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), which has long called for the expulsion of illegal migrants and
greater control over resources for indigenous Assamese people.

6. Demand for Autonomy or Secession:

● Many groups in the region have long sought greater autonomy, particularly for the protection of
their land, culture, and resources. Some groups, such as the Nagas and Meiteis, have demanded
secession from India.
● The demand for a Greater Nagaland (Nagalim), which seeks to unify all Naga-inhabited areas
across India and Myanmar, has been a core issue for groups like NSCN (IM).
● These movements are driven by a belief that the central government has failed to address their
needs and protect their interests.

7. Territorial Disputes Between States:

● Several states in the North East, including Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram, have
long-standing territorial disputes. These disputes often escalate into violent confrontations
between state forces and insurgent groups.
● The Assam-Nagaland boundary dispute, for example, has been a source of major insurgent
activity, with armed groups seeking to defend their territorial claims through violence.

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8. Role of External State and Non-State Actors:

● External support from neighbouring countries like China, Myanmar, and Bangladesh has
historically fueled insurgent activities. Arms, training, and sanctuary were provided to insurgent
groups, although recent years have seen improved cooperation from some neighbours, like
Bangladesh.
● The India-Myanmar border has been particularly vulnerable, with groups like NSCN (K) and
ULFA(I) operating from bases in Myanmar. In some cases, insurgent groups also receive funding
through illicit activities like drug trafficking and smuggling.

9. Alienation and Anti-Establishment Sentiments:

● The central government’s use of military force and laws like the Armed Forces (Special Powers)
Act (AFSPA) has further alienated local populations. The imposition of AFSPA, which provides
special powers to the military, has often been seen as oppressive and has led to widespread
resentment.
● Human rights abuses by security forces, including extrajudicial killings and alleged torture, have
been cited as key factors fueling the insurgency.

10. Lack of Political Representation and Leadership:

● Insurgent groups have often exploited the lack of political representation among indigenous
communities to push for secession or autonomy. These groups argue that the region’s voices are
not adequately heard by the central government.
● Weak local leadership and a disconnect between regional political leaders and their constituents
have allowed insurgent groups to step in and fill the political void.

11. Economic Exploitation and Control of Resources:

● The North East is rich in natural resources, including oil, coal, and forests, but many local
communities feel that they have not benefited from the exploitation of these resources. This sense
of economic exploitation has driven demands for greater control over local resources.
● Insurgent groups, particularly in states like Assam, have frequently targeted oil and tea plantations
as symbols of the central government’s economic dominance.

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12. Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime:

● The region is a transit route for drugs trafficked from the Golden Triangle (Myanmar, Laos,
Thailand) into India. This has led to a rise in organized crime, which is often linked to insurgent
groups who use drug trafficking as a means to fund their activities.
● Groups in Manipur, Nagaland, and Assam have increasingly turned to drug smuggling, extortion,
and kidnapping as means of revenue generation, further entrenching criminal elements in the
insurgency.

The insurgency in the North East is driven by a complex interplay of ethnic identity, historical grievances,
political neglect, and economic exploitation. While the Indian government has made significant progress in
counter-insurgency operations and peace processes, the drivers of insurgency remain deeply rooted in the
socio-political fabric of the region. Long-term peace can only be achieved through a combination of
political engagement, economic development, and protection of cultural identity.

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Government’s Approach and Action Plan to deal with North East Insurgency

The Indian government's approach to dealing with insurgency in the Northeast has evolved over the years
and has focused on a combination of security measures, political dialogue, economic development, and
socio-cultural integration. The complex nature of the insurgencies in the North East, driven by ethnic
identities, demands for autonomy, and regional grievances, has required a multi-pronged strategy.

1. Security Measures and Counter-Insurgency Operations

● Deployment of Security Forces: The government has deployed a significant number of security
personnel, including the Indian Army, Assam Rifles, Border Security Force (BSF), and Central
Reserve Police Force (CRPF), to maintain law and order in insurgency-affected areas. The Assam
Rifles, in particular, has been the key force involved in counter-insurgency operations in the North
East.
● Operation All Clear (2003): This was a major counter-insurgency operation launched by India in
collaboration with the Bhutanese government to root out insurgent groups like the United
Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) from
camps in Bhutan. This operation was a success and significantly weakened insurgent activities in
the region.
● Coordination with Neighboring Countries: The government has engaged with neighbouring
countries, including Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Bhutan, to prevent insurgent groups from using
these countries as safe havens. Myanmar has conducted joint operations with India to target
insurgent groups like the NSCN-Khaplang faction.
● AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act): AFSPA continues to be enforced in certain states of
the North East, allowing security forces to act with greater powers to maintain law and order. The
act has, however, been subject to criticism due to alleged human rights violations, and its
revocation has been demanded in various parts of the region.

2. Political Dialogue and Peace Accords

● Peace Talks with Insurgent Groups: The government has engaged in peace talks with various
insurgent groups, resulting in ceasefire agreements and peace accords. Some key examples
include:

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 ○ Shillong Accord (1975) with the Naga National Council (NNC), which aimed to bring
peace to Nagaland.
○ Mizo Peace Accord (1986) with the Mizo National Front (MNF), which ended the Mizo
insurgency and resulted in the creation of the state of Mizoram.
○ Bodo Peace Accord (2020), which was signed between the government and various Bodo
insurgent factions, led to the creation of the Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) and
brought an end to decades of violence in Assam.
● Naga Peace Talks: The government has been in ongoing negotiations with the National Socialist
Council of Nagalim (NSCN-IM) since 1997. The signing of the Framework Agreement (2015)
between the government and the NSCN-IM was seen as a major step towards resolving the
decades-long Naga insurgency. However, the demand for a separate Greater Nagalim remains a
contentious issue.
● Rehabilitation Policies: The government has implemented rehabilitation policies for surrendered
militants. These policies offer financial assistance, employment opportunities, and vocational
training to rehabilitate former insurgents and integrate them into mainstream society.

3. Development Initiatives and Infrastructure Projects

● Act East Policy: The Act East Policy aims to enhance the economic development of the North
East by improving connectivity with South East Asia and developing infrastructure in the region. The
North East is seen as a gateway to Southeast Asian markets, and the policy focuses on creating
road, rail, and air links to foster trade and economic growth.
● North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS): This scheme focuses on
filling critical infrastructure gaps in the region in sectors such as health, education, connectivity, and
water supply. It is aimed at improving the quality of life and providing employment opportunities to
the people of the North East.
● North East Industrial Development Scheme (NEIDS 2017): This scheme provides financial
incentives to promote industrialization in the North East. It offers subsidies for setting up new
industries and expanding existing ones, thus boosting local economies and reducing the economic
grievances that fuel the insurgency.
● Skill Development and Employment Generation: The government has focused on skill
development and employment generation through initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal

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 Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) and the North East Rural Livelihoods Project (NERLP). These programs
aim to equip the youth with vocational skills and provide employment opportunities to prevent them
from joining insurgent groups.

PM-DevINE: Prime Minister's Development Initiative for North-East Region

PM-DevINE is a flagship scheme launched by the Indian government in 2022 with the primary
objective of accelerating the holistic development of the North-Eastern Region (NER) of India.
The scheme aims to address critical development gaps in the region by funding infrastructure
and social development projects that cater to the specific needs of the states.

Key Features and Objectives:

● Central Sector Scheme: It's a 100% centrally funded scheme, ensuring direct support
from the central government.
● Financial Outlay: An outlay of Rs. 6,600 crores has been allocated for the scheme for the
four years from 2022-23 to 2025-26.
● Focus Areas:
○ Infrastructure development (in line with PM GatiShakti)
○ Social development projects (based on felt needs)
○ Livelihood generation for youth and women
○ Filling development gaps in various sectors
● Project Selection: Projects are selected based on the felt needs of the states, ensuring
relevance and impact.

4. Socio-Cultural and Ethnic Integration

● Preservation of Ethnic Identity: The government recognizes the ethnic diversity of the North East
and has undertaken efforts to preserve the cultural and linguistic identities of the various tribal
groups. The establishment of autonomous councils for different ethnic groups, such as the
Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) and the North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council, provides a
level of self-governance and addresses ethnic aspirations.
● Education and Health Initiatives: The government has focused on improving educational
infrastructure and health services in the region. Programs such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

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 (SSA) and the Ayushman Bharat Yojana have been extended to the Northeast to address
disparities in education and healthcare.
● Civic Action Programs (CAPs): Security forces, especially the Assam Rifles, have undertaken
CAPs to win the hearts and minds of the people. These programs include medical camps,
education assistance, and infrastructure development in insurgency-affected areas, fostering
goodwill between security forces and local populations.

5. Border Management and Cross-Border Infiltration Control

● Fencing of Borders: The government has taken steps to fence the India-Bangladesh border and
the India-Myanmar border to curb cross-border infiltration by insurgent groups. This is critical in
preventing insurgents from seeking refuge in neighbouring countries and conducting cross-border
attacks.
● Border Area Development Program (BADP): This program aims to improve infrastructure in the
border areas and strengthen border management to prevent illegal infiltration, smuggling, and
insurgent activities.
● Joint Operations with Neighboring Countries: India has conducted joint operations with
neighbouring countries like Myanmar to dismantle insurgent camps. Myanmar has handed over
several insurgent leaders to India, aiding in reducing insurgent activities.

6. Intelligence and Information Sharing

● Strengthening of Intelligence Networks: The government has strengthened its intelligence

gathering and sharing mechanisms through agencies like the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). These agencies collaborate with state police forces to gather
actionable intelligence on insurgent movements and activities.
● Technological Upgradation: The use of advanced surveillance technologies, including drones and
satellite imagery, has enhanced the capability of security forces to monitor insurgent hideouts and
movements in remote areas of the Northeast.

7. Addressing Socio-Political Grievances

● Inclusive Political Participation: The government has encouraged greater political participation by
integrating former insurgents into the political process. For instance, leaders of insurgent groups like

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 the MNF in Mizoram and BLT in Assam have become part of mainstream politics after signing
peace accords.
● Autonomous Councils: Autonomous councils have been set up under the Sixth Schedule of the
Constitution to provide political and administrative autonomy to various tribal communities. These
councils allow tribal groups to manage their affairs, particularly concerning land and resource use.

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Curtailing insurgency in North East India

Curtailing insurgency in North East India requires a multi-faceted and long-term approach that addresses
the core drivers of insurgency while promoting peace, development, and social cohesion. Here are some
key strategies and steps that can help in reducing insurgency in the region:

1. Political Dialogue and Peace Processes:

● Encouraging dialogue between the government and insurgent groups is crucial for finding
peaceful solutions. Successful peace accords like the Mizo Accord of 1986 and ongoing dialogues
with groups like NSCN-IM (National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak-Muivah) are models that
can be replicated.
● Devolving political autonomy to ethnic groups or regions, through frameworks such as the Sixth
Schedule of the Indian Constitution, can help address demands for self-rule and protect local
cultures and resources.
● Engagement of civil society in peace talks, and the inclusion of all relevant stakeholders, including
local leaders and tribal bodies, to ensure lasting peace.

2. Development and Economic Integration:

● Accelerating infrastructure development—such as roads, bridges, and connectivity

projects—can help reduce the feeling of isolation in the North East and improve access to services.
● Promoting local industries and resource-based industries to create job opportunities for the local
population, especially the youth, can help reduce their attraction to insurgent groups.
● Initiatives like the Act East Policy should be leveraged to promote economic growth, create
regional trade hubs, and generate employment for local populations.
● Investing in human development—through education, healthcare, and skill development—can
bridge the socioeconomic gap that often fuels insurgent movements.

3. Addressing Identity and Cultural Grievances:

● The Indian government needs to focus on safeguarding the cultural and ethnic identities of the
diverse tribes and communities in the region. Programs should promote the preservation of
indigenous languages, traditions, and local governance systems.

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 ● Empowering local governance systems like traditional tribal councils can provide local
communities with more control over their affairs and help reduce the perception of cultural erosion.
● Addressing illegal migration and demographic concerns, especially in states like Assam, is vital to
ensuring social harmony. Policies like the National Register of Citizens (NRC) should be
implemented with sensitivity.

4. Improving Border Management and International Cooperation:

● Strengthening border management with neighbouring countries, especially Myanmar and

Bangladesh, can prevent insurgents from using cross-border sanctuaries for launching attacks.
● International cooperation with Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Bhutan to clamp down on cross-border
insurgent activity should be improved. Joint military operations, like Operation Sunrise between
India and Myanmar, need to be scaled up.
● Development of border regions, providing economic opportunities and proper governance, can
reduce the likelihood of people turning to insurgency.

5. Rehabilitation and Surrender Policies:

● Encouraging insurgents to surrender and return to normal life through surrender and
rehabilitation policies. Successful examples, such as the Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation Scheme
implemented in Assam, need to be scaled across the region.
● Providing vocational training, financial aid, and employment opportunities for surrendered
insurgents, to ensure that they reintegrate into society.
● Publicizing amnesty programs widely to give militants a viable exit strategy from their insurgent
activities.

6. Strengthening Intelligence and Security Forces:

● Improving intelligence gathering and the use of modern technology, such as drones and
surveillance systems, to keep track of insurgent movements and preempt attacks.
● Deploying well-trained and disciplined security forces, like the Assam Rifles, Indian Army,
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF), and state police, to maintain law and order while ensuring
that human rights abuses are minimized.

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 ● A targeted approach to counter-insurgency operations, focusing on precision rather than
indiscriminate use of force, to avoid alienating local populations.
● Capacity building of local police forces and paramilitary units to ensure long-term security is
maintained by the local populace.

7. Reforming the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA):

● One of the most contentious issues in the North East is the presence of the Armed Forces (Special
Powers) Act (AFSPA), which gives sweeping powers to the military in insurgency-hit areas.
● While AFSPA has been instrumental in curbing insurgency, the act has also led to human rights
abuses and alienation of the local population. Reforming or gradually phasing out AFSPA in
areas where peace has been restored can help rebuild trust between the people and the
government.
● Accountability mechanisms for security forces need to be strengthened to prevent excesses and
human rights violations.

8. Resolving Inter-State and Intra-State Disputes:

● Resolving boundary disputes between the states in the North East, such as the Assam-Nagaland
and Assam-Meghalaya disputes, is crucial to reducing local conflicts that insurgent groups exploit.
● Mediation efforts by the central government or neutral third-party actors to resolve these disputes,
combined with agreements on resource-sharing and land use, can promote stability.

9. Addressing Social Issues:

● Strengthening civil society organizations that work on peace-building, reconciliation, and human
rights. Civil society actors can play a pivotal role in de-escalating conflicts.
● Promoting education and awareness campaigns to counter the insurgent propaganda that often
thrives on misinformation and ethnic grievances.
● Addressing corruption and nepotism, which can exacerbate grievances by preventing equitable
access to development benefits, is necessary for long-term peace.

10. Countering External Influence:

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 ● Curbing foreign influence from hostile neighbouring countries that have supported insurgent
groups in the past, through diplomatic measures and international pressure.
● Economic and diplomatic cooperation with countries like Bangladesh and Myanmar to address
cross-border insurgency issues and prevent safe havens for militants.

Solving the insurgency problem in the North East is a challenging task, but it is not impossible. The
insurgency can be effectively curtailed through a balanced approach that emphasizes development,
dialogue, security, and respect for the ethnic and cultural identities of the region. By addressing the
root causes of alienation, improving governance, and promoting regional economic integration, the North
East can progress toward lasting peace and stability.

Bezbaruah Committee Report

The committee was constituted in February 2014 in response to growing concerns about the safety and
security of people from the North East, especially after a series of racially motivated attacks and incidents
of discrimination against them in Delhi and other parts of the country.

Key Highlights and Recommendations of the M.P. Bezbaruah Committee Report:

1. Prevention of Discrimination and Racism:

○ Legal Measures: The committee recommended the introduction of new legal provisions to
address discrimination and acts of violence against people from the North East. One key
suggestion was to amend the Indian Penal Code (IPC) to specifically include provisions for
crimes motivated by racial discrimination.
○ Fast-Track Courts: It suggested the establishment of fast-track courts to expedite cases
related to racial discrimination and violence against people from the North East.
2. Awareness and Sensitization:
○ Cultural Integration Programs: The committee stressed the need for greater cultural
integration between people from the North East and those from other parts of India. It
suggested that educational institutions and civil society should play a significant role in
organizing cultural exchange programs and activities to promote understanding and reduce
prejudice.

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 ○ Inclusion in Curriculum: The report recommended including information about the history,
culture, and contributions of North Eastern states in the school curriculum to create
awareness and foster respect for diversity from a young age.
3. Police Reforms and Safety Measures:
○ Police Sensitization: The report recommended mandatory training and sensitization
programs for police personnel to ensure they understand the unique concerns of people
from the North East and act swiftly against incidents of racial discrimination or violence.
○ Dedicated Helpline: The establishment of a 24-hour helpline dedicated to addressing
issues faced by people from the North East was recommended to ensure swift reporting and
response to incidents of violence or discrimination.
4. Grievance Redressal Mechanisms:
○ Special Cells in Universities: The committee proposed that all major universities and
educational institutions should establish special cells to address grievances and issues
related to students from the North East, providing support and ensuring their safety.
○ Nodal Officers: It was recommended that nodal officers be appointed in major cities to help
people from the North East in accessing assistance, registering complaints, and availing
themselves of necessary services.
5. Promotion of Economic Opportunities:
○ Job Reservations in the Public Sector: The committee proposed exploring job
reservations or quotas for people from the North East in certain sectors to ensure better
economic opportunities and social integration.
○ Skill Development Programs: It also recommended the establishment of skill development
centres in the North East to equip people with the skills necessary for employment in other
parts of the country.
6. Media and Outreach:
○ Media Campaigns: The report stressed the importance of using media campaigns to raise
awareness about the contributions of North Eastern states and their people to Indian
society, thereby promoting inclusivity and respect.
○ Public Outreach Programs: The government and civil society should collaborate on public
outreach programs to highlight the rich cultural heritage and economic contributions of the
North East to the nation.
7. Legal Provisions to Address Racial Discrimination:
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 ○ The report suggested the inclusion of a specific section in the IPC to deal with crimes
motivated by racial discrimination. This would include provisions for both verbal and
physical abuse directed at people from the North East or any other racial minority.
8. Improved Infrastructure and Services:
○ The committee recommended better infrastructure in hostels and other accommodation
facilities where people from the North East live, particularly in metro cities. This would
ensure a safe and comfortable living environment for them.
9. Special Educational Scholarships:
○ To encourage students from the Northeast to study in other parts of the country, the
committee recommended providing additional scholarships and financial aid to help them
afford education and living costs.

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