Torque (T) =F xr

(Moment of force = force x perpendicular

distance from the point of rotation)

Anticlockwise moment =
Clockwise moment
Wih = W2h

Couple

Rotational Contact force

tendency

Principle of Types
moments

Non-contact force
Translational motion equilibrium Force
(When net force is 0)

Circular motion

Rotational motion equilibrium Equilibrium

(When net torque is 0) Centrifugal force
Centre of gravity

Centripetal force

Stable equilibrium
Unstable equilibrium

Points at which entire

Trace the Mind Map P
First Level Second Level Third Level
weight of body
a acts
Neutral equilibrium
 ower is defined as rate Fnergy is defined as the W K-K Energy ofpossessed by body by virtue
a
Work is said to be dane whena force of doing work. capacity to do work The increasc in KE, of a body is Mechanicalenerg its motion or position
applied to the body cause displacement
in the direction of applied force. equal to work done by a force
e.g- Pushing a table
energyeoren, ncting on the body.
Potenalenerg Energy possessed by a body

The
Lifting a load

magnmiude and direction

Defintio On
Or
S.I unit is Joule"
CGS unit is "Erg
Commerdial unit
by virtue of its position
e.g- Energy stored in
stretched string

of applied force
tors on which Kilo watt hour (kWh)
The displacement it produces
Cosine of angle between
force and displacement
or
ork d
oneupon dep n
Unitso e
r ne

Forms of enere
ikWh 3.6x10J
Units: Watt,Horse
Power(fI)
Elasic
(PE
Energy possessed by a body due
toits changed configuration
gravitation or deforma tion state
eg-Stretched bow

SI UnitJoule
.CGS Unit: "erg
Units o fWork

EpressiOn Wouk, Pouwer &Eneng Forms of poter Energy passessed by a body

due to its
position with
Relation between Joule and erg
1 Joule = 10 erg o rworKdone
energy (PE)fential Gravitational(PE respect to center of Earth

Conservah
eg-A heicopter in the sky
of enerp
If the
displacement of body
in dinection of force or
13
W =Fscost0
dnetKine ic energy Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
(0<e< 90)
positive Wor
o l i o n e-8 - Moving cyele

eg-Stretched Spring
Where "6* is ange between Energy can neither be
orce and displacement
AwerP)= Work(w) created nor be destroyed, nslation (KE) Energy possessed by a body movng
it may change from one form in straight line path
Time(t) eg,-Vehicde moving on a straight path
to another or Total Energy
If the displacement of a body in a system remains constant.
of Kinetic Energy (KE)_ Energy possessed by a body moving
is zero direction
or
displacement is nonal to the + Potential Energy (PE.) Kolational (KE around an aseg-spinning op
e r o WO

directian of applied force ie = Constant

(- SI Unit: Watt
Vibrat (KE) Energy possessed by a body moving8
eg-Coolie
walking On
lie walking on to- and- r o about is mean posihion

horizontal path arying a load

on his head
CGSUrit: erg/s
1 Watt 10 erg/s =
eg-Osclating pendulum
1 IIP =
746 Wat Energy released on combustion on buming andd
Heatenergy
certain substances like wood, oal, etr
f the displacement of a body
is in the direction opposite
direction af force(i.e) 6=180°
to
Ae3oN p-2mK
Light energy
Energy which enables
our surroundings
us to see the objects in
e.g,-When a ball is thrown (i)PWbetween Here, K=KE, m=Mas, p=Momentum Chenucal energy
Energy which is stared in fuels such as coal,
vertically upward, the angle (i)P,Fbetween
Relations
w

P.E(U)= mgh pebrolenm, and gas

between the force of gravity K.E(K) mv Mas9 = I
&Displacernent is 180 degree Mass m* Height= h Energy generated due to movement of free
Velocityv Acceleration due to Electrical enerb_ electron from one charged body to another
gruvity charged body
Relation of power with force
P= Wt Nuclear enerEy Energy released in nuclear reaction such as
P=Fxs/t
Rotation with V (Velocty)
Trace the Mind Map Sound enerE ruclear fusion and nuclear fissiorn

P=Fx First Level Second Level Third Level It is the farm of energy which produces the
Power is scalar quantity sensation af hearing
Device that lu
helps
overcome the Ialstance due
to a large
at some polnt by applylng a enall force (or eforl) at a convenlent force A mulllcor wooden disc with a groov.
pont and in a demred direction

Definit on
Single
pulley
fixedpu

Jt has Its axds of rotation In Its fibed positlon

ulley

Gcar Single movable pulley Tt haa lts axis of rotntion that is not fixed.

Lever
Wluel und xle
Kinds of sin1ple
machine
Combination otppulley One fixed with number of movable pulleys
VR =

n-
MA =2n

Number of mavable pulleyy

Wedge Machines
MovMovablFixeed pulanleys
inclineo

Plane

Screw Support

Fixed pul ey Tersion -Puley

Effort Block and string
h String
plagranm tackle Load Elfort
Weight of lood
(E)

Opposite
worklng
nnd resistive
force against which machine
sy'sstteem
Lxlernal lurce applled on the machine lo oveTcome , Load
the lod
eftort A lever is a
rigid straighl or bent bar

S itcation of
levt
copable of rotating around o fixcd point

Ratuo of thc load to the eifon

Mechanical Advantage (MA) = load(L)/ Bífort(6)
If B>L, MA<1, If B<L,MA>1, IfE=L, MA=1
hanlcal
Advantag° (MA Class l CVer
ve

Fulcrum
A
lodly of elfort (VJ atio(VR)
Velodly Rad
IwR) Velodty of Load(VJ
Alo ratto ot displacenent of eítort to the
disploccent of load
velocity
Class 1levet
VR d,/ d Load effort
d,vR>1
If d<d,VR<
It d d VR«l| l n p uwt o
as I1lev
The work done on the tmachine ur enegy
to the machine. t one eifort E auses a
suppheu Effort Load
, in ils own diectüun then Wyut
displacement
Exd, Output A machine Can act as a force
multdplier
Le) A small amount of efort cauees a

he ork done by the machine on the load is called

t loaud 'L s
Eficiency A
arge moent of the load
Machine u i act a a diretivn chaunger
(Le) the dhrection of effort can be
output a displaced througha dstance
dthunbutput LxdL hanged un onvenient direction. Itwocks an the prindple of moment in equililbrium
Moment of load - Moment of effort
Loadx Load arm = Eurt x Arun
Lad/ Ettt = Ufort arui/Luad aru1
u of the useful work done by the mauhine tw the MA - Efort a m / Load arn
wurk dine un the machine
wuutput
Ttece the Mlnd Map f Eflort arm- Load arm, MA
(n)-
Firn Lvel *Seand Led Third Level 1
J wnput Ettort arm < Load arm, MA < I
f Etkort an> load arn, MA>1
 Depth at which object appear due to A
refmction is called apparent
Phenomenan that causes a change in depth. Rarer
directon ot a ray ot ight when it travels Refractive index = Real depth
from one optical medium
h another optical Apparent depth
medium is called reracüon.
Apparent 7 Real
depth denser
A ray of light travelling romn depth 11 C i2C
one ophcal medium towards
Ray

diagramn c r i t i c a l
ang

Refraction
another opical medium Real and apparent depths. TIR
and
for
diagram

Ray
Perpendicular drawn at
the point of indidenaPiS
called the normal Incident ray
Normal
Total internal reflection
Critical
When the angle
anglc andthe
of
ray
incdence is greatr
of
bght ravelng
than itial
from
rarer medum get reflected in denser medium.
to
denser

The incination i)Angle Tms related

Refraction oflight at angle
betveen the inident
ray and the normal of inadence to refraction plane owrtaces Prism A particular angle of inddence when the angle
of refraction is equal to 90 and ight goes from
denser to rarer mediun

The inclination A n g l eo

piece of glass or any other transparent

betveen the refracted
ray and the normal
Tetraction refractng medum bounded by ve
plane surtaces inchned at some angles

paeyoy ies The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
normal at the point of inddence lie in the same
Ray of light which deviates plane Refracting edge
from its straight path and The ratio of the sine of angle of inddence to the
Refractve face
gets bent when travel from sine of angle of refraction is a constant quanity.
one optical medium to is called refractive indx
another Sin(g = Base 5
Sin(r)
Angle between refracted ray
The raio of speed of light in
Frism Deviationn
through 90
and direction of incident ray.
vacuum to speed of light in
the
medium H
c= Speed of light in air N

When aray
of
to rarer,it bends
U= Speed of light in medium

bends onds light br Factors ef

from ITOmc Selfecting refracu
Refracrion throngh a prsm.
away index ofa medlumn i,ti = A+õ and A = (r +,)

t/, Wavelength

Refracive index of a medium Deviation through 180*

increases with decrease in

Opêticaml pedensrityature
wavelength
Speed of light increases with
increases in temperabre
A60 60
Deviation by an
rareI Optical denser medium wil 45° C aquis teral prin
a have high refractive index
than optical rarer medium
Erecting prism

denser
denser Trace the Mind Map
First Level Second Level Third Level
 s Dioptre The recipocal of Distance measured oppasite to the inident ray s
considered negative while in the sane directionn
focallengh kal considered posiive

ying pow
Kay diagram Power P 100
=ion m=f(m am) Lensfornmul *

Dstanes upward to the prinapal as are awa

MagnirynS glass of alens
considered positive and istance downward to the
prinapal axis are considered negative
lnagg h n acama mwben the obje
A
(simple
microscope
A ls pie af opeical nadim
beteen the opial centre and te kocs En o asEn d e
rendd
a S
byo ard s a w i
y ghrical
A lns wrhih s a e or t o _hrical ais sich Lens S i g nc o n v e n a o Ati y a
that tis taiantendkik ard ëinath d s

VEx lens (converginens esoflenses Refnactionollights Betwea Beeabasi |Debd 2

A l s widh hes
us me
De a wo spha
thare
srfacs nd sch that it s thirrne in
in the thraugh lens imageage
midde and thisdr frean edses
Concave lens(Diverginglens
(Dve
lens formaion by
related
a
t o

Lmage
Image formaio C o n c a i e
i e n s 7

When objeT is
alinanuty
ns
Virtua
fortned
Tage Lnage arnahan by a unce
when mage tormAd wnen rays lens when the object is between
Diagram emergne n emerging brom the lens arter
It is the centre of the sphere
of which the lens is a part
(Centreof the lens actualy refraction doe not meet at a
curvature meet after point but appears to diverge
O p t i a l cene refraction Erom this point

An imaginary line joining

the centres af curvatures of
two sphenal suríaces
Prinipal

us
a fcurva
Prináipal f -RRadius
Prindipal xis
Eme
Alelmertgo ing prinraycis paalre LASe tuEmAbon by a cuneave lens
when &cjTs alnuty
formaian by a convo

(R)Radiusa s wha theobjed isa infinity o b inlir

It is the radius of the sphere
of which the lens is a part
()Opba
alentre C o nlveen a

Prinapal axs
ralle
let
lo
Convex ler
ens
The centre point of a lens is ojectis
beyon
a p a l
a

ot
a rhe
n princ
e
P Image formation by a concave
know as its optical centre
mge lormauon iaor
an lens when the cbjectis beeen
opical centre and inhnity
o d al nhnity w
the pa

Concave lens irst focus of a convex lens Lage iormaion by a coave

the object is beyond 25
cns When
Image f o r a i o n by a cunvex
irst foars of lens when the objert is at F
a concave lens betw
of
in
Position of oriton
of Sin od Nature of ae
tne k e

the objed| imag| imagethe Im8

s
the the
Objrt
AtinfiniyA HighlyReal and Buring
Inage formabon by a c o
when the bjatu at 22
dhedverted a
to&pnt

andCamea
Beyoad 2 Beyeen DinalshedRcal
Lveted lens
Convex lens Real and lacope,
A ne verted pbo cop
convex lens
Second focus af a Second focus of
nachin
a concave lens
Behren
Real end SRde
Beyond 23/agntiod | L Tirdproator

F A Itntty 10ghly Real andSuca

gnitiedLrve
Image foT N by Cumve De eeD O me ddeALgraed u r a an
s whea the o 7
m
Inae lrmaadm y
whn the o
th andF th
th
Optical centre of a thin lens Trace the Mind Map ? pa
the focus

Comvea lens b) C m a v r k a T h i r d Level

1a
First Level Second Level
 Wavelength/nn)
450
luulmuhil C -U Electromagnetic waves exdst in an enormous Wave that is capable of Red colour during sunrise and sunset
range of frequencies and this continuous transnittirng its energy Blue colour of the sky
range of frequencdes is known as the through vacuum. White colour of sky at noontime
imb Ptrun
Wavelngth, (n) electromagnetc spectrum. White colour of douds.
Effectsofscattering Red light used as a danger signal
n yUtravioletInared MicowvRadio
3x10
Frequeng. HR)
Jx10 3x10 3x10

Relatiov Relationship

of
between

light
intensit

wavelength
I
Violet light scatters the
most while the red
scatters the leastight

wa(vv)eflrreeqquuDeeennctcywy e a
nand spe d
and

light

Electronagnetic sgth
Electromagnetic waves are scattered
Scatteringoflight Absorption and re-emission of
transverse waves or light by the dust and air particles
non-mechanical waves.
These wave can
propagate
through vacuum and thus do
agnetic spectrumn The Electramagnetic
in atmosphere

material mediu.
not require
Speed of waves of
electromagnetic wave
roperties of elecuromag Spectum Recombination of colours white
tion

Avhite

Deviationproduc
Filter the
ced
is same as the speed of light. waves
These waves exhibit the Dispersioa Second prism
Q Fint prism
phenomena of reflection
refraction, difraction,
prism
colour by Screen

interterence and polarisatiorr prism

Angle of deviation (8)
SJOe Dispe
ite-A

Angle of incidence:
ISpersion of lip
Yellow

prism white light

Refractive index of prism material (u)
Angle of Prism (A)
Colour of wavelength of incident light (A) n
on
colour or through Sunlight Yllow

wavelength
Teen
ectromagne
regian
fequency
velength| (a her) Sourca Detector Appllcation
VIoet
Gamma rays <0.01 rm 3x 10 y dey o ndeciive Spectromete
ubrtances, nuclear huskrm and teskan
Par klling Cancerous of incident light
oells, for checkng Glass prism
reactions welds in Industiea

Iay 0.01-10 nmn 3x 1 When high eay electronsPhotographle

velochyneal plate, Meal mdography
d e wun tanget fuorescent screen yallogphy, for
BCLTning Ooect
Ultrrviolet 3x101 u n , mercury vapour Photogrphe plate, Stcrllatlan af sungal Instnument, Speed of light decreases with decrease in wavelength of light.
7.6 x 10amp, urc sperk lump
diatlon
Elaarescenoe, chemial vltamin D production detection af As the refractive index of a materlal increases, angle of deviation also
cffect on dy n geme,ftogery increases.
Vaible llghts400-800 nm 7.5x 104 Sun,electricbulb, Byes, photogaphle Obeerving objects,
3.75 x10"flame,hot bodies flm fbre optics3 Deviation produced
wavelength of light.
by prism increases with the decreases in
Infrared
x 10
D3753x Sun, hot bodics such Blackened bub Nght-vinon developing
radiation 10 e buning gases thermameter
t h ee t e photographs, sensor in misailes
Violet colour the
with wavelength has minlmum speed and
shortest
hermop undergoes maximum deviation where as red colour with longest
Microwaves Imm-10 m 3x1104 lectronie device EDectronic creults Radag televislon, microwave wavelength has maxcimum speed and undergoes minimum deviation.
3x10 pedal vacuum tubes 8EFRFel phones
Rodio waves 1Um below Electronc craub and Aerials of rado and TV and radio broadcasting
30x10rdio tranites televiion recesver navigaion
Trace the Mind Map
Fist LevelSecond Level Third Level
 Conpressicn Rarefaction
AAAAA AAAAMAM W
FJwwwwUwww.
Soundis be form
o
Lngitudina! Degy wtich ane
ensabon ot hearng..
Graphic rpresentabon Saund is
prodiuced byy
vbrating body nd it
reaches us through the
Its that
a
chancziric of sand
by vire
sherp noe a n be rntated bon a
d vtica
Eat rote

Vaveengsn vbrzions of a pertic itrh oT shríl ne

ans When to sonds of ere ph
A y rbre

Troigh
Wares hat require material
Mchank:l wav
eizsur waves) Definition na kne oadres rigiratng3
om two
distingisbd
dferent souros an be

avee in wticn perticde df

nadiur
ior ther
ez sound waves, war wavs
propagaton. -rcran
ypes of waves Characteristis oi sound Lords seppe
Tedm iretes bout
ther meen
posiian
It is the maximurn Saund Son a t r d v h a
he Ee of ang displacement of the
direcion Waves that do not require material
wa

o
paride a medun daiy

Vibrations esonance
mecim for ther propazatiom ez on the either sice fe srelatedt o s i t y cé soumd a
al eectromagnetc waves its mean posinon
wavemotio

Weves in wiich of medinn

Lwaonvgeitudinal tis the mumber
of ascllations
completed by a
partde n one
It is the irc taken
e paride
medium to cCEpcte
cne
of

0sallation Or
by
the

mplityde I: s2 mecizie
Bing pe n
t
pent
aa
t that

vbrates about ther mezn pasiian at

Becond. vibration me period phenamenon
wuch asdlafon
g ngede direction of OcCT about ana
PropRgbo at wave avs

Frequcacy equiibriimm point npätnde lza

Distance between
sucoessive waves.
two waveenn *27e
velo
if a disttance is
cansed in the body Distance
Relatien soun
Distarce traveled bya wave in are second

waves
and
The sound heard
tis the phenomenon
in which the bodyof Loade
Surtace Aa
Tv = T&v
after reflection from frequency of an
a distant object afte eternal force is
,v nt
r e n c eb e t w e e night
the original sound equal to the
Lostnessz Dersity o
mc diun
from the gven natural reqency
ight waves Sound waves
These are electromagnetc These are mechanical or
waves, iz non-mechanical| elastic waves.
BOurce dies off of the body on
which the force
acts
therey
pifreeronncaent ctvihw Loudness7 ksonarce

betwe n fored
Minimum tine
in nature leadiing
These can ravel in vbratons with an
These caruot travel in
vacuum The sensation of any sourd pcrsists increased anptlhude.
vacuum: required a
material medium for for 0.1 sec. I a sound after redlecion
propagation reaches the ear n less than 0.1 s, it Relaion an
These are transverse These canbe transverse
cannot be distinguished from the (3,c,),
original sound.
waves. Minimumdis DIHerence between fozoed and resonant vibraticns
03 well os longihudinal
wavea. For ced vibratons Resanant vibratns
The speed of light waves| The speed of sound
in air is 3.0x 10'm s waves in air is 330 m s
The minimum distance required between
the source of sound and reflecting surface
to hear an echo 17mn in air
waveergu Forred vibra These vbatiora of
y
body|Theae vibmions body
m edenaare producd
a

by n
a

The frequecy of visible The frequency of

Egt waves is in the ange| audible sound waves B
Mavelength of sound
Dratlon egeney d periodic fore that
reqency diiderert fromn dhe has a frequency eual t
aral iegaency o he the naurnl requency cà
DOy body.
of375x10 75x 10*Hzs nthe rangeof
2-2000 Hz. ahould be less than the The ampihade df
size of the reflecting body. Vibration that takes vbation The ampihude
place in a body
is usual srall
vbraton ls very
under the inluence The vibraons produed in| The vbrations produced
bhe body ae out d pha the body are n phane
Vibration poduced in a body on being aighty disturbed and,
Trace the Mind Map remaln mustained n
abeence of ary eternal force ez
iznpe pendulum, musical instrumenu (piano, fute)
ftrdx vibralions of condnuously ofan etermal
perlodic force eg
with the ednal priodc with te edema pero
foroe
Fint Level Second Level Third Level decreasin8 amplitude due to preence swing tuning fork rthe eteme periodiThese vretions last kr
of ressuve force are called damped
voratons vbrabon of aimple theemg ttme cven aftcr the
Pndulum in air
 Surfnce aea lu Inverely Termnal votaga od a al la defired a the wak done per urit charge arying
Ryulvaent sistanar hwie
rosietance
Inte nal eelatance Increases the
porinal to internal concenlmtion of Hhe eletolyte aCund the external crcit d the ceil
dthe cel

Insnal reslotane lsdiretly Sultar area crese

Internal resistance decreae a l dere

7ola
V-
Ingcarrying the rit dharg eourdthe exte
Series cmhinaioprpotional hagaration
o the cktroda.
of
the
Nreeses
W-Work l cireuit of cell

tRattery Interral reslstance The Emd of a al anbe defined

t ,terminal cell (r)
Emt,
t
sthe ener t
Tcharagng trough s
betWeenrestance
of a cel
e t

Resishrs r sers ambination of

arallel mbinalion
ven the el ctrodes a

mbinaton of resi t voltage

o t

I
Buivalent Resistanr parll in
elation ana The restane offared by (EME
the electralte naide the
cell to the low of current
oltae nal
Termi
c e
(

l
E

l
)

a t u s
a t h e

Cument is defined as the mte of fow of change a

Electromot1veforce
throu gh oonductor.
Factors affecting the internal
TAarge, t-Time esistanceo f a ccll
Materal c the electrode of a cel
I- Here n-Number ot ekctnors Nature amd oncatratan of eictly edinhe al
c-ChargT on cach ekcihan peature
Definition &lectricity
Conductivity

spccific conductance Conccdviy isthe echprccal

af resistrviylo,
tenbal dirterence
polental pecific,recst resista
Or
Apere (A)
1A=1 Cs

nd nonohmic Detices
and

polental The resistance of a

conductor ls directly The specficresistarad1nteral ey be defied
Resistons in paralel combinaton

ectric
AOToTal to
Its length, Le.
RcL
actors affecting r as the esstanadi f htmateni of u r
Umt af Rsisuvily- ahr. m r Nr)

e ta e dne inmovmg a unit sisivnty

in an electric feld is caled elec P t
potential at that point
actos aCO
Non- ofRmic Matertal of
the
Eectric potential =
done
Charge ance
Curent fowing through a conductor is
ialfference
Ctly Proportiona to the poendal conductor
emperature of the
Star appled at ts ends
1v 1«V orIGV, here G
V=IR
Devics that do
law are caled rot obey devics
non-ahmic ohm stiy is l ir sood candacor
e&:Semiconducor
Urdt-Volt (V) Orit -Om(0)
The not ofwark dane in moving aunit 1 ohm- Devices that obey ahm's law
law z e
Pane charge ironfñeld
oe point b anothee caled ohmic devin3
pomt nan electric

AV-V-V,
cross
Cuon
sec
Nnpere
eg: Metalic onductors
ductor Kaisti yof a metaic condcar
n e e n h the bepenue

Area of
the
Formula
The resista nce of
a conductor
lemperatu
is
A
the onai b area of onductor
R
R-p
cona
e Sope-R
of
the
AV
Siver, coPPET and aluminum are Malerial

thegood conductos of electrity

and robbea, wood and glass are
OI(ampere) L v e d 'SmdLvd Tard Level
bad conductors of electrick y. It Inaeases with the V.I grmph for a metalle conductar Curent ()-
tncrease ln ternperatue
V-Igruph for non-ohmic rsish
 Ho bearth cannetien
Ground annec
Eartn kwhmeter

Complying slandanl/
doo
Rated current Thick oPper i
Roted voltngc- Mxture a
Neulal
chercoa
Line- nd nalt
Thlck copper paie

Old camventian New international A socket and a tlhree pin plug

Red Llve wire

Onvendon
Brovwn
Earthing Ppliance Fe *tch

Black Nautral wire- Light Blne Soure

une Malk ae
Gren Earth wire- Gren ar eloW Coloolour N

coding of Inshtor

pefinition
Electrical energy is the energy spent
in moving electric charge through
a canductor wire L

pply

paan
Earunirng
U e

a Ttal power af applances

EXpressonf for electric nergy tauig
o f

Electrical energy suppled by a An eleclric device that can put inadraun

given soura anbe witten as
Supply Voltage
w QV-VIt=PRi electrical Eno. on and put off an electric
applance in a arcui
Curren Fase holdea
ProcelangiP,
rcelan casing

electrical e
e r g )
nergy A fuse is a aafety device that
safeguards the direut and the
S.L unit Joule
lvolt C n i t s of
Fuse connected apphnas hon
aestve Aow of auent and Puse wire
1 Jone= 1coulomb x electnca power ()
prevent them from damage
Niringsystem in households F u s e wure mells
s
The rate at which work is done by an electric current,
Electical energy
power and breaks the cirait.
Units orclectric

aund Househiold cincuito Ring systey

al
energy Types of f wires ket outlet

SLunt Watt electria

1 Watt 1 volt *
1Ampere
sONCs
Another unit is Horve power (h.p) o f

Lve wire Aleo knowns phase wire which FO

ercial pliances
unit
1hp. Watt
746 aries curent from eouroe to distribution bax 30 A1fuse
Neutral wvire-It rehums the curTent to the8 ---.
-.

EnergyFower XTimne
=Watt X hour
P o w e ro f a p p
electrical e
generator after it has paseed through an To other
aPpiamce b
aomplete the drant ---aPplianceS
1Wh 3600J
1 kWh 3 6 x 10°J
consumptiioonn
ouseholdconsumpt of
Barth wire For saety purpose and carries
=

the current away when there ls a fault

Main fuse bo

o heavy
11 k
132 kV indiittaie
To bght
Genera:o 33 kV udusuy-

Turbine Oy
nxp(n watt) x t{number of hours3 k
CO.LSuDe Tce the Mlad MapThird Lrvel
Electrical._per
Units
day)x mumber of days_ Heat generated (H) ls
Fint Levcl Secomd Lvd
1000
proportional to equare of aurent.
here n is the number of appianaes
proportional to time of fow of curent.
Pber etation Cd ustatan MEn u b s c o o nbenmediate Cyubttian
(poportional to esist1ne af conducto
 nAnrt
1 Ade hat t i a
Mo h eprimetgple
om**n*te
The
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(onverta e c h a n t e
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he miD M eer et produrs

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Numer o hure in pim cm

rtule

geer h a n d

m g h t

s
prtortdi iagram
Plerning
bsd n
the ptie a
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dd
t
hus ndaed EMF betwen te
hs Chang

anstormeT
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af the
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t h e m t eect rent
begins b dow n o l faracday 8
law
of

lectromet nducthon ae
agnetis hun ciated wmh the cod
. w c asts so iceg n

Right hand Uhumb rule oontinue

ctromagete induction
R1ght hand thumbrule
Magnetism De phanmena « production scric
Simple DC moto
win

in a
straight current by nawinga condhce
to
c u r r e n t

theid is inown a iece

f i c l d d u e

due notor
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agmetic

lemings
AWell's
corkscrewn u e
agnetc fiekd Imes around a l i n e s

c o i l

&aigt wire carryng current field

circular
Magnetic
T

left-hand rule
a
in
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PBY echarKai energY
to
Conductor whe
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furce, caed Lorenz
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ria
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ent ourryig ar a
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arau bp

) bagnetr f d lines are

nearly Circuler
around the pudnd
where
aurrend enter and leaves the col
2 Ite direcn o T t c held anes are elmost paralld and thus anitorm nEar te ceube d the a
3) he piane of magnetic ines of force b
al ngIM Ange to the påare d the anular cod aentre
4) The nunberthe denuty uf magnetk fieid lrnes boee (a)f the strergth of the SuTent
or
St
rcnesses (b) rumberd tums in the ud inarases (o) the drular bup d anallei sadius lo talken yww
lhad
K
Magnetc
B
Trace the Mind Map
Pirst Level Second Level
Third Level
Let hand urent l
 Heat is the internal Sublimation
SI unit Joule
energy of molecules
CGS unit= erg constituting the body.
Pressure: The melting point of substances that expand
other unit = Calorie on melting increases by increase in pressure.

Unit Definti Soid freezing iquidundensa bion Impurities: The melting point of a substance
decrease if impurities are inaeased.

Temperature is a parameter which tells the thermal Solidification

The constant temperature at which a hquid
state (degree of hotness and coldness) of body. Changes of phase
changes to a solid is called freezing point
It determines the direction of flow of current

Factors affecting
Heat energy The constant temperature at
SI unit Kelvin(K) melting point which a soid changes to a liquid
Change of of a solid
other unit = °C and F Freezing is called melting point of the solid
Unit Ternperature phase point

Factors determining the

Melting SI UNTE J kg'
Point Unit
1) Mass of the body quantity of heat required to raise
The amount of heat required to the of a body
raise the ternperature of a body is
Keat Specific The amount of latent heat
required
directdy proportional to the mass. temperature latent heat by a unit mass of substance to
Qm. undergo a phase change
2) Material of the body
The amount of heat required to Heat capacty Latent heat L
raise the temperature of a body Specific heat
depends on the nature of C capacty
Calorimeter
material used. Latent heat is the of heat energy abeorbed

Principle of
cal,
or released
3) Raise in temperature during the process of phase
The amount of heat required to Relation change at constant temperature.
Heat capacity is defined
raise the temperature of a body is
as the amount of the Specfic heat between
of v

vaporisation
Latent heat
directdy proportional to the rise in capacty is heat capaity
required to raise the A calorimeter is
temperature. temperature of a given defined as the and specific an instrument
QcAt
mass of a body by 1°C amount of heat heat used for
Q=CmAt or by 1 K required to
capacity measuring the
raise the heat gained or
C Amount of heat temperature of lost by the body.
The heat energy absorbed
energy supPplied (Q)
unit mass of a by
substance by material at its boiling point to
Heat energy lost completely convert the material
Rise in temperature (At) 1K or 1°C. by the hot body
Heat ener8y gained to the gas at
SI Unit by
the cold body same
temperature.
=
JK ie. M,x C 1t) =M,xCx(t-t
where M, Mass of hot
Trace the Mind Map body, C, its
is
spedfic heat capacity,t is its temperature The amount of heat
First Level Second LevelThird Level C energy
M, the mass of cold body, C,
is its specific absorbed when a solid changes
SI Unit
Jg'kor Jkgi C: C- heat capadty, , is its
temperature, to iquid at norma atmospheric
tis the final
C'= Cm ternperature. pressure at its melting point is
known as latent heat gt usiRa
 DIFFERENCu BLIWEUN THE NUCLBAR
FISSION AND NUCLRAR FUSION

Nuclear Flaalon Nuclear Rusion

Nuclear faslon ia a proces in whch a heavler nacleus getu aplts z

It
istheprooessin whlch a | Iltwois the
heavy nudeus splits Into
processIn whidh
lght nuclel combine
into two or ore Hghter nuciei with the release ot large anonut Parend macdes Dughter mdeus (Gamma radiation)

wo ght nuc by to from a heavy nuccus. U u-PBa+2K +3n +200Mv

bombarding it with alow
neutrons.
It is a
chainreaction. It is not a chain reaction. When wo oT morelíghtnucld combine to
forma heavy atable nucleua, a part of the mas
B t a e5i0 P e
Prent nndes Deughtet nudeus (Beta pardce)
It takes place at normaa If requires extremely high dlsappears andiotsalled
converted into energy. This
muclear huolon
temperature. femperalure (o10K). phenomenon
Large amount of Energy released is much HH}He+in+3.3Mev e m t t eD
a y
Jpha emiSsiom
energy is released. more than that of fiselon
venucleus
reactdon. Ditference between nucdear X He
t can be controlled
It leaves behind
raddoactive wastes.

Nudear bomb is based

Tt can not be controlled.
t does not leave behind
any raddoactive wastes.

Hyrdrogen bomb is based

fission and fusion Nuclear Parent mcns
z
Drnghter maclrus rdde)

an the uncontrolled an the uncontrolled fusion

fission reacti.on. reaction.
Difference between a, 5 and y
radiains
Nuelus
Electron
Neutron Moden Physico Rutherford's experiment
Structure of

O a t o m

Proton
Structure of an atom Afomicnumber( 4 Massnumber
Deilection of ractioective
in magnetc and electic
adiaton
feld
Isobar are the
The number of protons in atoms of diffrent
of is
the nucleus an atom
caled the atoutde aumber Isotopes element witi the
8ame mas number Diference between a, B, and y radiations
but different
Cancn
The otal number of nucdeons (protoms
A,L
ana
i abonic number apartice Pperisde 7-partice
In the of an atom C and 3N Abelnm ude anng
+neutrons) nucleas among Compositio
o H-energy
i called the mavs number
ddon Na and Mg O pns and beoeletron partice gnete

Lsotopesare
the atoms naiion
of the same element Rive1nd bwice to tht Negative m l Neutn, no dhurge
ChArge
Number of eletrons= number of proions
mumber (2)
atomlc with the ame atomlc da poan(#)| thei e
number of neutrons
mumber () but different Isotones
are the atoms of different +32x 10 (-L6 x10 C
Number otprotons+ mass
=
maAss umber (A) maso nurnber (A) and different MAS u r tinee the me Sesthe m afo No mas
ember +number of neutroa atomic number () diferent f o o n - 668 x electran-91x10kg|
number of electrons and protons 10
Num
Number of neutrons = mass number- atamlc number butsame numberofneulrons Speed About333% the apeed About 90% the speed Seame as the speed o
(A-2)e nNa Mg f ght- 10'ad ht-27%Ds h t 3x10 m.

Magnetic and Defected towards Decion rs No delection

dedrc eld eiet ngepiri potve pate ar
ena

Radioactivity is the phenomenam in Relative angle of Le Sore

H H H which the mucleus of an unstable defection
Protinum Deuterdum Tritium atom disintegrates and losses energy
Reretrtion po Smal,27-a0mnt 5 mia st g,S0mna
by emltting inviaible rmdiatlons
Absorbed ar
eg- Urandum, Radiun Thordum, ett Thtn candbod 5heet
n tckamirium
1n
30thckrom
tiek iesd theet,10mlad
umen n
Tomisingpower Hghest10 tmes thatof Modenie 100tnesles Lo 10 thmad.
Trace the Mind Map imes that a partids, time more tham
Hdsin
that of partides
First Level Second Level Third Level
Biologial damag Las darage More dnagP ineree danage