ǴȁǾǻǮǹ

ǵǮ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅdzǿǸǶ Ƕ
ǮǾȃdzǼǹǼDZǶȅdzǿǸǶ ǶǵǿǹdzDzǰǮǻǶȍ

JOURNAL
OF HISTORICAL AND
ARCHAELOGICAL RESEARCH

1 ǯǾǼǷ / 2013
ȁǻǶǰdzǾǿǶȀdzȀǿǸǼ ǶǵDzǮȀdzǹǿȀǰǼ
„dzǽǶǿǸǼǽ ǸǼǻǿȀǮǻȀǶǻ ǽǾdzǿǹǮǰǿǸǶ” ȆȁǺdzǻ, 2013


ǴȁǾǻǮǹ ǵǮ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅdzǿǸǶ Ƕ ǮǾȃdzǼǹǼDZǶȅdzǿǸǶ
ǶǵǿǹdzDzǰǮǻǶȍ

JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHAELOGICAL

RESEARCH

ǿȈǿȀǮǰǶȀdzǹǶ:

ǿȖȚȓȜț ǸȡșȖȦ
ǻȓȐȭț ǺȖȠȓȐ
ǽȓȠȨȞ ǺȖțȘȜȐ
ȀȜȒȜȞ ǽȓȠȞȜȐ

ǼȀDZǼǰǼǾdzǻ ǾdzDzǮǸȀǼǾ:

ȝȞȜȢ.Ȓ.Ȗ.ț. ǰȓȟȓșȖț ǰȓșȖȘȜȐ

ǾdzDzǮǸȄǶǼǻǻǮ ǸǼǹdzDZǶȍ:

ȒȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȓșȎ DzȜțȥȓȐȎ

ȒȜȤ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǰȎȟȖș ǽȎȞȎȟȘȓȐȜȐ
ȑș.Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǻȖȘȜșȎȗ ǸȨțȓȐ
ȑș.Ȏȟ. Ȓ-Ȟ ǿȠȓȢȎț ǺȖțȘȜȐ
ȑș.Ȏȟ.Ȓ-Ȟ ȄȐȓȠȎțȎ ǶȐȎțȜȐȎ

ISSN 1314-748X

© ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ
“dzȝȖȟȘȜȝ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟȘȖ”, ȆȡȚȓț, 2013


ǿȈDzȈǾǴǮǻǶdz:
ǿȀǮȀǶǶ Ƕ ǿȈǼǯȇdzǻǶȍ:

CONTENTS:
ARTICLES AND REPORTS:

PREHISTORY ǽǾǮǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ

ɉɟɬɴɪ Ɇɢɧɤɨɜ - Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɨɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ

ɞɨ ȿɡɟɪɨ ɫ ɛɟɥɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɥ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ
Petar Minkov – Ceramic fragments of early Bronze Age settlement near the
Ezero with signs of ceramic style Cotofeni culture.......................................... 5

ANTIQUITY ǮǻȀǶȅǻǼǿȀ

ɂɜɨ Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ – Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ

Ivo Topalilov - Once again on the strategy of Bessica................................. 10

ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɣɨɬɨɜ – „ɉɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ”

Ivan Karayotov – "Under the high walls of Anchialos".............................. 20

MEDIEVAL ǿǾdzDzǻǼǰdzǸǼǰǶdz

ɋɬɟɥɚ Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ – Ɍɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ

ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
Stella Doncheva – Sciences in the medieval Christian architecture ........... 40

Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ – Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ

ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ
Todor Petrov – Development and Role of Bulgarian education in the
Middle Ages.................................................................................................... 55


Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜ – ɉɨɱɜɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ
ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ
George Kovatchev – Soils and Economy in Northeastern Thrace during the
13th and the14th Centuries .............................................................................. 73

ɇɟɜɹɧ Ɇɢɬɟɜ – ɉɪɢ ɤɨɹ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ

III ȼɚɪɧɟɧɱɢɤ (1434-1444) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɹɜɚ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɉɪɨɥɢɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ
1444 ɝ.?
Nevyan Mitev – In which fortress does the crusade army of Vladislav
Varnenchik receive the letter informing of the passing of the Ottoman troops
across the Straits during the fall of 1444? ..................................................... 81

RENAISSANCE ǰȈǵǾǮǴDzǮǻdz

Ɇɢɥɟɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɧɟɜɚ – ɇɚ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ. (ɏVȱ-ɏVȱȱȱɜ.)

Milena Dragneva – Shopping in Provadia 16 th – 18 th c........................... 85

MODERN HISTORY ǻǼǰǮ Ƕ ǻǮǷ-ǻǼǰǮ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ

Ɋɨɫɢɰɚ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ – Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ, Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ

ɨɬ 1886 ɝ.
Rossica Angelova – Mladen Sinigersky , Russia and the Political Crisis of
1886................................................................................................................ 91

ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ʉɭɥɢɲ – ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɂȼ, ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ

(1946 – 1955 ɝ. )
Simeon Kulish – USSR, CMEA, Warsaw Pact and the Balkans (1946-1955) ..... 107

CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION ǸǼǻǿdzǾǰǮȄǶȍǶǾdzǿȀǮǰǾǮȄǶȍ

Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪɚ ɋɚɧɞɟɜɚ – Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ

ȼɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ȼɚɪɧɚ
Krassimira Sandeva – Restoration of a lead anchor from the Naval Museum
Varna fund.................................................................................................... 118


PREHISTORY ǽǾǮǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ

Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɨɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɞɨ

ȿɡɟɪɨ ɫ ɛɟɥɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɬɢɥ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ
ɉɟɬɴɪ Ɇɢɧɤɨɜ

Ceramic fragments of early Bronze Age settlement near the

Ezero with signs of ceramic style Cotofeni culture
Peter Minkov

Abstract: The aim of the article is to present some analogies in the ceramic
decoration between the ceramic material from Ezero Early Bronze Age
culture and Cotofeni culture. The similarities in the decoration – plastic buds
with disc shape and the same type of vessels that were decorated with this
pattern suggest a common style in the design and decoration of some
amphorae and/ or jugs from the territories of the two cultures. Another
possibility is exchange of some features of the ceramic styles of Ezero and
Cotofeni by migration of population during the early stages of the Early
Bronze Age.

ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɫ.ɦ.

ȿɡɟɪɨ, ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɫ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɳ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ȿɡɟɪɨ ɚɪɟɚɥ – ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ
Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ, ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫ.ɦ. ȿɡɟɪɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɫ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪ
ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɟɧ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ
– ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ.
Ɏɨɤɭɫɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚ
ɩɪɴɜ ɩɴɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɞɟɬɚɣɥɢ ɨɬ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ɜ ɫ.
ɦ. ȿɡɟɪɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɹ ɣ ɚɪɟɚɥ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɪ.
ɯɨɪ. ɢ ȱɏ ɫɬɪ. ɯɨɪ1.

1
Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɞɨ ȿɡɟɪɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɱɪɟɡ
ɮɨɬɨɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢ ɡa ɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɬɨ

 ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɪ. ɯɨɪ., ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɥɢɱɢ ɞɚɥɢ ɟ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɢɟ2. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɲɢɹ-ɬɹɥɨ. ɍɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɜɴɧɲɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ ɟ
ɪɟɥɟɮɧɚ – ɩɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɹɫ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ,
ɫ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ, ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɡɚ ȱ-ɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɊȻȿ.
ȼɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ ɜ ȱɏ ɫɬɪ. ɯɨɪ3. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ
ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɴɤɴɬ ɫ ɩɪɟɯɨɞ ɲɢɹ-ɬɹɥɨ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɴɬ ɟ ɨɬ
ɬɴɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɟɧ ɫɴɞ – ɤɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ,
ɭɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɬɭɤ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɯɨɞɚ
ɲɢɹ-ɬɹɥɨ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɴɬ ɫɴɳɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɨɜɢɞɟɧ
ɫɴɞ.
Ⱦɜɚɬɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɥɨɦɚ ɢ
ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɇɚɫɨɤɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɧɚ,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ. Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɴɬ ɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɜɨ-ɱɟɪɧɚ
ɢɡɥɴɫɤɚɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ, ɪɚɜɟɧ ɥɨɦ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɫɢ ɧɚɪɟɡɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ
ɩɴɩɤɢ4. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ, Ʉ. Ʌɟɳɚɤɨɜ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɚɧɚ –
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɬɪɢ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ5. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɬɨɡɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɴɩɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ, ɤɨɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɞɨ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɹɯ ɩɴɩɤɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢ, ɞɢɫɤɨɜɢɞɧɢ, ɝɴɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ
ɩɨɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢ ɢ ɩɥɴɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɹɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɴɩɤɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɞɚɥɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɨɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɢ, ɢ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɧɢɱɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɨɬɥɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɤ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢ, ɱɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɏȱȱ ɫɬɪ. ɯɨɪ. ɡɚɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɴɩɤɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ
ɟɬɚɩɢ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɞɨ ȿɡɟɪɨ.
Ⱦɟɬɚɣɥɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ
ɩɴɩɤɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɬɢɩ ɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɢɦɚɬ
ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɪɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ɨɬ
ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.

ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ

ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ.
2
ȿɡɟɪɨ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ. 1979, 231 ɛ (ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɪɧɢɹɬ ɪɟɞ – ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɨɬ ɞɹɫɧɨ ɧɚ
ɥɹɜɨ).
3
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 256 ɜ (ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɥɧɢɹ ɪɟɞ ɜɥɹɜɨ – ɜɬɨɪɢɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɥɹɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɹɫɧɨ).
4
Ʌɟɳɚɤɨɜ, Ʉ. Ɋɚɧɧɨɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɟɤɬɢ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ. – ȼ:
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ, 1, 1999 (57-90). (ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ,
85 – ȱȱȱ.9, 86).
5
ȿɡɟɪɨ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 235 ɛ.

 Ɉɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ, ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ
ɤɚɬɨ „boabelor de lente”6. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ
ɞɨ ɮɢɧɚɥɚ7. Ɉɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɟɧɢ
ɫɟɥɢɳɚ8. ɉɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ
ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ9. ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɨɬ „ɥɟɳɟɧɢ ɡɴɪɧɚ” ɫɟ
ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɢ ɜɴɜ ɮɚɡɚ ȱ10. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɟɧ ɜɢɞ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɧɚ
Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ȱȱ ɢ ȱȱȱ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɜ ɊȻȿ ȱȱ ɢ ȱȱȱ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɚ ɫ
Ʉɨɫɬɨɥɚɰ, Ƚɥɢɧɚ ȱȱȱ, ȿɡɟɪɨ ȱȱ ɢ ȱȱȱ11. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɂ. ɉɚɧɚɣɨɬɨɜ ɢ ɋ.
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚ ɨɛɳ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇɚɝɭɪɚ-
Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ȱȱ ɢ ȱȱȱ, ȿɡɟɪɨ ɩɪɟɯɨɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ȼ 1, Ɍɪɨɹ ȱ-ȱȱ, ɉɨɥɢɨɯɧɢ
„ɫɢɧ” ɢ „ɡɟɥɟɧ” ɩɟɪɢɨɞ; Ⱦɢɤɢɥɢɬɚɲ ȱȱȱ (ɜ ɊȻȿ)12.
ɍɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɪɚɩɟɡɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ –
ɚɦɮɨɪɢ, ɤɚɧɢ ɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɱɚɲɢ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɲɢɹ-ɬɹɥɨ ɩɪɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɨɜɢɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɢɬɟ, ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ
ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɴɠɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɢɹɬɚ. Ɉɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɰɹɥ ɚɦɮɨɪɨɜɢɞɟɧ ɫɴɞ ɫ ɞɜɟ ɞɪɴɠɤɢ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ
ɩɴɩɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɟɧɱɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɲɢɹ-ɬɹɥɨ (Roman 1976, 187 pl.
89 – 2).
ɍɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɨ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɬɹ ɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɲɧɭɪɨɜ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɚɧɟɥɸɪɢ, ɮɢɧɢ ɪɟɡɤɢ, ɢɡɞɴɥɛɚɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɢɰɢ, ɧɚɫɟɱɤɢ ɢ
ɞɪ.
ȼ ɫ.ɦ. ȿɡɟɪɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɢɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɬɢɩɚ.
ɇɚɣ-ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɞɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɴɩɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɢɩ 2913. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɧɚɣ-
ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɨɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɢɧɬɟɡɢɜɧɚ ɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɏȱ-Vȱȱ ɫɬɪ. ɯɨɪ. ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɊȻȿ ȱ ɢ ɊȻȿ ȱȱ.
ɉɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɫɚ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ, ɫɚ
ɟɞɧɢɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚɬ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɢ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɛɴɞɟɳɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɬ ȿɡɟɪɨ, ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɛɢ
ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ-ɩɴɥɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɚɬɟɪ.

6
Roman, P. Cultura Cotofeni, 1976, 27-28.
7
Ibidem, 27.
8
Ibidem, 27.
9
Ibidem, 168 pl. 68 – 1, 3, 4, 11; 169 pl. – 8; 170 pl. 70 – 1; 171 pl. 71 – 15; 172 pl. 72 – 3,
5, 6; 174 pl. 74 – 13; 177 pl. 77 – 4, 7; 182 pl. 82 – 1-5, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24; 183 pl. 83 – 5).
10
Ibidem, 158 pl. 58 – 1.
11
Ibidem, 60 fig. 60.
12
ɉɚɧɚɣɨɬɨɜ, ɂ., Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ, ɋ. Ɂɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ɇɚɝɭɪɚ-Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ.
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1988, ɤɧ. 2, 12.
13
ȿɡɟɪɨ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 325 ɬɚɛɥ. 163.

 ɋ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɬɢɪɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ, ɛɢɯ ɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɚɥ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɬɚɤɚ: ȼ
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɫ.ɦ. ȿɡɟɪɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɞɜɚ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɫɬɢɥ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɥɢɠɚɜɚ
ɨɫɟɡɚɟɦɨ ɞɨ ɫɬɢɥɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ɇɚɝɭɪɚ-Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ.
ɋɬɢɥɨɜɢɹɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɚ – ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ
ɩɴɩɤɢ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ „ɥɟɳɟɧɢ ɡɴɪɧɚ”, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟɬɟ,
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɚ – ɚɦɮɨɪɢ ɢ ɤɚɧɢ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɳ ɨɬ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ȿɡɟɪɨ –
ɨɬ ɹɦɚ ɞɨ ɇɨɜɨɡɚɝɨɪɫɤɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ, ɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ
ɫɬɢɥ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɴɥ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɚɧɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɚ
ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɹ
ɪɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪ ɧɚ Ɇɚɝɭɪɚ-Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɟɬɚɩɢ ɧɚ ɊȻȿ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɥɨɞ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɞɜɟɬɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.
Ȼɟɡ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɩɢɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɭɤɪɚɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɞɜɟ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɟɧ ɟɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɡɚɞɴɥɛɨɱɟɧɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɨɬ
ȿɡɟɪɨ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɚɪɟɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɫ ɜɟɱɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ.
ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɚɧɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȿɡɟɪɨ ɢ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ ɢ
ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɜɚɪɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɜ
ɛɴɞɟɳɟ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɢ.

Ɉɛɪ. 1 – Ⱥɦɮɨɪɚ ɨɬ Deva-Cetote Ɉɛɪ. 2 – Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ

(ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ Ʉɨɰɨɮɟɧɢ) ɩɨ (Roman 1976). ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɨɬ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɪ. ɯɨɪ. ɧɚ
ɫ.ɦ. ȿɡɟɪɨ ɩɨ (ɑɟɪɧɢɯ 1979).


 Ɉɛɪ. 3 – Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɨɬ ȱɏ ɫɬɪ.
ɯɨɪ. ɧɚ ɫ.ɦ. ȿɡɟɪɨ (ɩɨ ɑɟɪɧɢɯ 1979)

Ɉɛɪ. 4 – Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɟɮɧɢ ɩɴɩɤɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɱɤɢ

(ɩɨ Ʌɟɳɚɤɨɜ 1999)


ANTIQUITY ǮǻȀǶȅǻǼǿȀ

Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ

ɂɜɨ Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ

Once again on the strategy of Bessica

Ivo Topalilov

Abstract: The present paper deals with the territory of the strategy of
Bessica which was the goal of numerous studies, some of them quite recent.
The main idea is that the territory of that strategy is to be localized within the
territory of Philippopolis which is some studies is identified even as the
capital of it. Two arguments to the theory that during the Roman period the
strategy under consideration was in fact the Rodophe Mountains are added
here based on the study of military diplomas and epigraphic evidence: the
lack of any evidence for massive recruitment for the Roman Navy from the
territory of Philippopolis which in fact goes in line with the tradition that the
soldiers for the Navy should be originated from rural and low-urbanized
areas, and the lack of evidence for settling the Navy veterans within
Philippopolis as should be expected since the Bessi were the most numerous
sailors in the Misene fleet. There are only two evidence from the territory of
Philippopolis, mainly from the outskirts of the Rodhope mountains. This is in
sharp contrast to the other regions such as Serdica and Nicopolis ad Nestum,
the latter mentioned ex Bessia.

Ʉɚɬɨ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɚɬɚ

ɩɪɟɡ 44/45 ɝ. ɪɢɦɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɨɱɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɬɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɹɧ1 ɢɥɢ
ɏɚɞɪɢɚɧ.2 Ⱦɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɳ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ,
ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɩɧɹɜɚɬɟɬɨ ɢɦ, ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɦɟ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ3,

1
ȼɠ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ, Ƚ. Ʉɴɦ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɬɟ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. Ƚɋɍ ɎɁɎ,LXI, 2, 1967, 31-
50;ɜɠ. 38 ɫɥ.; Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ, Ɇ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦ ɜ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɬ.2, ɋ, 2004, 35-36.
2
ȼɠ. Ƚɟɪɨɜ, Ȼ. Ɂɟɦɟɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ɇɢɡɢɹ (ȱ-ȱȱȱ ɜ.),Ƚɋɍ ɎɄɇɎ, 1977,
LXXII,2, 30-36.
3
Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɉɥɢɧɢɣ ɋɬɚɪɢ – Plin. Nat Hist. IV, 40. Ⱦɪɭɝ ɢɡɜɨɪ, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɱɟɪɩɢɦ
ɞɚɧɧɢ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ, ɟ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ” ɧɚ Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɣ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟɣ – Ptol. III, 11, 8-10.
10
ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ.4 ɋɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɞɨ 50, ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɦɟ ɢ ΗΘΕ΅Θ΋·ϟ΅ȱ
̅ΉΗΗ΍Ύφ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɟɧ ɨɛɯɜɚɬ ɧɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ
ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɟ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ 1924
ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ Ƚ. Ʉɚɰɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ „ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɛɟɫɢ”.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪ.
ɏɟɛɪɨɫ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɬ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ ɢ
ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ.5 ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɬ
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ, ɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɏɪ.
Ⱦɚɧɨɜ6 ɢ Ⱥɥ. Ɏɨɥ.7
ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚ ɢ Ƚ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ
ɧɟɝɨ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɱ ɩɨ ɧɚ ɸɝ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɯɜɚɳɚɥɚ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ əɤɨɪɭɞɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɧɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɉɚɡɚɪɞɠɢɤ, ɧɚ
ɡɚɩɚɞ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, ɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ – ɞɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɚ Ɍɪɚɹɧɚ ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɬɚ Cillae-Carasura.8 ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɫ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ
ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ, ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ. ɉɪɨɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ
ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɹɧ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ
ɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. Ɍɪɚɹɧɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɨɬ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ.9
ɂɞɟɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ƚ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ ɟ ɞɨɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɧɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ
ɱɪɟɡ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɝɨɪɚɬɚ ɜɴɜ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ. ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɟ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚ ȼɟɫɩɚɫɢɚɧ10, ɢɥɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɦɢɰɢɚɧ11, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɢ [---]Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ.
ɉɪɢɟɦɚɣɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɨɬ ȼ.
Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ̇ΓΕ(?)Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ, ɂ. Ʌɨɡɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ
[̇ΓΕ]Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝ ̇ΓΕΊ΍ΑΌ΋Ζ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ȼɨɫɢɫ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ

4
Igr T E 84.
5
Ʉɚɰɚɪɨɜ, Ƚ. Ɍɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɛɟɫɢ, ɂɂȾ, Vȱ, 1924, 31-47; 31.
6
Ⱦɚɧɨɜ, ɏ.. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1968, 118-124.
7
Ɏɨɥ, Ⱥ. Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɪɚɧɧɨɟɥɢɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1975, 150-
159.
8
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ, Ƚ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɋɴɱ., 43-44.
9
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 38.
10
ȼɠ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɚ, ȼ., Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɜ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɂɆɘȻ, 1994, 19, 65-72; 66-70.
11
ȼɠ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, ɇ. Ȼɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ,
ȽȺɆɉ, 9, 2004, 2, 146-159; 148-153.
11
ɜ ɫɩɢɫɴɤ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ, ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ Ɍɨɩɢɪ.12 Ɉɬɬɭɤ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɮɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥɫɤɢɹɬ ̇ΓΕΊ΍ΑΌ΋Ζ ɫɴɳɨ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ13, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɟ «ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ,
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɳ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɢɞɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɩɨɞ Ɍɪɢɯɴɥɦɢɟɬɨ».14 Ʉɚɬɨ
ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɠɞɚ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ
ɫɴɜɦɟɫɬɹɜɚɥ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.15 Ɍɨɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ
ɛɢɥ ɢ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɡɚ «ɫɛɨɪɨɜɟɬɟ ɢ ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɲɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ
ɧɨɜɨɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ», ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢɦɚɥ «ɞɨɛɪɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ», ɤɨɟɝɨ ɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɟɥɨ «ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɭɧɤɬ» ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɛɨɪɨɜɟ.16
ɂɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɜ
ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɬɚ ɢ ɨɬ M. Zahariade ɜ ɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɥɟɡɧɚɥɨ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ȱ-
ȱȱȱ ɜ.17
ɉɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɦ, ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɟɞɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ. ȼɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɟ ɢɦɟɬɨ [---]Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ
[̍Γ]Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ.18 Ⱦɨɪɢ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɞɚ ɟ ɤɚɬɨ [̇ΓΕ]Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ, ɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ ɟ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɚ19, ɨɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟ
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢɬɟ, ɫɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɞɡɢɧɬɟɫ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɨ
Ʌɨɧɝɢɧ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ, ɞɨɪɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚɬɚ ɛɚɳɚ-ɫɢɧ (ɚɤɨ
ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɛɚɳɚ ɢ ɫɢɧ), ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɚɳɢɧɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɢɧɚ. Ʉɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɟ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɢɹɬ Ⱦɨɪɞɡɢɧɬɟɫ ɨɬ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, ɹɫɧɨ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ in
situ ɧɚ ima cavea ɧɚ ɬɟɚɬɴɪɚ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ – [Κ]ΙΏ[ΣΕΛΖȱ ȱ ̖΍Ά[νΕ΍ΓΖ]
̍Ώ΅ϾΈ΍ΓΖȱ̇[ΓΕ]Ί΍ΑΌ΋Ζ.20

12
Ʌɨɡɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɬɟ ɜ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ – ȼ: The Roman and Late
Roman city, 2002, 290-291.
13
Ʉɚɬɨ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɞɡɢɧɬɟɫ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ – ɜɠ. Ʌɨɡɚɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ..., 290.
14
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 291.
15
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ
16
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ
17
Zahariade, Ɇ. The Thracians in the Roman Imperial Army from the first to the third
century A.D., Cluj-Napoca, 2009, 20.
18
ȼɠ. ɇ. ɒɚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 150, ɛ. 2.
19
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 153.
20
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 151-152. Ⱦɨɪɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɚɬɨ, ɱɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ
ɮɢɥɚɪɯɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢɬɟ – ɜɠ. Ɇ. Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦ ɜ
Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ɇɢɡɢɹ, ɬ. 1., ɋ , 114, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ, ɱɟ ɟ ɧɟɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ
12
 ɉɨ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɢ
ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɡɚɫɬɴɩɜɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇ. Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɹ,
ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɥ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɟ
ɨɛɯɜɚɳɚɥɚ Ɋɢɥɨ-Ɋɨɞɨɩɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɫɢɜ, ɏɟɦɭɫ ɢ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ.21 ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ,
ɩɪɢ Ɍɪɚɹɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ, ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɋɤɭɩɢ, ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ22, ɧɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɴɦ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɏɥɚɜɢɢɬɟ.23
ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɨɞ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɚ
ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɧɚɛɨɪɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ.24
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɟɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ, ɟ ɉ. Ⱦɟɥɟɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ Ɋɢɥɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɞɨɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɟɰ, ɂɯɬɢɦɚɧ,
ɋɚɦɨɤɨɜ ɢ Ⱦɭɩɧɢɰɚ. ɂɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɥɚɝɟɪ ɩɪɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ (ɞɧ.
ɋɚɩɚɪɟɜɚ ɛɚɧɹ) ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɠɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɟɫɢɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.25 ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɪɚɣɨɧɴɬ ɧɚ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡɜɴɧ
ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɜ „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ” ɧɚ Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɣ
ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟɣ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɬɟ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɫɚ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɧɟɩɴɥɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɣ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟɣ, ɱɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɚ „ɧɚɞ Ɇɟɞɢɤɚ”26, ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɬ Ɋɢɥɚ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ
Ɇɟɞɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɸɠɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɚɭɬɚɥɢɹ.27
ɂɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɝɪɭɩɢ
ɬɟɡɢ, ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɴɬ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɬɴɪɫɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ, ɢ ɩɨ-ɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɟɫɤɢɬɟ

ɮɢɥɚɪɯɴɬ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ, ɧɨ ɢ ɱɟ

Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɢɛɟɪɢɣ Ʉɥɚɜɞɢɣ Ⱦɨɪɞɡɢɧɬɟɫ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɬɨ
ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ.
21
Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ, Ɇ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦ ɜ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ Ɇɢɡɢɹ, ɬ. 1, ɋ., 2000, 34, 44, 50-51.
22
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 51.
23
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 48.
24
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 36.
25
Delev, P. One More on the Thracian Strategies of Claudius Ptolemy –In: ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜ
ɩɚɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮ. ȼɟɥɢɡɚɪ ȼɟɥɤɨɜ. ɋɨɮɢɹ. 2009, 245-253.
26
Ptol. 3.11.6: ȈIJȡĮIJȘȖ‫ܝ‬ĮȚ į‫ ܘ‬İ۞ı‫ܜ‬Ȟ ‫ۂ‬Ȟ IJ‫ۂ ݩ‬ʌĮȡȤ‫ ݗܝ‬ʌȡ‫ܞ‬Ȣ ȝ‫ܘ‬Ȟ IJĮ‫ݶ‬Ȣ Ȃȣı‫ܝ‬ĮȚȢ țĮ‫ ܜ‬ʌİȡ‫ ܜ‬IJ‫ܞ‬Ȟ ǹ‫ۥ‬ȝȠȞ
IJ‫ ܞ‬۲ȡȠȢ ‫ڲ‬ȡȤȠȝ‫ܙ‬ȞȠȚȢ ‫ڲ‬ʌ‫ ܞ‬įȣıȝ‫ޒ‬Ȟ ǻĮȞșȘȜȘIJȚț‫ܚ‬, ȈĮȡįȚț‫ܚ‬, ȅ‫ۺ‬ıįȚțȘıȚț‫ܚ‬, ȈİȜȜȘIJȚț‫ ·ܛ‬ʌȡ‫ܞ‬Ȣ į‫ܘ‬
IJ‫ ݩ‬ȂĮțİįȠȞ‫ ݗܝ‬țĮ‫ ܜ‬IJ‫ ޓ‬ǹ۞ȖĮ‫ ސܝ‬ʌİȜ‫ܗ‬ȖİȚ ‫ۯ‬ȝȠ‫ܝ‬ȦȢ ıIJȡĮIJȘȖ‫ܝ‬ĮȚ ȂĮȚįȚț‫ܚ‬, ǻȡȠıȚț‫ܚ‬, ȀȠȚȜȘIJȚț‫ܚ‬,
ȈĮʌĮȧț‫ܚ‬, ȀȠȡʌȚȜȚț‫ܚ‬, ȀĮȚȞȚț‫ ·ܛ‬țĮ‫ۻ ܜ‬ʌ‫ܘ‬ȡ ȝ‫ܘ‬Ȟ IJ‫ܚ‬Ȟ ȂĮȚįȚț‫ܚ‬Ȟ ǺİııȚț‫ܚ‬, ‫ۻ‬ij' ‫ۑ‬Ȟ ǺİȞȞȚț‫ܚ‬, İۤIJĮ
ȈĮȝĮȧț‫ ·ܛ‬ʌĮȡ‫ ܖ‬į‫ ܘ‬IJ‫ܚ‬Ȟ ‫ڲ‬ʌ‫ ܞ‬Ȇİȡ‫ܝ‬ȞșȠȣ ʌ‫ܟ‬ȜİȦȢ ȝ‫ܙ‬ȤȡȚȢ ‫ݢ‬ǹʌȠȜȜȦȞ‫ܝ‬ĮȢ ʌĮȡ‫ܗ‬ȜȚȠȞ ‫ݢ ۏ‬ǹıIJȚț‫ܚ‬
ıIJȡĮIJȘȖ‫ܝ‬Į. ȱ
27
ȼɠ. ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ –Delev, P. One more..., 2009
13
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɛɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɨ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɮɥɨɬɚ.28 ɂɦɟɧɧɨ
ɬɚɡɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɨɫɬ ɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɜɴɪɧɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ.29 ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟ ɟ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɪɟɡ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ origo.
Ɉɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɞɜɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ.
ȿɞɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɧɚ Meticus Solae f. Bessus, ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ ala I Asturum, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ
ɭɜɨɥɧɢɥ ɧɚ 14 ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 99 ɝ.30 Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫ. ɋɬɚɪɚ ɉɚɫɬɭɲɚ,
ɞɧɟɫ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɉɟɪɭɳɢɰɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɢ ɜɢɥɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ȱ/ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȱȱ ɜ. – ȱV ɜ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɥ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɟ ɧɟɹɫɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞɚ ɦɭ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ Ɇɢɡɟɧɫɤɢɹ
ɮɥɨɬ ɢ ɫɟ ɟ ɭɜɨɥɧɢɥ ɩɪɟɡ 160 ɝ., ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɧɚ 7 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ.31
ȼɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɫ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɉɚɭɬɚɥɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫ. Ȼɪɟɡɧɢɤ, ɬɭɤ
ɫɟ ɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɢɥ Dules Datui f. natione Bessus, ɭɜɨɥɧɢɥ ɫɟ ɧɚ 7 ɦɚɪɬ 70 ɝ. ɨɬ
legio II Adiutrix Pius Fidelis.32 ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢ ɬɭɤ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɢɥɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ.33
Ɂɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ. Ɍɭɤ ɫɚ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ
ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ – ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ. ȼ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɡɚ M(arcus) Aurelius Teres veteranus ex ala prima Astorum,
nationne Bessus, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɟ ɠɢɜɹɥ ɜ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȱȱ –
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱȱȱ ɜ.34 Ɍɨɡɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢ ɤɴɦ ɬɟɡɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɚ ɜ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ.

28
Ɂɚ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ ɜ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ – ɜɠ. Tatscheva, Ɇ. Die rakischen Bessi in der römischen
armee, In S. Evangelisti, L. Galli (eds.) XI Congresso Intemazionale di Epigrafia Greca e
Latina, Atti, 1, 1999, 863-872.
29
Ɍɭɤ ɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɴɤ ɚɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɬɚɜɚɥɨ, ɬɨ ɬɟ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɪɟɡɢɞɢɪɚɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ,
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɫ ɨɛɳɨɩɪɢɟɬɨɬɨ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ. ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ
ɜɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɥɚɝɟɪɢ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ.
30
CIL XVI, 45.
31
RMD III, 1994, 172.
32
CIL XVI 10.
33
Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ, ɂ. Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɜ Ⱦɨɥɧɚ Ɇɢɡɢɹ ɢ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ (ȱ-ȱȱȱ ɜ.), ɋ., 2008, 191.
34
Ƚɟɪɨɜ, Ȼ. ɉɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɪɢɦɫɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, 4, Ƚɋɍ
ɎɁɎ, 63, 1, 1969, 3-46; n. 64.
14
 ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫ. Ɇɭɯɨɜɨ, ɂɯɬɢɦɚɧɫɤɨ, ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ 7 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ 88 ɝ.
ɩɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɭɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Bithus Seuthi f. Bessus, ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ cohors
Musulamiorum.35 ɉɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɬɭɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɢ, ɬ. ɟ. ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɧɟ ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ,
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɳɢɹ ɩɴɬ Via diagonalis. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ, ɨɬ ɤɨɹɬɨ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɬ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɢɬɟ ɩɴɬɧɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ.36
Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɧɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ ɫ
ɛɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɞɨ Ⱥɤɜɚ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ, ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɩɪɟɡ 121 ɝ., ɢ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ, ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ: [---] Besso.37
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɬɭɤ ɟ ɧɟɹɫɧɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ.38
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɨ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɰɚɬɚ ɦɭ, ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɡɚ
ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ.39 ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɫɚ
ɫɥɭɱɚɢɬɟ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɦɨɪɹɰɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɠɟɧɹɬ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɴɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɱɤɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɬɟ ɫɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɠɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɚ.40
ɉɨɜɟɱɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɞɨ ɫ.
Ʌɟɫɢɱɟɪɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɩɨɥɢɫ ɚɞ ɂɫɬɪɭɦ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ
28 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 138 ɝ. ɧɚ Clagissa Clagissae f. Bessus, ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ cohors II
Mattiacorum.41 ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ ɫɟ ɟ ɡɚɜɴɪɧɚɥ ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ
ɫɢ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɭɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.42
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ ɫ
ɛɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ, ɧɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ⱦɨɥɧɚ Ɇɢɡɢɹ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫ. ɉɚɥɚɦɚɪɰɢɹ, ɉɨɩɨɜɫɤɨ, ɜɨɟɧɧɚ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɨɬ 13 ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ 140 ɝ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ Bithus Solae f. Bessus,

35
CIL XVI, 35.
36
Ƚɟɪɨɜ, Ȼ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 90; ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢɬɟ – ɜɠ.
Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ 2008, 186.
37
RMD I, London 1978, 19.
38
ȼɠ. Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ ɂ. Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɜ Ⱦɨɥɧɚ Ɇɢɡɢɹ ɢ Ɍɪɢɤɢɹ (ȱ-ȱȱȱ ɜ.), ɋ. , 2008, 225-
226.
39
ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɂ. Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɞɟɰɚ
ɫɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɴɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɢ ɬɭ – ɜɠ. Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ. 225-226.
40
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɢɬɟ ɫ ɦɨɪɹɰɢɬɟ, ɧɨɫɟɳɢ ɝɟɧɬɢɥɢɰɢɭɦɚ Scentius – ɜɠ. ɡɚ
ɬɹɯ Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ, ɂ. Ʉɨɣ ɟ C. Scentius Celer ɨɬ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɚɬɚ ɩɥɨɱɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ? –
In: Problemes and challenges of the archaeological and cultural-historical researches, vol. 1,
Plovdiv, 2009,106-114.
41
CIL XVI, 83.
42
Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 150, ɫɥɟɞɜɚɣɤɢ Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ, Ɇ. ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦ..., ɬ.1, 161.
15
ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ equitum Illyricorum.43 ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɟ ɡɚɫɟɥɢɥ ɜ
ɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɡɟɦɢ,44 ɧɨ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɬɭɤ ɞɚ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɞɨ 193 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɸɝ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ, ɱɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɨɬɨ
ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
Ɂɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ⱦɨɥɧɚ Ɇɢɡɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɨɬ 18 ɸɧɢ 54 ɝ., ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ Sextus Magus,
Bessus, ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ ala Gallorum et Thracum Antiana.45 Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ
ɜ ɫ. Ɂɚɮɢɪɨɜɨ, ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɨ.
Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ? ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɟɞɧɨ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ – ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɫ. Ɇɭɯɨɜɨ, ɂɯɬɢɦɚɧɫɤɨ,
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ
ɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɭɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ.46 ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ɇ. Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ47, ɤɚɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɛɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɛɢɯɦɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɴɥɧɢɦ ɢ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɩɨɥɢɫ ɚɞ ɂɫɬɪɭɦ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɟ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɛɟɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɜ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɩɪɚɜɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɫɢɝɭɪɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ. Ʌɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɟ
ɞɚ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɛɢ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ, ɧɨ ɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɫ ɛɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɫ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɬɚɤɴɜ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ, ɬɨ ɬɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɹɬ
ɬɨɜɚ, ɫɥɟɞɜɚɣɤɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɬɚ. ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ Meticus Solae f.
Bessus, ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟ ɧɚ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ,
ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɫɢɜ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɫ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ.
ɇɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɋɟɪɞɢɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧ.
ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɟ ɜɴɜ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɟ
ɧɚɣ-ɦɚɥɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɤɪɢɟ ɜɴɜ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ, ɬɨɜɚ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚ.
ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɛɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ

43
RMD I, London 1978, 39.
44
Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ. ɂ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 156.
45
CIL XVI, 3, AE 1930, 72.
46
ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ, ɂ. Ȼɨɹɧɨɜ ɫɟ ɫɴɦɧɹɜɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɬɹɯ.
47
Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ, Ɇ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 50-51.
16
ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ ɜɴɜ ɮɥɨɬɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚ tria nomina,
filiatio, ɬɪɢɛɚɬɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹɬɚ,
ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɨ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ, ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ 1
ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 142 ɝ. ɡɚ L(ucius) Petronius Eptaezeni f(ilio) Eptaetralius, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ
ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ class(e) pr(aetoria) Ravenn(ate) ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ origo, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɟ Nicopol(is) ex Bess(ia).48 ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ M(arcus) Ulpius Bizae f(ilius) Riuozius, ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɜ class(e)
pr(aetoria) Ravenn(ate), ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ Nicop(olis) ex Bess(ia)49 ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɧɚ 1 ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 142 ɝ., ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ ɨɬ
ɬɚɡɢ ɞɚɬɚ.50
Ɍɨɡɢ Nicopolis ad Bessia ɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɫ Nicopolis ex Thracia,
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬ ɜ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɨɬ 7 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 160 ɝ.51, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɫɟ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ ɫ Nicopolis ad Nestum, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ – ɫ Nicopolis ad
Istrum. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭɜɚ ɧɚ Nicopolis ex
Moesia52 ɢɥɢ (Ulpia) Nicopolis ex Moesia inferior.53 ɓɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ, ɬɨɣ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ Philippopolis ex
Thracia54, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ – Augusta
Traiana ex Thracia55 ɢ Serdica ex Thracia.56 əɫɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɛɟɫɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɚɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɢɬɭɢɪɚɦɟ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ Bess(ia), ɬ. ɟ. ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ,
ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɇɢɤɨɩɨɥɢɫ ɚɞ ɇɟɫɬɭɦ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ – ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɜ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ
ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ, Ɇ. Ɋɨɤɫɚɧ ɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɚ
ɞɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚ Ɋɨɞɨɩɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɫɢɜ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ
ɛɟɫɢɬɟ.57 ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ ɟ ɨɛɫɚɞɟɧ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɩɪɟɡ 21
ɝ., ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɨɛɫɚɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ, ɚ ɨɬ ‘Coelaletae Odrusaeque et Dii,
validate nationes’.58
ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɧɢ
ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ
48
RMD IV, London, 2003, 264.
49
RMD V, London, 2008, 392.
50
ȼɠ. RMD V, 393, 394; RMD V, 428.
51
ȼɠ. RMD V, 425.
52
RMD V, 457 (Ian, 9/ Oct. 11, 221), 463 (14 Nov/11 Dec 224).
53
RMD V, 471 (236 AD).
54
RMD I, 105 (7 Febr. 160 AD); IV, 227 (7 Febr. 160); V, 459 (9 Jan/11 Oct. 221).
55
RMD V, 427 (7 Febr. 160).
56
RMD V, 435 (13 Mart 205).
57
RMD IV, p. 506, n. 8.
58
Tac. Ann. 3. 38.
17
ɫɢɬɭɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ,
ɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɢ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ.
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɢ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɩɨɞ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ,
ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ, ɱɟ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɩɨɦɚɝɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɢɨɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɬɨɪɢɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɢɹ, ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɦɟ ɜ ɞɜɚɬɚ
ɮɥɨɬɚ – Ɇɢɡɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɢ Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɤɢɹ. ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇ. Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ
ɬɚɡɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɹɫɧɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɹ ɹ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɞɚ ɭɤɪɨɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ
ɩɥɟɦɟ, ɩɪɚɳɚɣɤɢ ɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɦɴɪɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ.59 ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ch. Starr ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɛɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬ
ɜɴɜ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɟɧ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɡɢ ɨɬ Ⱦɚɪɞɚɧɢɹ.60 ɂ ɬɭɤ
ɢɞɜɚ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ, ɚɤɨ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɟ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ, ɚ ɩɴɤ ɝɪɚɞɴɬ –
ɧɟɝɨɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɬɨ Ɇɢɡɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɢɥɢ
Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɤɢɹ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ
ɪɚɣɨɧɢ.61 Ɇɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ ɜɴɜ ɮɥɨɬɚ
ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ. ɋɥɭɱɚɹɬ ɫ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. ȿɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ, ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɡɟɦɹ ɧɚ
Ƚɨɪɧɨɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɢɡɢɧɚ.62ɋɴɳɨɬɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɢ ɡɚ
ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɟɰ, ɋɚɦɨɤɨɜ, ɂɯɬɢɦɚɧ ɢ Ⱦɭɩɧɢɰɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɧɚ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ.
Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɡɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɪɹɰɢ ɨɬ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ ɨɬ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ ɧɚ
C. Iulius Bithus, Seuthi f(ilius)63 ɢ P. Lucretius Firmus, Prili f(ilius),64 ɱɢɣɬɨ
origo ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ Philippopoli ex Thracia, ɤɨɢɬɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ
ɝɨɪɟɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ, ɫɚ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ
ɧɚ 7 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 160 ɝ. Ɍɟɡɢ, ɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɢ, ɭɜɨɥɧɟɧɢ ɨɬ
ɮɥɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ M. Roxan ɞɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ

59
Ɍɚɱɟɜɚ, Ɇ. ɉɨɫɥ. ɰɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 155-179.
60
Starr, Ch. The Roman Imperial Navy 31 B.C.-A.D. 324 (Cambridge)2, 1960, 71.
61
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 75-76.
62
ɜɠ. ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɜ Tabula Imperii Romana, K-35/2-Philippopolis, Tendill Publishing House,
Sofia, 2012.
63
RMD II, London, 1985, 105.
64
RMD IV, 277.
18
ɢɡɜɴɧɪɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ ɡɚ Ɇɢɡɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɮɥɨɬ ɨɬ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɤɴɦ 134 ɝ., ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ ɧɚ
legio X Fretensis ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɭɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɪ-Ʉɨɯɛɚ ɜ ɘɞɟɹ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ, ɥɟɝɢɨɧɴɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɩɴɥɧɟɧ ɫ ɦɨɪɹɰɢ ɨɬ
Ɇɢɡɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɮɥɨɬ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜ ɪɟɤɪɭɬ.65
Ɍɨɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬ. Ɂɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɦɢ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧ. Ⱦɨɪɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɹɧ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɩɚɪɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ 116 ɝ., ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ
ɩɨɩɴɥɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɚɜɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɮɥɨɬ, ɦɨɪɹɰɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Nicopolis ex Bessia, ɬ. ɟ. Nicopolis ad
Nestum.66
ɂ ɬɚɤɚ, ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ
ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ
ɧɚ ɦɨɪɹɰɢ ɫ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɜ
Ɇɢɡɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɮɥɨɬ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɫ ɞɚɪɞɚɧɢɬɟ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɴɠɞɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ,
ɚ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɝɪɚɞ – ɤɚɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɬɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɱɟ Ȼɟɫɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɥɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ɋɨɞɨɩɢɬɟ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɇɢɤɨɩɨɥɢɫ ɚɞ ɇɟɫɬɭɦ ɢ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ. Ʌɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɛɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɜ ɩɴɥɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ ɫ ɇɢɤɨɩɨɥɢɫ ɚɞ ɇɟɫɬɭɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɟ ɢ ɜ ɭɧɢɫɨɧ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ
ɤɴɞɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɛɟɫɢɬɟ: amnem Strymonem accolunt dextro latere
Denseletae et Maedi ad Bisaltas usque supra dictos, laevo Digeri
Bessorumque multa nomina ad Mestum amnem.67

65
Roxan, A. A Diploma of the Misene Fleet –In: Frei-Stolba, R./Speidel, M.A. (eds.),
Römische Inschriften – Neufunde, Neulisungen und Neuinterpretationen. Festschrift für H.
Lieb Basel-Berlin, 1995, 101-112; 110; Paunov, E. A Hadrianic diploma for a Thracian
sailor from the Misene fleet: 25 December 119 A.D., Archaeologia Bulgarica 3, 2005, 39-51;
5, 47.
66
ȼɠ. ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 47.
67
Plin, Nat. Hist., IV, 11, 40.
19
 „ɉɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ”1
ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɣɨɬɨɜ

"Under the high walls of Anchialos"

Ivan Karayotov

Abstract: The rich history of ancient Anchialos, his remarkable tomb-

mausoleum, functioned between II and IV century BC. and gold Leseskepra
course today is remarkable and important. But no less important is the fact
that the name "Anchialos" is entered in the poetry of Ovid Publius named as
early as the second decade of the first century AD. After eight years after
Christ. Anchialos was apparently brief refuge for exiled poet. On the border
of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, briefly to hang Bulgarian poet Peyo
and Yavorov. First, unless Anchialos, and immortalized his beloved Corinna
and the second is praised Black Sea garkinya Calliope. Only the first two
letters of both their inspirers match. But above all Anchialos ringing in the
poetry of two geniuses. And this happy coincidence pushes us to think that
they can understand where miracles live - in poetry or in living history,
which springs out of ancient monuments.

Ɇɭɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɡɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ ɞɨɤɨɫɜɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ – ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ

Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɨɳɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ ɥɟɬɨɛɪɨɟɧɟ. ȼ ɫɭɪɨɜɢɹ
ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ ɧɚ 8 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ., ɧɚ ɩɴɬ ɡɚ Ɍɨɦɢɫ (ɞɧɟɫ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ) (Ɉɛɪ. 1),
ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɩɨɟɬ ɉɭɛɥɢɣ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɇɚɡɨɧ (43 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. – 18 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ
ɏɪ) ɦɢɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɡ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɚɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɥɨ ɜ
ɩɨɟɡɢɹɬɚ. ɑɟɬɟɦ ɝɨ ɜ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɬɚ ɟɥɟɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ „Ɍɴɝɢ” (Tristia), ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɡɜɭɱɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɩɥɨɫɢ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɟɝɨɜɟɬɟ) ɧɚ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɛɪɹɝ. ȿɬɨ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɱɭɬɚɬɚ
ɟɥɟɝɢɹ:

„...ɢ ɩɪɟɡ Ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɨɧ – ɬɚɦ ɛɪɟɝɴɬ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚ,
Ɉɬɜɚɪɹɳ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ȿɜɤɫɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɉɨɧɬ,
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚ, ɩɨɧɟɫɟɧ ɨɬ ɘɠɧɢɹɬ ɜɹɬɴɪ
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɢ ɫɤɚɥɢ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ Ʉɢɚɧɟɣɫɤɢ.
Ɍɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɡɚɥɢɜ ɞɚ ɫɬɢɝɧɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɨɜ

1
Ovide, P. Tristes, Paris, 1987., I, 10, 35
20
 ɂ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɥ
ɜɴɜ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɪɬ ɞɚ ɡɚɤɨɬɜɹ.
Ⱦɚ ɦɢɧɚ Ɉɞɟɫɨɫ, ɫɥɟɞ ɬɭɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ,
ɉɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɢɦɟ ɨɬ Ȼɚɤɯ-Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫ,
Ⱥ ɫɴɳɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɞɚɥ ɩɨɞɫɥɨɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢ
ɇɚ Ⱥɥɤɚɬɨɣ – ɤɚɤɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɢɟ
ɂ ɧɟɜɪɟɞɢɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɟɬɰɢɬɟ,
ɞɟɬɨ ɨɫɤɴɪɛɟɧɢɹɬ ɛɨɝ ɦɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɬɢ.....” 2

Ʉɴɦ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ

ɮɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɠɟɥɹɡɧɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɥɚɤɨɜɢ ɤɭɩɢɱɤɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜ
ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ȼ ɛɥɢɡɤɚɬɚ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɢɦɚ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɠɟɥɹɡɨ (ɏ
– ȱV ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.). ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɹɞɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ, ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ
ɨɬ ɞɜɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɩɨɟɧɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɞɨɛɹɜɚɳɚ ɝɢɪɚ(Ɉɛɪ. 2).
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɝɟɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ.
ȿɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɱɪɟɡ ɧɚɞɪɚɫɤɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨ
ɥɢɰɟ3. ɋ ɩɴɥɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ, ɱɟ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ
ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɢɞɨɥ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɨɩɥɚɜɚɧɟ ɨɳɟ ɜ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȱ-ɬɨ ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɩɪ. ɏɪ. Ʉɨɬɜɚɬɚ-ɢɞɨɥ ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɧɚ
ɦɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ, ɜ ɩɹɫɴɱɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɫɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ ɦɨɪɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ
ɢ ɫɟɝɚ ɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɧɚ ɜ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ.
ɇɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɹɬ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ4, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɪɟɳɚɦɟ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ „ɦɚɥɤɚɬɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ” („ɮɪɭɪɢɨɧ”) Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱȱ ɜ. ɩɪ.
ɏɪ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɟɧ ɞɟɤɪɟɬ, ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ
ɫɪɟɞ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɂɫɬɪɢɹ (Ɉɛɪ. 3). ɂɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɢɞɜɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɫɬɚɪɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ – ɂɫɬɪɨɫ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɤɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɧɚ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 60 ɤɦ ɨɬ Ɍɨɦɢɫ (Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ).
„ɉɨɥɢɯɧɢɨɧɴɬ” („ɝɪɚɞɱɟɬɨ”) Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥ ɢ
ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɦɩɨɪɢɨɧ (ɩɚɡɚɪɢɳɟ). ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢɹ ɞɟɤɪɟɬ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ

2
Ibidem, 10. ȼ Ⱦɟɫɟɬɚ ɟɥɟɝɢɹ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɹ
ɤɨɪɚɛ, ɫ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɚɥ ɜ Ɍɨɦɢɫ. Ɍɨɣ ɦɢɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɡ Ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɨɧ (ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ),
Ɍɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɡɚɥɢɜ (ɂɧɢɚɞɚ), ɝɪɚɞɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɨɜ (ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ), Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ (ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ), Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ
(ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ), Ɉɞɟɫɨɫ (ȼɚɪɧɚ), ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɤɯ-Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫ - Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɨɩɨɥɢɫ(Ȼɚɥɱɢɤ), ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɧɚ Ⱥɥɤɚɬɨɣ – Ʉɚɥɚɬɢɫ (Ɇɚɧɝɚɥɢɹ), ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɟɬɰɢɬɟ – Ɍɨɦɢɫ (Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ). Ɍɨɜɚ
ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɚ. ɋɚɦɢɹɬ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɟ ɩɪɟɫɹɤɴɥ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɨɬ
Ɍɟɦɩɢɪɚ (ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ) ɞɨ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɢ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɲɚ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɱɢɥ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢ.
3
Karayotov, I. A Thracian Sea God from Pomorie. – IJNA 12.3, 1983, 263-264;
Ʉɚɪɚɣɨɬɨɜ, ɂ. Ɍɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɨ ɦɨɪɫɤɨ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. – Ɏɚɪ [ȼɚɪɧɚ], ɫ.61-63
4
Mihailov,G. Inscriptiones grecae in Bulgaria repertae, Volumen I, Inscriptiones orae Ponti
Euxini, Serdicae, 1970, 388bis (IGBR)
21
ɂɫɬɪɢɹ ɚɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɨɤɫɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɬɜɨ) ɧɚ
ɢɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɜɚɪɯ (ɚɞɦɢɪɚɥ) ɏɟɝɟɫɚɝɨɪɚɫ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɇɨɧɢɦɨɫ, Ɍɨɣ ɢɦɚɥ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɜɪɴɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɜɴɜ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɦɚɥɴɤ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɬɚɧɚɥ ɹɛɴɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɥ
ɜɨɣɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɪɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢɹ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɢ ɣɨɧɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ
– ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɹɬ ɞɟɤɪɟɬ,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɫɬɪɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȱȱ
ɜɟɤ ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɧɚɩɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɫɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɤɪɚɣɧɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢ ɡɚɥɢɜ ɫɟ ɡɚɫɢɥɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɛɥɹɫɧɚɥɨ ɤɴɫɨɬɨ ɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ.
əɛɴɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɥ “ɩɨɥɢɯɧɢɨɧɴɬ”- “ɝɪɚɞɱɟɬɨ” Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ,
ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧ ɜ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɢ “ɮɪɭɪɢɨɧ”, ɬ. ɟɫɬ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɫɩɭɤɚɥɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɚɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɫɤɢ ɰɢɪɟɣ, ɢɡɪɚɫɧɚɥ ɜ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. Ɍɟ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɥɢ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɣɤɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɚ
ɭɞɚɪɢɥɢ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɯɢɥɟɫɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɇɟɫɚɛɪɢɣɰɢ
ɡɚɜɥɚɞɹɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɤɜɟɪɧɢɥɢ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɝ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ Ʌɟɱɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɋɜ. ɋɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɤ ɢ ɘɥɢɬɚ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɤɜɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɨ ɩɨɪɭɝɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɥɚɩɢɞɚɪɧɢɹɬ (ɤɪɚɬɤɢɹ) ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɦɴɥɱɢ. Ɇɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɞɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɛɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ
Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ Ⱥɧɚɤɫɢɦɚɧɞɴɪ ɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɟ, ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɚɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɫɤɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɝ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ, ɟɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
Ɉɩɨɡɨɪɟɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɩɪɨɱɭɬɢɹɬ ɜ ɰɹɥ ɫɜɹɬ
ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜ ɤɨɥɨɫ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɫɬɢ, ɠɢɜɟɟɳɢ ɩɨ ɛɪɟɝɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ
Ƚɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɬɨ ɦɨɪɟ.
Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ ɂɟɬɪɨɫ – ɬ. ɟɫɬ Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɢɤ, ɉɚɡɢɬɟɥ ɨɬ ɡɥɨɬɨ ɢ Ʌɟɱɢɬɟɥ,
ɛɢɥ ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧ ɢ ɜ ɂɫɬɪɢɹ. ɇɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɚɬɚ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ Ɇɢɥɟɬ
ɫɛɥɢɠɚɜɚɥɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɂɫɬɪɢɹ. Ɉɛɳɢɹɬ ɤɭɥɬ ɤɴɦ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ ɜ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɦɭ
ɧɚ Ʌɟɱɢɬɟɥ ɫɴɳɨ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɥ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɉɪɟɡ
ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɢ ɞɨɦɨɧɟɬɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ
– ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɢ-ɩɚɪɢ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɧɟɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɬ ɢ
ɤɚɬɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ ɂɟɬɪɨɫ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɡɚ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɤɢɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɚɣ ɞɚ ɢɡɫɬɪɟɥɜɚɬ ɫɬɪɟɥɢ
ɤɴɦ ɧɟɛɟɬɨ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɛɨɝɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɤɥɨɧɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɬɹɯ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɚɜɹɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɛɪɚɬɹ ɚɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɰɢɬɟ, ɢɫɬɪɢɹɧɢɬɟ, ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ
ɧɚɜɚɪɯɚ – ɚɞɦɢɪɚɥɚ ɏɟɝɟɫɚɝɨɪ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɇɨɧɢɦɨɫ ɧɟɡɚɛɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ
ɜ Ɂɚɥɢɜɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɳ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɮɥɨɬɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɢ
ɂɫɬɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɥɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɛɪɚɜɢɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ
Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɜɴɪɧɚɥɨ
ɫɬɚɬɭɤɜɨɬɨ? ȿɞɜɚ ɥɢ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɜɴɪɧɚɥɢ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. ɇɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɡɚɳɨ ɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɥɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɴɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ

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ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɧɟɦɨɳ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɟɞɧɨ
ɭɤɪɟɩɟɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɞɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚɬ ɦɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɣɰɢɬɟ.
Ɂɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɦɨɳ ɧɚ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ȱȱ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɢɦɩɨɡɚɧɬɧɢ ɪɟɥɟɮɢ,
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɧɟɣɧɢɹɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɭɯɨɩɴɬɧɚɬɚ ɢ
ɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɫɪɚɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɫ ɚɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɪɢɹɧɢɬɟ
ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ȱȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɬɟ
ɪɟɥɟɮɢ ɱɟɬɟɦ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ Ⱦɢɨɫɤɭɪɢɞɚɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɟ
ɜɥɹɡɴɥ ɜ ɫɨɦɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɝɟɪɨɢ (“ɯɟɪɨɫɢ”) ɧɚ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ.
ɋɴɳɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɣɫɤɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɪɚɯɦɢ.
ɇɟ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɠɞɚɥ ɜɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɣɰɢɬɟ
ɫɪɟɳɭ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɚɬɚ ɮɥɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɚ
ɨɬ ɢɫɬɪɢɚɧɟɰɚ ɏɟɝɟɫɚɝɨɪ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɇɨɧɢɦ.
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɴɡɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɬɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɤɜɨ ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɤɚɬɨ ɚɩɨɥɨɧɢɣɫɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɨɫɬɢɟ, ɤɪɢɡɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ
ɧɚ ȱȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɥɚ ɫɴɞɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. ɋɥɟɞ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɤɢɩɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɴɥɤɨɜɨɞɟɰɚ Ɇɚɪɤ Ʌɭɤɭɥ ɩɪɟɡ 72 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɡɚ
ɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɚɳɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɤɢ
ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ
Ɇɢɬɪɢɞɚɬ Vȱ ȿɜɩɚɬɨɪ, ɫɪɟɳɭ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ Ɋɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɥ ɜɨɟɧɧɚɬɚ
ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ. ɋɚɦɚɬɚ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɳɚɞɟɧɚ, ɧɨ
ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɡɚɪɨɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨɯɨɞ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɚ. ɂ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɨɬɨ ɘɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ „ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɬ ɫ ɬɪɚɤɢ” Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. ɂ ɜɚɫɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦ
– ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɰɚɪɟ, ɪɟɡɢɞɢɪɚɳɢ ɜ Ȼɢɡɢɹ (ɞɧɟɫ ȼɢɡɚ ɜ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ)
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ. ɉɪɟɤɢɬɟ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɥɟɬɨɛɪɨɟɧɟ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ, ɱɟ ɝɪɚɞɱɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ
„ɫɨɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ” ɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɬɹɠɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ
ɟɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ.
Ɋɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɫɚ ɛɟɥɢ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ
ɉɭɛɥɢɣ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɇɚɡɨɧ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɨɬ „ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ
ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ”.
Ʉɨɫɜɟɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɢɡɞɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ ȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. ɟ ɦɨɝɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɠɪɢɰɚ
Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ, ɨɬɤɢɪɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ

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ɦɨɝɢɥɚ5, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɤɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɭɩɨɥɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ.
ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɦɨɝɢɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ ɟ
ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɰɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɴɥɛɚɹɬ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɫɤɪɢɜɚɥɢɳɟ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ
ɬɟɯɧɢɹɬ ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɟɧ ɢɡɤɨɩ ɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɚɥ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɞɚɬɚ,
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɝɨɪɟɧɢ ɬɥɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɜ
ɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɢ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɫɢɩɴɬ ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɬɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɱɪɟɡ ɢɡɝɚɪɹɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɤɪɢɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɴɬɧɚɬɨ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɯɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ
(Ɉɛɪ. 4), ɪɢɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɩɢɱɤɚ (Ɉɛɪ. 5), ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɥɭɤɫɨɡɧɚ
ɱɟɪɜɟɧɨɥɚɤɨɜɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɉɤɬɚɜɢɚɧ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ.
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬ ɧɚ ȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ., ɧɨ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ
ɨɝɴɪɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɧɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɭɥɤɢ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɧɚ ɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ
ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ȱȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. Ɂɧɚɱɢ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ ɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɠɪɢɰɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɥɚ ɰɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɨɝɴɪɥɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɰɢ. ɂɦɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɠɪɢɰɚɬɚ „ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ” ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɟɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɟɞɢɧɢɹ ɱɢɮɬ
ɮɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɨɛɟɰɢ, ɭɤɪɚɫɟɧɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɮɢɧɤɫɨɜɟ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɦɥɚɞɢ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɱɟɬɟɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɦɨɞɚ ɦɴɠɟɬɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɛɟɰɢ ɫɦɹɬɚɬ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ,
ɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧ ɦɴɠ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ „Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɨɫ”. Ɍɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɚ
ɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɱɢɜɢ ɢ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ɍɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ „Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ” ɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɡɚɫɟɝɚ, ɬɚɤɴɜ
ɝɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧɟ, ɧɟ ɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɟɧ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɢɤɨɣ ɨɬ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɚɥ, ɱɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɡɚɤɨɩɱɚɥɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɩɢɳɧɚɬɚ ɨɝɴɪɥɢɰɚ ɢɦɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɫɬɟɧɭɪɤɢ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɱɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɱɢɬɟɬɟɥɤɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɮɪɨɞɢɬɚ – ɛɨɝɢɧɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɨɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɛɨɝɢɧɹɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɦɴɠɟɬɟ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ ɬɹ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɳɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɬɨ
ɩɥɚɜɚɧɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɟɪɨɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɥɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɟ ɤɚɪɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɬɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɨɬɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɧɚɩɨɫɥɟɞɴɤ.
ɋɩɨɦɧɹɦ ɫɢ, ɱɟ ɜ ɤɥɚɞɚɬɚ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ
70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɯɚ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬ
ɩɨɥɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɬɪɨɲɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɢ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɀɚɥɤɨ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɝɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɯɦɟ.
ȿɞɢɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɟ ɉɚɫɢɤɫɟɧɨɫ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɬɟɮɢɥɨɫ ɟ ɩɨɪɴɱɚɥ ɫɤɭɥɩɬɨɪɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɋɚɪɚɩɢɫ ɢ ɂɡɢɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɡɞɪɚɜɟɧɨɫɧɢ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ȱȱ ɜ. ɩɪ. ɏɪ. Ɍɨɣ ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɫɪɟɞ

5
Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, ɉ. Ɉɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɤɢɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɤɚ. – ɂɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ,
1976, ɤɧ. 4, 28-32; Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ, ɉ. Ɇɨɝɢɥɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɤɚ ɨɬ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɏɏI, 1979, ɤɧ. 3, 23-32.
24
ɪɢɦɫɤɨɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɳɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɦ ɉɚɥɟɨɤɚɫɬɪɨ, ɞɨ
ɧɨɜɢɹ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɨɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ ɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ. Ɉɬɬɭɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫ, ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ Ƚɚɣɨɫ
ɘɥɢɨɫ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɨɫ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬɨɫ ɨɬ Ȼɢɡɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 13-ɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɬɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɢɡɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ ɬ. ɜ 38
ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ. (Ɉɛɪ. 6). Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɚɪɚɩɢɫ ɢ ɂɡɢɞɚ ɢ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɧɚ Ƚɚɣɨɫ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɨɫ ɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ
ɫɟ ɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɉɚɥɟɨɤɚɫɬɪɨ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɟ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɦ ɞɨ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɫɥɨɹɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
2 ɦ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɢɳɟ ɢ ɛɥɢɤɧɚɥɚɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɜɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ.
Ɉɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ
ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɡɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ (ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ) ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɳɚɦɟ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣ
Ʌɟɨɧɬó ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɛɚɳɚ Ⱥɜɥɭɞɡɟɧɟɫ6. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɦɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ ɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ
ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫ ɩɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ7. ȼɟɱɟ ɟ ɧɚɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ Ʉɚɪɫɟɧɨɫ ɤɪɚɣ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ, ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɟɱɟɧ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ, ɬɚɤɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɜɨɬɢɜɧɢɹ (ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ) ɪɟɥɟɮ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɥɭɞɡɟɧɟɫ. ȼɫɢɱɤɨ
ɬɨɜɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɱɟ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ Ⱥɭɤɰɢɨɧɤɚɬɚɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɸɧɯɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɧɬɢɤɜɚɪɧɚ ɤɴɳɚ Ʌɚɧɰ ɛɹɯɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɞɜɟ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ8, ɫɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɟɩɬɢɦɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ (08ɚ ɢ b) ɢ Ʉɚɪɚɤɚɥɚ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ Strack ɬɢɩ9 ɇɚ ɨɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɬɟ
ɢɦɚɬ ɤɨɪɚɛ (Ɉɛɪ. 8a ɢ b) , ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ, ɩɨɞɫɢɥɟɧɢ ɫ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢ ɤɭɥɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɟɦɢɧɢɫɰɟɧɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɹ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɢɯɚ “…ɩɨɞ
ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ..”, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɭɬɢɹɬ ɩɨɟɬ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥ ɧɚ
ɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɝɪɚɞ.
Ɂɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɪɟɡ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ɧɢɟ ɧɹɦɚɦɟ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɬɨ ɦɨɝɢɥɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɠɪɢɰɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ

6
IGBR, I, 402
7
Ibidem, 374
8
Hubert Lanz (Münich), Auktion, Münzen der Antike 1997, Auktion 78, 754; Idem,
Auktion 80, 457
9
Strack, M. Anchialos. – In: Die antiken Münzen Nordgrichenlands II 1, 1: Thrakien
(Thrakische Völkerschft, Abdera, Ainos und Anchialos), Berlin, 1912, 203-306, Taf. V-VIII.

25
ɬɨɡɢ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ȱȱ ɜɟɤ ɩɪ.
ɏɪ. “ɩɨɥɢɯɧɢɨɧ”, ɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ Ȼɢɡɢɹ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ “ɡɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ”10 ɛɟɡ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɜɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ.
ɏɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ, ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɧ ɨɬ ɫɜɢɬɚ, ɨɫɢɝɭɪɟɧɚ ɨɬ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱ,
ɩɪɟɫɢɱɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ ɢ Ɍɭɧɞɠɚ ɨɬ Ɍɟɦɩɢɪɚ ɞɨ ɑɟɪɧɨ
ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɱɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɤɨɪɚɛ, ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹ ɢ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ. ɓɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ 104 ɫɬɢɯ ɨɬ
ɞɟɜɟɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɧɚ ɑɟɬɜɴɪɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɉɨɧɬɚ11. Ɍɭɤ ɬɨɣ
ɧɟɞɜɭɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɹɜɹɜɚ, ɱɟ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɦɭ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɱɢɬ ɢ
ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢ, ɱɟ ɢ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɞɨɪɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɝɨ ɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɢɥ ɫ
ɨɛɢɱɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɤɫɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɣ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɭ
ɟ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɭɜɚɥ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɥɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭɱɭɞɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 202 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ. ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɫɬɢɯ ‘…ɩɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ
ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ..” ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɪɟɜɟɪɫɧɢɹ ɬɢɩ ɧɚ ɋɟɩɬɢɦɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ ɢ Ʉɚɪɚɤɚɥɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɪɹɞɴɤ ɢ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɧɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɡɚ ɨɩɚɤɨ.
Ɉɜɢɞɢɟɜɨɬɨ ɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɡ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ 3 – 4 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɴɡɰɚɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɬɢɫ, ɫɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱ. Ⱥɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɦ
ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɚ Ɍɚɰɢɬ 12 ɡɚ ɦɥɚɞɢɹ Ʉɨɬɢɫ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɧɚ ȱȱ ɜɟɤ (ɫɦɹɬɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɜ 116 ɝ.) ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɦɭ
ɩɪɚɜɢ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɜ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɜ 12 ɢɥɢ 13 ɝ. (Ɉɛɪɴɳɚɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ,
ɱɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɜɟɤ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ). Ɂɚ Ʉɨɬɢɫ Ɍɚɰɢɬ ɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɟ “ɦɟɤ”,
“ɧɟɠɟɧ” ɢ “ɩɪɢɹɬɟɧ”, “ɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɟɧ”, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ Ɋɟɫɤɭɩɨɪɢɫ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ
ɟ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ “ɫɭɪɨɜ, ɚɥɱɟɧ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɳɢɬɟɥɟɧ”.
Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɦɥɚɞɢɹ Ʉɨɬɢɫ ɬɚɤɚ: “Ⱦɨɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɹɜɚ (ɨɦɟɤɨɬɹɜɚ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ
(ɧɪɚɜɚ) ɢ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɞɬɢɫɤɚ ɝɪɭɛɨɫɬɬɚ. ɇɢɤɨɣ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɟɬɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧ ɜ ɬɹɯ (ɜ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɚɬɚ) ɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɥɟɠɧɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɜɨɢɬɟ ɩɟɫɧɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ, ɞɨɪɢ ɢ
ɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɬɴɤɜɚɲ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ, ɚɡ ɧɟ ɛɢɯ ɨɬɪɟɤɴɥ: ɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ
ɦɥɚɞ ɬɪɚɤ. ɇɟɤɚ Ɉɪɮɟɣ ɧɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ.
Ȼɢɫɬɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɡɟɦɹ ɫɟ ɝɨɪɞɟɟ ɫ ɬɜɨɹɬɚ ɩɪɟɜɴɡɯɨɞɧɚ ɞɚɪɛɚ” 13.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ȱ ɜ. ɫɥ. ɏɪ. ɟ ɬɜɨɪɢɥ ɨɳɟ

10
IGBR, I, 378
11
Ovide, P. Pontiques, Texte établie et traduit par Jacques André, Paris, 1993, IV, 9
12
Oeuvres completes de Tacide, Traduites en Francais avec une introduction et des notes par
J. L. Burnoouf, Paris, Paris, 1859, II, 64
13
Ovide, P. Pontiques, II, 9, 47-54
26
ɟɞɢɧ ɩɨɟɬ – ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥ ɫɟ ɜ Ɋɢɦ ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ
Ʉɨɬɢɫ Ɇɥɚɞɢ.
ɂ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɴɳɚ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɬɨ “ɩɨɟɬ ɤɴɦ ɩɨɟɬɚ”:
“Ⱦɪɭɝɨɬɨ ɧɟɳɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɫ ɬɟɛ – ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ ɫɴɳ ɫɜɹɬ
ɨɥɬɚɪ, ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɦ. Ⱥɡ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɚɦ ɦɨɥɟɳɢ ɪɴɰɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɟɬ ɤɴɦ
ɩɨɟɬɚ. ɇɟɤɚ ɬɜɨɣɬɚ ɡɟɦɹ ɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɧɚ ɡɚ ɦɨɣɬɨ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɟ.”
ȼ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɟɜɟɪɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ
Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɧɚɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ Ʉɨɬɢɫ . Ȼɟɡ ɞɚ ɟ ɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɢɡɪɢɱɧɨ ɜ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɦ: ɋɥɟɞ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɳɚ ɫɢ, Ʉɨɬɢɫ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɥ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ “ɰɚɪ”, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɪɴɰɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹɬ ɱɢɱɨ ɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɟɧ ɫ ɩɨ-ɧɢɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɢɬɥɚ “ɞɢɧɚɫɬ”, ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
19 ɝɨɞ. ɧɚ ɫɢɧɚ ɦɭ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɨ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɜ
Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ
(ɞɸɧɚɫɬɟɭɨɧɬɨɫ) ɟ ɡɚɥɢɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɟ ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɨ (ɛɚɫɢɥɟɭɫ) - ɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɬɢɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɢɫɴɞɟɧɚ ɦɭ ɨɬ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɜ 25 ɝ., ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɤɚɡɚɯ.
ȿɞɧɨ ɦɨɳɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱ ɜ
ɤɚɩɬɚɠɚ ɧɚ Aquae calidae (Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɛɚɧɢ)14, ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɴɬɧɚ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɴɬɹ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɤɴɦ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨ ɫɭɯɨɡɟɦɧɢɹ ɩɴɬ ɧɚ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɤɴɦ “ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ”, ɡɚ ɧɚɫ
ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢ ɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɢɥɧɨɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɡɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɫ ɨɛɫɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ
Ɏɢɥɨɜ ɜ 1910 ɝ. ɨɬ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɤɚɩɬɚɠɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3000 ɦɨɧɟɬɢ 180 ɛɢɥɢ
ɧɚ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ ɢ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɧɚ
Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ. ɉɪɟɡ 1994 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɛɹɯɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɧɚɞ 300 ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ,
ɬɨɜɚ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ. ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɬɭɤ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ
ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɟ ɧɚ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱ.
Ɂɚ ɪɚɧɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɜɟɱɟ ɦɪɚɦɨɪɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ
(Ɉɛɪ. 6):
„ɉɪɟɡ 13-ɬɚɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɚ
Ɋɟɫɤɭɩɨɪɢɞɚɫ ɢ ɜɧɭɤ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ Ʉɨɬɢɫ ɢ (ɩɪɢ ɰɚɪɢɰɚɬɚ) ɜɧɭɱɤɚ ɧɚ
Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱ; (ɚɡ) Ƚɚɣɨɫ ɘɥɢɨɫ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɟɤɟɧɬɨɫ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ (ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɯ) ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɨɫ”15.
ɋɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ ɢ Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞ ɬɨɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ
ɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɰɢɢɬɟ “Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ - Ʉɨɬɢɫ Ɇɥɚɞɢ” ɢ

14
Filov, B. Archäologische Funde im J. 1910, Bulgarien, AA XXV,1911, 349-357.
15
Karayotov, I. “Arta sub Anchiali moenia …”(Ovid,Tristia,III) - realites numismatiques et
archeologiques, In: Thracia (Studia in memoriam Velrzari Velkov) 13, 219-226.
27
“Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ - Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ”. ɇɨɜɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚ
ɞɚɬɚ. Ɍɭɤ ɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɱɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬ ɜ “ɬɪɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɬɚ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ”. Ɂɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ
ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢɡɪɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɨ
ɛɚɳɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɚɣɱɢɧɚ ɥɢɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɦ ɩɨ-ɫɬɚɛɢɥɟɧ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɪɟɩɟɪ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ “ɬɪɢɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɰɚɪɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ”, ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ
ɨɛɴɪɧɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ. Ⱦɨɤɚɬɨ ɜ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɹ ɢ
Ɋɚɡɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ “Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬ”, ɬɨ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɥ ɤɴɦ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ʉɚɥɢɝɭɥɚ ɢ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥ “Ƚɚɣɨɫ ɘɥɢɨɫ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɨɫ
ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬɨɫ”, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɛɢɡɢɟɰ, ɧɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɬɴɤɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ.
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɢɧɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜ 19 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ. ɉɚɤ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɩɪɟɡ
25/26 ɝ. ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɢɦɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɛɪɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɚɫɚɥ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦ. Ⱥɤɨ
ɜɡɟɦɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɟɧ ɨɬ
ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɰɚɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɢɝɭɥɚ, ɬ.ɟ. 37/38 ɝ., ɟɞɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɚɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɚ - ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 25 ɝ.
Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɬɢɬɥɚɬɚ “ɛɚɫɢɥɟɨɫ”. Ɍɚɡɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɢ ɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɞɚ
ɭɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ 38 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢɬɟ ɫɢ
ɧɚ ɜɚɫɚɥɟɧ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ɋɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɬɚ Ʉɨɬɢɫ, Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱȱ,
ɱɢɣɬɨ ɪɟɞ ɧɚ ɛɢɡɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɬɪɨɧ ɞɨɲɴɥ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɨɞɚɬɚɣɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɣɤɚ
ɦɭ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɹ Ɍɪɢɮɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɛɢɥ
ɜɴɡɰɚɪɢɥ ɜ 37 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɰɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ 38 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ.
ȼ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ Ɉɜɢɞɢɟɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɟɝɚ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɜɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɴɬ ɩɪɟɞɢ 19 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɪɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ɋɢɦ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ
ɡɚɦɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɡɜɟɪɝɧɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɫɬ Ɋɟɫɤɭɩɨɪɢɫ,
ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɹ Ɍɪɢɮɟɧɚ ɜ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɩɪɭɝɚ ɣ
Ʉɨɬɢɫ, ɫɢɧɚ ɧɚ Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ɋɟɫɤɭɩɨɪɢɫ.
Ɂɚ ɧɚɫ ɫɚ ɩɨ-ɜɚɠɧɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɱɟ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɪɟɡ 8/9 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɟ ɠɢɜɹɥ ɬɴɫɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɛɢɡɢɟɰɚ
Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɤɢɟɰɴɬ Ⱥɜɥɭɞɡɟɧɟɫ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɥɭɞɡɟɧɟɫ
(Ɉɛɪ. 7)16. Ʉɨɣ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ? ȿɞɜɚ ɥɢ
ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɣ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬ ɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ 9 ɞɨ 38 ɝ. Ⱥ ɡɚɳɨ ɩɴɤ ɧɟ? ȿɞɧɚ 30 ɝɨɞɢɲɧɚ ɤɚɪɢɟɪɚ
ɧɟ ɟ ɱɚɤ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɧɟɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɬɹ ɧɟɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɟ
ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɥɚ.

16
IGBR, I, 374
28
 ɉɪɟɡ ȱ ɜ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ. Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɤɚɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɢɪɚ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ
Ɋɟɦɟɬɚɥɤ ȱȱ ɫɴɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɚ ȺȽɏ ɜ ɥɢɝɚɬɭɪɚ 17 – ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɢɧ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ, ɱɟ ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɹɜɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɢ
Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɬɟɧ ɨɬ ɛɢɡɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɚɪɟ ɢ
ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ.
Ɍɟɡɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧ
ɮɨɧ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɜɟɬɨɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɉɭɛɥɢɣ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɇɚɡɨɧ18 ɞɨ Ʉɨɬɢɫ Ɇɥɚɞɢ.
Ɍɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ
Ʌɟɜɢɹɬ ɛɪɹɝ ɧɚ ɉɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɦɭɬɧɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɝɪɚɟ ɜɨɞɟɳɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ɂ
ɦɚɤɚɪ ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ȱ ɜɟɤ ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɟ ɩɨɬɨɩɟɧ ɜ
“ɝɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɝɴɥɱɚɜɚ” , ɤɚɬɨ ɚɝɨɧɨɬɟɬ (ɫɴɞɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɫɬɟɡɚɧɢɹ) ɧɚ Ɍɨɦɢɫ ɢ
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɟɬ ɬɨɣ ɫɴɳɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɚ
ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫ ɤɨɹɬɨ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɳɟ ɜɥɹɡɚɬ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɬɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ19.
ȼɴɡɯɨɞɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
Ɏɥɚɜɢɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɫɟ
ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɹɧ (98-117 ɝ.). Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɬɨɣ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ulpia Anchialos20 . ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɜɲɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ, ɪɚɡɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɏɚɞɪɢɚɧ (117-138 ɝ.
ɩɪ. ɏɪ.). ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɫ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ Ɇɟɫɚɦɛɪɢɹ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɜɴɪɜɹɥɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ.
Ʉɨɫɜɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɘɥɢɹ, ɞɴɳɟɪɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɟɣɤɢɨɫ21,
ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɨ Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɤɚ.
ɘɠɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫ Ⱦɟɭɥɬɭɦ ɛɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɜɴɪɜɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ ɧɚ
ɟɡɟɪɨɬɨ ȼɚɹ (Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ), ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɢ
Ⱥɭɝɭɫɬɚ Ɍɪɚɹɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɟ ɪɟɤɚ Ɍɭɧɞɠɚ22 . Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɭ ɞɚɜɚ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɮɢɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɞɟɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɟ ɫɜɚɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ɍɨɧɡɨɫ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɟɩɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɮɢɥɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ: ȿɝɟɥɢɟɫ, ɏɟɪɨɢɫ, Ȼɚɤɯɢɫ ɢ
Ɍɨɧɡɟɢɫ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɮ. Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ƚɟɪɨɜ ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ

17
Ʉɚɪɚɛɚɲɟɜ, Ⱥ. Ɇɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. – ȼ: ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɢɟ,
ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ, 2011, 171-175.
18
Ovide, P. Pontiques, II, 9
19
Ƚɚɧɞɟɜɚ, Ɋ. Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɞɠɚ. – Ƚɋɍ, Ɏɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɩɨ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Ɍɨɦ LXII, , ɋɨɮɢɹ, 110
20
Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ, Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ. – ȼ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ɑɚɫɬ ɩɴɪɜɚ. Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɨɬ
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ, 2000, 24
21
IGBR, I, 345
22
Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ, Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ, 25
29
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɧɢ ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ, ɬɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɜ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɥɟɝɢɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɜɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɫɟɥɧɢɰɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ23.
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɟ ɫɹɤɥɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɜ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢɬɟ Ɇɢɡɢɹ ɢ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. ɇɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɪɢ Ⱦɨɦɢɰɢɚɧ (81-96 ɝ.) ɢ ɫɥɟɞ
ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɩɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɞɴɥɝɢ ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɝɚɜɚ ɞɨ Ƚɨɪɞɢɚɧ
ȱȱȱ24. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢ ɫɚ ɟɦɢɫɢɢɬɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɢɬɟ
(Ɉɛɪ. 9), ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɟɦɢɫɢɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɫɢɱɚɬ ɩɪɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ƚɨɪɞɢɚɧ ȱȱȱ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɬɚ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɰɚ ɟɦɢɬɢɪɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧɢ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɛɨɝɚ ɥɟɱɢɬɟɥ Ⱥɫɤɥɟɩɢɣ, ɏɢɝɢɹ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ Ⱥɫɤɥɟɩɢɣ, ɛɨɝɢɧɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟɬɨ Ʉɢɛɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɟɪɨɹ ɏɟɪɚɤɴɥ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋȺɓ Ⱥɭɤɰɢɨɧɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ Classical Numismatic Group,
ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝ, ɫɴɫɬɨɹɥ ɫɟ ɧɚ 8 ɹɧɭɚɪɢ 2008 ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɨɞɚɞɟɧ ɟɞɢɧ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢ
ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ ɧɚ Ƚɨɪɞɢɚɧ ȱȱȱ ɫ ɏɟɪɚɤɴɥ ɜ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɫ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɤɚɬɚ ɂɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɡɚ 5
250 ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ (Ɉɛɪ. 10).
Ɋɢɦɫɤɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɟ ɡɚɟɦɚɥ ɩɥɨɳ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 120 – 140 ɯɚ ɢ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬ ɉɚɥɟɨɤɚɫɬɪɨ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟɝɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ
ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ ɟ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɨɜɢɹ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ ɧɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ25. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɫɟ ɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɥ ɨɬ ɋɨɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ ɞɨ ɛɪɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɬɨ
ɤɪɴɫɬɨɜɢɳɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ ɤɴɦ ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ ɢ ɋɥɴɧɱɟɜ ɛɪɹɝ ɞɨ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɯɨɞɚ ɡɚ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ (Ɉɛɪ. 11).
Ɉɬ ɛɪɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɤɨɚɬɨ ɟ ɡɚɫɢɱɚɧɚ
ɡɚɞ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ. ɇɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ
ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɟ ɝɭɛɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɥɢɬɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɋɨɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ
ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɟɧɚ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚɧɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɤɢɰɚ ɬɹ, ɜ ɨɛɳɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚ
ɫɴɫ ɫɤɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɹ ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥɨɜɢ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɨɬ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ XIX ɜɟɤ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɞ
ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ26.
ɉɪɨɮ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɥ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɦɚɳɚɛɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɜ
ɝɪɚɞɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɩɪɟɡ 1966 ɝ. ɢ ɝɢ ɟ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɥ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɟ ɤɨɩɚɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɟɡ

23
Ƚɟɪɨɜ, Ȼ. ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ. – ɂȺɂ, XVII, 1950, 11-33.
24
Strack, M. Anchialos, 203-306
25
Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ, Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ, 26-27
26
ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, Ʉ. ɢ ɏ. ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ ɢ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɜ
ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ). – Ɇɫɛ ȱȱȱ, 1890 3-40; ȱV, 1891, 103-
145, ɮɢɝ. 35
30
ɟɞɢɧ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɟɡɨɧ, ɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɥɟɞ 1980 ɬɭɤ ɟ
ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ.Ɋɚɡɤɪɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɟɫɢɱɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɴɝɴɥ ɨɬ
108° ɭɥɢɰɢ. ȿɞɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɢɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɱɢɧɚ 8.70 ɦ ɢ ɫ 18° ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɫɟ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɜɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɡɬɨɤ-ɡɚɩɚɞ. ɂɡɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɬ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ, ɱɟ
ɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɨ ɟ decumanus maximus27 ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. Ⱦɜɟɬɟ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɫɚ
ɡɚɫɬɥɚɧɢ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɞɹɥɚɧɢ ɩɥɨɱɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɞɟɡɢɬɟɧ ɬɭɮ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ 0.70 /1.30 ɏ
1.40/2.20 ɦ ɢ ɞɟɛɟɥɢɧɚ 0.20/0.30 ɦ. Ɏɭɝɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɥɨɝɨɜɟɬɟ ɫɚ ɝɪɢɠɥɢɜɨ
ɩɚɫɧɚɬɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɜɢɞɧɚ ɩɥɴɬɧɨɫɬ. Ȼɥɨɤɨɜɟɬɟ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɚɞɥɴɠɧɢ
ɫɬɟɧɢ, ɢɡɡɢɞɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɤɚɦɴɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɭɥɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɢɥɤɚ. Ɉɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢ
ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢ, ɱɢɣɬɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɟ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɫ 30 ɫɦ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɧɨ.
ɉɨɞ ɬɪɨɬɨɚɪɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɞɴɠɞɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɢ. Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɫɬɥɚɧɢ ɫ ɬɭɯɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɫɚ ɨɛɦɚɡɚɧɢ ɫ
ɯɢɞɪɨɮɨɛɧɚ ɡɚɦɚɡɤɚ. ɂɦɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɬɢɱɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ 28.
ɉɪɨɤɨɩɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɧ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚ
ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1979 ɝ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɛɟɲɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɚɧ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɬ
ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɨɬɫɬɨɹɳɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 ɦ
ɨɬ ɩɪɟɥɟɡɚ ɧɚ ɠ ɩ ɥɢɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɲɨɫɟɬɨ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ – ɋɥɴɧɱɟɜ ɛɪɹɝ. ɋɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɟ
ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɞɟɡɢɬɟɧ ɬɭɮ ɨɬ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɢ
ɜɴɧɲɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɱɢɧɚ 2.80 ɦ. (Ɉɛɪ. 12). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɢɬɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɴɥɧɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɨɡɨɜ ɯɨɪɨɫɚɧ. Ɋɚɡɤɪɢɬɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɟɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɢ ɛɟɲɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɨɳɧɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɮɨɪɫɢ ɫ ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ 1.5 ɦ ɨɬ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. ȿɞɧɚ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ
ɨɬ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɘɫɬɢɧ ȱ ɢ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ (525 -567 ɝ) ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɬɟɡɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Vȱ ɜ.
ɇɚɯɨɞɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ (Ɉɛɪ. 13). ɉɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɯɚɝɚɧ
ɫɢ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɢɥ ɟɞɧɨ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɚɥɨ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ ɤɴɳɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬɢɹ
ɝɪɚɞ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɬ ɨɬɢɲɴɥ ɞɚ ɨɬɞɴɯɧɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ Ⱥɤɜɟ Ʉɚɥɢɞɟ
(Ȼɭɪɝɚɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɛɚɧɢ) ɢ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɡɚɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ, ɨɛɜɢɬ ɜ ɞɪɟɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɠɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɟɥɢ ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɢ ɞɪɟɯɢ29.
ɉɪɢ ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɬɴɤɧɚɯɦɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ
ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɬɟ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ. ɇɚɬɴɤɧɚɯɦɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɨɬ ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɴɥɜɚɥɢ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ (Ɉɛɪ. 14). ȼ ɢɡɤɨɩɚ ɡɚ
ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɢ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɢ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɫɝɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɬɴɤɧɚɯɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟ.

27
Decumanus maximus – Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɡɬɨɤ – Ɂɚɩɚɞ.
28
Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ, Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ, 27
29
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 40
31
Ʉɨɫɜɟɧɨ ɫɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɳɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɨ
ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ. ɉɪɟɡ 80-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜ. ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɭɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɹɳɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ. Ȼɟɲɟ
ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɚ ɩɟɳ ɡɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɹ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ. ɇɚɬɴɤɧɚɯɦɟ ɫɟ
ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɸɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɪɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɢ ɫɭɪɨɜɢɧɢ. ȼ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɩɪɟɡ 70-ɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɪɢɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɚɪɤɨɮɚɡɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɞɟɡɢɬɟɧ ɬɭɮ,
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɤɴɫɧɚɬɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɫ
ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɟ. ȼ ɤɴɫɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɹ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɟɧ ɨɬɜɨɪ ɢ
ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɯɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɨɬ ȱV ɜ, ɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɹ ɛɟɲɟ
ɩɪɨɛɢɬ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨ ɜ ɞɴɥɝɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɧɚ.
Ɍɨɡɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɨɬ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɦɨɪɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɞɚɥɟɱɟ ɨɬ ȼɢɧɡɚɜɨɞɚ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɚ, ɧɟɞɚɥɟɱɟ ɨɬ Ʉɭɩɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ, ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ
ɩɪɟɡ 1973 ɝ. ɛɟɲɟ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɨɛɟɰɢ,
ɝɪɢɜɧɢ ɨɬ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɬɟɥ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɩɬɢɦɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ, ɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. ɇɟɞɚɥɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ 80-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ
ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ ɡɚɫɜɨɞɟɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɧɚ ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ
ɧɚ Ⱦɟɭɥɬɭɦ30 .
Ȼɨɝɚɬɚɬɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ
ɤɭɩɨɥɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ-ɦɚɜɡɨɥɟɣ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ȱȱ ɢ ȱV ɜɟɤ ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ.
ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ ɢ ɞɧɟɫ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ.
ɇɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨ ɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɱɟ ɢɦɟɬɨ „Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ” ɟ ɜɥɹɡɧɨ ɜ
ɩɨɟɡɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɭɛɥɢɣ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɇɚɡɨɧ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɧɚ ȱ ɜ.
ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ. ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ 8 ɝ. ɫɥɟɞ ɏɪ. Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɹɜɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɭɛɟɠɢɳɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɬɚ-ɢɡɝɧɚɧɧɢɤ. ɇɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɢ ɏɏ ɜɟɤ ɬɭɤ ɡɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɜɢɡɚɜɚ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɨɟɬ ɉɟɣɨ əɜɨɪɨɜ. ɉɴɪɜɢɹɬ, ɨɫɜɟɧ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ, ɟ ɨɛɟɡɫɦɴɪɬɢɥ ɢ ɥɸɛɢɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ Ʉɨɪɢɧɚ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɟ ɜɴɡɩɹɥ
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɝɴɪɤɢɧɹ Ʉɚɥɢɨɩɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɜɟ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɢɦ
ɜɞɴɯɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɤɢ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚɬ. ɇɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɤɴɧɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɟɡɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɝɟɧɢɢ. ɂ ɬɨɜɚ ɳɚɫɬɥɢɜɨ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɢ ɬɥɚɫɤɚ ɤɴɦ ɦɢɫɴɥɬɚ,
ɱɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɟɪɟ, ɤɴɞɟ ɠɢɜɟɹɬ ɱɭɞɟɫɚɬɚ – ɜ ɩɨɟɡɢɹɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɜ
ɠɢɜɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɛɥɹɫɤɚɜɚɬɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢɞɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɬɨ ɡɚ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Vȱ ɜɟɤ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɚɯ,
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɚɜɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ.

30
Ȼɨɧɟɜɚ-ɉɚɫɤɢɟ, ɂ. Ƚɪɨɛɧɢɰɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. – Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɏɏɏVȱȱ,
1995, ɤɧ. 4, 37-42.
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 ɉɪɟɡ Vȱȱȱ ɜɟɤ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɜɨ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɨ
ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɢɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɜ 784 ɝ. ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɂɪɢɧɚ
ɝɨ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ31.
Ɉɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɉɚɥɟɨɤɚɫɬɪɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚ ɡɚ
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ
ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ 707 ɝ. ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧ ȱȱ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɛɟɞɟɧ ɨɬ ɯɚɧ
Ɍɟɪɜɟɥ. ɉɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 812 ɝ. ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɬ ɨɬ ɯɚɧ Ʉɪɭɦ ɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ
ɫ ɰɹɥɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɟ ɜɥɹɡɴɥ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɂɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɝɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ 917 ɝ. ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɤɚ Ⱥɯɟɥɨɣ. ɉɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɟ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɧɚ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɭɤ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨ ɡɥɚɬɧɨ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ, ɡɚɪɨɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1366 ɝ. ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ
ɡɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮ Ⱥɦɟɞɟɣ ɋɚɜɨɣɫɤɢ. ɇɚ ɸɠɧɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ32.
Ɂɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. ɉɪɟɡ 1453 ɝ.
ɛɭɤɜɚɥɧɨ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɩɚɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ
ɘɠɧɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɢɝɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ33.
Ʉɴɦ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɟɞɢɧ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɩɢɫɦɟɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ
ɫɨɥɚɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɩɨɤɨɣɧɚɬɚ
Ȼɢɫɬɪɚ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɩɨ ɨɫɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɨɩɨɜ34. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɨɬ 1498 ɝ. ɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɫ ɞɚɧɴɤ ɢɫɚɤɱɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɢɬɟ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɨ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɏV ɜɟɤ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɜɚɪɢɥɢ ɬɭɤ ɩɪɨɰɴɮɬɹɜɚɳɨ
ɫɨɥɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ɇɚɱɢɧɴɬ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɫɨɥ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚ „ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢ”,
ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ
ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ. Ɇɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɨɥɬɚ ɟ ɫɬɪɭɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɡɥɚɬɨɬɨ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ ɧɚ
ɋɬɚɪɢɹ ɫɜɹɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɞɨɪɢ ɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɥ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɹɜɚɥɨ ɜ ɤɴɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɨɥ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ. ȿɬɨ ɤɚɤ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɂɪɟɱɟɤ ɨɩɢɫɜɚ „ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ” ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɥ ɜ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ:

31
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ (VI – XV ɜɟɤ). - ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ɑɚɫɬ
ɩɴɪɜɚ. Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ, 2000, 43-76.
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Ʉɚɪɚɣɨɬɨɜ, ɂ. ɋɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. – ɇɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ,
2, 1-4.
33
Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ (VI – XV ɜɟɤ), 61
34
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ.,ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜ. ɇɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɘɠɧɨɬɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ. –
ɂɆɘɂȻ V, 1982, 89-131; ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ.,ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜ. ɋɨɥɚɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɸɠɧɨ
ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɥɟɰ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ. – ɂɆɘɂȻ VI, 1983, 49-54
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 „Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɨ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ.
ɋɨɥɬɚ ɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɨ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ȼɨɞɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɥɚɝɭɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɛɢɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɢɬɤɚ,
ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɚɪɜɚ ɫ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ ɭɥɟɢ ɜ „ɬɢɝɚɧɢ” ɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɜɩɭɳɚ ɜ 6 800 ɦɚɥɤɢ,
ɱɟɬɢɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢ, ɨɤɨɥɨ 3 – 4 ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɦɟɬɪɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ, ɡɚɝɪɚɞɟɧɢ
ɫ ɞɟɛɟɥɢ ɝɪɟɞɢ, ɢ ɬɚɦ ɨɬ ɫɥɴɧɱɟɜɚɬɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɚɪɹɜɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɟɬɨ,
ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɚ ɦɢɪɢɡɦɚ. Ʉɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɬɢ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɜɨɞɚɬɚ ɜ
„ɬɢɝɚɧɢɬɟ” ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɚɪɢ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɚɬɚ ɫɨɥ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɚ
ɧɟɱɢɫɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɩɨɜɟ ɫ ɛɹɥ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɩɟɥɹɜ ɰɜɹɬ.
ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɢɦɚɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɢ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ
(ɉɚɥɚɨɞɪɨɦɨɫ, Ⱥɤɬɢ, Ⱦɟɫɢ, ɏɨɧɢɚɬɢ), ɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ (Ɇɚɯɚɥɚɫ, Ʉɢɨɫɤɢ).
ɐɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɚ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ 3 – 15 ɡɥɚɬɧɢ
ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɥɢɪɢ. ɀɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɬɜɴɪɞɹɬ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɨɥ ɨɬ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɚɬɚ
ɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɱɟ ɧɚ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɡɟɪɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɧɹɤɚɤɜɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɢ
ɫɨɥɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ, ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɟ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ”35.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ „ɉɚɥɚɨɞɪɨɦɨɫ”, ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɨɳɟ
ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ ɜ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪ ɝɪɚɞ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɭɦɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ „ɫɬɚɪ ɩɴɬ”.
Ɇɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ
ɉɚɥɚɨɞɪɨɦɨ, ɫɨɥɚɪɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɬɴɤɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɩɥɨɱɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɚ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɥɢɰɚ.
ɉɚɤ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɂɪɟɱɟɤ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ
ɞɚɜɚɥɢ 900 000 „ɤɢɥɚ” ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɹɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 34 ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɬɨɧɚ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɢɦɚɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɴɤ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɟ ɫ
ɩɚɦɬɢɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ, ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɬɚɡɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɢɹ. ɉɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɦɟ ɢ ɜ
ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɴɱɟɧ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɨɬ 1498 ɝ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɞɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ
ɛɢɪɧɢɤ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚ 94 ɞɨɦɚɤɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɫ ɩɴɥɟɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɧɚ
ɞɚɧɴɤɚ ɢ 19 ɞɨɦɚɤɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɞɨɜɢɰɢ ɫ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɫɚ. ɉɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɛɥɚɝɚɧɢ ɫ 25 ɚɤɱɟɬɚ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɫɴɫ 7. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɜɧɭɲɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɢ ɜ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɧ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɬɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɨɛɥɚɝɚɬ ɨɜɞɨɜɹɥɚɬɚ ɧɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɴɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɚ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɴɱɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɨɥɚɪɢ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɧɚ
„ɫɬɚɪɢ” ɢ „ɧɨɜɢ”. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ. ɋɚɦɨ ɟɞɢɧ Ⱥɥɢ
Ɋɭɡɝɹɪ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɨɬ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. ȼɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɢ ɤɨɢ ɨɬ
ɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɫ ɝɪɴɰɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɢ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ. ɇɹɤɨɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ

35
ɂɪɟɱɟɤ, Ʉ. ɉɴɬɭɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1974, 851-852
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ɤɚɬɨ Ɍɪɚɧɨɫ ɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɦɢɪ ɫɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ
ɢɦɚɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ: ɇɢɤɨɥɚ, ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪ, Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɚ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɟɧ ɫɜɹɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɴɬ,
ɱɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏV ɜɟɤ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ.
ɇɟɳɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ: ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɛɪɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɫ
ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɢɬɥɚ „ɩɚɩɚ”, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɰɢ. ȼ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ ɢ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɏV ɜɟɤ ɫɚ ɠɢɜɟɟɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɰɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɚ
Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɟ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ Ɇɚɬɚɢɫɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ ɨɬ
1441 ɝ., ɨɬɤɪɢɬ ɜ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ, ɚ ɫ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ
Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɠɢɜɹɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɏVȱ ɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɣ ɛɢɥ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɹ
ɜɟɡɢɪ ɢ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɫ ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬ ɝɨ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɥɢ „ɒɟɣɬɚɧɨɝɥɭ” (ɞɹɜɨɥɫɤɢ ɫɢɧ).
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɟɦɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɜ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɢ ȼɥɚɲɤɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚɥ ɫɟ ɢ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɦɚɱɟɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɭ ɧɨɫɟɥɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɥ ɨɝɪɨɦɟɧ ɫɚɪɚɣ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ. ɋɴɩɟɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɨɬ ȼɥɚɲɤɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɝɨ ɧɚɤɥɟɜɟɬɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɬɨɡɢ ɛɨɝɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɦɚɱ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥ ɨɛɟɫɟɧ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞ ɧɚ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ ɧɚ 3 ɦɚɪɬ 1578 ɝ.36 Ɉɬ ɪɨɞɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɨɜɰɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ
ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɜɥɚɲɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɧɹɡɟ. Ⱦɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜɟɤ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɰɢ ɩɚɡɟɥɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɟɥɢɤ ɪɨɞ ɢ ɞɨɪɢ ɩɟɟɥɢ ɩɟɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɢɦɟɧɢɬ
ɫɴɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ.
ȼ ɝɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɏɚɞɠɢɢɤɚ ɜ ɡɟɦɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɬɚ Ɋɭɟɧ
ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɰɢ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɴɬ „ɬɭɡ ɣɨɥɭ” („ɩɴɬɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɬɚ”). ɋ
ɧɟɝɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥ ɩɴɬɹɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɪɴɝɜɚɥ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɨ
ɞɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏɚɞɠɢɣɤɚ ɢ Ⱥɣɬɨɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥ ɞɨ ɞɨɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɚɦɱɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ. ȼɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ
ɫɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ „ɩɴɬɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɬɚ”. Ʉɴɦ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɜɨɞɟɥ
ɞɪɟɜɧɢɹ ɩɴɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ – Ʉɚɛɢɥɟ (ɬɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɢ əɦɛɨɥ), ɩɪɟɡ
ɞɧɟɲɧɢɹ Ⱦɸɥɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɫɟ ɩɴɬɭɜɚɥɨ ɡɚ Ɇɚɪɰɢɚɧɨɩɨɥ (Ɋɟɤɚ Ⱦɟɜɧɹ) ɢ
ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɴɬɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ ɉɚɪɨɣ. Ƚɨɥɹɦɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɨɬ
ɞɴɥɛɨɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɢɝɪɚɟɥ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɧɢɹɬ ɩɴɬ ɤɴɦ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɢ
ɤɴɦ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɸɝ. ɋɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɫɦɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɚ
ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɨɥ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɥɚ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢ ɡɟɦɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚɣ-
ɞɨɛɪɟ ɟ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɫɩɢɫɴɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢɬɟ
ɫɨɥɚɪɢ ɨɬ 1498 ɝ.
Ɍɨɡɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɩɢɫɴɤ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɞɚɦɚɤɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɜɚɧɚɞɟɫɟɬɬɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɝɚɬɨɩɨɥɢɫ (Ⱥɯɬɨɩɨɥ) ɢ
ɧɚ ɫɟɥɚɬɚ ɜ ɟɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɢɹ ɡɢɚɦɟɬ. ȼ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɣ-ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɫɟ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚ
ɫɟɥɢɳɟɬɨ, ɞɟɧɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɚɬɚɬɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚɬ ɝɪɭɩɢɬɟ ɧɚ

36
Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜɚ, ȿ. Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ. – ȼ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ. ɑɚɫɬ ɩɴɪɜɚ.
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɨ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ, 2000, 77-122.
35
ɩɪɟɜɨɡɜɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɚ ɫɨɥ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɹɬ. ȿɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ
ɰɢɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɢɫɬɪɚ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɜ „ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɜɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ”, Ɍ. V, 1982, ɫ. 89-131:

„Ƚɪɚɞ Ⱥɣɞɨɫ
ɋɪɹɞɚ, 6 ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ§ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢ – ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɚɩ, ɱɭɜɚɥɢ – 8 – 145,
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ – ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ɍɨɞɨɪ, ɱɭɜɚɥɢ 8, ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɤ, Ʉɨɫɬɚ – ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɞɢɥ – 8 ɫ
ɨɫɬɚɬɴɤ, Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɑɚɧɞɠɢ, ɱɭɜɚɥɢ 8 ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɤ, Ɇɢɯɚɥ – ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ʉɚɞɠɭɪɚ,
ɱɭɜɚɥɢ 8 – 145, Ʉɨɫɬɚ – ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɚɬɚ, ɱɭɜɚɥɢ 8 ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɴɤ.
ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɥɢ – 7, ɱɭɜɚɥɢ 56. Ɉɫɬɚɬɴɤ – ɱɭɜɚɥɢ 6, ɚɤɱɟɬɚ 20”37
Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɟɞɚɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɨɞɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ɨɰɟɥɹɥ ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ, ɟ
ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢɬɟ
ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢ. ȼ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ ɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɧɚ ɫɨɥ ɡɚ Ɇɢɞɢɹ ɢ
ɂɫɬɚɧɛɭɥ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɲɚ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ ɋɨɮɢɹ. ɋɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɬ ɫɟ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɤɟɪɜɚɧɞɠɢɢ ɨɬ
ɋɬɚɪɚ ɢ ɇɨɜɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ, ɨɬ əɦɛɨɥ, ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, ɏɚɫɤɨɜɨ, Ʌɨɡɟɧɝɪɚɞ ɢ
Ⱦɢɦɨɬɢɤɚ. ɑɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬ, Ʉɚɡɚɧɥɴɤ, ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɢ
ɞɪ. ɂɡɛɪɨɹɜɚɬ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɬɢɰɢ ɫɟɥɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɯɢɹ,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ. Ɂɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ ɫɟɥɨ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ (ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ
„ɂɡɝɪɟɜ ɧɚ Ȼɭɪɝɚɫ), ɤɨɟɬɨ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɜ ɧɚɯɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ Ɋɭɫɨɤɚɫɬɪɨ.
ɇɚɤɪɚɹ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɛɟɥɟɠɢɦ, ɱɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɨɥ
ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɹ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɰɹɥɚ ɟɞɧɚ
ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. Ɂɚɳɨɬɨ ɜɫɹɤɨ ɤɴɬɱɟ ɨɬ
ɛɥɢɡɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢɬɟ ɞɨ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɥɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɥ, ɚ
ɫɨɥɚɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɨɬ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɫɢɪɚɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɬɟɠɴɤ ɢ
ɭɦɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɧɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɧɨɫɟɧ ɬɪɭɞ. Ⱦɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɪɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɪɴɤɚ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɰɢ ɢ ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɪɚɹ ɨɬ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɛɢɪɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɨɧɟɡɢ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɴɤɨɩɥɚɬɰɢɬɟ. Ȼɟɡ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɢ ɞɚɧɴɱɧɢɬɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɬ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ. ɋɥɚɜɚ
Ȼɨɝɭ ɢ ɚɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɨɥ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚɜɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɜɴɡɪɨɞɢ ɫɨɥɨɞɨɛɢɜɴɬ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɨɥɢɦ ɫ ɧɟɹ ɛɟɡɫɨɥɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɧɚ ɞɧɟɲɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.

37
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ., ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜ. ɇɨɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɥɚɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɘɠɧɨɬɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ. –
ɂɆɘɂȻ V, 1982, 89-131
36
 Ɉɛɪ.1 ɋɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ Ɉɜɢɞɢɣ ɩɪɟ
Ɉɛɪ.2 Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɢɪɢ ɢ
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ,
ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɨɬ ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ.
ɞɪɟɜɧɢɹ Ɍɨɦɢɫ.

Ɉɛɪ.3 ɇɚɞɩɢɫɴɬ ɨɬ ɂɫɬɪɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ

Ɉɛɪ.4 Ɂɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɛɢɠɭɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ.
ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ

37
 Ɉɛɪ.5 Ɋɢɬɭɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɩɢɱɤɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚ
Ɉɛɪ.6 Ɋɟɥɟɮ ɧɚ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧ ɫ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɧ
ɫɪɟɞ ɦɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɥɢɧɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɜ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɨɬ Ⱥɜɥɭɞɡɟɧɟɫ, ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɥɭɞɡɟɧɟɫ.
ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʌɟɫɟɫɤɟɩɪɚ.

Ɉɛɪ.7 ɉɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɝ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ Ƚɚɣɨɫ ɘɥɢɨɫ Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢɨɫ, ɫɢɧ
ɧɚ ȿɩɬɚɣɤɟɧɬɨɫ.

a
b
Ɉɛɪ. 8 ɚ ɢ b Ɇɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɩɬɢɦɢɣ ɋɟɜɟɪ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ ɢ Ʉɨɪɚɛ.

38
 Ɉɛɪ. 9 Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɚɤɚɥɚ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɨɯɨɞ

Ɉɛɪ. 10 Ɋɹɞɴɤ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɫɤɢ ɦɟɞɚɥɶɨɧ ɧɚ Ƚɨɪɞɢɚɧ ȱȱȱ. ɇɚ ɨɩɚɤɨɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ

ɦɟɠɞɭ ɏɟɪɚɤɴɥ ɢ ɚɦɚɡɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɚɪɤɢɧɹ ɂɩɨɥɢɬɚ.

Ɉɛɪ. 11 Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɹ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨɫ.

39
MEDIEVAL ǿǾdzDzǻǼǰdzǸǼǰǶdz

Ɍɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ

ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ
ɋɬɟɥɚ Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ

Sciences in the medieval Christian architecture

Stella Doncheva

Abstract: My personal observation of mathematic and geometric

relationships mainly in constructions of the temples of the early Middle Ages
show mastery and application of both principles of proportionality and
modular principals. Geometric constructions and numerical relationships
derived from the facilities plan, based on the offered sample size
reproductions of some of these buildings. Individual parts are multiples of the
source size adopted for unit loading combinations of origin of all other
elements.
In the study of design relations of the Bulgarian medieval churches
observed similarity in the principles of the constructed, expressed in similar
geometric system (based on the width of the naos). The most common
geometric proportion is the golden section (ie division of the segment in the
middle and final terms). Permanent proportion of this system forms a
downward or upward progression that links together all the elements of the
building - the largest to the smaller. In demonstrating geometric expression
of irrational and complex relationship seemingly built to reach the system
squares and circles that appear to be using a compass or a rope with two
pins. The main unit was a little elbow, which is received by the large elbow .
Proportional module is under construction inside width in terms of which are
expressed in simple numbers the key elements of the building. This
architectural space is included in the architectural volume and proportion –
in harmony.

Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɡɚɝɥɟɞɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɟɠɢ

ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɫɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɬɨ
ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɞɨ

40
ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ ɜ ɰɹɥɨɫɬ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɴɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ
ɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɥɟɫɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢ ɧɟɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɞɟɠ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ
ɩɴɪɜɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ. ȼ ɧɚɣ-ɩɴɥɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ
ɬɟɡɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɜ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɦ ɞɚ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚ
ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ ɭɦɢɪɚɬ ɫ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ.
ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɬɭɤ ɳɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɚ ɫɚɦɨ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɨ-ɡɧɚɱɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɹɫɧɨ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɚɬ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ.
Ʌɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɟɠɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟɬɟ ɨɬ
ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ, ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ1.
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɨɬ
ɩɥɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɢ
ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ.2 Ɉɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɚɬɧɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɯɨɞɟɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɟɬ ɡɚ
ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ. ɂɡɯɨɞɧɢɹɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɨɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɢɬɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɩɴɤ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɭɩɨɥɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɩɪɢ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɤɭɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ
ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ. (Ɉɛɪ. 1), (Ɉɛɪ. 2)
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ
Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ȼɢɬɪɭɜɢɣ ɢɡɥɚɝɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɚ ɢ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɹɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ
ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɚɬɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɢ
ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɭɥ ɢ ɦɹɪɤɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɹɤɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɤɴɦ ɰɹɥɨ. ȼɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ
ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɫɴɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ ȼɢɬɪɭɜɢɣ commodulatio.3

1
Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ, ɋ. Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɜ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟɧ ɨɛɥɢɤ. Ⱥɧɬɨɫ,
2003.
2
Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ, ɋ. Ʉɪɴɫɬɨɤɭɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɜ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ȼ. Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ,
2008.
3
ȼɢɬɪɭɜɢɣ. Ⱦɟɫɹɬɶ ɤɧɢɝ ɨɛ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɥɬɭɪɟ. Ɇ., 1936, ɤɧ. ȱȱȱ, 43.
41
 ɉɪɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟɬɟ
ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɚ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚɳɨ ɫɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɨɫɚ). ɇɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɳɚɧɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɟ
ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ (ɬ.ɟ. ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɹɡɴɤ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ).4 (Ɉɛɪ. 3). Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ
ɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ
ɲɢɪɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɨɬɫɟɱɤɢ,
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ „ɡɥɚɬɧɚɬɚ” ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ
ɱɢɫɥɚ. ɂɡɪɚɡɴɬ „ɡɥɚɬɧɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ” ɟ ɜɴɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɬ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɩɪɟɡ XV ɜ., ɧɨ
ɫɚɦɚɬɚ „ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ” ɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1202 ɝ., ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ
ɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɉɢɡɚɧɫɤɢ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ
Ɏɢɛɨɧɚɱɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ „Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɡɚ ɫɦɹɬɚɧɟɬɨ”. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɉɢɬɚɝɨɪ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɭ,
ɤɚɬɨ „ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ”, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɟɝɢɩɟɬɫɤɢɹɬ
ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢɤ ɫ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ „ɡɥɚɬɧɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ” ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɨɳɟ ɨɬ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɹ
ȿɝɢɩɟɬ.5
ɋɝɪɚɞɚɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɲɢɪɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ-ɟɬɚɠɢ ɫɟ
ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ „ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ”, ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ. (Ɉɛɪ. 4). Ɍɚɤɚ
ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɜ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢɬɟ
ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɨɪɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɚɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢ ɜ ɩɴɥɧɨ
ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɴɫ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ. (Ɉɛɪ. 5) Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɜɚ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ. ȼɫɹɤɨ ɧɟɫɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɜɨɞɢ
ɞɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɢ ɜɧɚɫɹ
ɞɢɫɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚ ɧɢɡɯɨɞɹɳɚ ɢɥɢ
ɜɴɡɯɨɞɹɳɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɜ ɟɞɧɨ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚ
ɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ – ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɣ-ɦɚɥɤɢɬɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɧɚɦɚɥɹɜɚɳɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɹ ɫ
ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥ g = 0,618, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ Ɇ0 = 1,000; Ɇ1 = 0,618; Ɇ2 = 0,382; Ɇ3 =
0,236; ɢ ɬ.ɧ., ɚ ɚɤɨ ɤɴɦ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɜɴɡɯɨɞɹɳɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɹ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥ 1/g = 1,618, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɟɬɨ Ɇ-0 = 1,000; Ɇ-1 = 1,618; Ɇ-2 = 2,618; Ɇ-3 = 4,234 ɢ ɬ.ɧ. (Ɉɛɪ. 6),
(Ɉɛɪ. 7).

4
ɉɨɞ ɡɥɚɬɧɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɨɬɫɟɱɤɚ ɢ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɚɬɚ
ɱɚɫɬ.
5
Ȼɚɛɚɧɢɧ, ȼ. Ɍɚɣɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɢ. ɋ., 2004, 65; ɉɟɬɪɨɜ, ɉ. Ʉɨɪɨɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɂɡɢɞɚ. ɋ.,1994, 19.
42
 Ɍɟɡɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɢ ɫɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɨɬ Ƚ. Ƚɪɢɦ6
“ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ ɦɚɳɚɛ” ɜ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ: a + b = b ɢɥɢ 1 + b = a
ɚ a a b
Ⱥɤɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ a ɫ F, ɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ:
1 + 1 = F ɢɥɢ F2 – F – 1 = 0; ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɚ
F
ɬɴɪɫɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ: F = 1 + —5 | 1,618034 | 1,618, ɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ
2
1= 2 = —5 – 1 | 0,618.
F —5 + 1 2
ɇɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɚɬ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. (Ɉɛɪ. 8).
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ – “ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɬɚ” ɦɭ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɂ. ɀɨɥɬɨɜɫɤɢ, ɚɤɨ ɨɬ
ɧɢɡɯɨɞɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ: Ɇ0 = 1,000; Ɇ1 =
0,618; Ɇ2 = 0,382; Ɇ3 = 0,236 ɢ ɬ.ɧ. ɫɟ ɭɞɜɨɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɹ ɱɥɟɧ – Ɇ2 ɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ
ɫɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢ Ɇ3, ɬ.ɟ. 2Ɇ2 – Ɇ3 = 2 . 0,382 – 0,236 = 0,528 ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ
ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ F = 0,528. (Ɉɛɪ. 9).
Ɇɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ “ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɬɚ “ ɫɟ ɢɡɱɢɫɥɹɜɚ ɨɬ Ɇ0 = 1,000.
Ɇ0 – F = 1,000 – 0,528 = 0,472 – ɦɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ f = 0,472.
F:f = 0,528:0,472 = 1,118:1,000.
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ
“ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɢ” ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɢɰɢ. (Ɉɛɪ. 10). Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɢɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɟ
—5:2 = 1,118 ɢ 1:—5 = 0,4472.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɨɬ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɴɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɝɟɥ ɢɥɢ
ɜɴɠɟ ɫ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɥɱɟɬɚ. ȿɞɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɱɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɢɜɚ ɜ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɬɨ ɫɟ
ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɬ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɢ. Ɂɚ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɟɧ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧ ɡɚ ɢɡɯɨɞɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ,
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɩɢɬɚɝɨɪɨɜɢɹ ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢɤ
3:4:5 (Ɉɛɪ. 11) ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ɍɹ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚ
ɜ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ: ɨɤɪɴɠɧɨɫɬ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɝɟɥ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ ɧɚ 6
ɪɚɜɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ. Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɴɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɲɟɫɬ
ɪɚɜɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ 12 ɪɚɜɧɢ
ɱɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɫɢɱɚɬ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜ ɴɝɴɥ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɬ ɤɪɴɫɬ, ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚɳ ɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɨɤɢ. (Ɉɛɪ. 12). ɋɚɦɢɹɬ ɤɪɴɫɬ ɟ ɢ

6
Ƚɪɢɦ, Ⱦ. ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɇ., 1935; ɉɨɩɨɜ, ɂ. ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɜ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ɋ., 1955, 52-68.

43
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɫɢɪɚ
ɰɟɥɢɹɬ ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚɬɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ
ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨɬɨ ɬɹɥɨ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɢ ɦɟɪɧɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ. (Ɉɛɪ. 13).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɥ ɦɚɥɤɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɥ ɨɬ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɧɚɱɢɧ:7 Ƚɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɦɚɥɤɢ ɦɟɪɧɢ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɢɬɟ. (Ɉɛɪ. 14). Ɍɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɴɫɬɚ
(ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟɰ, ɫɪɟɞɟɧ ɢ ɛɟɡɢɦɟɧɟɧ) ɫɟ ɧɚɧɚɫɹɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɩɴɬɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 8 ɩɴɬɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɚɥɤɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ. ɑɢɫɥɚɬɚ 10 ɢ 8,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɢɬɚɝɨɪɨɜɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ – 6, 8, 10 ɫɚ ɩɪɢɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚɬɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɥɚɤɴɬ 45 ɫɦ, ɬɚɡɢ ɦɟɪɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɚ
ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɚ 4,5 ɫɦ, ɚ ɦɚɥɤɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ 36 ɫɦ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚɬɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɢ ɦɚɥɤɢɹɬ ɥɚɤɴɬ ɟ 9 ɫɦ (2 ɯ 4,5 ɫɦ) ɢɥɢ ɦɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ
ɨɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɧɚɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɴɬɢ. ɋɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɢ
ɦɚɥɤɢɹ ɥɚɤɴɬ ɫɚ ɩɨɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɩɢɬɚɝɨɪɨɜɢɬɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ – 27, 36, 45. ɉɟɞɹɬɚ
(ɪɚɡɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɜɴɪɯɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɴɫɬɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɥɚɧɬɚ) ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ
ɞɥɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɨ 9 ɫɦ, ɚ ɞɟɥɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɥɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ – ɞɚɜɚ ɦɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɨɬ
ɬɪɢ ɩɪɴɫɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɚ 4,5 ɫɦ. ɇɚɣ-ɦɚɥɤɚɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɪɴɫɬ
ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɚ 1,5 ɫɦ. ȼɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ 2:1 (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ); 2:3 (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ
ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚɬɚ); 3:4 (ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɟɧ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɴɱɟɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɦɨɞɭɥ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ
ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɞɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɜ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɦ, ɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɬɚ – ɜ ɫɴɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɢ
ɭɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɢ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ
ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɢ.
ɉɨɡɧɚɜɚɬ ɢ ɬɟɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞ, ɰɢɥɢɧɞɴɪ, ɤɨɧɭɫ,
ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧ ɤɨɧɭɫ, ɤɴɥɛɨ.8 ȼ ɤɧɢɝɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉ. Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɟɱɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ „Ɉɬɥɨɦɤɢ
ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɫɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ” ɫɟ ɡɚɫɬɴɩɜɚ ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɉɢɬɚɝɨɪ ɡɚ ɤɴɥɛɨɬɨ ɢ ɤɪɴɝɴɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɤɪɚɫɢɜɢ ɢ ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɢ.
Ɍɚɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɜɚɬ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɬɟ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɫɟɝɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɧɚɬɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɜ
ɫɴɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
7
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɢ ɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɨ ɩɨ Ʉ. Ʉɪɴɫɬɟɜ.
Ɂɚɛɥɭɞɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɟɤɨɜɟɬɟ. ɋ., 1999, 10.
8
Ȼɟɣɤɨɜ, Ɇ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ VII–XIV ɜɟɤ. ȼ. Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ,
2004, 80.
44
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɯɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɨɮɭɬɨɜɚ ɦɹɪɤɚ9. Ɉɬ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɴɩɤɚɬɚ – ɪɢɦɫɤɚ (29,5 ɫɦ), ɝɪɴɰɤɚ (30,8 ɫɦ) ɢɥɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ (31,2 ɫɦ)
ɩɪɢɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɦɨɞɭɥ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɬɨ
ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɟ.
ȿɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ –
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɚɬɚ (ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ) ɢ ɚɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ (ɱɢɫɥɨɜɚ) ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɹɜɚ ɫ
ɦɨɞɭɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ
ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ. ɋɚɦɢɬɟ
ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɫɦɢɫɥɹɧɟ, ɞɨɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɫɚ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ. ɋɴɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɫ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.(Ɉɛɪ.15).Ɍɚɡɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɨɳɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ10, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ¥2 ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɢ
ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɞɟɫɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ - ¥2 = 1, 24, 51, 10. Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤ
Ⱥɥ-ɏɨɪɟɡɦɢ (ȱɏ ɜ.)11 ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɧɨ. Ɉɬɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɟɧ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫ “ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɬɨɪɧɚɥɨɤɨ”12
ɫɴɳɨ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɢɹ
ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢɤ (¥3) ɜ ɰɹɥɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɥɢɦɨ ɧɚ 6, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɱɧɢɹɬ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡ ɧɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɰɟɥ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɉɢɡɚɧɨ (ɏȱȱ ɜ.).
ɉɪɚɜɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɠɴɬ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬ ɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɚɬ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɢɜɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɢ – ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ,
ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɢ, ɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨɬɨ ɬɹɥɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ.
ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɚɪɢɬɦɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɫɬɢɥɚ, ɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɜ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ

9
Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɟɜ, Ʉ. Ɉɬ ɉɚɧɬɟɨɧɚ Ɋɢɦɚ ɞɨ ɋɨɮɢɢ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɨɣ. – ȼ: Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɟɣ Ɋɭɫɢ. Ɍ.1, 1976, 141-146.
10
ɇɟɣɝɟɛɚɭɟɪ, Ɉ. Ɍɨɱɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇ., 1968, 83-90; Ʉɥɢɤɫ, Ɏ.
ɉɪɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɟɹɫɹ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨɤɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɚ. Ɇ.,1983, 227-229.
11
Ȼɭɥɚɬɨɜ, Ɇ. Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ IX–XV ɜɜ.
Ɇ., 1978, 44.
12
Panofsky, ȿ. An Explanation of Stornaloco’s formula. – Art Bulletin, Vol. 27, 1945, 61-
66.
45
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɬ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɩɥɴɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟ, ɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢɬɟ ɫɟ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɬ ɜ
ɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɱɟ ɜɫɹɤɚ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɪɚɳɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɚ ɟ ɟɞɢɧɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɧɚ
ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɜɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ “ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ” ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɫɴɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬ.
Ⱦɪɭɝ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɨɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɬɹ
ɧɟ ɟ ɩɥɨɞ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɫɴɛɥɸɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɹɤɨɢ
ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɤɴɫɧɢ ɩɨɟɦɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ, ɱɟ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ13. ɂɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ
ɨɬ ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɞɟɧ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɜ Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɩɴɤ, ɡɚɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɬɟɯɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɟ ɫɬɚɜɚɥɨ ɜ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɧɚ ɥɹɬɨɬɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɭɤ ɫɟ
ɢɦɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɦɟɫɟɰɢɬɟ Ɇɚɣ, ɘɧɢ ɢ ɘɥɢ14. ɋɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɦɟɫɟɰ Ɇɚɣ. Ʉɨɣɬɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɚ ɟ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɧ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜ ɯɪɚɦ ɟ
ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɴɧɰɟɬɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɟɤɜɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ ɬɨɜɚ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ.
ɂɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɫ15.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚ ɫ ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚ
ɫɥɴɧɰɟɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɧɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɟɰɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɝɨɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɯɪɚɦɚ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɡɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɟɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ ɬɴɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɬɹɯ ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɬɚ. Ɉɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɯɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ
0ɨ, ɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɬ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬ.
Ɍɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɱɢɬɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɘɥɢɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɪɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ

13
Cave, F. The Orientation of Churches. – In: The Antiquaries Journal, Vol. XXX, No I, 2,
1950, 48.
14
Opp. cit. p. 50.
15
Benson, H. Church Orientation and Patronal Festivals. – In: The Antiquaries Journal, Vol.
XXXVI, No III, 4, 1956, 206.
46
ɧɹɦɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ,
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚɬ ɫɬɪɨɹɳɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ.
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɚɡɜɚ ɟ, ɨɥɬɚɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɫɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɬɟ
ɩɨɫɨɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ ɩɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ
ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɨɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ, ɱɟ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɧɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɟɧ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɢɡɝɪɟɜɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɹ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɨɬ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɬɨ ȼɴɡɤɪɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɢɹ Ʉɪɴɫɬ ɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ. ɇɚɣ-ɦɚɥɤɨɬɨ ɡɚɳɨɬɨ
ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɪɚɧɧɢ ɤɭɥɬɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ
ɞɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ. Ⱥ ɞɨɪɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɨɞ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɞɨɡɚ ɫɭɛɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɴɦ ɢ ɟ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɬ ɜ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɚ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞɹɬ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ. ȿɞɧɨ ɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɱɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɢ ɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɹɬɚ ɢ
ɧɟɛɟɫɧɢɬɟ ɬɟɥɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟ. ɍɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɜ
„ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɚ” ɧɚ Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚ: „ɂ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɦ
ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɧɟɳɚ – ɋɥɴɧɰɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɨɬɢɜɚ ɤɴɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ,
ɞɪɭɝ ɩɴɬ ɤɴɦ ɸɠɧɢɬɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɯɨɞɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ ɧɟɛɟɬɨ. Ʌɭɧɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɪɚɫɬɟ ɢ
ɧɚɦɚɥɹɜɚ, ɢ ɡɜɟɡɞɢɬɟ, ɱɟ ɢɡɝɪɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɡɚɥɹɡɜɚɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɨɜɟ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɠɴɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɢɬɛɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɴɬɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɹɜɚɬ ɛɭɪɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɢɲɢɟ – ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɸ ɦɨɣ,
ɜɴɡɯɜɚɥɹɜɚɦɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɰɚ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɥ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɛɥɚɝɚ, ɬɚ ɱɪɟɡ ɜɢɞɢɦɢɬɟ
ɧɟɳɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɢɞɟɦ ɤɴɦ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɢɬɟ.”16.
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɂ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɟɞɧɚ
ɦɚɥɤɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢ. Ɍɭɤ ɧɟ ɫɚ
ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɢ ɭɪɟɞɢ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɫɦɹɬɚɧɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɧɟ, ɦɟɪɤɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɬɟɠɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɦɢ, ɛɭɤɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɥɴɤ ɨɛɟɦ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ
ɫɚɦɨ ɳɟ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɞɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɬɨ ɧɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɨɬɛɪɚɧɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜɟ.
ɉɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɟɫɢɥɟɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɱɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ

16
Ⱦɢɧɟɤɨɜ, ɉ., Ʉ. Ʉɭɧɟɜ, Ⱦ. ɉɟɬɤɚɧɨɜɚ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
ɋ., 1967, 75.
47
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɴɪɫɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɬɦɢɧɚɥɢ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɤɚɬ „ɬɴɦɧɢ ɢ ɛɟɡɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢ”, ɩɨɧɟ ɳɨ ɫɟ
ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɰɹɥɚ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. Ȼɴɞɟɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɳɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɚɬ ɡɚ
ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɛɪ. 1. Ƚɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ.

(ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ); ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ;
ɛ – ɧɚɩɪɟɱɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ; ɜ – ɧɚɞɥɴɠɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ

48
 ɚ ɛ
Ɉɛɪ. 2. ɐɴɪɤɜɚ ɜ ɦ. ɋɟɥɢɳɟ, ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ (ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɬɢɱ). (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ).
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ; ɛ – ɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ

ɚ ɛ
Ɉɛɪ. 3. Ɍɢɩɨɜɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ).
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ; ɛ – ɧɚɩɪɟɱɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ

49
 ɚ ɛ
Ɉɛɪ. 4. Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɦ. Ƚɟɛɟ ɤɥɢɫɟ, ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ).
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ; ɛ – ɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ

Ɉɛɪ. 5. Ɋɟɥɟɮ ɧɚ ɜɨɢɧ. VI ɜ.ɩɪ.ɏɪ.

50
 ɚ ɛ
Ɉɛɪ. 6. Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ No 8 ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ).
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ; ɛ – ɧɚɩɪɟɱɟɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡ

ɚ ɜ
Ɉɛɪ. 7. ɐɴɪɤɜɚ No 2 ɜ ɦ. Ⱥɜɪɚɞɚɤɚ, ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ. (ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋ. Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ).
ɚ – ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ; ɛ – ɮɚɫɚɞɚ; ɜ – ɚɤɫɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ

51
 Ɉɛɪ. 8. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɛɪ. 9. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ „ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɬɚ” ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɛɪ. 10. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɢɰɢ.

52
Ɉɛɪ. 11. ɉɢɬɚɝɨɪɨɜ (ɟɝɢɩɟɬɫɤɢ) ɬɪɢɴɝɴɥɧɢɤ Ɉɛɪ. 12. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɹ
– 3:4:5. ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ.

Ɉɛɪ. 13. ɉɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɜ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨɬɨ ɬɹɥɨ.

53
 Ɉɛɪ. 14. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɴɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɤɢɹ ɥɚɤɴɬ.

Ɉɛɪ. 15. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ.

54
 Ɋaɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ
Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ

Development and Role of Bulgarian education

in the Middle Ages
Todor Petrov

Abstract: The article "Development and Role of Bulgarian education in the

Middle Ages" is an overview of the processes and phenomenons in which the
Bulgarian education was developed. Middle Ages is a historical period
during which the Bulgarian state was founded, and education emerged as a
natural process of development of the Bulgarian nation. The paper
consistently examines the occurrence, distribution and functions of the
Bulgarian education. Particular attention is paid to the creation of the Slavic
alphabet and the adoption of Christianity as the official religion - processes
that characterize and rationalize its existence. It presents significant
individuals who contributed to the existence and activities of the Bulgarian
educational centers in the era of the First Bulgarian Empire, Byzantine rule
and Second Bulgarian State.

Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ

ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɦɚɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɨɝɪɚɦɨɬɹɜɚɧɟ, ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɢɰɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ
ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɛɢɬɨɜɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ – ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ,
ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɬɜɨ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɢɬɟ, ɜ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɢɢ, ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɢɥɢ ɜ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɢ
ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɤɚɬɨ: „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ” ɧɚ ɇ.ɑɚɤɴɪɨɜ
ɢ ɀ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, ɢɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1967ɝ., ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ – „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɬɚ” ɫ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ Ɇ.
Ʌɸɥɸɲɟɜ, Ƀ. Ʉɨɥɟɜ ɢ ɞɪ.- ȼ.Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 1996ɝ., „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɬɚ
ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ” ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ - ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1998
ɝ., „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ” ɧɚ ɉɥ. Ɋɚɞɟɜ - ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ,
2003ɝ., „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ” ɫ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ
Ƀ. Ʉɨɥɟɜ, ȼ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜɚ ɢ ɇ. ȼɢɬɚɧɨɜɚ - ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2005ɝ., „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ

55
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ” ɧɚ ɇ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɚ – Ȼɥɚɝɨɟɜɝɪɚɞ, 2007ɝ. ɉɥ.
Ɋɚɞɟɜ ɜ ɫɴɚɜɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ Ⱥɥ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚ ɢ „ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ” ɜ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɬɨɦɚ ɩɪɟɡ 2009 ɝ.

ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɹ ɢɦɚ ɨɛɡɨɪɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ,

ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɪɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɹ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ
ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɯɜɴɪɥɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɳɚ
ɪɨɥɹ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ
ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ-ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɫ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɡɚ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ – ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɢɟ ɢ
ɫɤɨɬɨɜɴɞɫɬɜɨ, ɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɛɚ ɫ ɥɴɤ, ɟɡɞɚ, ɫɚɦɨɡɚɳɢɬɚ, ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɚ, ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɢ ɞɟɰɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ-
ɬɪɭɞɨɜ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɟɧ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɹ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ. ȼɴɡɪɚɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɬ ɧɚ
ɞɟɰɚɬɚ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɬɚ, ɧɚɭɱɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɛɚɳɢ ɢ ɞɟɞɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ
ɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ
ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɠɢɬɟɣɫɤɢ ɨɩɢɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɧɢɬɟ.
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ
ɡɚɧɚɹɬɢɬɟ, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɨɞɨɜɚ
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɨɤɚ, ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɩɪɴɫɧɚɬɨɬɨ ɢɞɟɣɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢ ɭ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɱɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ, ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ.
Ɇɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɹɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɞɧɟɲɧɢɬɟ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ.
Ⱦɟɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɜɚɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ
ɪɨɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɭɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ
ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ. ɉɨɞ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɬɟ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɬ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɜɢɰɢ, ɟɡɢɤɚ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɢɹ,
ɜɨɣɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɟɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɇɚɥɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɜ ɢ
ɫɴɫɥɨɜɟɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ. əɫɧɨ ɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ
ɦɨɦɱɟɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɨɦɢɱɟɬɚɬɚ. Ɇɨɦɱɟɬɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɢ
ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɜɨɣɧɢ ɢ ɟɡɞɚɱɢ, ɚ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ - ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɰɢ ɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɴɞɢ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɢ, ɲɚɦɚɧɢ ɢ ɥɟɱɢɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞ

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ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ
- ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ. Ɉɬ ɦɨɦɢɱɟɬɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɚɤɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɦɚɣɤɢ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɢɠɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɞɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɣɤɢ ɜ
ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɴɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɣɤɢ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɜɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ.
ɋ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɭɪɨɜɢɧɢ ɦɨɦɢɱɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɱɢ ɞɚ ɬɚɱɟ ɩɥɚɬɨɜɟ, ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɟ,
ɩɥɟɬɟ ɢ ɲɢɟ, ɞɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɜɹ ɯɪɚɧɚ. ɇɟ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɢ ɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ
ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɥɟɞ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɜ ɤɴɫɧɨɬɨ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɬ ɢ
ɞɟɜɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɦɨɦɢɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɠɟɧɢ ɛɢɜɚɬ ɩɨɫɜɟɳɚɜɚɧɢ ɜ
ɬɚɣɧɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɢ ɨɬ
ɞɪɟɛɧɢ ɫɟɥɫɤɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ, ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɢ ɢ ɪɨɞɨɜɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɜɥɚɞɟɹɬ ɨɛɳɨ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ. ɇɚɥɢɰɟ ɟ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ
- ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ
ɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɫɴɫɬɨɹɳɨ ɫɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɴɤ, ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɢ
ɫɪɟɛɴɪɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɧɚɤɢɬɢ ɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɚ ɡɟɦɢɬɟ ɫɢ
ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɚɪɟɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɹɧɢɬɟ, ɚ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɜɴɡɥɚɝɚ
ɞɨɦɚɲɧɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɢ – ɜɨɟɧɧɨɩɥɟɧɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɚ
ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ.
Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɨɡɧɚɹɬ ɢ
ɩɨɫɜɟɬɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ.
ɂɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜɴɜ
ɜɫɹɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɳɚɬɚ
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ
ɦɢɪɨɝɥɟɞ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɭ ɬɹɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ.
ɉɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ, ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɢ ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɢɫɦɟɧ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɟɡɢɤ.
Ɍɟ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɚɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ
ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ.
Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɡ 864 ɝ. ɢɦɚ ɫɬɟɝɧɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ,
ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɑɪɟɡ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢ
ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɥɢɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɞɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɟ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ. Ⱦɨɤɚɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɢ

57
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɫɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɫ ,,ɱɟɪɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɢ“1, ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ
ɟɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɟɬɧɨɫɚ, ɧɚɫɟɥɹɜɚɳɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ – ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ
ɪɭɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ2, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɚ ɭ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢɬɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥ, ɤɚɦɴɤ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɢɧɚ,
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɭɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɧɢ. (ɮɢɝ. 1) ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɚɡɢ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɩɢɫɦɟɧ ɟɡɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢɹ ɟ
ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹɬ, ɡɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɦɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɜɚɠɧɢ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɚɦɟɧɬɢɰɢ. (ɮɢɝ.2) ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ
ɪɚɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɢɬɨ ɪɭɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ, ɧɢɬɨ ɝɪɴɰɤɚɬɚ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɬ ɫɪɟɞ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɚɫɢ3.
Ɍɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɞɜɨɪɰɨɜɚɬɚ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ.
Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 855 ɝ. ɚɡɛɭɤɚ, ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɞɨɛɢɜɚɬ
ɢ ɫ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɪɨɞɟɧ ɟɡɢɤ. ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɬɹɯ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ. ɉɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɫɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɫɢɥɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ
ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹɬɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɬɹ ɟ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɱɪɟɡ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɚ.
ȼɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɢɝɪɚɟ
ɫɴɫɟɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɢ ɫ ȼɢɡɚɧ-ɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ. ɉɪɟɡ ɪɚɧɧɨɬɨ
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ ɬɹ ɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ
Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɹ Ɋɢɦ ɢ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ. ɉɪɟɡ ɬɚɡɢ ɟɩɨɯɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɧɹɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ
ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ. ȼ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢɦɚ ɜɢɫɲɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ.4
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫ
ɧɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɫɴɫ

1
„ɂ ɬɚɤɚ ɢɡɩɴɪɜɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɬɟ ɧɹɦɚɯɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɧɨ ɫ ɱɟɪɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɤɢ ɱɟɬɹɯɚ ɢ ɝɚɞɚɟɯɚ,
ɛɢɞɟɣɤɢ ɨɳɟ ɟɡɢɱɧɢɰɢ.” - Ʉɭɟɜ, Ʉ. ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ. Ɂɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ. ɋ.,ȻȺɇ, 1967.
2
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, ə. Ɂɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.-
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 3, 1997, 96-109.
3
„Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɪɴɫɬɢɯɚ, ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɧɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɞɚ ɩɢɲɚɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɟɱ ɫ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɢ
ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ.” - Ʉɭɟɜ, Ʉ. ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ.Ɂɚ
ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ. ɋ., ȻȺɇ, 1967.
4
ɑɚɤɴɪɨɜ, ɇ., Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, ɀ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɋ. 1967, 3-4
58
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɜɴɡɝɥɟɞɢ ɫ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨ-
ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɢ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɫɲɢɬɟ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ, ɫɟ ɱɟɬɚɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ ɛɢɛɥɢɹɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ
ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɞɹɥɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɚɬɚ.
ɇɟɫɴɦɧɟɧɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɪɟɠɞɚɬ ɩɨ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɱɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɜɢɫɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɳɚɬɚ
ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɚ. ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢ
ɫɪɟɞɢɳɚ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ ɜ ɫɴɫɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ Ƚɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ
ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ (ɮɢɝ. 3) ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ɂɥɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɜ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.(ɮɢɝ.4) Ɍɟ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɬ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ
ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɧɟɟɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ5. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɬɨ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚ ɨɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ. ɉɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɲɤɨɥɢ
ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɢɝɪɚɹɬ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɪɨɥɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
Ɇɚɝɧɚɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɢɝɪɚɟ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ. ɇɚɱɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɟ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɨɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ
ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ IX ɜɟɤ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɚ ɢɝɪɚɹɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ. ȼ ɬɹɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ. ɑɪɟɡ ɬɹɯ
ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢ ɯɨɪɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬ ɤɴɦ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɜɴɨɛɳɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ
ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɨɩɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɜɚɬ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɨɬ ɱɢɢɬɨ
ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɬ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɚ.
Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɟɱ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɜɚɠɧɢ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɋɴɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ, (ɮɢɝ.5)
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɴɬ ɢɦ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ
ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɩɨ-ɥɟɫɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɢ ɱɟɬɟɧɟ –
Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɰɚ, (ɮɢɝ.6) ɜɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ
ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɚɬɚ ɚɡɛɭɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɋɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ

5
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜ, ɉ. ɋɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.- Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, 1980, 3, 43-
50.
59
ɬɪɭɞ, ɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ. Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɢɫɢɨɧɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ
ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ-Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɬ ɞɟɥɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɲɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɨ.
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɚ ɟ ɢ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɞɜɚɦɚɬɚ ɛɪɚɬɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ. ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɹɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɥɢɱɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ,
ɱɟ ɧɚɞɦɨɝɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɟ - Ɍɪɢɟɡɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɞɨɝɦɚ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ, ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɢ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢ
ɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɫ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɚ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ6 ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɴɜ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢɹ ɢ Ɋɢɦ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɥɚɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɩɚɩɚ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧ II, ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɚɜɹ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɹɬɚ, ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ. ɋ
ɭɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ
ɨɬ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ, ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɬ ɛɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɭɠɞɢɬɟ ɞɨɦɨɝɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ
ɞɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɚɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɚɦɨɛɢɬɧɨɫɬ, ɫɜɨɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɚɯɥɭɜɚɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɦɢɫɢɨɧɟɪɢ, ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɧɨɜɨɬɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ. ɐɹɥɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ. ɋɴɡɞɚɜɚ
ɫɟ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤɜɚɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ. ɑɪɟɡ ɧɟɹ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɳɢ ɤɪɴɝɨɜɟ ɫɟ ɦɟɫɹɬ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɜɴɧɲɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɤɪɴɝɨɜɟ ɝɥɟɞɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɴɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɤɚɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. Ƚɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ
ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ I (852-888ɝ.) ɩɪɨɡɪɹɜɚ ɧɚɞɜɢɫɧɚɥɚɬɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ
ɜɨɞɢ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹɬ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚ ɨɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɢɦɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɋ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɞɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ɑɪɟɡ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɠɟɥɚɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɬɜɴɪɞɢ
ɪɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɴɩɟɪɧɢɱɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɴɰɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɟɠ ɢɡɢɝɪɚɜɚ

6
ɋɴɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍ.1-3. Ɉɛɪɚɛ...ɋ., ȻȺɇ, 1970-1977. Ɍ.3. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɢ ɠɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ
Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ.1973. 262 ɫ., ɫ ɮɚɤɫ. „ Ȼɨɝ ɧɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɥɢ ɞɴɠɞ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɨ ɡɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ?
ɋɴɳɨ ɬɴɣ ɢ ɫɥɴɧɰɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ? ɂ ɧɟ ɞɢɲɚɦɟ ɥɢ ɟɞɧɚɤɜɨ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɜɴɡɞɭɯ?
ɂ ɤɚɤ ɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɪɚɦɭɜɚɬɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɬɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɢ ɟɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɥɹɜɚɬɟ, ɳɨɬɨ
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ - ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɫɥɟɩɢ ɢ ɝɥɭɯɢ?”
Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ.
60
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɬɜɴɪɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ 886 ɝ. Ʉɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢɡɝɨɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ
Ɇɨɪɚɜɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ – Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ, ɇɚɭɦ, Ⱥɧɝɟɥɚɪɢɣ,
ɋɚɜɚ ɢ Ƚɨɪɚɡɞ7 ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɬɹɯ ɬɨɣ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɯɨɪɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɳɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɥɚɧ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ. ɉɨɞɤɪɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɤɧɹɡɚ, ɬɟ ɫɬɚɜɚɬ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɴɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɡɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚɬɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɢɜɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɜ
Ʉɭɬɦɢɱɟɜɢɰɚ8, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ. Ʉɧɹɡ
Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɪɚɡɝɪɴɳɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɩɨ
ɬɟɡɢ ɡɟɦɢ. ȿɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ - „ɋɜ. ɉɚɧɬɟɥɟɣɦɨɧ”, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ
ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ.(ɮɢɝ 7) ɇɚɭɦ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜ Ɇɢɡɢɹ9, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɉɥɢɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢ ɲɤɨɥɢ.
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɲɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɋɴɪɛɢɹ, ɏɴɪɜɚɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ.
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ Ʉɭɬɦɢɱɟɜɢɰɚ -
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɜ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ. ɇɟɢɧ ɫɴɡɞɚɬɟɥ ɟ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ ɬɚɤɚ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɟ
ɞɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ (ɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɰɢ, ɩɟɜɰɢ, ɞɹɤɨɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ.),
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɬ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ
ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ ɩɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɞɨɛɴɪ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɢ ɇɚɭɦ, ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɡɚɦɟɫɬɜɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɫɴɛɨɪ ɨɬ 893 ɝ. ɟ ɩɪɨɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɟɧ ɡɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɧɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɱɤɚɬɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢɹ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɧɟɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɞɚɪɛɢ, Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ
Ʉɭɬɦɢɱɟɜɢɰɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢ ɯɨɪɚ. ȼ ɠɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚ,
ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɨɛɭɱɢɥ 3500 ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ. ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɜ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ
ɲɤɨɥɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ. ɉɨ-ɜɚɠɧɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ,
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏ-XIɜ. ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɢ
ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɫɚ: „Ɂɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ”, „Ɇɚɪɢɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ”,
7
Ʉɚɧɨɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ “ɋɜ. ɋɟɞɦɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɰɢ”.
8
Ʉɭɬɦɢɱɟɜɢɰɚ - ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ
Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ
9
Ɇɢɡɢɹ – ɚɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪ. Ⱦɭɧɚɜ ɢ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɉɥɚɧɢɧɚ. Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ.
61
„Ⱥɫɟɦɚɧɢɟɜɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ”, „ɋɢɧɚɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɫɚɥɬɢɪ”, „ɋɢɧɚɣɫɤɢɹɬ
ɬɪɟɛɧɢɤ” ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɂɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɢ ɜ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ,
ɡɧɚɟɦ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ ɫ ɞɜɚ ɤɭɪɫɚ: 1 ) ɞɨɥɟɧ, ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɟɧ - ɡɚ ɧɟɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢ, ɜ
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɱɢ: ɱɟɬɟɧɟ, ɩɢɫɚɧɟ, ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ, ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɟɫɧɨɩɟɧɢɹ, ɢ 2) ɝɨɪɟɧ
- ɡɚ ɩɨ-ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ, ɫ ɤɨɢɬɨ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ ,,ɩɪɟɤɚɪɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɢɦ
ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɩɨ-ɞɴɥɛɨɤɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ"10. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɨɬɨ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ʉɭɬɦɢɱɟɜɢɰɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɨɛɢɤɨɥɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ
ɬɨɣ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɜɟɞɢ, ɭɱɢ ɤɥɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɪɟɞ, ɩɫɚɥɦɨɩɟɟɧɟ ɢ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ, ɚ ɧɨɪɨɞɚ „ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɹɪɚɬɚ,,. ȼ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɡɢɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɧɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢɞɟɹ, ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɦɭ ɫɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɪɨɞɧɢɹɬ ɟɡɢɤ ɟ ɨɬ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɟɰɚɬɚ.
ȼ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ. ɉɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɟ ɇɚɭɦ,
ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ
ɉɥɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ, ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɧɨɜɢɹɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ ɤɧɹɡ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ (893-927 ɝ.) ɟ ɧɟɣɧ ɜɞɴɯɧɨɜɢɬɟɥ,
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ. ȼɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹɬ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧɢɹɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧ ɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɦɴɠɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ.
Ɍɨɣ ɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɱɭɬɚɬɚ Ɇɚɝɧɚɭɪɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜɴɜ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ,
ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɭɫɬɨɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɭɱɢ ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɚ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɉɨɞ ɧɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɨ
ɩɨɪɴɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɨɬ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ.
Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɨɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ,
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ. ɇɚ ɧɟɹ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɥɚɝɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɬɚ ɞɚ
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ, ɞɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɚɣ-
ɜɚɠɧɢɬɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɰɴɪɤɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɫɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɨ – ɱɪɟɡ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɡɚ ɢɞɟɣɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɑɪɟɡ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜɧɚɫɹɬ ɧɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɨɧɨɜɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɨɛɨɝɚɬɹɜɚɬ ɟɡɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɪɚɡɲɢɪɹɜɚɬ

10
Ɇɢɥɟɜ, Ⱥ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ ɠɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɨɬ Ɍɟɨɮɢɥɚɤɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ. – ȼ:
Ƚɪɴɰɤɢɬɟ ɠɢɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ, ȻȺɇ, 1966.

62
ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧ ɤɪɴɝɨɡɨɪ, ɜɥɢɹɹɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɭɦɚ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɦɭ. Ʉɧɢɠɧɢɧɚɬɚ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ, ɫɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɟɱɭɩɟɧ ɩɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬ.
Ɂɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɢɦɚɦɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɬɹ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɚ
ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɢɲɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɬ
ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ , ɧɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.

Ʉɚɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɟɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜ

ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɨɹɜɚɬ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ: Ƀɨɚɧ
ȿɤɡɚɪɯ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ „ɇɟɛɟɫɚ” ɢ „ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ”, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ ɫ
„ɉɪɨɥɨɝ ɤɴɦ ɍɱɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ”, „Ⱥɡɛɭɱɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ” ɢ „ɉɪɨɝɥɚɫ
ɤɴɦ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟɬɨ”,ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ11 ɫ „Ɂɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ”, ɨɬ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɟɧ
ɚɜɬɨɪ ɟ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ „ɉɨɯɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ”, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɫɚ
ɨɳɟ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɬ ɢ
ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ - ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ Ⱦɨɤɫ12, ɫɢɧɴɬ ɦɭ Ɍɭɞɨɪ Ⱦɨɤɫɨɜ13,
ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ƀɨɚɧ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɩɨ
ɩɨɪɴɤɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɟɧ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɩɨɞ
ɢɦɟɬɨ „ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ”, ɬɹ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ
ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ, ɫɥɭɠɟɳɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɟɧ
ɬɪɭɞ, ɡɚ ɱɢɢɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɟ ɫɩɪɹɝɚɧ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɟ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɴɬ
„Ɂɥɚɬɨɫɬɪɭɣ”, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɳ ɩɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɨɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɜ. Ƀɨɚɧ
Ɂɥɚɬɨɭɫɬ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɤɴɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɂɡɹɜɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ
ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɟ ɢ ɉɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ Ʉɨɡɦɚ ɫɴɫ
ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɱɧɨ-ɧɚɡɢɞɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɬɜɨɪɛɚ „Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ”.
ɉɪɹɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɥɢɩɫɜɚ , ɧɨ ɧɹɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨ
ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ, ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ. Ɂɧɚɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɢɤɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ-ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ
ɫɴɛɨɪ, ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɡɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚ
ɤɚɬɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɟɧ ɟɡɢɤ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɹ
ɝɪɴɰɤɢɹɬ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɜɡɟɬɨ, ɚɤɨ ɧɹɦɚ ɜɟɱɟ

11
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɪɢɡɟɰ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ ɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ, ɚ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɱɨ ɦɭ Ⱦɨɤɫ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɏɪɚɛɴɪ ɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɟɧ
ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤ
12
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɬ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɱɟ Ⱦɨɤɫ ɟ ɛɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɢ ɱɢɱɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ
13
Ɍɭɞɨɪ Ⱦɨɤɫɨɜ - ɫɢɧ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɤɫ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɨɜɱɟɞ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ – ɜ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɤɚ ɞɚɜɚ ɰɟɧɧɢ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ɂɥɚɬɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ
63
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɛɪɨɣ ɯɨɪɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɭɱɢɥɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɹɬ ɞɚ ɱɟɬɚɬ ɢ ɩɢɲɚɬ ɧɚ
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ.14
Ⱦɪɭɝ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɧɚ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɳɟ
ɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɧɨɫɟɳɚ ɱɟɪɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨ-
ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ.ȱ ɉɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɱɭɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ, (ɮɢɝ.8) ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɬɹɯ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɩɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɚ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɜɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɚɬ ɮɥɨɪɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɡɚɟɱɧɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɢ ɢɤɨɧɢ ɫ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɢ ɮɢɝɭɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɰɢ.15 (ɮɢɝ.9) Ɉɫɜɟɧ
ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɩɴɥɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ ɫ ɤɢɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ ɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɟɡɢɤ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɱɟ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɥɢ ɱɟɬɤɚɬɚ, ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ, ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ. ȼ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ
ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ, ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ, ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɡɚɟɬɢ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɢ
ɥɢɰɚ. ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ ɫɬɨɢ ɜ ɩɴɥɧɨ ɫɴɡɜɭɱɢɟ ɫ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɚ ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɢɬɟ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɢɬɟ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ
ɛɴɞɚɬ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɰɢ.16 Ȼɟɡ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɢɳɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɸɜɟɥɢɪɫɬɜɨ, ɝɪɴɧɱɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɬɴɤɥɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɞɴɪɜɨɪɟɡɛɚ, ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫ ɢ
ɢɤɨɧɨɩɢɫ – ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟɫɴɦɧɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɢɯɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɢ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ.ȱȾɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɬ
ɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɜ „ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜ”17. ȼ X ɜ. Ƀɨɚɧ
ȿɤɡɚɪɯ ɢɡɛɪɨɹɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢɬɟ - ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɢ ɜ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ.18 ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ
ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɫ ɡɚɜɢɞɧɨ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɜɟɧɨ-ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɡɚ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
14
ɑɚɤɴɪɨɜ, ɇ., Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ, ɀ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɋ.1967, 3-4
15
Ɍɨɬɟɜ Ɍ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɜ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ɋɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬ. – ȼ: ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɚ
ɢɤɨɧɚ, ɋ., 1988. – 88
16
ȼɚɤɥɢɧɨɜ, ɋɬ. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ VI-XI ɜɟɤ, ɋ., 1977.
17
ȼɠ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɚɪɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɬ.3., Ƀɨɚɧ ȿɤɡɚɪɯ.
ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ. ɋ., 1983. „… ɬɨɣ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɚɬ ɤɴɳɢ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ,
ɭɤɪɚɫɟɧɢ ɫ ɤɚɦɴɤ ɢ ɞɴɪɜɨ ɢ [ɰɟɥɢɬɟ] ɢɡɩɢɫɚɧɢ. Ⱥ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɥɟɡɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɞɜɨɪɟɰ ɢ ɫɴɡɪɟ
ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɥɚɬɢ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ, ɭɤɪɚɫɟɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɫ ɤɚɦɴɤ ɢ ɞɴɪɜɨ ɢ
[ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ] ɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɚ ɨɬɜɴɬɪɟ ɫ ɦɪɚɦɨɪ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡ, ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨ, ɬɨɣ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɟ ɫ
ɤɚɤɜɨ ɞɚ ɝɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢ…”
18
Ⱦɭɣɱɟɜ ɂɜ., ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ, I, ɋ., 1943, 80.
64
ɧɚɪɨɞ ɜ ɟɞɧɨ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɰɹɥɨ. ɋɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɟɞɟɦ - ɨɫɟɦ ɜɟɤɚ. ɋ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ
ɢɝɪɚɹɬ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɢ.
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɨɪɢɫ, ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢ
ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɬɟɡɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɴɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚ ɛɨɥɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɬɟɡɢ
ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɢ19. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɳɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɬɪɭɞ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɢɥɧɢ ɞɚɧɴɰɢ ɡɚ
ɢɡɞɪɴɠɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ. ȼɴɜ ɮɟɨɞɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɫɚ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ (ɰɚɪ, ɛɨɥɹɪɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɲɟ
ɞɭɯɨɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ). Ɍɟ ɫɚ ɬɹɫɧɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ, ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɫɟ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɢ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɦɚɬ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɹɬ
ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚɳ ɦɢɪɨɝɥɟɞ ɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɹɬ. ȼɴɧ ɨɬ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɹɦɚ ɧɢɬɨ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ,
ɧɢɬɨ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɧɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɧɢɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ. ɐɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ
ɢɞɟɚɥɢɬɟ, ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟ ɝɪɢɠɢ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ
ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɢ ɰɟɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɰɟɥɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ. ȼɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɚ ɡɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɟɪɟɬɢɱɧɢ
ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɜɚɬ ɜ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏ ɜɟɤ
ɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬ ɫɴɡɞɚɬɟɥ ɩɨɩ Ȼɨɝɨɦɢɥ –
Ȼɨɝɨɦɢɥɫɬɜɨ.20
ɉɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɟɪɟɫ, ɬ.ɟ. ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ-ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɨ
ɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ –
ɦɚɧɢɯɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɚɜɥɢɤɹɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɜɚ ɨɬ ɞɨɝɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ. ȼ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨ ɬɨ ɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɧ ɚɧɬɢɮɟɨɞɚɥɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚ
ɧɚɩɥɚɫɬɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɦɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɹɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ

19
ȼɠ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɚɪɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɬ.3., ɋ., 1983.
„…ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɚ/ɪɨɞɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ/ ɬɨɡɢ ɛɟɞɧɹɤ ɧɟ ɟ ɜɢɠɞɚɥ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɧɟɳɨ,
ɨɫɜɟɧ ɛɟɞɧɢ ɫɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɥɢɛɢ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɳɟ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɭɱɭɞɜɚ [ɢ ɳɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɠɞɚ], ɫɹɤɚɲ ɫɢ ɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥ
ɭɦɚ.”
20
„ɋɥɭɱɢ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɟɪɧɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɡɟɦɹ ɫɟ
ɩɨɹɜɢ ɩɨɩ, ɧɚ ɢɦɟ Ȼɨɝɨɦɢɥ. ɉɨ-ɜɹɪɧɨ ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɱɟ Ȼɨɝɭɧɟɦɢɥ. Ɍɨɣ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɨɱɧɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɨɩɨɜɹɞɜɚ ɟɪɟɫ ɩɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɡɟɦɹ.” Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ. ȼɠ. ɉɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ
Ʉɨɡɦɚ. Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ. - ȼ: ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɋ., 1988.

65
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚɳɚɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɜɚɬɚ.
ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɭ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɥɢɱɢ ɨɬ ɟɬɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢɦ
ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɢɹ. ȼɴɡɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɧɢɹɬ ɢɞɟɚɥ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɟ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɹɬ ɱɨɜɟɤ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɡɤɚɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɯɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ ɬɪɭɞ, ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ,
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɬɟ ɢ
ɜɥɚɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɫɹ ɬɜɴɪɞɨ ɢɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɫɬɨɹɜɚ
ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɢ. Ɂɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɠɟɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɴɠɚ ɢ
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɚɜɚ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɨɫɴɠɞɚɬ ɜɫɹɤɨ ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɠɞɚɬ
ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ. ɍ ɬɹɯ ɠɢɜɟɟ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ
ɤɥɚɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɥ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɢ ɫɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɹɬ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɢɬɟ,
ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɡɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɯɜɚɳɚɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ
ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ, ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɚ
ɧɚɤɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɦɴɪɬ ɢɥɢ ɦɴɱɟɧɢɹ, ɝɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɝɨɧɜɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ.21
ɇɹɦɚ ɞɚɧɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɫɤɢ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ, ɧɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɨ ɫɬɢɝɚɦɟ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɫɪɟɞ
ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɴɜ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɫɤɚ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ ɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɜɚɧɨ
ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ ɱɟɬɟɧɟ: ɟɞɢɧ ɱɟɬɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɬ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟɬɨ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚɳɢ ɫɥɟɞɹɬ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ, ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɴɦ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɮɟɨɞɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚɬ ɧɚɣ-ɞɟɣɧɨ ɜ
ɛɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ
ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢ ɞɚ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ,
ɡɚɞɭɲɚɜɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɩɢɬ
ɞɚ ɝɨ ɚɫɢɦɢɥɢɪɚ, ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɧɢɹ ɞɭɯ ɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɱɪɟɡ
ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɹɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɬɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ:
„Ɍɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ”, „Ɍɨɦɢɧɨɬɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ”, „ɋɨɥɭɧɫɤɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ”,
„Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɟɧ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫ”, „ɏɨɞɟɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɦɴɤɢɬɟ” ɢ
ɞɪ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ, ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ
ɜɴɜ ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɨɬ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ.22
ȼɴɜ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɛɪɚɬɹɬɚ Ⱥɫɟɧɟɜɰɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1188 ɝ. ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ, ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɜ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɬɟ. ȿɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɟ ɞɚ ɩɚɡɹɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ

21
Ʉɚɣɦɚɤɚɧɨɜɚ, Ɇ. ɉɨɹɜɚ ɢ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɛɨɝɨɦɢɥɫɬɜɨ - ȼ: ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ
ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. ɋ. 1993, 28-50.
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Ȼɭɧɬɴɬ ɧɚ Ʌɟɤɚ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɟɰ /ɋɨɮɢɹ/ ɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɦɢɪ ɜ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ /ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ/- 1077-79 ɝ.,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜɴɫɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɪɚɜɴɥ ɜɴɜ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɩɨɥ /ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ/ - 1083-84 ɝ.
66
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɹɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɪɟɬɢɰɢɬɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɚɬ ɭ ɬɹɯ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɜɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɢ, ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ-ɦɨɧɚɫɢ
ɠɢɜɟɹɬ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ. ɉɪɟɡ ȼɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɢɡɜɴɧ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɬɟ23.
ɉɪɟɡ XIV ɜɟɤ ɜɴɜ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ-ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ ɢ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɢ. ȼ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɫɟ ɭɱɢ
ɱɟɬɦɨ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ ɩɟɟɧɟ ɢ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɟɧ ɪɟɞ. Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ
ɝɪɢɠɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɟɬɟɥɢ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɞɨɩɴɥɜɚɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹɬɚ, ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɬɟ. ɂɡɭɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɢ
ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤ
ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɲɢɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɤ. ȼ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ
ɲɤɨɥɢ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ) ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɹɝɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɞɴɪɠɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ
ɬɪɭɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟ. ɇɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɢɬɟ-
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɴɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚɬ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɚ ,,ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɪɴɰɟɬɟ ɫɢ” ɢ
„ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɬɚ ɫɢ”.24
ȼɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XIV ɜɟɤ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ
ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɟɬɨ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ. ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ (1331-1371 ɝ.) ɫɟ ɩɢɲɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɬɜɴɪɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɤɧɢɝɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɢ
„Ɂɥɚɬɟɧ ɜɟɤ” ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ. ɉɨ ɩɨɪɴɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɹ, ɦɨɧɚɯ ɧɚ
ɢɦɟ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ – „ɑɟɬɢɪɢɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ”, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɨɳɟ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɬɨ
„Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ”. (ɮɢɝ.10) Ɍɜɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɜɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ
ɭɤɪɚɫɚ ɢ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ /ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪɢ/, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɡɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɴɱɢɬɟɥɹ . ɉɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢ
ɲɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɳɚ ɫɟ ɜ Ʉɢɥɢɮɚɪɟɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ʉɢɥɢɮɚɪɟɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɟ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ
Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɚ
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɋɢɧɚɢɬ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɢɤɚɥɹ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɛɪɨɣ

23
ȼɠ. ɀɢɬɢɟɩɢɫɧɢ ɬɜɨɪɛɢ. ɋɬɚɪɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɬ. 4. ɋ., 1986, 89-108. ȼ
ɠɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɨɦɢɥ ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɢ, ɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ, ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɡɚ
ɢɡɜɴɧɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɡ XIV ɜɟɤ.
24
Ɋɭɫɟɜ ɉ., Ƚɴɥɴɛɨɜ ɂɜ., Ⱦɚɧɱɟɜ Ƚ., Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜ Ⱥ. ɉɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɡɚ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɨɬ
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɐɚɦɛɥɚɤ.
ȼ: Ʌɢɬ. ɦɢɫɴɥ, 1973, ɤɧ. 1, 140—141.
67
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɢ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ, ɤɴɦ
1350 ɝ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɫɟ ɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɜ Ʉɢɥɢɮɚɪɟɜɨ.
Ɍɭɤ ɬɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɢɞɟɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɢɫɢɯɚɡɦɚ. Ɍɢɩɴɬ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɚɡɢ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɢɫɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟ, ɟ ɜɟɪɧɢɹ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟ, ɛɟɡɪɨɩɨɬɧɢɹ
ɢɡɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɝɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ. ɋɚɦɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɧɚɢɬɨɜɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜ ɉɚɪɨɪɢɹ25, ɢɡɞɢɝɚ ɦɢɫɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫ
ɞɚɜɚɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɚɜɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɩɪɚɜɢ ɝɢ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɢ, ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɢ ɚɩɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɤɴɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ. Ʉɢɥɢɮɚɪɟɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɟ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ ɨɝɧɢɳɟ. ȼ ɧɟɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ
ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɩɢɲɚɬ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɤɧɢɝɢ. Ɂɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɢɳɟ
ɧɚ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ Ʉɢɥɢɮɚɪɟɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ
ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɯɨɪɚ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɩɢɫɟɰ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ „ɀɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ
Ɋɨɦɢɥ ȼɢɞɢɧɫɤɢ”, Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢɣ Ⱦɢɜɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɱɭɥ ɫɟ ɫ ɭɦɟɥɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ
ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ, Ʉɢɩɪɢɚɧ ɐɚɦɛɥɚɤ – ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚɱ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɯɢɦɧɢ,
ɫɬɚɧɚɥ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ. ɇɚɣ-ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹɬ ɢ ɧɚɣ-
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ
Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢɣ ɟ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɪɚɧɝɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ – Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ26.
ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɉɪɨɢɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɹɪɫɤɢ ɪɨɞ. ɉɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɟɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥɬɚ, ɨɮɨɪɦɹ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɢɥɟɧ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɨɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɚɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɬ ɨɫɦɚɧɰɢɬɟ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɚ ɝɨɪɚ, ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɫɟ ɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ,
ɝɪɭɩɢɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɢ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ.
ɉɴɪɜɨɧɨɱɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɨɬ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ
,,ɋɜ.Ɍɪɨɢɰɚ“, ɛɥɢɡɨ ɞɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ.(ɮɢɝ.11)
ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ, ɱɟ ɟ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ʉɢɥɢɮɚɪɟɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ
ɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɹ. Ɍɹ ɧɟ ɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɡɚ ɚɫɤɟɬɢɱɧɢ
ɩɨɞɜɢɡɢ, ɩɪɢ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɠɟɫɬɬɚ ɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɛɟɜɝɥɴɛɹɜɚɧɟ.
Ɍɢɩɴɬ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɢɫɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟ, ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
ɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɧɟɝɨɜ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ. ȼ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɭɱɚɬ
ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɬ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɚ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɹ. Ɍɹ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ

25
ɉɚɪɨɪɢɹ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɥɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɜ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ - ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ
ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ
26
Ⱦɚɧɱɟɜ, Ƚ. „ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ“, ɋ. , 1983.
68
ɤɚɬɨ ɜɢɫɲɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɫɬɨɠɟɪ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ27.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ ɫɬɨɢ ɜ ɬɹɫɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ. ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɫɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɫ ɧɨɜɢ, ɢɡɱɢɫɬɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɝɪɟɲɤɢ. ɋ
ɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɹ ɢ ɨɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɹɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɢɫ.
ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɚ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɫɥɟɞ ɩɚɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɤɚɬɨ
ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢɤ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɜ Ȼɚɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɬ
ɦɨɧɚɫɢ-ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ ɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ.
Ɍɭɤ ɩɢɲɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ. Ɂɧɚɟɦ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ
ɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɢ ɨɬ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ
ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɠɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɹ. ȿɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɟ „ ɂɡ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ɋɢɥɫɤɢ”. ɋ
ɬɚɡɢ ɫɢ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɤɭɪɚɠɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɜ
ɬɟɠɤɢɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɞɚ ɩɨɞɯɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚɬɚ
ɡɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ.
Ɉɬ ɲɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɫɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ: Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɐɚɦɛɥɚɤ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ „ɉɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɡɚ
ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ” ɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ „Ʉɧɢɝɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɹ ɐɚɦɛɥɚɤɚ”, ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ
Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ „Ɋɢɥɫɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬ”, Ƀɨɫɢɮ Ȼɞɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ
„ɉɨɯɜɚɥɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ Ɏɢɥɨɬɟɹ ɨɬ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ
ɜɴɜ ȼɢɞɢɧ“. Ʉɚɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ȿɜɬɢɦɢɣ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚɬ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɟɱɤɢ - ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ /Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ/,
ɪɚɛɨɬɢɥ ɜ ɋɴɪɛɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ
ɧɚ „Ɋɚɡɹɫɧɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɛɭɤɜɢɬɟ”, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚ ɧɚɣ-ɩɴɥɧɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɋɴɪɛɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ XV ɜ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɟ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ “ɤɧɢɝɚ ɡɚ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ”, ɬ.ɟ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
Ʉɨɫɬɟɧɟɱɤɢ ɞɚɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɧɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɟ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ -
ɚɜɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ „ɀɢɬɢɟ ɫ ɦɚɥɤɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɚ
ɡɚ ɂɜɚɧ Ɋɢɥɫɤɢ“, „Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ“, „ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ ɂɫɚɣ“
ɢ ɞɪ.
ɇɟɫɴɦɧɟɧɨ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɛɨɝɚɬɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɝɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ,
ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɫ ɦɨɳɟɧ ɬɥɚɫɴɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢ
ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɝɢ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ – ɫɬɟɧɨɩɢɫ, ɢɤɨɧɨɩɢɫ, ɞɴɪɜɨɪɟɡɛɚ ɢ

27
ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ, ɍɱɢɥɢɳɚ, ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪɢɢ, ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɏIII–ɏIV ɜɟɤ,
ɋ., 1985.

69
ɦɟɬɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɫɬɴɤɥɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɪɟɱɢɜɨ
ɪɚɡɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɪɟɡ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ. Ɂɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɬɚ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɸɜɟɥɢɪɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɨɫɟɱɟɧɟɬɨ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɢɬɨɜɚ ɫɝɪɚɮɢɬɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ.28 ( ɮɢɝ. 12)
Ɂɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɩɨ ɦɚɳɚɛ
ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɟ ɛɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɟ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨ-ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɜɢɞɚ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɥɨ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɬɟ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɚɬɟɥɢɟɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪɢ. ȼɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ
ɡɚɛɟɥɢɠɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ-ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, ɱɢɬɨ ɜɴɡɩɢɬɚɧɢɰɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɬ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɹɥɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟɧ ɩɨɞɟɦ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ IX ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ X
ɜɟɤ, ɜɬɨɪɢɹɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɢɡɠɢɜɹɜɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟɧ ɩɨɞɟɦ, ɟ XIV ɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɝɚɜɚ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ,
ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɝɪɚɠɞɚ ɨɧɚɡɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɨ
ɰɟɧɟɧ ɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɴɬ ɧɚ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɡɢɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɢ
ɤɧɢɝɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɚɬɚ.
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɫɴɠɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɹɦɚ
ɞɚ ɢɦɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɲɚɧɫ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɪɚɡɜɢɹɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɚ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ XIV ɜɟɤ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɨɝɧɢɳɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɞɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɢ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɢɥɢɣɧɨ-ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɹɬ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɴɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ
ɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɬɟ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɨɬ ɨɫɦɚɧɰɢɬɟ.

28
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢɟɜ, Ƀ. ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɝɪɚɮɢɬɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɥɢɱɧɢɹ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜ, ȻȺɇ, ɋ.,
2003.
70
Ɏɢɝ. 1 ɋɟɞɟɦɥɴɱɟɜɚɬɚ ɪɨɡɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ Ɏɢɝ. 2 Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ Ɉɦɭɪɬɚɝɨɜɚɬɚ
ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɧɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɚ /Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɞɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɤɚɧ
Ɉɦɭɪɬɚɝ/ ɫ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɛɭɤɜɢ

Ɏɢɝ. 3 Ƚɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɛɚɡɢɥɢɤɚ ɫ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ɏɢɝ . 4 Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɜ ɞɹɫɧɨ ɨɬ Ɂɥɚɬɧɚɬɚ

ɜ ɉɥɢɫɤɚ /ɤɪɴɝɥɚɬɚ/ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜ


Ɏɢɝ. 5 Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɏɢɝ. 6 Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ

Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɰɚɬɚ

71
Ɏɢɝ.7 Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɴɬ „ɋɜ. ɉɚɧɬɟɥɟɣɦɨɧ” ɫ Ɏɢɝ. 8 ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ –
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɜ Ɉɯɪɢɞ ɩɥɨɱɤɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɤɚ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɢ ɢ
ɮɥɨɪɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ

Ɏɢɝ. 9 ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɚ ɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɚ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ – Ɏɢɝ. 10 ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɨɬ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɬɨ

ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɜ. Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ
ɋɬɪɚɬɢɥɚɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ 

Ɏɢɝ.11 ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɴɥɦɚ Ɏɢɝ. 12 Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚ ɫɝɪɚɮɢɬɨ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ –

ɐɚɪɟɜɟɰ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ /ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ/ ɩɨɞɧɨɫ ɫ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɥɴɜ /ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞ/

72
 ɉɨɱɜɢ ɢ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ
ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜ

Soils and Economy in Northeastern Thrace

during the 13th and the14th Centuries
George Kovatchev

Abstract: This study concerns the area of Northeastern Thrace

(Southeastern Bulgaria) during the 13th and the 14th centuries and the
relations between the settlements, the economy, and the types of soil in the
region. The statistical data indicates a clear relationship between the type of
soil in the vicinity of the archaeological sites and the type of business
activities practiced in the area throughout the medieval period. Depending
on the type of soil distribution, the local inhabitants placed an emphasis
either on agricultural production or on animal husbandry. The data is
confirmed by the Byzantine sources from the 12th century and the accounts of
Italian merchants from the 14th century. This survey suggests how the data
from physical geography may be applied to archaeological research and
restoration of the historical process, when there is a shortage of sufficient
written sources.

Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ

ɸɠɧɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, əɦɛɨɥɫɤɨ-ȿɥɯɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ
Ɍɭɧɞɠɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɩɨ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɹɜɹɜɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɟɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢ
ɱɨɜɟɲɤɚ, ɟ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɧɚɬɚ ɟɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɧɢɲɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. Ɍɚɡɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɨɳɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɳ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɟ ɹɪɤɨ
ɢɡɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɥɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɱɢ ɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ ɛɪɨɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɢ ɨɬ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɯɪɚɧɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɪɴɠɤɚ. ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɹ,
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɞɪɴɠɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɢɡɥɢɲɴɤ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚɬ ɞɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɴɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ

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ɧɚɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɫɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɢɹ
ɫɴɫɬɚɜ.1
ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɩɨɱɜɢɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɩɨɦɢɧɴɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɧɚ
ɯɨɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɝɢ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɬ. Ɂɚ ɭɫɟɞɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɚɬɚ ɜɟɱɟ
ɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɬɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɱɜɢɬɟ ɫɟ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɬ, ɧɚɩɨɹɜɚɬ, ɬɨɪɹɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɹɯ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ.
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɮɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɚ
ɧɚɦɟɫɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɧɚ
ɩɨɱɜɚɬɚ, ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɜɴɡɞɭɲɟɧ ɢ
ɬɨɩɥɢɧɟɧ ɪɟɠɢɦ.2
Ɍɚɡɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚɳɚ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɟɥɢɳɟ ɫ
ɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɚɫɹɝɚɳɢ ɧɚɣ-ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɟɞɧɚɥɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɪɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɢ ɬɨɜɚ
ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.3 ɇɟɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɟɩɨɯɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɥɟɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɢ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɫ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɨɬ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɬ ɬɴɪɫɟɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɚ
ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɧɟɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɢɯ, ɢɞɜɚ ɨɬ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɹ ɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ
ɹɫɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɬɴɥɤɭɜɚɧɢ, ɬɨ ɬɟ ɛɢ ɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɫ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɯɨɞɧɢ ɟɩɨɯɢ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɟɞɧɚɤɜɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ
ɪɚɣɨɧɢ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɥɢɩɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ4 ɩɨ-ɞɨɥɭ ɳɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹ
ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɡ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȱV-Vȱ ɜɟɤ, ɡɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɦ ɫ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ.5
ȼ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɬɢɩɚ
ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.

1
ɇɚɣ-ɨɛɳɨ ɜɢɠ: Butzer, K. Environment and Archaeology. An Ecological Approach to
Prehistory. Chicago, 1971; Renfrew, C. Geography, Archaeology, and Environment. –In:
Geographical Journal, No.149, 1983, 316-323.
2
ɉɟɧɤɨɜ, Ɇ. ɉɨɱɜɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ɋ., 1983, 136-139.
3
Barker, G. Prehistoric Farming in Europe. Cambridge, 1985, 84-111.
4
ɉɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧ ɡɚ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɨ. ɏɜɚɪ. ȼɢɠ: Strancic, Z., V.
Gaffney, GIS Approaches to Regional Analysis: A Case Study of the Island of Hvar. –In:
Znanstveni institut Filozofske fakultete. Ljubljana, 1990.
5
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜ, Ƚ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱ-
ɏȱV ɜɟɤ. ȼ. Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2001, 36-40.
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 Ʌɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ. ȿɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɜ ɘɠɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɫɚ ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ Ɍɭɧɞɠɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɯɴɥɦɢɫɬɚ ɧɢɡɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɫ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɧɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɫɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɪɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɞɴɪɠɚɳɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ, ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɢ
ɞɨɛɢɜɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɫɟɥɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ
ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɟɱɟɦɢɤ.
ɉɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɪɚ, ɩɨ ɛɢɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɯɴɥɦɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɜɴɡɜɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ, ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ
ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ
ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɠɧɹɜɚɧɟ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ
ɫɟɥɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɚɛ ɪɚɫɬɟɠ,
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɢɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ.
ɂɡɥɭɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɝɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ, ɱɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ
ɧɟ ɫɚ ɞɨɛɪɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢɬɟ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ. Ɍɟ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ,
ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ, ɋɬɢɞɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ, Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ Ⱥɣɬɨɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ
ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɪɚ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɸɠɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ Ʉɨɬɟɥ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɬɨ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɢɧɚ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ
ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɢɦɚɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɢ ɨɛɳɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɤɴɫ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɛɪɨɣ ɰɟɧɧɢ ɫɟɥɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.
Ⱥɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɟɱɧɢɬɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ
ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ, ɚ ɞɟɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ – ɜ
ɩɨɞɧɨɠɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɴɥɦɨɜɟɬɟ, ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɫɢɜɢ.
Ⱥɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ, ɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ ɡɚɛɥɚɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɨɥɹɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ
ɩɨɤɚɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɱɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɨɬɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚɛɥɚɬɹɜɚɧɟ.
ɉɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɛɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɠɤɨ-ɩɟɫɴɱɥɢɜɨ-
ɝɥɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɥɢɧɟɫɬɢ. ɉɴɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɫɥɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɞɪɟɧɢɪɚɧɟ. Ɂɚɟɦɚɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ⱥɣɬɨɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɭɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɬɟɥɫɤɢɹ (Ɇɚɪɚɲɤɢɹ) ɩɪɨɯɨɞ.
Ʉɚɮɹɜɢɬɟ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɫ ɧɚɞɦɨɪɫɤɚ
ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ ɨɬ 600 ɞɨ 1200 ɦ. ɜ ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ, Ʉɨɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ȼɴɪɛɢɲɤɚɬɚ
ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ. Ɍɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɪɟɥɟɮ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ ɟɪɨɡɢɹ.

75
 Ɋɟɧɞɡɢɧɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɯɭɦɭɫ ɢ
ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɢ ɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫɴɫ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɢ ɨɛɳɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɧɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɡɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɫɟɥɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.
Ɋɚɧɤɟɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɫɨɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɢɥɧɨ
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɟɪɨɡɢɪɚɬ. Ɋɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɜ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ, ɋɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɟ.
Ʌɢɜɚɞɧɨ-ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɣɬɨɫ
ɢ Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪ. Ɍɭɧɞɠɚ.
ɋɨɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɢɦɢ,
ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɥɫɤɨɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɥɢ. Ʉɴɦ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹɬ ɢ ɬ.
ɧɚɪ. ɫɨɥɨɧɱɚɰɢ. ɉɨ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɢ ɢ ɦɴɪɬɜɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ.
ȼ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɧɚ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɫɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ
142 ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȱV-Vȱ ɜ. ɢ 87 ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ ɡɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜ.6
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ȱV-Vȱ ɜ., ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɹɦ
ɞɹɥ ɫɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɢɡɥɭɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ
ɩɨɱɜɢ (59 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 41,5%). ɋɥɟɞ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɠɞɚɬ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ
ɩɨɱɜɢ (22 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 15,5%); ɚɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ (16 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ –
11,3%); ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ (15 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 10,6%); ɞɟɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ
(11 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 7,7%); ɤɚɮɹɜɢɬɟ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ (9 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 6,3%); ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢɬɟ
ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ (4 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 2,8%); ɪɚɧɤɟɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɫɨɥɢ (4 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ
– 2,8%); ɥɢɜɚɞɧɨ-ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ (2 ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 1,4%); ɛɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ (2
ɨɛɟɤɬɚ – 1,4%) ɢ ɪɟɧɞɡɢɧɢɬɟ (1 ɨɛɟɤɬ – 0,7%). Ɂɚ ɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɚɧɢ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ, ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ. (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1)
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɨ-
ɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɩɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢ, ɚɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɞɟɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɢ
ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ȱV-Vȱ ɜɟɤ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚ ɩɨɱɜɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɬ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ, ɟɱɟɦɢɤ, ɥɨɡɟ, ɩɥɨɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɱɭɰɢ. Ɍɟɠɤɢɬɟ
ɝɥɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɜɚɬ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɢɬɟ ɫ ɩɨ-ɥɟɤ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ, ɧɨ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɨɛɢɬɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɴɫɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚɬ, ɱɟ
ɯɨɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɝɢ ɤɭɥɬɢɜɢɪɚɬ, ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɚɧ ɨɩɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɫ
ɬɹɯ. Ɉɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɹɯ ɹɫɧɨ
ɩɪɨɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɪɟɧɞɡɢɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɫɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɞɨ

6
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜ, Ƚ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 5, 6.
76
ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɭɦɢɲɥɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɹɝɜɚɬ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɜɚɬ ɯɥɨɪɨɡɚ ɩɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɢ ɫ ɟɪɨɡɢɜɧɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ,
ɤɚɤɜɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢɬɟ, ɤɚɮɹɜɢɬɟ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɪɚɧɤɟɪɢɬɟ ɢ
ɥɢɬɨɫɨɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɪɟɧɞɡɢɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ, ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɜ
ɩɨɦɢɧɴɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɝɢ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɚ
ɫɤɨɬɨɜɴɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɥɨɜɚ, ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɢɟɬɨ.
Ƚɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɬɨɫɢ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɪɚɧɧɨɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ ɢ Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬ; ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ
ɦɨɬɢɤɢ, ɞɢɤɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɚɥɟɲɧɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɥɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɡɚ
ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɢɜɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ, ɟɱɟɦɢɤ ɢ
ɞɪ. ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɬɟ ɬɭɤ ɤɨɫɟɪɢ, ɟ
ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɡɹ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ., ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɤɬɢ
ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɫ ɢɡɥɭɠɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ – 32
(36,8%). ɋɥɟɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɴɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɥɜɚɧɟ, ɫɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢ
– 18 (20,7%), ɩɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢ - 11 (12,6%); ɚɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ – 10
(11,5%); ɞɟɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ – 4 (4,6%) ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨ-ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ
ɩɨɱɜɢ – 4 (4,6%); ɤɚɮɹɜɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ – 3 (3,5%); ɪɚɧɤɟɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɨɫɨɥɢ –
2 (2,3%); ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ – 1 (1,1% ); ɥɢɜɚɞɧɨ-ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ – 1 (1,1%) ɢ
ɛɥɚɬɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ – 1 (1,1%). (ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1)
ȼɴɪɯɭ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ, ɪɟɞɡɢɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɜɫɟ
ɨɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɹɡɚɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ – ɏȱV ɜ.
Ɉɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɜɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɩɨɯɢ, ɢɡɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɛɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ
ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɟ ɢɡɥɭɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɣ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ȱV–Vȱ ɜ. – 41,5%, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ. –
36,8%. Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ, ɱɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɞɹɥ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɣɬɨɫɤɚɬɚ, Ʉɚɪɧɨɛɚɬɫɤɚɬɚ, ɋɥɢɜɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɋɬɢɞɨɜɫɤɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ, ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ ɢ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ
ɜɟɱɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɢɯ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ
ɧɚɬɪɭɩɚɧ ɨɩɢɬ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɴɳɢ ɡɚ ɭɫɟɞɧɚɥɨ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɨɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɠɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɡɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ. ɧɚɦɚɥɹɜɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ȱV–Vȱ ɜ., ɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɬɨ
ɫɴɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɜɚ
ɩɴɬɢ ɡɚ ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ. (20,7%) ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ȱV–Vȱ ɜ. (10,6%). Ɍɨɜɚ
ɧɚɫɨɱɜɚ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥɬɚ, ɱɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɚɬ
ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɜ Ɍɭɧɞɠɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɯɴɥɦɢɫɬɚ ɧɢɡɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ.

77
Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɚɧ ɨɩɢɬ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥ ɡɚ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ, ɱɟ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚɬ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɚ
ɟɫɟɧɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɩɨ-ɞɨɛɪɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɳɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ
ɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ,
ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɢɬɟ ɞɨɛɢɜɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɚ
ɨɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɯɪɚɧɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɢɲɴɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɢ ɫ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɩɨ ɛɢɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɯɴɥɦɢɫɬɢɬɟ
ɜɴɡɜɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ ɢ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ (ȱV–Vȱ ɜ. – 15,5%;
ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ. – 12,6%), ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ ɢ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɴɞɧɢɹ
ɩɨɦɢɧɴɤ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɍɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ
ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɬɪɭɩɚɧɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɫɬɢɪɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɢɟ.
Ⱥɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ-ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ (ȱV-Vȱ ɜ. – 11,3%; ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ. – 11,5%) ɢ
ɞɟɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ – ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢɬɟ (ȱV–Vȱ ɜ. – 7,7%; ɏȱȱȱ–ɏȱV ɜ. – 4,6%) ɩɨɱɜɢ
ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟɧɟɧ ɫɜɨɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɟɩɨɯɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɢ ɡɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɧɨ
ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɤɭɥɬɢɜɢɪɚɧɟ ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɨ-ɫɬɪɨɝɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɹɜɚ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɢɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɢɬɟ, ɤɪɚɣ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɢɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ
ɢ ɥɢɩɫɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɡɚ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ
ɩɨɱɜɟɧɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɢ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ. Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɞɹɥ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɡ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɹɜɚɧɢ ɟɩɨɯɢ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɨɛɴɪɧɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ –
ɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜ. ɳɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɟ ɧɚ ɸɠɧɨɬɨ ɧɢ
ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨ ɤɪɚɣɛɪɟɠɢɟ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ, ɨɬɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɚɫɹ ɠɢɬɨ. Ƚɨɥɹɦ ɞɹɥ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɧɚ
ɠɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɚɞɚɥ ɧɚ ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ, Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɢ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ, ɨɬɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɟ
ɢɡɧɚɫɹɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ Ɍɪɚɤɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ, ɩɨ-ɛɨɝɚɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚ. ɉɨɱɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɞɠɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɫɢɜ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ,
ɱɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɫɤɨɬɨɜɴɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ
ɩɨɦɢɧɴɤ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɬɟ, ɱɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɜ. ɬɟɡɢ ɡɟɦɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɢɥɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɡɟɦɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɴɤ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɬɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɞɴɳɟɪɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɂɫɚɤ ȱȱ Ⱥɧɝɟɥ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ ɨɬ Ɇɨɧɟɦɜɚɫɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɝɪɚɦɨɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤ ȱȱ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɱɢɣɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɩɪɟɡ Ⱥɝɚɬɨɩɨɥ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɧɚɫɹɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɡɚ ɤɥɚɧɟ.7
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ) ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɨ ɡɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɹ ɢ Ƚɟɧɭɚ. ȼ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥ

7
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ȼ. ɋɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ Ⱥɝɚɬɨɩɨɥ. –ȼ: Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ. ɋ.,
1980, 345.
78
ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɠɢɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɢ
Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ ɢ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɥɢ ɫ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ.8 ɓɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɚɟ ɞɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɡɴɪɧɨɬɨ, ɬɨ ɉɟɝɚɥɨɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨ-ɥɨɲɨ ɨɬ ɠɢɬɨɬɨ ɜ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ.9 Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɚɜɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɫɴɥɬɚ, ɱɟ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɢ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɫɧɚɛɞɹɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɹɤɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɨɛɴɪɧɟɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ, ɳɟ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɱɟ ɩɨɞɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ (ɉɨɦɨɪɢɟ) ɫɚ ɧɚɫɢɬɟɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɦɨɥɧɢɰɢ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ ɫɚ ɡɚɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɫ ɢɡɥɭɠɟɧɢ
ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɨ-ɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɨ-ɧɢɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-
ɧɟɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɢ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ „ɪɚɣɨɧɢɪɚɧɟ” ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɞɨɩɭɫɧɟ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɧɚɫɹɥɢ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɢ ɩɴɬɹ – ɤɪɚɣ ɸɠɧɢɬɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹɬ
ɨɳɟ ɨɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɴɬɟɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɴɬ ɨɬ Ȼɟɪɨɟ ɤɴɦ əɦɛɨɥ, Ⱥɣɬɨɫ ɢ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɩɴɬ ɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɪɟɡ ɏV ɜ. ɤɚɬɨ „Ɍɭɡɥɚ ɣɨɥɭ” (ɩɴɬ ɧɚ
ɫɨɥɬɚ), ɤɨɟɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɤɚɪɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤɴɦ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɨɥ, ɧɭɠɧɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɤɚɲɧɢɬɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ.
Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɥɢɱɢ ɨɬ ɠɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɥ Ɏɢɥɟɨɬ, Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɢɥ
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɭɬɨ ɬɴɪɠɢɳɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɧɚ ɠɢɬɨ ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȱɏ ɜ, ɧɨ ɜ
ɬɚɡɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɟ, ɱɟ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ⱥɧɚ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɧɚ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɢ ɥɨɡɹ, ɚ ɂɞɪɢɫɢ ɧɟ ɝɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɹɜɚ ɤɴɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɫ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ ɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ
ɡɚɫɬɴɩɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ.10 ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ ɨɬ
Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɢ Ɇɟɫɟɦɜɪɢɹ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɠɢɬɨ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɞɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɜ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ
ɩɪɟɡ 1308 ɝ.
ɇɟ ɛɢɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚɦɟ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɤɥɸɱɨɜɢɬɟ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɥɚɜ ɢ ɱɢɱɨ ɦɭ ȿɥɬɢɦɢɪ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɟɥ əɦɛɨɥ ɢ Ʌɚɪɞɟɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɥ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ
ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɢɡɜɨɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɹ ɩɴɬ
ɨɬ əɦɛɨɥ ɤɴɦ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ.
Ɂɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɨɬ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɚ ɢ
ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ

8
ɉɥɹɤɨɜ, Ɂɞɪ. ɋɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ
ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɏȱV ɜ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ, 1986, ɤɧ. 8, 18-19.
9
ɉɟɝɚɥɨɬɢ. ɇɚɪɴɱɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹɬɚ. ȼɢɠ: ɉɟɬɪɨɜ, ɉ., ȼ. Ƚɸɡɟɥɟɜ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨɦɚɬɢɹ ɩɨ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. ȱȱ. ɋ., 1978, 238; ȼɢɠ ɫɴɳɨ: Evans, Allan. Francesco Balducci
Pegolotti. La Pratica della Mercatura. –In: Medieval Academy Books. No. 24, Cambrige –
Massachusetts, 1936.
10
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ. Ɍ. 1. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 1981, 381.
79
Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɡɴɪɧɨ, ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɸɠɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɚ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɜɴɜ ȼɚɪɧɚ, Ʉɢɥɢɹ ɢ
Ʌɢɤɨɫɬɨɦɨ. ɇɟɳɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɩɪɟɡ 1361 ɝ. ɨɬ Ʉɢɥɢɹ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɧɚɫɹɧɨ ɠɢɬɨ ɡɚ
ɇɟɫɟɛɴɪ, ɋɨɡɨɩɨɥ ɢ Ⱥɝɚɬɨɩɨɥ, ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɬɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɴɪɧɟɧɢ ɯɪɚɧɢ.11
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɢɟ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɧ ɧɹɤɨɟ ɪɚɧɧɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ
ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɯɢɧɬɟɪɥɚɧɞ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ.
Ɏɚɤɬɴɬ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ Ⱥɧɯɢɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɬɟ ɦɭ
ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1360–1361 ɝ. ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɟɝɧɚɬɢ,
ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɬɚ ɫɢ ɫ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ.

ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 1
Ɋɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ɍɪɚɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ȱV-Vȱ ɢ ɏȱȱȱ-ɏȱV ɜɟɤ

ȼɢɞ ɩɨɱɜɢ % ɏȱȱ-ɏȱV % ȱV-Vȱ

ɂɡɥɭɠɟɧɢ 59 41,5 32 36,8
ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ
ɉɫɟɜɞɨɩɨɞɡɨɥɢɫɬɢ 22 15,5 11 12,6
Ⱥɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ- 16 11,3 10 11,5
ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ
ɋɦɨɥɧɢɰɢ 15 10,6 18 20,7
Ⱦɟɥɭɜɢɚɥɧɨ- 11 7,7 4 4,6
ɥɢɜɚɞɧɢ
Ʉɚɮɹɜɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɢ 9 6,3 3 3,5
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ 4 2,8 4 4,6
ɝɨɪɫɤɢ
Ɋɚɧɤɟɪɢ ɢ 4 2,8 2 2,3
ɥɢɬɨɫɨɥɢ
Ʌɢɜɚɞɧɨ-ɤɚɧɟɥɟɧɢ 2 1,4 1 1,1
Ȼɥɚɬɧɢ 2 1,4 1 1,1
Ɋɟɧɞɡɢɧɢ 1 0,7 - -
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɢ - - - -
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ
Ʌɢɜɚɞɧɢ - - 1 1,1
ɱɟɪɧɨɡɟɦɢ
ɋɨɥɟɧɢ - - - -

.11 ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 229

80
 ɉɪɢ ɤɨɹ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ III
ȼɚɪɧɟɧɱɢɤ (1434-1444) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɹɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ
ɩɪɟɡ ɉɪɨɥɢɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1444 ɝ.?
ɇɟɜɹɧ Ɇɢɬɟɜ

In which fortress does the crusade army of Vladislav

Varnenchik
receive the letter informing of the passing of the Ottoman
troops across the Straits during the fall of 1444 y.?
Nevyan Mitev

Abstract: The crusades of Vladislav Varnenchik in 1443-1444 y. were

subject to research by many scholars. There are still disputes in the scholarly
literature regarding many of the details of those events. As it has been
established repeatedly, this is due to the contradictions in the source
material, which on the one hand contributes to the existence of different
interpretations in the scholarly societies. One of those details is the passing
of the Ottoman troops across the Straits during the fall of 1444 y. and the
announcement of this fact in the camp of the Polish-Hungarian king. In the
sources it is very clearly and punctually written that the crusade troops are
informed of the passing of the army of Murad across the Hellespont by the
letter received from the commander in chief of the papal fleet cardinal
Condolmieri. In this paper I am going to try to locate the place where this
letter was received because, as for me, the established in the scholarly
literature position that this happened in Ovech must be corrected based on
the exact interpretation of the historical sources!
I think the army of Vladislav received the notice of the passing of the
troops of Murad across the Straits in Petrich fortress (today Razdelina
village).

ɉɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɱɢɤ ɩɪɟɡ 1443-1444 ɝ. ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ

ɨɛɟɤɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢ. ɂ ɞɨ ɞɧɟɫ ɢɦɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɟ ɜ
ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɞɟɬɚɣɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ.
Ɍɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɟɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɚɧɨ, ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɜɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɚɫɹ
ɡɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ. ȿɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɬɟɡɢ

81
ɞɟɬɚɣɥɢ ɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɉɪɨɥɢɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ
ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1444 ɝ. ɢ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɮɚɤɬ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɫɤɨ-
ɭɧɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɪɚɥ. ȼ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɢ ɹɫɧɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɱɟ
ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɧɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɭɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɚ
ɚɪɦɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ ɏɟɥɟɫɩɨɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳɢɹ
ɩɚɩɫɤɢɹ ɮɥɨɬ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ Ʉɨɧɞɨɥɦɢɟɪɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɨɬɨ ɫɴɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɳɟ ɫɟ
ɨɩɢɬɚɦ ɞɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦ ɦɹɫɬɨɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ,
ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ, ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɟ
ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɩɪɢ Ɉɜɟɱ, ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɤɨɪɢɝɢɪɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ!
ɉɨɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ,
ɱɟ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɞɨɥɦɢɟɪɢ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɨɬ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɜ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ɉɜɟɱ (ɞɧ. ɝɪ. ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ). Ɂɚɳɢɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ ɫɚ
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ,1 Ʉɚɪɟɥ ɢ ɏɟɪɦɚɧ ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ,2 Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɂɲɢɪɤɨɜ,3
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ȼɚɥɚɫɱɟɜ,4 Ȼɢɫɬɪɚ ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ,5Ʉɚɪɨɥ Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤ,6 Ɇɢɟɱɢɫɥɚɜ
Ȼɢɟɥɫɤɢ7 ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɴɪɠɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ Ƀ.
ɐɢɧɤɚɣɡɟɧ8 ɢ ɋɬ. ɇɟɞɟɜ9. Ɍɟ ɫɦɹɬɚɬ, ɱɟ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ ɨɬ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ, ɟ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ
ɤɚɥɟ (ɞɧ. ɫ. Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɧɚ).
Ʉɚɤɜɨ, ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ?
ȼ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ ɞɟ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ
ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ Ʌɸɞɨɜɢɤ, ɚɜɬɨɪɴɬ ɩɢɲɟ, ɱɟ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ
ɟ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɥɚ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ ɑɟɡɚɪɢɧɢ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɛɢɥ
ɭɜɟɞɨɦɟɧ, ɱɟ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɯɜɴɪɥɢɥɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɬɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ, ɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ,
1
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, Ƚ. ɋɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɜɴ 1444 ɝ. – ɂȼȺȾ, 1908, 11.
2
ɒɤɨɪɩɢɥ, Ʉ. ɢ ɏ. ɉɨɯɨɞɴɬ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡɴ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɴ 1444 ɝ. ɢ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ȼɚɪɧɚ – ɂȼȺȾ, 1908, 51.
3
ɂɲɢɪɤɨɜ, Ⱥ ɢ ɞɪ.. ɉɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ (ɉɨɥɫɤɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ʋ8/1922ɝ.), ɋɨɮɢɹ
1923, 47.
4
Ȼɚɥɚɫɱɟɜ, Ƚ. ɉɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɫɤɨ-ɦɚɞɠɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɪɚɥ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ III əɝɟɥɨ ɩɪɟɡ 1443-
1444 ɝ. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1935, 16.
5
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ. ɉɚɦɟɬɧɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɬɟ. (ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ
ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɟ – ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ XIV ɢ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ XV ɜ.). ȼɚɪɧɚ, 1979, 304.
6
Ɉɥɟɣɧɢɤ, Ʉ. Ȼɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ – ȼ: ȼɚɪɧɚ 1444. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ. ȼɚɪɧɚ
2005, 26.
7
Ȼɢɟɥɫɤɢ, Ɇ. ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ III ȼɚɪɧɟɧɱɢɤ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ (1443-1444). ȼɟɥɢɤɨ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ,
2006, 54.
8
Zinkeisen, J. Geschichte des Osmanisch en Reiches in Europa. Gɨtha, 1840, 683.
9
ɇɟɞɟɜ, ɋɬ. ɉɴɬɢɳɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ III ɢ Ɇɭɪɚɞ II ɤɴɦ ȼɚɪɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1444 ɝ. – ȼ: ȼɚɪɧɚ
1444. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɱɟɫɬ ɧɚ 525-ɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ
ɤɪɚɣ ɝɪ. ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1969, 223.
82
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ: “ɂ ɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɧɚɯɦɟ ɨɩɨɠɚɪɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɟɱɟ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ ɉɟɬɪɟɱ .......”.10
ȼ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩ Ʉɚɥɢɦɚɯ ɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɪɢɰɚɪɢ, ɫɪɟɞ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ əɧ Ɍɚɪɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɢ Ʌɟɲɟɤ Ȼɨɛɠɢɰɤɢ. ɂ ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ
ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɢ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɪɚɥɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɨɬ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɹɜɚɥɨ, ɱɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ Ɇɭɪɚɞ II
ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ.11
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɨ ɞɟ Ȼɨɧɮɢɧɢ ɩɢɲɟ, ɱɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɛɟɞɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɉɟɬɪɢɱ, ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɰɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɨ, ɱɟ
Ɇɭɪɚɞ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɉɪɨɥɢɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɢɥ ɫ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ
ɜɨɣɫɤɚ.12
Ɉɳɟ ɩɨ-ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ
Ɇɢɯɚɟɥ Ȼɟɯɚɣɦ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ȼɟɯɚɣɦ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɰɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɥɢ
ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ Ɇɢɯɚɥɢɱ ɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɤɴɦ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɤɪɚɥɹɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɜɟɫɬɬɚ,
ɱɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɴɬ ɟ ɬɪɴɝɧɚɥ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɧɟɝɨ13. Ɍ.ɟ. ɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ
ɭɡɧɚɥ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɢ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ
ɫɴɜɩɚɞɚ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɫɧɢ ɫ
ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨɟɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɯɚɣɦ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɜɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɤɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɜɴɜ
ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ – ɏɚɧɫ Ɇɟɪɝɟɫɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ 16 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɜ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɧ ɢ ɧɹɦɚ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ
ɢɡɛɥɟɞɧɟɥɢ.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ
ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɞɨɥɦɢɟɪɢ ɞɨ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɹɧɫɤɢɹ ɥɚɝɟɪ, ɞɚ ɫɚ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɣ, ɬɟ ɫɚ ɹɫɧɢ
ɢ ɧɟɞɜɭɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ ɞɟ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ14 ɢ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɨ ɞɟ Ȼɨɧɮɢɧɢ
ɭɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɜɡɟɥɢ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ, ɤɪɴɫɬɨɧɨɫɰɢɬɟ
ɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ. Ʉɚɥɢɦɚɯ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɢɥɨ ɩɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɚɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ (ɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɚ ɤɴɞɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ).
ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɟɯɚɣɦ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɯ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɟ ɡɚ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɟ, ɱɟ ɧɢɤɴɞɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ Ɉɜɟɱ

10
Ɇɢɪɱɟɜ, Ɇ. ɉɢɫɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧɨ ɞɨ Ʉɚɪɞɢɧɚɥ Ʌɸɞɨɜɢɤ. –
ɂȼȺȾ, XV, 1964, 89.
11
Ʉɨɥɚɪɨɜ, ɏ. ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɢɦɚɯ – ɜɚɠɟɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɨɬ 1444 ɝ. –
ɂɇɆȼ, IX (XXIV), 1973, 247.
12
ɅɂȻɂ V/1, ɋɨɮɢɹ 2001, 155.
13
Ʉɨɥɚɪɨɜ, ɏ. Ⱦɜɚ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɛɢɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ 10 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ
1444ɝ. ɩɪɢ ȼɚɪɧɚ – ɂɇɆȼ, VI (XXI), 1970, 186; ɉɢɫɦɨ ɧɚ ȿɧɟɚɫ ɋɢɥɜɢɭɫ ɉɢɤɨɥɨɦɢɧɢ
ɞɨ ɯɟɪɰɨɝɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɨ Ɏɢɥɢɩɨ Ɇɚɪɢɹ ȼɢɫɤɨɧɬɢ ɨɬ 13 ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ 1444 ɝ. – ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (VII-XV ɜ.) ɜ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɧɢ ɫɛɢɪɤɢ ɢ
ɚɪɯɢɜɢ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 2000, 137.
14
ɉɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɩɢɫɦɨɬɨ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɜ Ɉɜɟɱ, ɫɟ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɬ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɚɥɚɰɢɨ, ɤɨɣɬɨ, ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɜɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ ɧɢɤɴɞɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɴɩɪɨɫɧɨɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɫ Ɉɜɟɱ.
83
(ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ). Ɍ.ɟ. ɧɚɞɞɟɥɹɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ ɤɚɥɟ
ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɨɜɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ɇɭɪɚɞɨɜɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɉɪɨɥɢɜɢɬɟ.
Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɹɬ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɦɚɥɤɨɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɢɡɹɫɧɟɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɱɢɤ.
ɋɦɹɬɚɦ, ɱɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɨɱɢɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ,
ɤɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɛɢ ɤɨɪɢɝɢɪɚɥ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɬɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɚ ɜ
ɧɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ, ɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɛɢ ɫɩɨɦɨɝɧɚɥɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢɬɟ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɧɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ.

84
RENAISSANCE ǰȈǵǾǮǴDzǮǻdz

ɇɚ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ( ɏVȱ-ɏVȱȱȱ ɜ.)

Ɇɢɥɟɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɧɟɜɚ

Shopping in Provadia 16 th – 18 th c.
Milena Dragneva

Abstract: The focus of this study aims to present authentic atmosphere of

one of the biggest markets in Bulgarya in 16 th – 18 th c. Commodity-
monetary and purely human relation in a closed space, such as Provadiya,
nestled between Eastern and Western plateau.
The market in Provadya isn’t just commercial center, it’s a place
where people from different religions, cultures, and ethnicities meet.
Turks, Bulgarians, Dubrovnichani, Armenians, Jews, Gagauz settled
their small places in the town. Therefore, the local market became a big
screen, which showed differences in the faith, in manners, in social status
and in the fate of separate people from the two confessional communities in
all areas of life.

Ⱥɤɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ XV–XVII ɜ. ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ

ɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬ, ɬɨ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɝɪɚɞ (ɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ)
ɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɩɚɡɚɪ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɟɠɟɫɟɞɦɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɚɧ
ɞɟɧ, ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɬɴɤ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɱɟɬɚɟ ɫ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ
ɧɚ ɦɸɫɸɥɦɚɧɢɬɟ.
Ɏɨɤɭɫɴɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɢɪɚ
ɚɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɩɚɡɚɪɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɟɡ
ɏVȱ–ɏVȱȱȱ ɜ., ɫɬɨɤɨɜɨ-ɩɚɪɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɞɧɨ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɤɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ, ɫɝɭɲɟɧɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ.
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɹ ɩɪɟɡ
Ʉɴɫɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɥɟɥɢ ɨɬ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɪɟɤɚ
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɚ, ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɩɨ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ
ɛɪɹɝ.1

1
Ⱥɞɠɟɦɥɟɪɫɤɢ, ɋɜ. ɂɡ ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2005., 14.
85
 ɉɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ
ɞɚɬɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏVȱ ɜ. ȼ ɩɴɬɟɩɢɫɢ, ɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɭɠɞɢ
ɩɴɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ, ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢ, ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɟ ɧɚɪɢɱɚɧ ɉɪɚɜɚɞɴ,
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢ, Ȼɪɚɜɚɞɚ, Provato. ɉɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɟ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɜɢɥɚɟɬ
ɢ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɚɡɚ.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɟɬɧɨɤɨɧɮɟɫɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɫɬɚɬ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɭɛɫɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɏVȱ–ɏVȱȱȱ ɜ. ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɠɢɜɟɹɬ ɨɳɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɱɚɧɢ,
ɟɜɪɟɢ, ɚɪɦɟɧɰɢ, ɪɨɦɢ, ɬɚɬɚɪɢ, ɝɚɝɚɭɡɢ ɢ ɞɪ.2
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɴɬ ɨɬ Ɍɸɛɢɧɝɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ƚɟɪɥɚɯ (1546
ɝ.), ɩɨɥɫɤɢɹɬ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬ Ɉɬɜɢɧɨɜɫɤɢ (1556 ɝ.), ɩɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɟɦɟɰ
Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ Ƚɪɸɧɟɜɟɝ (1582 ɝ.), ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɢɧɴɬ ɏɚɪɢ Ʉɟɜɴɧɞɢɲ (1589 ɝ.),
ɚɪɦɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɴɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ ɋɢɦɨɧ Ɍɛɢɪ Ʌɟɯɚɰɢ (1608 ɝ.) ɢ ɩɨɥɫɤɢɹɬ
ɞɜɨɪɹɧɢɧ Ɉɫɜɢɣɟɧɰɢɦ (1636 ɝ.) ɨɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ XVI–XVII ɜ.
ɤɚɬɨ ɟɞɢɧ „ɦɚɥɴɤ, ɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɜ ɝɪɚɞ”, „ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ”, ɫ
ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ ɫɝɪɚɞɢ, ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɫɚɪɚɢ, ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨɣɧɢ ɮɨɧɬɚɧɢ ɢ ɝɨɥɹɦ
ɛɟɡɢɫɬɟɧ, ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɟɧɢ „ɞɸɤɹɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɢ ɢ
ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ.”3
ȿɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ Ƚɪɸɧɟɜɟɝ ɜɴɡɤɥɢɤɜɚ: „Ɇɢɫɥɹ,
ɱɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɧɹɦɚ ɩɨ-ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɟ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɧɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɱɟ ɥɢ ɢɡɪɚɜɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɥɨɩɚɬɚ. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ (ɫɤɚɥɚ ɤɭɪɫ. ɦɨɣ) ɞɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɡɚɨɛɢɤɨɥɟɧ.”4 Ƚɪɸɧɟɜɟɝ ɜɢɠɞɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɴɫ ɡɢɞɚɧɢ
ɫɝɪɚɞɢ, ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ɩɥɨɱɢ. ȼɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɯɭɛɚɜɢɬɟ
ɱɟɲɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɤɥɚɞɟɧɟɰ „ɜ ɥɹɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ” ɧɚ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ.5
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɛɟɡɢɫɬɟɧ ɫ ɞɸɤɹɧɢ, ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɨ-ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɚ
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ XVI ɜ. ɫɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɟɦɢɹ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɡɚ ɛɢɜɨɥɫɤɢ
ɤɨɠɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ “ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ”, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɢ
ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɹɜɚ ɯɨɥɚɧɞɟɰɴɬ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɭɫ Ⱦɨɭɡɚ.6
ɉɚɡɚɪɴɬ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɝɪɚɞ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟɧ ɬɨɩɨɫ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɢ ɫɪɟɳɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɫɟɥɢɳɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɞɨ
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɜɨɞɹɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɫɟɥɫɤɢ ɩɴɬɢɳɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɭɥɢɱɤɢ. ɂ ɚɤɨ
ɑɚɪɲɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɹ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ɀɢɥ ȼɟɧɳɟɣɧ), ɬɨ
ɩɚɡɚɪɴɬ ɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɧ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɦɭɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ. (ɩɪɨɮ.
ɐɜɟɬɚɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ)7

2
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
3
Ƚɚɧɟɜ, ɇ.ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟ ɢ ɦɢɧɚɥɨ. ɋ., 1929, 41.
4
Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜɚ, ȿɥ., Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ, ɋɬ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ XV ɜ., ɋ., 1986, 163.
5
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
6
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɨɜɢɱ, ɋɬ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɡɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɢ. ɋ.,1925, 188–189.
7
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ, ɐɜ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ XV–XVII ɜ. ɋ., 1999., 287.
86
 ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɟ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɳɚɛɧɚɬɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɹɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɲɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɹ ɜ
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɋɨɮɢɹ,
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ, ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ, ɒɭɦɟɧ;8 ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɬɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɴɞɫɬɜɨ (ɢ ɩɨ-
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɨɜɰɟɜɴɞɫɬɜɨ) ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ, ɨɬɪɚɫɴɥ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹ ɨɬ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɴɫɧɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɢɟ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬ ɧɚ
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɫ ɜɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɳɟ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɢɹ Ʉɨɥɚɪɫɤɢ
ɩɴɬ. Ɍɟɡɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɢ
ɰɟɧɬɴɪ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɞɨ Ɋɭɫɤɨ–ɬɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ (1828–
1829).
Ɂɚ ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɢɹ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ “ɋɚɹɯɬɧɚɦɟ”
ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɏVȱ ɜ. ɢ ȿɜɥɢɹ ɑɟɥɟɛɢ. 9 ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ,
ɬɨɣ ɩɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɛɥɢɡɨ 30 000 ɫɟɥɹɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ “ɫɬɢɱɚɥɢ ɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɨ ɜ
ɉɪɚɜɚɞɴ.”10 Ȼɪɨɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɟ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧ
ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɚ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ, ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɑɚɫɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɢ ɑɚɪɲɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ
ɞɠɚɦɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚ
ɩɚɪɢɱɧɨ-ɫɬɨɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɱɪɟɡ
ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɤɚɧɭɧɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɬɚɤɫɢɬɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɧ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɟɞɧɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɯɚɫɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɬɟ
ɩɚɡɚɪɢ.11 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɨɪɢ ɢ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɧɢ ɬɚɤɫɢ ɫɚ ɹɫɚɤɱɢɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɟɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɚ ɫɟɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɩɥɚɳɚɬ ɝɸɦɪɸɤ12, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ
ɤɭɩɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬ. Ɂɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɤɨɧ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɱɴɬ ɢ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɱɴɬ ɜ
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɡɚɩɥɚɳɚɬ ɩɨ ɞɜɟ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ ɞɚɧɴɤ ɧɚ ɮɢɫɤɚ. Ɉɫɟɦ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ ɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɬɚ
ɡɚ „ɤɨɥɚ ɫ ɦɟɞ, ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɨɪɢɡ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɢ ɩɥɚɬɨɜɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɥɚɬɟɧ ɝɸɦɪɸɤ”, ɧɟ ɫɟ
ɨɛɥɚɝɚ „ɤɨɥɚ ɩɥɚɬɨɜɟ ɫ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɩɥɚɬɟɧ ɝɸɦɪɸɤ”, ɡɚ ɦɟɯ ɫ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɫɟ
ɜɡɟɦɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɚɤɱɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɞɟɫɟɬ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟɥɹɧɢɧɴɬ ɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɥ ɚɛɚ ɧɚ
ɩɚɡɚɪɚ, ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɡ, ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɫɬɨɤɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɟ
ɨɛɥɚɝɚ. Ȼɢɜɨɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɨɠɚ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ-ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɫɭɜɚ ɩɨ-ɜɢɫɨɤɨ, ɩɨ
ɟɞɧɨ ɚɤɱɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɚ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɟɧ ɞɚɧɴɤ ɡɚ ɞɜɟ
ɝɨɜɟɠɞɢ ɤɨɠɢ.13

8
ȼɟɱɟɜɚ, ȿɤ. Ɍɴɪɝɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɫ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ XV–XVIII ɜ. ɋ., 1982., 115.
9
ȿɜɥɢɹ ɑɟɥɟɛɢ. ɉɴɬɟɩɢɫ. ɋ., 1972.
10
Ƚɚɧɟɜ, ɇ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 41.
11
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɢɳɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɜ
ɧɹɤɨɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ XVI ɜ. – ɂɇɆȼ ȱȱȱ/ɏVȱȱȱ, ȼ., 1967, 166.
12
Ƚɸɦɪɸɤ ɨɬ ɬɭɪ. ɦɢɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɬɚɤɫɚ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɧɚ
ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɛɚɬɚ ɜ ɦɢɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜɟ.
13
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 166.
87
 ɉɚɡɚɪɴɬ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹ, ɬɨɣ ɟ ɦɹɫɬɨ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɫɢ. ȼ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɦɚɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɭɪɰɢ, ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢ,
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɱɚɧɢ, ɚɪɦɟɧɰɢ, ɟɜɪɟɢ, ɬɚɬɚɪɢ, ɝɚɝɚɭɡɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɹɬ
ɩɚɡɚɪ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɟɤɪɚɧ, ɜɴɪɯɭ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɹɜɚɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɬɚ
ɜɴɜ ɜɹɪɚɬɚ, ɜ ɛɢɬɚ, ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɜ ɫɴɞɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ
ɯɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
Ɇɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɦɚɥɰɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ, ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɶɨɪɢ, ɢɡɜɨɸɜɚɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ XVII ɜ. ȼ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɚ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɲɤɢɹ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɟɰ Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɬɨ ɞɢ Ɋɟɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɛɪɨɟɧɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɇɢɤɨ ɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɢɪɨɜ, Ɍɨɞɨɪ əɧɟɜ, ɉɟɬɴɪ Ƚɶɨɪɝɨɜ, Ʉɨɫɬɚ əɧɟɜ, Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ
Ⱦɢɦɨɜ, ɉɭɥɶɨ Ʉɢɪɨɜ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɬ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɹ ɡɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɩɥɚɬ ɤɚɪɢɫɟɣ.14
ɋɟɤɬɨɪɴɬ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɢɹ
ɩɚɡɚɪ, ɟ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɟɱɟɦɢɤ, ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ, ɥɭɤ, ɱɟɫɴɧ, ɩɴɩɟɲɢ, ɞɢɧɢ,
ɝɪɨɡɞɟ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɱɚɧɢ ɬɴɪɝɭɜɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɠɢ ɤɨɪɞɨɜɚɧɢ, ɤɚɪɢɫɟɢ,
ɚɬɥɚɡ, ɜɟɧɢɰɢɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɰɟɥɚɧ, ɤɨɩɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɥɭɥɢ ɡɚ ɱɢɛɭɰɢ,15 ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬ ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɨɜɱɚ ɥɨɣ, ɫɦɨɤɢɧɢ, ɫɭɲɟɧɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɟ, ɠɟɥɹɡɨ, ɤɚɥɚɣ,
ɨɥɨɜɨ.16
ɉɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɢɬɟ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɠɚɪɢ
(ɬɚɛɚɰɢ), ɦɭɬɚɮɱɢɢ, ɫɚɪɚɱɢ, ɨɛɭɳɚɪɢ, ɩɨɞɤɨɜɚɱɢ, ɤɚɪɭɰɚɪɢ, ɢɝɥɚɪɢ,
ɞɴɪɜɨɞɟɥɰɢ, ɛɪɴɫɧɚɪɢ ɢ ɤɚɮɟɞɠɢɢ. ɋɦɟɫɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɢɬɟ: ɯɥɟɛɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ, ɛɴɱɜɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɞɢɤɢɞɠɢɣɫɬɜɨ (ɨɛɭɳɚɪɢ-
ɤɴɪɩɚɱɢ), ɤɨɜɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɥɚɣɞɠɢɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢɱɚ-ɪɫɬɜɨ.17
Ɇɹɫɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɲɤɢɬɟ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏVȱȱ ɜ. ɫɟ
ɡɚɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢ „ɲɩɚɧɶɨɥɢ”,18 ɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɝɪ.
Ʉɚɮɚ19 ɚɪɦɟɧɰɢ. Ɂɚ ɦɚɳɚɛɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɟɞɢɧ
„Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɡɚ ɉɪɚɜɚɞɢ”20 ɨɬ ɏVȱ ɜ., ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɬɨɤɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɥɚɝɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ
ɧɚ ɤɨɥɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɩɚɡɚɪɢ ɧɚ „ɟɞɧɚ ɤɨɲɧɢɰɚ”, „ɟɞɧɚ ɬɨɪɛɚ”,
„ɟɞɧɢ ɞɢɫɚɝɢ”. Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨɥɚ ɟɱɟɦɢɤ ɢ ɤɨɥɚ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɥɚɝɚɬ ɫ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ.21„ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚ, ɞɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɴɥɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ, ɫɟ

14
ɂɜ. ɋɚɤɴɡɨɜ. ɋɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɪɟɡ XVI–
XVII-ɬɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ. ɋ., 1930, 162.
15
ȼɟɱɟɜɚ., ȿɤ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 115.
16
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ. Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 166.
17
Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ, Ȼ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɧɨ-ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 60-ɬɟ ɢ 70-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ
ɧɚ XIX ɜ. – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ 2/1963, 72.
18
ȿɜɪɟɢ ɨɬ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ.
19
Ⱦɧ. ɝɪ. Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɢɹ ɧɚ Ʉɪɢɦɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ.
20
ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɚ, Ȼ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 166.
21
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ
88
ɜɡɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɚɤɱɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɞɟɫɟɬ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ, ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɤɨɲɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɟ
ɜɡɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɴɤ. Ⱥɤɨ ɫɚ ɩɨ-ɦɚɥɤɨ ɨɬ ɞɟɫɟɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɹɬ, ɫɟ ɜɡɢɦɚ
ɩɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɚɤɱɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ. Ʉɚɤɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫ ɤɨɥɚ, ɨɬ
ɜɫɹɤɚ ɤɨɥɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ”. Ɉɬ ɫɴɳɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɚɭɱɚɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ
ɨɫɜɟɧ ɤɨɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɛɢɜɨɥɫɤɚ ɬɹɝɚ, ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɦɢɥɫɤɚ. „Ⱥɤɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɚɬɢɹɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɞɨɣɞɟ ɫ ɤɚɦɢɥɫɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɚɤɱɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɚ”.22
ɇɚ ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɬɴɪɠɢɳɟ ɜ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ, ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ
ɩɥɨɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɡɟɥɟɧɱɭɰɢ, ɡɴɪɧɟɧɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɞɴɪɜɟɧ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɟɧ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ;
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɛɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɛ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɛɢɧɹ
ɹɫɚɤɱɢɹɬɚ ɜɡɢɦɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɚɤɱɟɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɤɭɩɭɜɚɱɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɡɚ ɧɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɯɚɡɧɚ. 23
ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɏVȱȱȱ ɜ. ɫɢɥɟɧ ɬɥɚɫɴɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɫɴɫ ɠɢɬɨ ɢ
ɡɴɪɧɟɧɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɨɬ ɫɴɫɟɞɧɢ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɫɟɥɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬ
ɫɜɨɹɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɞɜɚɬ ɢ ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ Ⱦɟɥɢɨɪɦɚɧɚ ɢ Ʉɚɦɱɢ-ɛɨɸ24. ɋ
ɩɨɜɢɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢɹ ɫɬɨɤɨɨɛɦɟɧ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɚɡɚɪɟɧ ɞɟɧ ɫɟ
ɨɛɨɫɨɛɹɜɚ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɧɢɤ.
Ⱦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɏȱɏ ɜ. ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɩɚɡɚɪ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɜɟ. “Ɉɤɨɥɨɜɪɴɫɬ ɧɚ ɲɚɞɪɚɜɚɧɚ”
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɚɝɚɬ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ “ɬɴɪɝɨɜɰɢ-ɛɟɡɟɪɝɹɧɢ”, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɨɬ
ȼɚɪɧɚ ɢ ɒɭɦɟɧ, ɞɨ ɬɹɯ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɞɸɤɹɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɚɛɚɞɠɢɢ, ɮɪɟɧɤ-
ɬɟɪɡɢɢ, ɤɸɪɤɱɢɢ, ɤɭɧɞɭɪɞɠɢɢ, ɟɦɟɧɞɠɢɢ, ɫɚɪɚɱɢ, ɡɥɚɬɚɪɢ, ɛɚɤɴɪɞɠɢɢ.
Ȼɚɥɬɚɞɠɢɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɪɚɛɚɞɠɢɢɬɟ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɨɬ
ɑɚɫɨɜɧɢɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɚ. ȼ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɬ “ɬɭɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɯɚɫɴɪɢ” (ɪɨɝɨɡɤɢ) ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ
ɤɚɬɨ “ɩɪɚɜɚɞɴ-ɯɚɫɴɪ”.25
ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɤɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ ɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɬɚ. ȼɫɹɤɚ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɲɚɞɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɢɪɚɬ ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ
ɫɴɪɬɨɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɟɥɚ Ʉɪɢɜɧɹ, Ɋɚɜɧɚ, ɑɟɪɤɨɜɧɚ, ɨɬ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬ
ɞɚɥɟɱɧɢɬɟ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ. ɇɚ ɩɚɡɚɪ „ɢɡɥɢɡɚɬ” ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɢ Ɍɟɤɢɟ,
Ɉɪɯɚɧɞɠɚ, ɍɪɮɚ, ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ ȼɚɪɨɲɚ. Ʉɚɤɜɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɜ
ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɜ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɟɥɚ, ɜ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɜɚ ɟ ɪɟɤɨɥɬɚɬɚ, ɤɚɤɜɢ
ɫɚ ɧɨɜɢɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɟ, ɫɟ ɧɚɭɱɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɡɚɪɚ. ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ
„ɬɟɤɭɳɚɬɚ” ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɹɬ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢ ɡɚ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɭɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ
ɥɟɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɯɚɪɢ, ɛɚɹɱɤɢ, ɯɨɞɠɢ, ɪɚɡɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɢ
ɧɨɜɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɡɚ ɱɭɞɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɟɛɧɚɬɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɢ
ɚɹɡɦɚ ɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɢ ɬɟɤɟɬɚ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɧɴɬ ɟ ɧɟɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɬɴɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ,
22
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
23
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
24
ɇ.Ƚɚɧɟɜ. ɐɢɬ. ɫɴɱ., 106. (Ʉɚɦɱɢ – ɛɨɸ – ɫɟɥɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɟɱɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪ.Ƚɨɥɹɦɚ Ʉɚɦɱɢɹ)
25
ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ. Ɋɴɤɨɩɢɫ. (ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɉɚɧɚɣɨɬ
ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜ), 47.
89
ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɜɹ ɩɚɡɚɪɴɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚ ɟɠɟɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɪɰɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɚɬɚ.26
…Ⱦɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɟɞɧɨ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ
ɩɪɢɬɟɝɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ ɡɚ ɯɨɪɚ, ɞɨɲɥɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɫɴɫ
ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ, ɧɪɚɜɢ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ, ɟɡɢɰɢ. Ɉɬ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɨɬ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɹ, Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɨɬ ɋɨɮɢɹ, ȼɚɪɧɚ, Ɋɭɫɟ, ɒɭɦɟɧ. ɋ ɤɨɧɟ,
ɜɨɥɨɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɦɢɥɢ, ɩɟɲ ɫ ɤɨɲɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɲɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɢɫɚɝɢ. Ɍɭɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɨɬɨ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɹ ɩɴɫɬɪɚ ɩɚɥɢɬɪɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɹɦɚ
ɟɡɢɤɨɜɚ, ɟɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɛɚɪɢɟɪɚ.
ɋɥɟɞ Ɋɭɫɤɨ–ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɨɬ (1828–1829), ɧɚɪɟɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ “Ƚɨɥɟɦɢɹɬ ɛɨɡɝɭɧ”, ɝɪɚɞɴɬ ɩɪɟɬɴɪɩɹɜɚ ɬɟɠɤɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ. ɉɚɡɚɪɴɬ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɫɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɩɚɝɭɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɣɨɧɚ.

26
Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɚ, ɐɜ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɏV-ɏVȱȱ ɜ. ɋ.,
1999, 196.
90
MODERN HISTORY ǻǼǰǮ Ƕ ǻǮǷ-ǻǼǰǮ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȍ

Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ, Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ

ɤɪɢɡɚ ɨɬ 1886 ɝ.
Ɋɨɫɢɰɚ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ

Mladen Sinigersky , Russia and the Political Crisis of 1886

Rossica Angelova

Abstract: The discourse reveals the memories of the socio-political and

educational figure Mladen Sinigersky about the events of the political crisis
of 1886. They are a valuable source because the citizens of Kutlovo and Lom
district elected the Russian Imperator Aleksander III for a Bulgarian deputy.
Moreover, the trust of the population towards the Imperator was
undisputable – his name was first in the voting-papers. This circumstance
made this case a unique example from the history of Modern Bulgaria.

ɂɦɚ ɥɢɱɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɧɢɬɨ

ɜ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɧɟ ɝɢ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɢ, ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ, ɢ ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ
ɬɨɜɚ ɛɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɬɢɯɨ ɬɜɨɪɹɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɟ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ
ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ1 - ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɟɰ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɜ
ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɪɟɬɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ.
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɪɨɞɟɧ ɧɚ 9 ɦɚɪɬ 1867 ɢɥɢ 1868 ɝ.
ɜ ɫ. Ʌɸɬɚ, ɞɧ. ɫ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɨ2. Ɋɚɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɦɚɣɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɢɠɢɬɟ ɡɚ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɬɝɥɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɛɚɛɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɢɧɤɚ.3 ɉɪɟɡ
1874 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɜ ɤɢɥɢɣɧɨɬɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɟɥɨ. ɉɪɟɡ
ɥɹɬɨɬɨ ɫ ɛɚɳɚ ɫɢ ɩɚɫɟ ɨɜɰɟɬɟ, ɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɢ ɜ ɤɴɳɧɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ.4 ɋɬɚɜɚ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɲɢɛɨɡɭɰɢ ɢ ɱɟɪɤɟɡɢ ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɟɥɨ. ȼ
ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ 1877 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɟ ɫɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɪɟɳɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɡɚɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɱɢɱɨ

1
Ɂɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɳɟ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ, Ɋ. Ɇɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧ 1878-1912. ȼɌ, 2011, 357-359.
2
ɋɟɥɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɨ ɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ Ȼɨɣɱɢɧɨɜɰɢ, ɧɚ 18 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɝɪ. Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ. Ⱦɨ 1949 ɝ. ɧɨɫɢ
ɢɦɟɬɨ ɫ. Ʌɸɬɚ. - http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/. – 25. 08. 2012 ɝ., 10. 36 ɱ.
3
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ. –
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 27. ȼɪɚɰɚ, 1999, 264.
4
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 2, ɥ. 1.
91
ɦɭ - ɩɨɩ ɐɜɟɬɚɧ, ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɜ ɫ. Ʌɸɬɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɚɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɬɨ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɛɟɡɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɹɝɚɳɢɬɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ. 5
ȼ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ „ɉɫɚɥɬɢɪɚ” ɢ „ɋɜɟɬɱɟɬɨ” Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ
ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚ ɤɨɠɭɯɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɡɚɧɚɹɬ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɣɫɬɨɪ Ʉɨɫɬɚ Ⱦɢɱɨɜ.6 Ɉɬ 1880 ɝ. ɜɟɱɟ
ɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ Ɍɪɢɮɨɧ ɐɚɧɨɜ. Ɋɟɫɨɪɴɬ ɦɭ ɫɚ ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɚɳɢ
ɭɱɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɥɸɛɨɜɬɚ ɦɭ ɤɴɦ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɹ. ɉɨ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɢɱɨ ɫɢ ɡɚɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɞɧ. ɝɪ. ȼɴɥɱɟɞɪɴɦ ɩɪɢ Ⱦɚɫɤɚɥ ɂɥɢɟɜ,
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɳ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɨ ɩɟɟɧɟ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɨ
ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ.7
ɉɪɟɡ ɭɱɟɛɧɚɬɚ 1881-1882 ɝ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤ ɜ Ʌɨɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɚ
ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ. ɇɟ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɢ ɜɬɨɪɢ ɤɥɚɫ ɧɚ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚ
ɜ ɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɟɥɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ.8 ɋɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɧ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɜ Ʌɨɦ.9 ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɢɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɢɹ
ɩɟɱɚɬ. ɉɪɟɡ 1885 ɝ. ɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ10, ɚ ɨɬ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1887 ɝ., ɫɥɟɞ
ɢɡɞɴɪɠɚɧ ɩɪɢɟɦɟɧ ɢɡɩɢɬ ɟ ɩɪɢɟɬ ɜ Ʉɸɫɬɟɧɞɢɥɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ. Ⱦɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɹɬ ɦɥɚɞɟɠ ɟ ɩɴɪɜɢɹ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɨɬ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɫɤɚ
ɨɤɨɥɢɹ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ. ɉɨɥɚɝɚ
ɡɚɜɢɞɧɢ ɭɢɥɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ. ȼɡɟɦɚ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɹɜɹɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɬɪɭɩɚ.11 ɋɥɟɞ
ɫɪɟɳɚ ɫɴɫ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ-ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɤɦɟɬ
ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ ɉɟɬɤɨɜ, ɦɨɥɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ
ɢ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɡɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɜ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ „ɋɜɟɬɢ Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ” ɜ
ɋɨɮɢɹ.12
ɉɪɟɡ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1890 ɝ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɜɴɜ ȼɢɫɲɟɬɨ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ. ɉɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʌɸɬɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ.13 Ɋɚɛɨɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɟɧ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɞɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɟɧ. Ⱦɚɧɚɢɥ

5
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 267.
6
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ.
7
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ.
8
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 23 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 3, ɥ. 35. ɉɨɫɨɱɟɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɴɬ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚ
ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɧɨ ɧɚ 12 ɦɚɣ 1883 ɝ. ɂɫɬɢɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɟ ɥɴɸɛɨɜɚ ɦɴɤɚ.
9
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ Ɇɇɉ ɨɬ 16 ɸɥɢ 1884 ɝ. ɜ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ. - Ⱦȼ, ɛɪ. 61,
7 ɸɥɢ 1884.
10
Ⱦɧɟɫ ɝɪ. Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɨɬɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɧɨɫɢ ɢɦɟɬɨ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɞɨ 1891 ɝ., ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ. Ɉɬ 1945 ɝ. – Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɝɪɚɞ, ɚ ɨɬ 1993 ɝ. Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ.-
http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/- 25.08.12, 10,47 ɱ.
11
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 273.
12
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 275.
13
Ɋɚɣɤɢɧɫɤɢ, ɂɜ., ȼ. Ȼɚɧɨɜɚ, Ɂ. Ⱥɩɨɫɬɨɥɨɜɚ, ɇ. Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ ɢ Ʉɪ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɉɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɫɤɨ-ɩɪɨɦɢɲɥɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ
1892 ɝ. – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 20. ȼɪɚɰɚ, 1993, 87-119.
92
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ.14 ɋɥɟɞ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨɫɬ „ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ
ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɢ” ɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ Ʌɨɦɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ.
Ɍɭɤ ɦɥɚɞɢɹɬ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɫɟ ɢɡɹɜɹɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ, ɜɡɟɦɚɣɤɢ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɚɡɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.15
ɉɪɢɜɴɪɠɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɬ. ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɨɜ (1887-1894) ɫ
ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɹɰɢɬɟ16 Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɜɚɧ. Ɍɨɜɚ
ɝɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɜɚ ɫ ɞ-ɪ ȼɚɫɢɥ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ
Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɜɴɜ
Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ Vȱȱȱ Ɉɇɋ. ɇɟɢɡɛɪɚɧ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚ
ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɤɴɦ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɤɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɩɪɢɳɟ ɜ Ʌɨɦɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ.
ɋɤɨɪɨ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ. Ɍɭɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1892-1898 ɝ. ɬɨɣ ɫ ɇ. Ʉɟɮɫɢɡɨɜ ɢ
ɂɜɚɧ Ɇɢɥɚɧɨɜ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬ „ɍɱɢɥɢɳɧɚ ɫɛɢɪɤɚ” - ɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɨɫɬ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɜɚɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɢ.17 Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ
ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɹ ɤɴɦ ȼɢɟɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɢ
ɞɚ ɭɱɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ. Ɇɟɱɬɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɟɫɛɴɞɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ
ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. ɉɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɨɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1898 ɝ. Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧ ɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ.18
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɬɪɚɣɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ
ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ. Ɍɭɤ ɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɥɸɛɨɜ - ɭɱɢɬɟɥɤɚɬɚ ɐɚɪɟɜɚ
Ɋɚɞɟɜɚ. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɟ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɞ-ɪ ȼ. Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ, ɥɢɞɟɪ ɧɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ (ɪɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɤɚ) ɩɚɪɬɢɹ
ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɟɦɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʌɉ ɡɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɜɴɜ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ. Ⱦɨɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɧɢ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɜɨɞɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɫ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɉɟɲɟɜ. ɇɚ 31 ɹɧɭɚɪɢ
1899 ɝ ɫɟ ɫɝɨɞɹɜɚ ɡɚ ɐɚɪɟɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ ɚɩɪɢɥ ɩɨɞɚɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɢ
ɡɚɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɝɪ. Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɞɚ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɤɴɫɦɟɬɚ ɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɨɩɪɢɳɟ. ɇɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɏ Ɉɇɋ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢɹ ɛɪɨɣ
ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɡɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬ. ɋɚɦɢɹɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚ, ɱɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɢɹ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬ ɉɟɬɤɨ Ʉɨɱɚɧɤɨɜ ɟ ɜɨɞɢɥ ɩɨ-ɨɩɢɬɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɚ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɹ.19

14
ɋɢɧɴɬ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ⱦ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɞɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ, ɟ ɭɛɢɬ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɱɟɪɤɜɚɬɚ „ɋɜɟɬɚ ɇɟɞɟɥɹ” ɧɚ 16 ɚɩɪɢɥ 1925 ɝ. – Ʉɚɥɱɟɜ, Ʉ. Ʉ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ
Ⱦɚɧɚɢɥ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ. Ȼɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɧ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ. ɋ., 1995, 168.
15
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ 2, ɥ. 1; Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ
Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 277. ɉɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɤɚɡɤɚ ɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɚ: „Ʉɚɤɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ
ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ?”.
16
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ ɞ-ɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɋɬɨɢɥɨɜ (1894 -1899).
17
Ɇɟɬɟɜ, Ʌ. ȼɢɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɹ Ⱥɜɪɚɦɨɜɢ ɨɬ Ʉɚɥɨɮɟɪ. ɋ., 2012, 119;
Ʌɟɛɟɞɨɜɚ, Ɋ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɜ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. – ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ
Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ɋɭɫɟ, 2011. Ɍ. 50, ɋɟɪɢɹ 10, 9.
18
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 279-280.
19
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 281.
93
 ɋɥɟɞ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɥɭɤɚ, ɫɴɫ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɂɜɚɧɱɨɜ20, ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɴɠɟɧ
ɢɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ Ɍɭɬɪɚɤɚɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ ɨɤɪɴɠɢɟ. Ɍɨɣ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɟɧɰɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɴɠɢɟɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ. ɇɚ 1 ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ
1899 ɝ. Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɟ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ,
ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɡɚɞɴɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚ ɞɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɚɬɚ 1900-
1901 ɝ. ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ.21 Ɍɭɤ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɹɜɚ ɫ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɹ Ʉɢɪɢɥ
ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜ – ɛɴɞɟɳ ɩɨɟɬ, ɛɟɥɟɬɪɢɫɬ, ɞɪɚɦɚɬɭɪɝ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨ-ɤɴɫɧɨ
ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɜɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ.22 ɋɬɚɜɚ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ ɫ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧ
ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɧɢɹ ɞɟɫɹɬɴɤ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɪɭɦɴɧɫɤɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
ɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɹɧɭ.23
ɉɪɟɡ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1902 ɝ. ɜ ɋɨɮɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɧɚ ɋɴɸɡɚ ɧɚ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (ɋɴɸɡ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ).
ɇɚ ɮɨɪɭɦɚ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬ ɨɬ ɒɭɦɟɧ ɢ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɜ
ɤɨɦɢɫɢɹɬɚ, ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɋɴɸɡɚ.24 ɋɪɟɳɚ ɫɟ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ
ɩɪɨɮ. ɂɜ ɒɢɲɦɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɞɟ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɜ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ, ɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬ
ɧɚ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɴɸɡɚ, ɧɟɝɨɜ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤ-ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ.
Ɉɬ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1903 ɝ. Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɨɬ
ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɱɢɬɚɥɢɳɚ – „Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ” ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ. ɇɚ 9
ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ 1903 ɝ. ɱɢɬɚɥɢɳ-ɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɝɨɜɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɜɡɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɧɹɬ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɬ ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɤɴɦ
ɱɢɬɚɥɢɳɟɬɨ. Ɂɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɟ ɢ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ
ɒɭɦɟɧ.25
ɇɨɫɬɚɥɝɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɟ ɫɢɥɧɚ ɢ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɫ ɪɚɞɨɫɬ
ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ 1904 ɝ. ɞɚ ɡɚɟɦɟ ɞɥɴɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟɧ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɴɜ ȼɪɚɰɚ.26 Ⱥɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɥɢɳɟɧ ɞɟɟɰ,
ɬɨɣ ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦ ɛɪɨɣ ɱɢɬɚɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɴɝɚ. ɉɪɟɡ

20
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɦ. Ƚɪɟɤɨɜ.
21
Ⱦȼ,ɛɪ. 209, 28 ɫɟɩɬ. 1899.
22
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 282.
23
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ, Ɋ. ɒɭɦɟɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ (1899-1901). –
ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜɢ ɱɟɬɟɧɢɹ. Ɍ. 15. ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2011, 68-79; ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, ɇ. ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢ 1861-
1918. Ʉɧ. ȱȱ. ɋ., 1997, 12.
24
ɘɛɢɥɟɣɧɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɚ ɋɴɸɡɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɢɬɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɜɢɫɲɢɬɟ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɚ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɢ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɲɧɚ ɫɴɸɡɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ 1901-1926. ɋ.,
1926; ɍɱɢɬɟɥɫɤɢ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ, ɛɪ. 1-2, 31 ɹɧ. 1903.
25
ɘɛɢɥɟɟɧ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ 150 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɑɢɬɚɥɢɳɟ „Ⱦɨɛɪɢ ȼɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ” ɒɭɦɟɧ (1856-2006).
ȼɌ, 2006, 313, 362, 365; Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …,
285.
26
ɉɨɤɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɞɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɇɇɉ.
94
ɸɥɢ 1905 ɝ. ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢ ɥɟɬɟɧ ɤɭɪɫ ɩɨ ɪɴɱɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ.27 ɋ ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1908 ɝ. ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ
ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɜɚɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɴɥɝɨɝɨɞɢɲɧɢɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɭ
ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɜ Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɜɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ, ɜ ɉɴɪɜɚ ɫɨɮɢɣɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɜ ɒɭɦɟɧ – ɜ
ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɨ ɦɴɠɤɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ28.
ɉɪɟɡ 1910 ɝ. ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɚ ȼɢɫɲɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɟɧ ɫɴɜɟɬ ɤɴɦ
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ
ɜɡɟɦɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɢ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɧ
ɪɚɣɨɧ.29 Ɉɬ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɡɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ
Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɜɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɜɥɨɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɡɞɪɚɜɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɟ ɜɴɪɧɚɬ ɡɚ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɒɭɦɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɜɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɝɢɦɧɚɡɢɹ.30 ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɨɣɧɢ (1912-1913 ɝ.) ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɱɢɧ
ɦɥɚɞɲɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪ. ɇɚ 16 ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ 1913 ɝ. ɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɡɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɧɚ
„Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ” ɩɪɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɨ 1 ɸɧɢ 1918 ɝ.31 ɉɨɜɢɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɟ
ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ ɞ-ɪ ȼ. Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ32. Ʉɚɬɨ ɜɴɪɥ ɪɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɢɫɬ
ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɜɴɡɧɚɝɪɚɞɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɹɪɧɨɫɬ
ɤɴɦ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɬɚ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɤɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɡɚ
ɭɱɪɟɞɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɞɟɣɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɨɧɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɪɚɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɜɨɣɧɢɬɟ, ɡɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤ-ɩɪɟɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɫɴɜɟɬ.33
ɉɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɟ ɤɚɭɡɚ ɢ ɧɢɟ ɜɢɠɞɚɦɟ Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ
ɤɚɬɨ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ȼɴɪɯɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢɹ.34 ɋɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ
ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɪɟɡ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɢɹ
ɫɟɤɬɨɪ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɡɟɦɟɞɟɥɫɤɚ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɚ
ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɟɧ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ Ƚɨɪɫɤɚ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɋɨɮɢɹ.35 ɋ ɢɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ

27
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɪ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 2, ɥ. 1; Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ
Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 286.
28
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 6, ɥ. 1-2.
29
Ⱦȼ, ɛɪ. 186, 27 ɚɜɝ. 1908.
30
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 288.
31
Ⱦȼ, ɛɪ. 249, 4 ɧɨɟɦ. 1913.
32
ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 4 ɸɥɢ -20 ɞɟɤ. 1913 ɝ.; 23 ɞɟɤ. 1913-21 ɸɧɢ
1918 ɝ.
33
ɋ ɍɤɚɡ ʋ 488 ɫɟ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ „ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɏɨɧɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɟ
ɫɢɪɚɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɟɯɧɢ
ɐɚɪɫɤɢ ȼɢɫɨɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ʉɧɹɝɢɧɢɬɟ ȿɜɞɨɤɢɹ ɢ ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ”. - Ⱦȼ, ɛɪ. 259, 14 ɧɨɟɦ. 1914 ;
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 289-290.
34
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 291.
35
Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 292.
95
ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɫɝɨɜɨɪ (1923 ɝ.) ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɚɫɢɟɪ ɧɚ
ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢ ɜɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɱɥɟɧɭɜɚ ɜ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɧɟɳɨ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ – ɜɟɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ
ɨɤɨɥɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɬɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɜ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɡ 1931 ɝ.
ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɏɏȱȱȱ Ɉɇɋ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɡɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬ ɨɬ
Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɤɚ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɦɟɱɬɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚ ɫ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɚ ɩɨ-ɬɹɫɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ.
ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɩɨɞ ʋ 3 ɜ ɥɢɫɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ „Ʉɨɚɥɢɪɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ
ȻɁɇɋ-ȼɪɚɛɱɚ 1, Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ȻɁɇɋ–ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ,
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ”.36
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɢɦɚ ɫɢɧ Ȼɨɪɢɫ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɭɦɢɪɚ ɦɚɥɴɤ ɢ ɞɜɟ
ɞɴɳɟɪɢ – Ⱥɧɧɚ ɢ ȿɜɝɟɧɢɹ. ɍɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ 1956 ɝ.37
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɨɬ
1886/87 ɝ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɟ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɩɚɞɚ Ʉɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɥɟɞ
ɞɟɬɪɨɧɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɴɪ ȱ ɢ ɚɛɞɢɤɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɦɭ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ (25 ɚɜɝ. 1886). Ɍɹ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɛɨɪɛɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɤɢ ɢ
ɪɭɫɨɮɨɛɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɪɟɞ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɜɴɧɲɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
Ɋɟɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɬɨ38, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜɥɢɡɚɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɨɜ, ɉɟɬɤɨ Ʉɚɪɚɜɟɥɨɜ ɢ
ɋɚɜɚ Ɇɭɬɤɭɪɨɜ, ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɞɦɨɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɨɮɨɛɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ
ɠɢɜɨɬ. ɑɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɫɚ
ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɧɚɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɜ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ, Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɢ ɋɴɪɛɢɹ ɫɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɟɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1886-
1887 ɝ.39 ȼ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢɬɟ ɟɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɬ Ɋɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɟɧ
ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɱɟɬɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɞɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɟ (ɜ Ɋɭɫɟ ɢ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ). Ʉɪɢɡɚɬɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɟ
ɡɚɞɴɥɛɨɱɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɫɢ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ ɫɤɴɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ

36
ȾȺ Ɇɨɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 3 Ʉ,ɨɩ. 1, ɚ. ɟ. 281, ɥ. 13-14. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɨɬɨ
ɨɛɟɞɢɧɟɢɟ–ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɛɥɨɤ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹɬ ɛɥɨɤ ɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɥɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1931-1934 ɝ. . ȼ ɧɟɹ ɜɥɢɡɚɬ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ,
ȻɁɇɋ „ȼɪɚɛɱɚ 1”, ȻɁɇɋ - ɋɬɚɪɚ Ɂɚɝɨɪɚ, ɇɰɢɨɧɚɥɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɢ Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɩɚɪɬɢɹ. Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɳɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ, ɜɨɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ
Ɇɚɥɢɧɨɜ. ɉɪɟɡ 1931 ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɥɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɫ
Ɇɚɥɢɧɨɜ. ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ, ɩɨɦɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɛɭɲɭɜɚɳɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬ.
37
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɪ. 1, ɚ. ɟ. 2, ɥ. 2.
38
ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ɋ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɴɫɬɨɩɴɬ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɬɨ 1886-1887. ɋ., 1991.
39
ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ɋ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɟɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ 1886-1887 ɝ. – ɂɉɪ, 1976, ɧ. 5.
96
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ (ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ 1886). Ɋɟɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɫ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɨɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɨ. ɋ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-
ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ40 ɡɚ ɤɧɹɡ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɚ 25 ɸɧɢ 1887 ɝ. ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ
ɋɚɤɫɤɨɛɭɪɝɨɬɫɤɢ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɫɥɟɞ
ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɧɚ 2
ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1896 ɝ. ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞ ȱ ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ,
ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɥɢ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɬ 1878 ɝ. 41
ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɟɧ ɰɟɧɟɧ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɢɤ
ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɨɬ 1886/1887, ɨɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɱɟ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɟ ɟɞɜɚ
ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɝɨɞɢɲɟɧ, ɧɟ ɟ ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɟɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ, ɚ ɟ ɩɪɹɤ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɟɳɨɬɨ ɥɹɬɨ ɧɚ 1886 ɝ. ȼɫɟ ɩɚɤ
ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɧɚ Ʌɨɦɫɤɢ ɨɤɪɴɝ ɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɟɧ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ: ɬɚɦ ɨɬ ɹɜɢɥɢɬɟ ɫɟ 1486 ɱɨɜɟɤɚ
1274 ɞɚɜɚɬ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ȱȱȱ. 42 ɉɪɢ
ɬɨɜɚ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɞɚɞɟɧɨ – ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɟ
ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɛɸɥɟɬɢɧɢɬɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ
ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ ɨɬ 74 ɞɨ 154 ɝɥɚɫɚ.43
Ʉɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɞɨɬɭɤ ɡɚ Ɇɥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɹɫɧɹɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ
ɨɛɧɚɪɨɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɫɪɟɞ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ, ɨɡɚɝɥɚɜɟɧɢ „Ʉɚɤ ɛɟ
ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɜ
Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1886 ɝ.” ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɝɪ. Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ ( ɮɨɧɞ 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ. ɟ. 2, ɥ. 1-7). Ɍɟ ɫɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɬ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɬ ɫɬɢɥɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɟɡɢɤɨɜɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
Ɉɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɴɥɟɧ ɱɥɟɧ
ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɞɭɦɢ.

* * *

40
Ʌɚɥɤɨɜ, Ɇ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ 1878-1903 ɝ. ɋ.,
1993; Ɇɢɲɟɜ, Ɋ. Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ 1878-1894. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɋ.,
1988.
41
ɋɬɚɬɟɥɨɜɚ, ȿ., Ɋ. ɉɨɩɨɜ, ȼ. Ɍɚɧɤɨɜɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ 188-
1913. ɋ., 1994.
42
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ȱȱȱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɨɬ 13 ɦɚɪɬ 1881 ɞɨ 1 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ 184 ɝ. - Ⱥɧɪɢ
Ɍɪɨɚɹ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ III. ɐɚɪɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɧɟɝɨɜɟɬɟ. ɋ., 2005; Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ, ɉ. ɂ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ III – ɰɚɪɶ-ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬ. Ɇ., 2005;
Ⱦɪɨɧɨɜ, ɂ. ȿ. ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɵɣ: ɀɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ III. Ɇ., 2006;
Ȼɚɪɤɨɜɟɰ, Ɉɥɶɝɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ III - ɰɚɪɶ-ɦɢɪɨɬɜɨɪɟɰ. ɋɉɛ., 2007; ɋɨɛɤɨ, ȿ. Ɇ.
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɜ ɟɩɨɯɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȱȱȱ. Ɇ., 2007; ȿɪɟɦɟɧɤɨ, Ɇɚɪɢɹ ȼ.
ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȱȱȱ. Ɇ., 2007.
43
ɐȾȺ, ɮ. 173, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 153, ɥ. 16.
97
 Ʉɚɤ ɛɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ
ɜ Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1886 ɝ.

ɋɥɟɞ ɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɢɹɬ ɩɨɞɜɢɝ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ ɫɴɫ

ɫɥɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɣ ɩɨɛɟɞɢ ɧɚɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɫɪɴɛɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɧ ɲɨɜɢɧɢɡɴɦ44,
ɭɫɴɪɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɬ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɤɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ,
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɧ ɩɨɞɜɢɝ ɛɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɛɟ ɬɚɤɫɭɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɦɨɳɧɢɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɡɚ ɜ ɛɴɞɟɳɟ ɳɹɥ
ɞɚ ɢɝɪɚɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɞɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
ɋɥɟɞ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳɤɢɹ ɦɢɪ45 ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɲɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɠɢɜɟɟ
ɟɞɢɧ ɫɩɨɤɨɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨ-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɫ ɧɟɢɦɨɜɟɪɧɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɪɭɞ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɚ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɟɧɫɬɜɚɳɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ɇɟ ɛɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɢɧɚɥɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɬ ɬɚɹ
ɛɪɚɬɨɭɛɢɣɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɛɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɡ ɦɟɫɟɰ
ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1886 ɝ. ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬ – ɫ ɞɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ.46 Ⱦɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡɚ ɩɨ
ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɬɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɚɥɨ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɡɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚɲɟ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɬɴɪɩɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɟɞɧɚ
ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɥɚ ɧɚ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɢɬɟ, ɢɡɯɨɞɹɳɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ
ɩɨɫɪɟɳɧɚ ɫ ɧɭɠɧɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɬɭɤ ɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ47 ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚɲɟ,
ɱɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ, ɚ ɛɢɥɨ
ɞɟɥɨ, ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɭɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɜɴɡɜɢɲɟɧ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɪɚɡɛɪɚɧ, ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢɡɴɦ ɢ ɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɬɨ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɟɧɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ
ɧɚɪɨɞ.
Ɉɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɧ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɟ ɢɡɩɚɞɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɧɨ ɬɟɠɤɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɢɡɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. 48

44
ȼɢɡɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɋɪɴɛɫɤɨ-ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɨɝ 1885 ɝ.
45
Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳɤɢ ɦɢɪɟɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ 1886 ɝ. – ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɦɢɪ, ɫ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɋɪɴɛɫɤɨ-
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ 1885 ɝ. ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧ ɟ ɧɚ 19 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɋɴɪɛɢɹ ɢ ɫ
ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ.
46
ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ, ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɚ 8 ɫɪɟɳɭ 9 ɚɜɝ. 1886 ɝ. ɨɬ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢ.
47
ɋɥɟɞ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɜɥɢɡɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɴɥɱɟɞɪɴɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
Ʌɨɦɫɤɨ ɨɤɪɴɠɢɟ. ɋ ɍɤɚɡ ʋ 782 ɨɬ 10 ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ 1882 ɝ. [Ⱦȼ, ɛɪ. 132, 18 ɧɨɟɦ. 1882]
ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɴɥɱɟɞɪɴɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɟɧɭɜɚ ɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɲɤɚ.
48
ȼ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɴɳɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɴɛɢɬɢɹ: „Ɍɚɹ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɛɟ ɮɚɬɚɥɧɚ ɡɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ – ɩɢɲɟ ɬɨɣ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɩɴɤ ɡɚ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɬɹ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚ ɫ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬ.ɧ. ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɬɜɨ. Ⱦɹɞɨ ɐɚɧɤɨɜ,
98
ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢɤ ɜɴɜ ȼɪɚɰɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɚɞɢ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ
ɨɤɨɥɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɛɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɫɥɚɛɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. ȼ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ
ɩɪɟɛɪɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɛɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɚɧɨ, ɱɟ ɟɞɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ 5%
ɨɬ ɠɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɢ. ȼ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɛɟ ɡɚɫɬɴɩɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɇɢɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɦɟ ɩɨɞ Ɋɭɫɢɹ. Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɞɚ ɧɢ ɛɴɞɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ. Ɍɨɣ ɧɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢɥ ɨɬ
ɭɫɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɦɢɹɬɚ, ɬɨɣ ɳɟ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɠɞɚ. Ʉɚɡɜɚɯɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɝɥɭɩɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟ ɞɹɞɨ ɂɜɚɧ
(ɰɚɪɹɬ) ɳɟ ɧɢ ɞɚɞɟ ɤɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɳɚɦɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢ ɞɚɧɴɰɢ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ
ɰɚɪ ɟ ɛɨɝɚɬ ɢ ɨɧ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɚɪɢ. ɉɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɹɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɚɝɢɬɢɪɚɲɟ, ɱɟ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɧɢ
ɬɪɟɛɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɤɧɹɡ, ɤɚɤɴɜɬɨ ɛɢɥ ɧɟɦɟɰɴɬ ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ Ȼɚɬɟɧɛɟɪɝ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ
ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢ ɭɫɩɹɯɚ ɢ ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɛɟ ɞɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧ, ɬɨɝɚɜɚ
ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɫɜɨɹ ɚɩɨɝɟɣ. ɋɟɝɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɥɸɞɢɟ ɛɟ ɡɚɫɟɞɧɚɥɨ
ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɱɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɧɟ ɯɚɪɟɫɜɚ ɧɟɦɟɰɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ɢ ɳɹɥ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɱɨɜɟɤ
ɞɚ ɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚ. Ɍɚɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɛɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɨ, ɢ ɫɬɚɪɨ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɯɚ - ɜɨɥɨɜɟ,
ɤɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɢ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɫɢɩɹɬ ɜɴɜ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ, ɳɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɛɥɚɠɟɧ ɪɚɣ. ɋ
ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɛɟ ɧɟɳɚɫɬɧɚɬɚ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɜɟɱɟɪɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɡɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɲɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɪɟ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ. ɉɪɟɡ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ 1886 ɝ.
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɚɬ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ. ɂ ɬɨɹ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɜɴɜ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ. ɂɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɨɯɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɟ ɥɴɠɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɬɚ, ɩɪɟɡ ɧɨɟɦɜɪɢ. ɉɪɟɞɢɡɛɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ, ɫɥɟɞ
ɞɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ȼɚɬɟɧɛɟɪɝ, ɛɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɠɟɠɟɧɚ. Ɇɴɥɜɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɟ ɟ
ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ, ɨɤɭɪɚɠɢ ɨɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɤɢɬɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ
ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ. ɐɹɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɛɟ ɡɚɥɹɧɚ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɨ ɛɟɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɬɜɨ.
ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɯɚ, ɱɟ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɳɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɳɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɟ ɬɨɤɭ ɳɨ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɟɧɨɬɨ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɨ. ɂ ɧɟɜɟɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɟɥɫɤɚ ɦɚɫɚ, ɭɩɨɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɚɠɢɬɟ, ɱɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɳɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɛɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɣ-
ɝɨɥɟɦɢɬɟ ɢɡɞɟɜɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɬɴɪɠɟɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɢɞɟɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢɬɟ. ɉɪɟɡ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɹ
ɞɟɧ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɟɯɚ ɨɬ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢɬɟ ɜ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɩɚɤɨɫɬɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɧɹɡɚ. Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɟ ɛɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɢɳɨ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɬɚɹ
ɨɬɪɨɜɧɚ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɹ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɬɨ, ɬɭɤ ɫɟ ɚɝɢɬɢɪɚɲɟ, ɱɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɤɧɹɡ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɳɟ
ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɳɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɢ ɞɚɧɴɰɢ. Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ, ɤɚɡɜɚɯɚ
ɛɟɡɫɴɜɟɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɚɝɢɬɚɬɨɪɢ, ɱɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɴɪɠɚ ɰɟɥ ɫɜɹɬ. ɓɟ ɫɧɚɛɞɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɜɟ
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɛɟɞɧɢ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɠɚɪɢ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɥɟɩɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ
ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɡɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ.Ɉɳɟ ɜɟɱɟɪɬɚ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɹ ɞɟɧ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɹɯɚ
ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ [...]. Ƚɪɚɞɴɬ ɝɴɦɠɟɲɟ ɨɬ ɬɴɥɩɢ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ.ɇɚ
ɫɭɬɪɢɧɬɚ ɜ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɹ ɞɟɧ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɬɴɥɩɢ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɧɚɯɥɭɯɚ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɴɫ ɡɚɤɚɧɢ, ɱɟ ɜɫɹɤɨɣ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɹɜɢɥ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɡɥɟ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧ. ɏɢɥɹɞɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɪɚɥɨ
ɧɚ ɦɟɝɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɤɪɴɠɧɢɹɬ ɫɴɜɟɬɧɢɤ Ɍɪɢɮɨɧ ɘɝɨɜ ɨɬ ɫ.
Ɇɚɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɤɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɢ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɪɟ ɛɸɪɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɳɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ
ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɟɞɢɧ ɱɚɫ. ȼɡɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɢɤɚ "ɝɨɪɟ", "ɞɨɥɭ" ɢ ɧɟɨɩɢɫɭɟɦ ɞɢɜɚɲɤɢ ɜɢɤ, ɧɚɣ-
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɸɪɨɬɨ ɛɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɪɚɧɨ. ɉɪɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɟ, ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɫɚɦɨɬɨ ɝɥɚɫɭɜɚɧɟ, ɫɬɚɧɚ
ɞɟɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɨɬ ɫ. Ʉɪɚɩɱɟɧɟ ɢ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɪɟɡɝɚɜ ɝɥɚɫ ɫɴɨɛɳɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɱɟ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɧɟ
ɢɫɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɹɡ, ɚ ɬɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɳɹɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɤɧɹɡ. ɂ ɩɨɤɚɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɬɴɪɫɹɬ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɴɨɛɳɹɬ ɬɨɜɚ, ɞɚ ɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɬ ɡɚɳɨ ɟ ɫɴɛɪɚɧ ɬɭɤɚ
ɬɨɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ. ȿɞɧɨ ɯɢɥɹɞɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɫɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɴɦ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟɬɨ, ɞɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɨɬɢɲɴɥ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ.ȼ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɚɡ ɢ
ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ, ɢɡɥɢɡɚɦɟ ɢɡ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɴɬɹ ɫɪɟɳɚɦɟ ɬɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɭɡɞɚɧɚ ɬɴɥɩɚ. Ɉɤɨɥ.
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɟɲɟ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ, ɟɞɢɧ ɨɤɨɥɨ 40 ɝɨɞɢɲɟɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ,

99
ɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɴɨɛɳɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɢ ɯɢɬɴɪ ɱɨɜɟɤ.ɓɨɦ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɳɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ
ɢɡɥɟɡɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɞɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɧɚɝɨɪɟ ɞɹɫɧɚɬɚ ɪɴɤɚ, ɜ ɡɧɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟ
ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɨɛɴɪɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɫ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ: "Ƚ-ɧ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ,
ɡɚɳɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɪɚɥ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɬɭɤ? Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ. Ⱥ ɩɴɤ ɧɢɟ, ɝ-ɧ
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ, ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɝɨ, ɚ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ ɬɨɹ ɞɟɬɨ ɧɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢɥ ɧɚ ɡɦɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɬɚ
(ɚɥɸɡɢɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɧɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ)". Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɛɪɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɧɚɫ ɢ ɧɢɟ
ɨɫɬɚɧɚɯɦɟ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɞɴɪɠɚɯɚ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɞɟɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢ ɪɟɜɹɯɚ: "Ⱦɨɥɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɞɹɞɨ ɐɚɧɤɨɜ!". ȼ ɬɨɹ ɫɴɞɛɨɧɨɫɟɧ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ,
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤɴɬ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɢ, ɱɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɢɫɤɚɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɬɨɣ ɫ
ɜɢɫɨɤ ɝɥɚɫ ɢɡɜɢɤɚ : "ɂ ɚɡ ɫ ɞɚɫɤɚɥɚ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ. ɉɢɲɟɬɟ ɢ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɨ ɩɨɧɟɠɟ
ɡɚɤɨɧɴɬ ɤɚɡɜɚ, ɱɟ 6 ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬ, ɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɲɟ ɧɚɣ-ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɳɟ 5 ɞɭɲɢ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɢɟ
ɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɬɟ." Ɍɢɹ ɞɭɦɢ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɩɚɞɧɚɯɚ ɧɚ ɯɢɥɹɞɧɨɬɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɬɨɜɚ ɫɥɟɞ
ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤɚ, ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɝɥɭɲɢ ɜɴɡɞɭɯɚ ɫ ɝɪɴɦɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ "ɭɪɚ" ɢ "Ⱦɚ ɠɢɜɟɟ
ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ!". ɇɨ ɞɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɧɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɟɧ ɫ ɤɚɡɚɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɨɣ ɜɞɢɝɧɚ ɪɴɤɚ ɞɚ ɦɥɴɤɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɤɚ : "ɇɟɦɚ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɨɬ ɨɳɟ 5 ɞɭɲɢ,
ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɨɧ, ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ, ɱɢɧɢ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ." Ɍɢɹ ɞɭɦɢ ɧɚ
ɞɟɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɯɚ ɝɨɥɟɦ ɟɧɬɭɫɢɚɡɴɦ ɜ ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɤɚɯɚ: "Ɍɚɤɚ, ɬɚɤɚ, ɨɧ ɱɢɧɢ
ɤɨɥɤɨ ɰɟɥɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ. ɍɪɚ!". ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɟɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɤɧɚ, ɚɤɨ ɳɟ ɬɪɟɛɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ, ɧɢɟ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɧɢ ɫɦɟ ɞɚ ɩɢɲɟɦ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɳɟ
ɧɢ ɞɨɣɞɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɦɚɝɚ.""Ɉ, ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ!"- ɠɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɬɚɹ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɫɚ ɫɦɹɬɚɥɢ, ɱɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɧɟ ɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɟɥɫɤɢ
ɤɦɟɬ. Ɂɚɬɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɜ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɤɧɹɡ. ɋɥɟɞ
ɬɨɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɤɚɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɤɨ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɞɭɦɢ ɢ ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɤɚ ɥɟɤɚ
ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɴɫɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɞɚɞɨɯɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɛɟɥɢ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɸɥɟɬɢɧɢɬɟ.
ɉɢɲɟɳɢɹɬ ɬɢɹ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ, ɡɚɨɛɢɤɨɥɟɧ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɬɴɥɩɚ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ, ɩɪɟɞɢɦɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɢ
ɜɨɣɧɢɰɢ, ɛɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɞɚ ɩɢɲɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɯɟɧ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɛɸɥɟɬɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ. ɉɨ-ɝɨɥɟɦɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɛɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ "ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ", "Ɋɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ", ɚ ɢɦɚɲɟ ɛɸɥɟɬɢɧɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɭɫɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢ, ɜɡɟɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɧɨɡɢɧɚ ɛɹɯɚ
ɩɨɱɢɧɚɥɢ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɚɡ ɤɚɡɚɯ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɨɣ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɨɬ ɦɨɟɬɨ ɫɟɥɨ, ɱɟ ɧɢɬɨ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ,
ɧɢɬɨ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ, ɛɥɢɠɧɢɬɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɧɚɫ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɦɟ ɡɚɨɛɢɤɨɥɢɯɚ ɢ ɫ ɞɢɜɚɲɤɢ ɜɢɤ ɫɟ ɧɚɯɜɴɪɥɢɯɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɦɟɧ, ɤɚɬɨ ɜɢɤɚɯɚ :
"Ɍɜɨɣɬɚ ɦɚɣɤɚ ɞɚɫɤɚɥɟ, ɬɢ ɥɢ ɤɚɡɜɚɲ, ɱɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ? Ʉɚɬɨ ɩɟɫɬɢɥ ɳɟ ɬɟ ɫɦɚɠɟɦɟ, ɚɤɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɲ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɴɬ ɞɚ ɤɚɡɜɚɲ
ɬɨɜɚ."Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɬɨ, ɧɟɤɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɠɚ, ɱɟ ɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɛɹɯɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɨɥɧɨ
ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬɚɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɴɩɧɚ ɞɟɦɚɝɨɝɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɪɨɞɨɨɬɫɬɴɩɧɢɰɢ ɫɟɟɯɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɟɜɟɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɨ ɫɟɥɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɟɱɟɪɬɚ ɤɴɦ 6 ɱɚɫɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɴɬ ɛɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɟɧ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɚ, ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ 1497 ɝɥɚɫɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɯɚ ɩɨ 70-80 ɝɥɚɫɚ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ Ƚɨɰɨ ɉɴɪɜɚɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɫ. Ƚɨɪɧɨ
ɐɟɪɨɜɟɧɟ ɛɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ 138 ɝɥɚɫɚ. Ɍɨɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɜɛɟɫɢ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɤɢɹ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ.
ȿɞɢɧ ɧɟɨɩɢɫɭɟɦ ɜɴɡɬɨɪɝ ɨɛɥɚɞɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɬɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɫɦɟɬɚɯɚ, ɱɟ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɳɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɯɨɠɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɬɟɯɟɧ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɢɤ ɩɨ
ɫɟɥɚɬɚ, ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɢɬɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɪ. Ɉɝɨɫɬɚ. ȼɟɱɟɪɬɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɤɪɴɱɦɢ ɝɴɦɠɟɯɚ ɨɬ
ɩɢɹɧɢ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɝɥɚɫ ɩɟɟɯɚ : "Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɟ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɹɬɚ, ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɥɢɤ ɧɚɞ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ
ɩɪɴɜ. Ɋɭɫɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɛɪɚɬɹ, ɧɚɲɚ ɩɥɴɬ ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɤɪɴɜ. Ɉ! Ȼɨɝ ɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ." Ɍɚɹ ɩɟɫɟɧ,
ɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɡɨɜɚ, ɛɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɫɤɚ
ɨɤɨɥɢɹ.Ɉɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɬɚɹ ɜɟɱɟɪ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɞɟɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ, ɛɟ ɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɹɬ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɞɨ ɞɟɞɨ ɐɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɯ ɢ ɬɨɣ,
ɞɚ ɨɬɢɞɚɬ ɜ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɜɟɞɚɬ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɳɟɥɢ

100
 ɉɨɱɧɚɯɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɟɫɩɢɪɧɢ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɹɯɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɭɡɞɚɧɚ
ɞɟɦɚɝɨɝɢɹ.
Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ (ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢ) ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚɲɟ, ɱɟ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ49ɩɨɞ ɟɝɢɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɳɹɥɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ
ɟɞɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Ɂɚɞɭɧɚɣɫɤɚ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪ
ɧɚ ɬɚɹ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɢɥ ɨɬɪɟɞɢɥ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɢ Ɇɢɧɝɪɟɥɢ50. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɛɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɪɧɢ ɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ, ɤɚɡɜɚɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ,
ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɛɢɥ ɨɬ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɢ ɛɢɥ ɜɡɟɬ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ
ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɚ ɪɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɹ. ɋɴɳɢɹɬ ɛɢɥ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɟɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɚɜɚɧɬɸɪɢɫɬ ɫ
ɩɨɯɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɬɪɚɩ51. ɉɨɟɥ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ
ɬɨɡɢ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪ, ɳɹɥ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɞɢɪɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ. ɂ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɧɚɲɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɳɹɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɢ ɡɚɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɹ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɳɹɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɪɨɛɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɠɟɪɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɴɦ.
Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝdɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ (ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢɬɟ) ɩɴɤ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɜɚɲɟ, ɱɟ
ɞɟɬɪɨɧɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡɚ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ, ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɢɫɤɚɥ ɞɚ ɜɡɟɦɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɨɬ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɳɹɥ ɞɚ
ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ
ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɭɛɢ ɧɢɬɨ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ, ɧɢɬɨ ɫɜɨɹ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ. Ʉɚɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɚɣ-

ɞɚ ɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɹɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ.Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɴɪɲɢ ɬɨɡ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ

ɩɚɪɨɞɢɹ ɰɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɛɨɪ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ.[...].
ɉɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɬɧɢɬɟ, ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɜ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ, ɜ ɬɨɜɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ, ɛɹɯɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɚɹ ɨɬɪɨɜɧɚ ɞɟɦɚɝɨɝɢɹ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɫɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1886 ɝ. ɛɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɟɧ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɢ ɨɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɬɟɧɢɤ ɮɨɧ Ʉɚɭɥɛɚɪɫ, ɧɢɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɦɭ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɯɦɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɦɭ ɤɚɡɚɯɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɝɨɪɱɢɜɢ ɞɭɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɨ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɤɴɫɚɯɦɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɬɨɣ ɧɢ ɞɚɞɟ ɞɚ ɱɟɬɟɦɟ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ
ɫɦɟɲɧɢɹɬ ɢɡɛɨɪ, ɧɢɬɨ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ, ɧɢɬɨ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɧɟ ɫɟ ɹɜɢɯɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɛɟɯɚ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɟɧɢ ɨɧɢɹ 6 ɞɭɲɢ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɰɢ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɟɯɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɨ 70, 80 ɞɨ 138 ɝɥɚɫɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɪɢ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɧɟɥɨ
ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ, ɩɨ ɧɚɪɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɹ
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ ɧɚ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ, ɞ-ɪ ȼ. Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɯɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɬ.
ɧɚɪ. ɞɪɭɠɢɧɤɢ "Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ" - Ȼɟɥɢɬɨɜɚ, ɇ., ɀ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɨɜɚ Ⱥɜɬɨɛɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɢ
ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ …, 271-273.
49
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ.1, ɚ.ɟ. 5, ɥ. 1.
50
Ɇɢɧɝɪɟɥɢ, ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜɢɱ (1846-1903) – ɝɪɭɡɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɧɹɡ. Ʌɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥ ɧɚ
ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ȱȱȱ. ȿɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ ɫɥɟɞ
ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɜɚɤɚɧɬɹɜɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɴɪ ȱ Ȼɚɬɟɧɛɟɪɝ (1886). Ʉɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɟ
ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɟɧɚ ɨɬ ȱȱȱ ȼɇɋ (1886-1887).
51
ɋɚɬɪɚɩ – ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ, ɧɚɦɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ.
101
ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɟɲɟ ɢɡ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɣ-ɛɨɝɚɬ
ɨɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɳɹɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɧɚɛɞɢ ɛɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɟɥɹɧɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɢ
ɢ ɜɨɥɨɜɟ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɧɹɦɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɳɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢ ɞɚɧɴɰɢ. ɇɟɜɟɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ
ɫɟɥɫɤɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɠɚɞɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɴɳɚɲɟ ɬɢɹ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥ ɧɟɤɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨ
ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɛɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɫɥɚɛɢɬɟ ɜ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ.
ȼɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɤɧɹɠɢɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɯɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɪɢɰɢ ɢ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɟ. Ɂɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɪɢ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ɬɨɹ ɚɧɨɪɦɚɥɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ,
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɚɬ ɜ ɟɞɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɪɟ ɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɟɥ
ɧɚ ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ.52 Ⱦɚɬɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɢɹ
ɢɡɛɨɪɢ, ɚɤɨ ɩɚɦɟɬɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɟ ɥɴɠɟ, ɛɟ 15 ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1886 ɝ.53 ɇɚ ɬɨɜɚ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɣ-ɟɧɟɪɝɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɪɭɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɢɫɤɚɲɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɬɢɹ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɩɨ-
ɞɪɭɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɢ ɬɨɜɚ
ɢɫɤɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫ
ɟɞɢɧ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧ ɞɜɭɛɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɭɫɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨ
ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɟ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɟɧ ɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɢɱɚɟɧ ɩɪɚɬɟɧɢɤ ɨɬ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɫɴɫ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɤɚɥɹ ɩɨ-ɜɚɠɧɢɬɟ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɚ
ɢɡɤɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɜɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. Ɍɨɹ
ɩɪɚɬɟɧɢɤ ɛɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɮɨɧ Ʉɚɭɥɛɚɪɫ54. 55 ɇɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɢɫɢɹ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ
ɭɜɟɧɱɚɜɚ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɯ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɴɬ ɦɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɡ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ, ɧɨ ɬɭɤ ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ
52
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɢɹɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ȼɇɋ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɢɡɜɴɧɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɟɫɢɹ ɧɚ ȱV Ɉɇɋ. Ɍɹ ɟ ɫɜɢɤɚɧɚ ɧɚ 24 ɚɜɝ. 1886 ɝ. Ⱦɟɩɭɬɚɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɹɬ
ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ ɜ ɱɥ. 24 ɢ 49 ɨɬ ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɱɥ. 24 ɡɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢ
ɫɟ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚɬ ɫɴɛɪɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚɣ-ɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɛɪɨɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɭɜɚɥɢɬɟ.
ɂɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɬɚɪɹɬ. – ɐȾȺ, ɮ. 173, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 118, ɥ. 74; Ɇɚɧɨɥɨɜɚ, Ɇ.
ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɦɴɬ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ 1879-1894. ɋ, 1989, 153-154.
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ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ Ɍɪɟɬɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ (19 ɨɤɬ. 1886-3 ɚɜɝ. 1887).
Ⱦɚɬɚɬɚ ɟ 28 ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1886 ɝ. – Ƚɟɲɟɜɚ, Ƀ. Ɍɪɟɬɨɬɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ 1886-
1887. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. – ɂɉɪ,1991, ɤɧ. 1.
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Ʉɚɭɥɛɚɪɫ, ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɟɜɢɱ, ɛɚɪɨɧ (1842-1905)- ɪɭɫɤɢ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɞɟɟɰ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬ,
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ. ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ 1877-1878 ɝ. ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ-ɳɚɛ ɧɚ ɝɜɚɪɞɟɣɫɤɚ ɞɢɜɢɡɢɹ. ɉɪɟɡ 1883-1884 ɝ. ɢɞɜɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɞɚ ɨɤɚɠɟ
ɫɴɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɸɱɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɭɪɟɠɞɚɳɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ
ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɦɢɫɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɟɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɥɟɞ ɋɪɴɛɫɤɨ-
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ 1885 ɝ. ɉɪɟɡ 1886 ɝ. ɨɬɧɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɢ ɜɥɨɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɪɭɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɧɚɫɬɴɩɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɞɟɬɪɨɧɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɴɪ ȱ. ɇɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɝɪɭɛɚ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ
ɡɚɞɴɥɛɨɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹɬɚ. ɉɨ ɧɚɪɟɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ Ʉɚɭɥɛɚɪɫ
ɩɪɟɤɴɫɜɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ.
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Ɂɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɳɟ ɜɠ: Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ, Ɋ. Ɇɢɫɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ ȼ. Ʉɚɭɥɚɪɫ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ (1886)
ɱɪɟɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɬɨ ɤɪɟɞɨ ɧɚ ȿɜɝɟɧɢɣ Ʉɨɱɟɬɨɜ. – ȼ: ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ: ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2011, Ɍ. 7, 313-327.
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ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ56 ɢ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɞɜɭɛɨɣ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ,
ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɬ ɚɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɫɥɟɲɟ, ɱɟ ɬɨ ɟ ɫɩɟɱɟɥɢɥɨ
ɩɨɛɟɞɚɬɚ. ɂ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɧɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɨɯɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚɬɚ
ɞɚɬɚ. Ɍɢɹ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɫ
ɧɟɛɢɜɚɧɢ ɢɡɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɜ Ⱦɭɩɧɢɰɚ
ɜɴɡɛɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɢɹɬ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨ ɥɢɧɱɭɜɚ ɬɚɦɨɲɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ
ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɹ ɤɦɟɬ Ƚɪɴɧɱɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɉɚɧɬɨɮɱɢɟɜ. Ɍɟ ɢ
ɬɪɢɦɚɬɚ ɛɹɯɚ ɯɜɴɪɥɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɹɪɹɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɩɧɢɲɤɚɬɚ ɪɟɤɚ,
ɝɞɟɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɯɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɦɴɪɬ. ȼ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ, ɨɛɚɱɟ, ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɦɢɧɚ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɟɲɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɬɚɤɬ ɦɨɠɚ ɧɚɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɜɢ ɢɡɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ.

Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɫɥɟɞ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ

ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɛɹɯɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ

6000 ɞɭɲɢ. Ɉɬ ɬɹɯ ɛɥɢɡɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɛɹɯɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢɹ ɞɟɧ ɜ
ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɴɪ. ȿɞɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɞɨɲɥɢɬɟ ɛɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɬ ɬɚɦ ɦɧɨɡɢɧɚ ɜɢɤɚɯɚ: „ɇɢɟ
ɢɫɤɚɦɟ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ. ɓɟ ɢɡɛɟɪɟɦ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ.” Ɉɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɟ ɫɢɩɟɯɚ ɩɫɭɜɧɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɢ
ɫɪɟɳɭ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɢɯɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɦɟɥɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ57 Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ
ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ. ɇɚɣ-ɫɢɥɧɢ ɪɭɝɚɬɧɢ ɫɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɹɯɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɫ ɦɥɚɞɢɬɟ
ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɹɯɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɴɦ. ɂ
56
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɝɟɧ. Ʉɚɭɥɛɚɪɫ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɢɤɨɥɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɢɡ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɤɚ
ȼɪɚɰɚ, ɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɜɚ ɢ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɯɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
– Ɋɚɞɟɜ, ɋ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ. Ɍ. 2. ɋ., 1990, 325; Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ, Ⱦ.
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɋɬɚɦɛɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɚɬɚ ɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɋ., 1992, 21-23.
57
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 5, ɥ. 3.
103
ɫɟɝɚ, ɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɚɣ-ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɯɦɟ ɫɪɟɳɭ
ɬɚɹ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ. ɉɨ ɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɴɤɦɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɹ,
ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ, ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɦɭɬɟɧ ɫɟ ɹɜɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫ – ɭɱɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɜ
ɭɱɢɥɢɳɟɬɨ. Ɍɨɣ ɫɟ ɨɛɴɪɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɦɟɧ ɢ ɦɟ ɡɚɦɨɥɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ
ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɞɚ ɨɬɢɞɟɦ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɤɴɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɳɧɟɦ ɫ ɩɨ-ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ
ɯɨɪɚ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɨɛɹɫɧɢɦ, ɱɟ ɫ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɡɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɢɟ ɳɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɫɦɟɯ ɧɚ ɰɹɥ ɫɜɹɬ. Ɍɨɤɭ–ɳɨ
ɢɡɥɹɡɨɯɦɟ ɨɬ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɧɢɹ ɞɜɨɪ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɴɬɹ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɪɟɳɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ
ɜɧɭɲɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɬɴɥɩɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɠɞɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɞɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɉɨɩɨɜ ɨɬ
ɫ. Ʉɪɚɩɱɟɧɟ. Ⱦɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɛɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɡɚɤɥɟɬɢɬɟ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢ ɜ
ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ. Ɍɨɣ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ ɛɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɜɞɴɯɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬ ɞɹɞɨ ɐɚɧɤɨɜ58, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɠɢɜɟɟɲɟ ɜɴɜ ȼɪɚɰɚ. Ɍɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɹ ɢ ɞɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɫɟ ɨɛɴɪɧɚ ɤɴɦ
ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɫ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ”Ƚ-ɧ ɇɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ, ɡɚɳɨ ɟ ɫɴɛɪɚɧ ɬɨɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɬɭɤɚ?”. ɇɚɱɚɥɧɢɤɴɬ ɦɭ ɨɬɨɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɱɟ ɞɧɟɫ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɢɹɬɚ
ɳɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬ 6 ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ,
ɤɨɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɳɟ ɢɡɛɟɪɟ ɧɨɜ ɤɧɹɡ ɧɚ ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɢɹ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥ. Ⱦɹɞɨ ɉɟɬɴɪ ɢɡɜɢɤɚ: „Ɍɚɹ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɹ ɛɴɞɟ ɝ-ɧ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ.
Ɋɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ ɫɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ”. Ɍɢɹ ɞɭɦɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɯɚ
ɨɬ ɨɳɟ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɞɭɲɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɜɢɤɚɯɚ: „ɇɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɝɨ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɦɟ ɧɢɟ ɳɟ ɢɡɛɟɪɟɦ ɨɧɹ, ɞɟɤɚ ɫɢ ɧɢ ɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢɥ ɨɬ
ɭɫɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɦɢɹɬɚ (ɚɥɸɡɢɹ ɡɚ ɰɚɪ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥ ɢ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ). Ɍɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɢɡɜɢɤɚ: „ɇɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ – ɪɭɫɤɢɹ
ɰɚɪ, ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ!”. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɝɴɫɬɹɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɧɚɫ, ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɡɚ: „Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɢ ɚɡ ɢɫɤɚɦ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ
ɰɚɪ. ɉɢɲɟɬɟ ɢ ɧɟɝɨ, ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛɟɪɚɬ 6 ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ59 ɨɬ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɡɢɧɚ ɢɡɜɢɤɚɯɚ: „ɇɟ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɝɨ, ɚ ɢɫɤɚɦɟ ɪɭɫɤɢɹɬ ɰɚɪ. Ɍɨɣ ɟ ɧɚɲ ɛɚɳɚ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ”. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɞɢ ɢ ɤɚɡɚ:
Ⱥɛɟ ɞɚɣ-ɞɚɣ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ, ɧɟɤɚ ɦɭ ɢɡɛɟɪɟɦ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɬɚɦɨɲɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɦɚɝɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɢɫɚɪ.” Ȼɟɡ ɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɚ
ɩɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɦɟ ɫ ɧɢɳɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɹ ɮɚɧɚɬɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɯɦɟ.
Ɂɚɩɨɱɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɨɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ. ȿɞɧɢ ɩɢɲɟɯɚ ɜ ɛɸɥɟɬɢɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ
ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɢɲɟɯɚ – ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɚ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɢɲɟɯɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ
ɢ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɨɬɹɜɥɟɧ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥ ɫɥɟɞ ɧɟɝɨ. Ⱥ ɟɞɢɧ ɬɨɤɭ-ɳɨ ɭɜɨɥɧɟɧ ɮɟɥɞɮɟɛɟɥ-
ɜ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɨɬ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɦɢɹ, ɛɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɫɥɟɞ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ
58
ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ ɐɚɧɤɨɜ (1828-1911) – ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɟɰ, ɩɨɱɟɬɟɧ
ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ȻɄȾ, ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬ. Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ ɩɪɟɫɟɞɚɬɟɥ.
ɉɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɨɝɥɚɜɹɜɚ ɉɪɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ. – ɇɢɤɨɥɨɜɚ, ȼ. Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧ
ɐɚɧɤɨɜ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɟɩɨɯɢ. ɋ., 1994.
59
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 5, ɥ. 4.
104
ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɟɞɧɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɡɚɝɢɧɚɥɢ ɜ Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɛɹɯɚ ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɥɢ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɴɬ ɨɬ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɛɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ,
ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɫɤɚɲɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɰɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ
Ɋɭɫɢɹ. ɂ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɛɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɨ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɯɢɥɹɞɢɬɟ
ɛɸɥɟɬɢɧɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɛɹɯɚ ɩɨɞɚɞɟɧɢ, ɟɞɧɨ ɢɡɜɴɧɪɟɞɧɨ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɛɨɥɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɛɹɯɚ ɡɚ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɯɚ ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ. ɂɡɛɨɪɧɨɬɨ ɛɸɪɨ ɩɨ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧ ɐɨɧɨɜ, ɤɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɢ ɤɦɟɬ ɢ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɛɸɪɨɬɨ,
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɚɧɭɥɢɪɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ, ɩɨɞɚɞɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ
ɢ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ, ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ:
1. Ƚɨɰɨ ɉɴɪɜɚɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɨ Ƚɨɪɧɨ ɐɟɪɨɜɟɧɟ ɫɴɫ 154 ɝɥɚɫɚ
2. ɂɜɚɧ Ɇɢɰɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɨ Ȼɟɥɢɦɟɥ ɫɴɫ 135 ɝɥɚɫɚ
3. ȼɚɱɨ ɋɢɦɟɧɨɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɫɴɫ 74 ɝɥɚɫɚ
4. ɂɜɚɧ ɐɟɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɨ Ɇɚɥɚ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ ɫ 90 ɝɥɚɫɚ
5. ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢɟɜ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɨ Ɇɚɞɚɧ ɫɴɫ 74 ɝɥɚɫɚ.60
ɒɟɫɬɢɹɬ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ, ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɨ ɦɚɥɤɨ
ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ, ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɩɢɫɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɴɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɬɟ. ɂ ɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɥɟɡɟ ɜɴɜ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɬɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɴɫɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɨɯɥɭɩɟɧɢɬɟ ɦɚɥɤɢ ɤɪɴɱɦɢɰɢ ɝɴɦɠɚɯɚ ɨɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɚɞɨɯɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɜɟɫɟɥɢɟ. ɉɪɟɡ ɧɨɳɬɚ ɢɡ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɨɝɥɚɫɹɜɚɲɟ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɢɦɢɬɟ61 ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɟɫɧɢ: „Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɟ ɧɚ
ɡɟɦɹɬɚ ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɥɢɤ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ, ɩɴɪɜɨ ɪɭɫɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɛɪɚɬɹ, ɧɚɲɚ ɩɥɴɬ
ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɤɪɴɜ”. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚɯɚ ɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɢɬɟ: „ɇɟɦɰɢ, ɮɪɟɧɰɢ,
ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɢɰɢ. Ⱦɪɭɠɧɢ ɫ […]. ȼɴɨɭɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɛɟ
ɧɟɨɩɢɫɭɟɦɨ. ȼɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɨɬɢɞɨɯɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɚɬɚ ɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ, ɱɟ
ɫ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥ,
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɹɬ ɳɹɥ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɞɚɞɟ ɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɜɟ ɢ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɡɚɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ
ɩɥɚɳɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɢ ɞɚɧɴɰɢ. ɉɨ ɬɨɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɰɹɥɚ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ, ɩɚ ɢ ɰɹɥɚ
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɳɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɥɭɜɚɬ ɜ ɛɴɞɟɳɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɢɜɚɥɨ ɛɥɚɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞ ɟɝɢɞɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɞɴɪɠɟɰ. Ɉ, ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ!
Ɍɨɹ ɫ ɧɢɳɨ ɧɟɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɢɦ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɫɭɜɚɲɟ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɜɨɞɟɜɢɥɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ – ɟɞɧɚ
ɩɚɪɨɞɢɹ. ȿɞɧɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɪɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɫ ɬɨɹ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɬɚ ɧɟɞɜɭɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɛɟ
ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɰɹɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɭɲɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɢɹ ɰɚɪ.

60
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɫɨɱɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ Ƀ. Ƚɟɲɟɜɚ. – Ƚɟɲɟɜɚ, Ƀ.
Ⱦɴɪɠɚɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ (1879-1911). ɋ., 2001, 135.
61
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 5, ɥ. 5.
105
 ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ 1887 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɨɯɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɢɤɨɜɟɧɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɫɴɛɪɚɧɢɟ.62 ȼ ɬɨɹ ɢɡɛɨɪ
ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɯɚ ɧɟɛɢɜɚɥɨ ɢɡɫɬɴɩɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ. ȼ
ɫɚɦɢɹ ɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɜɧɭɲɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɬɴɥɩɚ ɫɟ ɜɩɭɫɧɚ ɤɴɦ ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɨɬɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɥɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɟɲɟ ɛɚɪɢɤɚɞɢɪɚɥ
ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɫ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɹ. Ɉɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɨɜɹɞɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɜ ɬɴɥɩɚɬɚ. ɂ ɜ ɟɞɢɧ ɦɢɝ ɭɥɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ Ʉɭɬɥɨɜɢɰɚ
ɛɹɯɚ ɨɛɚɝɪɟɧɢ ɫ ɧɟɜɢɧɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɚ ɤɪɴɜ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɪɚɧɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɚɝɢɧɚɥɢ
ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɢ. ɂ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɟɲɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɱɬɟɧɚ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɹ
ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɬɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧ ɧɨɜɨɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɢɜ
ɨɤɨɥɢɣɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤ, ɫɥɹɩ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ȼɚɤɯɭɫɚ63.
ȼɩɪɨɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɬɨɹ ɩɟɱɚɥɟɧ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬ ɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɞɪɭɝ ɩɴɬ ɩɨ
ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ. ɇɟɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɛɟ ɫɤɴɫɚɥɨ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɟ ɨɛɯɜɚɧɚɥɨ ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɨɥɹɦɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ ɜɨɣɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɧɟɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɧɹɤɨɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɢ ɫɟ
ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɚ, ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɟ,
ɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ64 ɜ 1887 ɝ. ɜ Ɋɭɫɟ65 ɢ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ66. Ɇɟɬɟɠɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ,
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɞɨɛɪɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɢ, ɛɹɯɚ ɨɫɴɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɜɢ ɫɴɞ ɜ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ Ɋɭɫɟ.67

Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ Ⱥ. ɋɢɧɢɝɟɪɫɤɢ
62
ɋɬɚɜɚ ɞɭɦɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ V Ɉɇɋ (15 ɨɤɬ. 1887-15 ɨɤɬ. 1890).
63
ɦɢɬ. Ȼɨɝ ɧɚ ɜɢɧɨɬɨ ɭ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɝɴɪɰɢ ɢ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢ.
64
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 5, ɥ. 6.
65
ȼɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɚ ɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢ ɨɬ Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧ ɫɪɟɳɭ Ɋɟɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɬɨ
ɨɬ 1886/87 ɝ. ɡɚɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɬɢɹ ɪɭɫɨɮɨɛɫɤɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɜ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɜɴɧɲɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
ɂɡɛɭɯɜɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ 19 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1887 ɝ., ɛɟɡ ɞɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɸɱɢɥɚ ɨɳɟ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚɬɚ. ȼɨɞɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɧɬɚ ɦɚɣɨɪ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫ ɍɡɭɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɞɩ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɴɪ Ɏɢɥɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɨɩɢɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɯɴɪɥɹɬ ɜ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɡɚɥɨɜɟɧɢ ɫ ɢɞɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬ ɜ ɚɤɰɢɹɬɚ Ɍ. Ʉɴɪɞɠɢɟɜ ɢ Ɉɥɢɦɩɢ ɉɚɧɨɜ. Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɨɳɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɜɟɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɫɴɞ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɬ ɫɦɴɪɬɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɴɞɚ. ɇɚ 22 ɮɟɜɪ. 1887 ɝ. ɫɚ ɪɚɡɫɬɪɟɥɹɧɢ ɤɪɚɣ
Ɋɭɫɟ. - Ɋɚɞɤɨɜ, ɂɜ. Ɋɭɫɟɧɫɤɢɹɬ ɛɭɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢɬɟ-ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢ ɨɬ 1887 ɝ.– ȼ: ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ – Ɋɭɫɟ. ȼɚɪɧɚ, 1964, 119-138.
66
Ȼɭɧɬ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɢɪɚɧ ɨɬ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɢ ɜ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ 1886 ɝ.
ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɬ ɜ
Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ. ȼ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ ɬɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɬ ȿɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɢ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɡɚ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɝɨɬɜɢ ɢ ɜɞɢɝɧɟ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɢ ɜ Ɋɭɫɟ ɢ ɋɢɥɢɫɬɪɚ ɧɚ 19
ɮɟɜɪ. 1887 ɝ., ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɢɫɫɬɴɩɢ ɤɴɦ ɡɚɥɚɞɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɰɹɥɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ.
ɇɚɱɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɚ ɤɚɩ. ɏɪɢɫɬɨ Ʉɪɴɫɬɟɜ.
ȼɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɜɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɜɨɪ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɭɧɬɴɬ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ
ɩɪɟɠɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɧɨ ɧɚ 16 ɮɟɜɪ. ɫ.ɝ. Ɉɬ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɢ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ
ɨɬ Ɋɚɞɤɨ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢɟɜ. Ɋɟɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜɡɟɦɚ ɛɴɪɡɢ ɦɟɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɧɬɚ. Ȼɭɧɬɴɬ
ɟ ɩɨɬɭɲɟɧ, ɚ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɬɟɠɤɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ.
67
ȾȺ Ɇɨɧɬɚɧɚ, ɮ. 592 Ʉ, ɨɩ. 1, ɚ.ɟ. 5, ɥ. 7.
106
 ɋɋɋɊ, ɋɂȼ, ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ
(1946 – 1955ɝ.)
ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ʉɭɥɢɲ

USSR, CMEA, Warsaw Pact and the Balkans (1946-1955)

Simeon Kulish

Abstract: In this article I will present political confrontation between U.S.

and Soviet Union after the Second World War in the Balkans.
In this period ( 1946-1955 ), which I will discuss, Eastern and
Western bloc began to attract more and more new countries into their
political sphere of influence. Diplomatic offices on both sides of the “Iron
Curtain” take a number of measures to promote policies and values in the
postwar world.
During years 1946-1955 formed the CMEA and Warsaw Pact in
answer on NATO and Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.
Keywords: cold war, U.S., USSR, CMEA, Warsaw Pact, NATO,
Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, political confrontation;

ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ ɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ

ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜ ɟɬɚɩ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɩɨɱɧɚɥɚɬɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞ ɪɟɱɬɚ ɧɚ ɑɴɪɱɢɥ ɜɴɜ Ɏɭɥɬɴɧ ɩɪɟɡ ɦɚɪɬ 1946 ɝ. ɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɧɨɜ ɬɢɩ, ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɚ ɫ ɬɨɝɚɜɚɲɧɢɬɟ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹɬ, ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɢɹɬ ɛɥɨɤ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ ɞɚ
ɩɪɢɜɥɢɱɚɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ „ɀɟɥɹɡɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɜɟɫɚ”
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɦɟɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɭɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɫɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɬ.
ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɳɚɬɢ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬ ɥɢɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɧɟ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ, ɤɚɬɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚɬ, ɱɟ
ɜɫɟɤɢ ɨɩɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɥɚ ɨɬɜɴɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɜɨɸɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ
ɜɨɣɧɚ1.
Ȼɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ ɞɚ ɜɴɡɩɪɚɬ ɪɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɨɥɤɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨ ɛɴɪɡɨ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɣɤɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ

1
ɋɟɦɤɨɜ, Ɇ., Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ 1945-1992, 37
107
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɫɢɥɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ, ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɹɜɚɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ
ɞɚ ɫɩɟɱɟɥɹɬ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɢ ɬɹ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟ ɪɚɡɝɴɪɧɚɥɚ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɡɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ 1946-1947 ɝ., ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɟɞɧɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-ɬɟɠɤɢɬɟ ɜ
ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɢ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɜ
ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɡɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɢɡɢɝɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɦ. ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ Ⱦɢɣɧ Ⱥɱɟɫɴɧ. Ɍɨɣ
ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚ ɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɳɚɬɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ
Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɢ ɬɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɚɬ ɜ ɪɴɰɟɬɟ ɧɚ
ɋɬɚɥɢɧ. ɋɬɪɚɯɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɱɟɫɴɧ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚ ɸɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ
ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɉɪɨɥɢɜɢ, ɹɫɧɨ ɥɢɱɢ ɜ
ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɦɭ: „ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹɬ ɧɚɬɢɫɤ ɜɴɪɯɭ Ȼɥɢɡɤɢɹ ɂɡɬɨɤ ɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɫɢɥɟɧ
ɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜ, ɱɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɛɢɜ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɴɩ ɧɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ
ɫɴɸɡ ɞɨ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ. Ʉɚɤɬɨ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɝɧɢɥɚ ɹɛɴɥɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɰɚɬɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɜɚɥɹɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ, ɞɨɛɟɪɚɬ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɨ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ, ɪɭɫɧɚɰɢɬɟ ɧɟɦɢɧɭɟɦɨ
ɳɟ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɟɹɬ ɂɪɚɧ ɢ ɰɟɥɢɹɬ ɂɡɬɨɤ”.2
ɋɬɪɚɯɴɬ ɧɚ Ⱥɱɟɫɴɧ ɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ, ɱɟ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹɬ
ɫɴɸɡ ɢɡɥɢɡɚ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɫ ɧɚɣ-ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ (ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɢ, ɱɨɜɟɲɤɢ ɢ
ɬ.ɧ.), ɋɋɋɊ ɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥ (ɨɳɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ, ɱɟ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɢɦɚ
ɫɴɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɟɧ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɯɢɬɥɟɪɢɫɤɚɬɚ
ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢɹ). Ɂɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɰɹɥɚ
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜ (ɛɟɡ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ), ɢɦɚ
ɫɢɥɧɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɹ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ, Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ), ɨɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɧɢɹɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɧɚ ɋɴɸɡɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɱɚ ɫ ɛɴɪɡɢ ɬɟɦɩɨɜɟ.
Ʌɢɧɢɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɩɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɫ
ɩɪɨɜɴɡɝɥɚɫɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ 12 ɦɚɪɬ 1947 ɝ. ɨɬ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ
ɋȺɓ ɏɚɪɢ Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ, ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ
„ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ”. Ɍɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɧɚ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳ ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɧɚ 400 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɚɪɚ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ
ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɫɴɫɬɚɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ 1946 ɝ. ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɩɚ
ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢ, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɬ Ʉɥɚɪɤ Ʉɥɢɮɴɪɞ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ „ɫɢɥɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɹ” ɞɚ ɢɡɛɢɪɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɮɪɨɧɬɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɚɬɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɂɡɬɨɤɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢ, ɰɟɥɹɳɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɢɪɚ ɢ
ɨɬɫɥɚɛɢ ɥɟɜɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ3.
ȼ ɪɟɱɬɚ ɫɢ ɨɬ 12 ɦɚɪɬ 1947 ɝ. Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ ɱɪɟɡ Ⱦɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɚɜɚ
ɬɟɡɚɬɚ, ɱɟ „...ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɳɚɬɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɹɬ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɩɢɬɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ

2
Ⱦɠɨɧɫɴɧ, ɉ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, 891
3
Ɇɢɪɱɟɜɚ, ɏ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɦ ȱ, ɋ., 2002, 388
108
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢ ɦɚɥɰɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɴɧɲɧɢ ɫɢɥɢ...ɧɢɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɦɚɝɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɫɴɞɛɢ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ.”4 Ɋɟɱɬɚ ɦɭ ɟ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɢɫɤɚ, ɧɨ ɹɫɧɚ ɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ. ɋ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɭɦɢ ɫɩɨɪɟɞ Ⱦɠɟɣɦɫ Ʉɟɪɴɥ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɬɚ. ɂɡɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ ɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ
ɫɴɜɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ, ɱɟ
ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚ ɋȺɓ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟɥ ɧɚ „ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɢɬɟ” ɯɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ
ɞɨ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ȼɢɟɬɧɚɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ5.
Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, Ⱦɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ ɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɝɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɨɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ – ɬɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ, ɱɟ ɟ ɦɚɥɤɨ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ
ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɢ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɫɜɚɥɟɧɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɛɴɞɟɳɟ. Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ , ɬɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɡɚ ɛɴɞɟɳɟɬɨ – ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɴɬ ɟ ɩɨ
ɫɴɳɢɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɜ
ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ.6
Ɋɟɱɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɜɴɧɲɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ ɞɟɥɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɢɹ
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
ɂɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɦɨɳ ɧɚ ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɳɚɬɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ
ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ.7 Ɉɳɟ
ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɢɬɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɢɥɧɚɬɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ.
Ⱦɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ „Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ” ɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɡɩɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɩɨɪɨɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɧɚ ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɳɚɬɢ. Ƚɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ
ɪɚɡɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɢɪɚɬ
ɜɴɧɲɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɫɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɢ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɨɬ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ
ɢɡɝɨɬɜɹ ɢ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɥɚɧ, ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɢ.
ȼɴɡɩɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ ɱɪɟɡ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ „Ɍɪɭɦɚɧ” ɟ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ
ɤɪɚɱɤɚ ɨɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɜɨɟɧɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ.
ɀɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɓɚɬɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɨ ɜɴɜ ɜɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɴɧɲɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɥɚɧ –
ɩɥɚɧɴɬ „Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ”.
ɇɚ 5 ɸɧɢ 1947 ɝ. ɧɚ ɚɛɫɭɥɜɟɧɬɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɜ ɏɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɢɹ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ – ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ, ɢɡɥɚɝɚ
ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɢɞɟɹ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ „ɩɥɚɧ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ.”8 Ɍɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ

4
Ⱦɠɨɧɫɴɧ, ɉ. ɋɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɬɚ, 357
5
James, Ʉ., The Boston Globe, 12 march 2007
6
Ȼɪɢɧɤɥɢ, Ⱥ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, 674
7
ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ⱥ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɧɚɞɩɪɟɜɚɪɚ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ,
www.geopolitika.hit.bg/protiv.htm
8
Ⱥɞɚɦɢɲɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍ.2 ( 1949-1980 ),
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, 130
109
ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɡɚ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɨɬ
ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɥɚɧ, ɟ ɱɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ
ɫɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɩɥɚɧɴɬ
ɩɨɞɥɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɚɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ. ɉɨ ɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɜɴɡɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ „Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ” ɤɚɬɨ ɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɡɴɦ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɢ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ9. ȿɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɜ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɞɨɜɟɪɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ, ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɚɬɚ
ɜɨɣɧɚ ɬɟ ɩɴɪɜɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɴɳɚ.
ɋɩɨɪɟɞ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ƚɚɞɢɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢɬɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɥɢ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɥɚɧɚ „Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ” ɫɚ, ɱɟ ɧɚɣ-ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɩɥɚɯɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɪɢɫɤɴɬ, ɱɟ ɝɥɚɞɴɬ, ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɹɬ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɜɟɞɚɬ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ10. Ɍɚɡɢ ɬɟɡɚ ɟ
ɩɨɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɬ Ⱥɥɚɧ Ȼɪɢɧɤɥɢ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɥɚɧ.11
Ɉɬ 27 ɸɧɢ ɞɨ 2 ɸɥɢ 1947 ɝ. ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɧɚ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɫɜɨɢ
ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɫɴɨɛɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɫ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ
ɩɥɚɧ „Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ.”12 ɇɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɟ ɩɨɤɚɧɟɧ ɢ ɜɴɧɲɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɴɪ ɧɚ
ɋɋɋɊ Ɇɨɥɨɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɮɪɟɧɫɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɝɚ Ȼɢɞɨ. Ɉɳɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚ ɫɪɟɳɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɬɚ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɨɬɤɚɡɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɚɧɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ
ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɩɭɫɧɚɬɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ.13 ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɴɸɡ
ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ „Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ” ɢɦɚɬ
ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɟ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɟɞɧɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɪɟɳɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ.14 Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɧɚɪɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ
ɉɨɥɲɚ ɢ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɲɚɬ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɤɚɠɚɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɦɹɬɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɢɬɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ.15 Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢ Ɏɢɧɥɚɧɞɢɹ ɫɴɳɨ ɡɚ
ɡɚɫɬɚɜɟɧɢ ɨɬ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ ɞɚ ɨɬɯɜɴɪɥɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɫɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɹɬ ɤɴɦ „ɩɥɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ”. Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɴɬ ɨɬ

9
ȼɚɣɫ, Ɇ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞ 1945 ɝ., 24
10
Ƚɚɞɢɫ, Ⱦ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ..., 40
11
Ȼɪɢɧɤɥɢ, Ⱥ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, 674
12
Ⱦɠɨɧɫɴɧ, ɉ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, 894
13
Ʉɪɚɬɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞ, 285
14
Ⱥɞɚɦɢɲɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍ.2 ( 1949-1980 ),
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, 134
15
ɋɟɦɤɨɜ, Ɇ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ..., 38
110
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1947 ɝ. ɫɟ
ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɦɢɧɮɨɪɦɛɸɪɨ, ɩɪɟɡ ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1948 ɝ.
ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɭɞɨɛɪɹɜɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɲɤɢɬɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɜɡɟɦɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɬɨɱɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɫ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ,16 ɩɪɟɡ 1949 ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɋɴɜɟɬ ɡɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳ (ɋɂȼ) ɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1955 ɝ. ɫɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɜɚ
ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ.

* * *

ɂɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚ „ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ Ɍɪɭɦɴɧ” ɢ „ɩɥɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ” ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ
ɋɋɋɊ, ɟ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɥɟɫɧɚ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ.
Ɉɳɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɴɸɡ
ɫɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɴɫ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ
ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɦɚɪɬ 1945 ɝ. ɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɨ
ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɨ ɫɴɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1945-1947 ɝ. ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɢ
Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɳ ɫɟ ɫɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɢɬɨ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɨɛɳɨ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɨɬ 430 ɯɢɥ.ɬ. ɡɴɪɧɨ. ɉɪɟɡ ɞɟɤɟɦɜɪɢ 1948 ɝ. ɧɚ
ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ ɟ ɨɬɩɭɫɧɚɬ ɡɚɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɧɚ 132 ɦɥɧ.ɪɭɛɥɢ ɫ ɝɨɞɢɲɧɚ
ɥɢɯɜɚ 2,5%.17 ɋɢɥɧɨ ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɨ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɜ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1948 ɝ. ɟ ɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɩɴɪɜɨɬɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɢ Ɍɢɪɚɧɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɋɋɋɊ ɤɭɩɭɜɚ ɚɥɛɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɧɢ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɧɚ
ɞɜɨɣɧɚ ɰɟɧɚ, ɚ ɫɬɨɤɢɬɟ ɜɧɚɫɹɧɢ ɨɬ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ ɰɟɧɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1945-1947 ɝ.
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɨɛɳɨ 26 ɦɥɧ.ɳɚɬɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ ɨɬ UNRRA (Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ
ɩɨɞɩɨɦɚɝɚɧɟ ɢ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ɉɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɰɢɢ), ɚ ɩɪɟɡ 1947 ɝ. ɨɬ
ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɨɬ 40 ɦɥɧ.ɳɚɬɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɚɪɚ (58% ɨɬ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɹ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ
ɧɚ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ).18
Ʉɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɥɚɝɟɪ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬ ɜ ɞɜɭɫɬɪɚɧɧɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɫɴɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ. ɀɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ɟ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɹɬ, ɡɚ ɞɚ
ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ. ɇɨɜɚɬɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɨɬ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ, ɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɟ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɫɬɪɚɧɧɢ ɤɴɦ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɢ ɬɴɪɝɨɜɫɤɨ-ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɴɜɟɬɴɬ ɡɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳ (ɋɂȼ) ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧ ɧɚ
ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɫɴɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ,

16
Ƚɚɞɢɫ, Ⱦ. ɋɬɭɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ..., 41
17
Ⱥɞɚɦɢɲɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍ.2 ( 1949-1980 ),
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, 56
18
ȼɢɤɴɪɫ, Ɇ. Ⱥɥɛɚɧɰɢɬɟ. ɋɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ 2000, 197-206
111
ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ, Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ, ɉɨɥɲɚ ɢ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ
8 ɹɧɭɚɪɢ 1949 ɝ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢ ɜ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɴɸɡ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɚɬɚ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ 1 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1949 ɝ. Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɧɲɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ
ɧɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɧɨɬɚ ɞɨ ɉɨɫɨɥɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚ, ɫ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɤɚɡɜɚ ɭɞɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɤɚɧɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɂȼ. ɋɚɦɢɬɟ ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɢ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɜɚɬ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɚɤɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɪɹɦɨ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɱɤɢ.19 Ɉɬɝɨɜɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɟ ɨɳɟ ɩɨ-ɥɸɛɨɩɢɬɟɧ.
ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɫɱɢɬɚ, ɱɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɟ ɧɟɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɫɟ ɜɡɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞ ɢ
ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɋɋɋɊ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɠɛɚ ɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳ. ɉɨ ɧɚɬɚɬɴɤ ɫɟ ɤɚɡɚɜɚ, ɱɟ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɫɱɢɬɚ
ɡɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɜ ɋɂȼ, ɧɨ ɬɨ ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɚɠɟ ɨɬ
ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɤɴɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɰɢɹ.20
Ɍɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɩɪɨɜɭɤɚɰɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ, ɟɞɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ
ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɬ ɫɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ ɟ ɹɫɧɚ ɢ ɟɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚ, ɧɨ
ɫɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɫɹɤɚɲ
ɩɨɞɤɚɧɹɳɚ ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɟɝɢɪɚ ɜɴɡɝɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɫɢ.
ȿɞɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ. Ɋɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ
ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɡɢɬɟ, ɚ ɢ ɧɢɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ
ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɢ Ɍɢɬɨ ɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɢɳɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɢ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɢɝɪɚɹɬ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɟɚɬɴɪ.
ɋɚɦɢɹɬ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɫɴɸɡ ɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɟɞ ɝɨɥɹɦɨɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɢɡɜɢɤɚɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɋɴɳɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɝɭɛɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ. ɇɟ ɛɢɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɡɚɥɴɝɜɚɦɟ, ɱɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɢɹɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ (ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ), ɤɨɣɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɫɚɬɟɥɢɬɢ, ɳɟ ɛɴɞɟ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɟɪɜɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɧɚ
ɞɨɛɪɚ ɜɨɥɹ. Ȼɟɡɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɂȼ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ɢ
ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɟ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɢ ɢɞɜɚ ɧɚɜɪɟɦɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɬɨ
19
ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. əɧɜɚɪɶ-
ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1946 ɝɨɞɚ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
1952, Ɉɬɜɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚ ɧɨɬɭ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚ ( „ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ” 12
ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ 1949 ɝ. ), 72-78
20
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 79
112
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ, ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚ ɜ ɟɞɧɚ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚ ɬɪɨɦɚɜɚ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɩɪɟɜɪɴɳɚɣɤɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɚɡɚɪ. Ɉɬ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɴɪɫɹɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɚɡɚɪɢ, ɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ
ɩɚɡɚɪɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ. ȼ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɪɢ ɨɬ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɬɟ ɜɢɠɞɚɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɚ
ɩɨɪɟɞɟɧ ɩɴɬ ɞɚ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɚɬ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɚɬ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ.
ɉɪɟɡ ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1949 ɝ. ɤɴɦ ɋɂȼ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɴɟɞɢɧɹɜɚ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɟɡ
ɫɟɩɬɟɦɜɪɢ 1950 ɝ. ɢ ȽȾɊ. ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɂȼ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɫɤɴɫɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɢ ɋɋɋɊ, ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ, ɬɴɪɫɟɣɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ
ɧɚɣ-ɜɟɱɟ ɜ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɥɚɧ. ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɳɚɬɢ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɬ ɨɬ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɍɢɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ ɨɫɴɡɧɚɜɚɬ ɦɚɳɚɛɢɬɟ ɢ
ɢɡɝɨɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɜɴɜ
ɎɇɊɘ. Ɉɬ Ȼɟɥɢɹɬ ɞɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ, ɢɡɪɚɡɹɜɚɳɚ ɫɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ: ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɩɥɸɫ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ.21
ɉɪɟɡ 1951-1952 ɝ. ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɪɚɧɧɢ
ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ ɢ ɫɬɨɩɚɧɫɤɨ ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ. Ɍɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɰɟɧɚ ɟ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɟɠ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ, ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɬ
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤ ɫɚ ɦɭ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ. Ɍɴɪɫɢ
ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɹ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɥɢɰɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ, Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ.
ɉɨɱɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɜɴɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧ, Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ
ɢ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɞɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɫɬɪɚɧɧɚ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɚ ɧɚ
ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ. ɉɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɟɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɭɪɨɜɢɧɢ
ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 1951-1955 ɝ. ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɨɛɳɨ ɨɬ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ 492,9 ɦɥɧ.ɞɨɥɚɪɚ. ɇɚɞ 82% ɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɜɨɬɚ ɜ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɭɦɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɴɦ ɬɹɯ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɹɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ 600
ɦɥɧ.ɞɨɥɚɪɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳ, ɬ.ɟ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚ 50-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɛɳɨ ɨɬ ɋȺɓ 1,2 ɦɥɪɞ.ɞɨɥɚɪɚ.22
ɉɨɞɤɪɟɩɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɢɹɬ ɞɨɦ ɧɟ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɹɜɚɬ
ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɟ ɤɴɦ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɤɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɡɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ.
Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɎɇɊɘ ɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚ
ɫɭɯɨɩɴɬɧɚ ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɧɚɬɨɜɫɤɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ23 (Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ –
ɛ.ɚ. – ɋ.Ʉ.).
21
Ʌɚɥɤɨɜ, Ɇ. ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ( 1918-1992 ). Ⱦɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɹɬ ɩɴɬ ɧɚ ɟɞɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɢɞɟɹ, ɋ.,
1999, 198
22
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 199
23
Ⱥɧɱɟɜ, ɋ. Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ – ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ 1944-1955 ɝ., ɍɂ „ɋɜ.ɋɜ. Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ”, ȼ.Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ, 2007, 247
113
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ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ 1953 ɝ. ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɹɜɚ

ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ (ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ 50-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɟ ɚɧɝɚɠɢɪɚɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ
Ⱦɚɥɟɱɧɢɹ ɂɡɬɨɤ. Ɂɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɟɱɟ ɢ Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ –
ɛ.ɚ. – ɋ.Ʉ.), ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɩɚɤ Ɍɢɬɨ ɪɟɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɤɥɸɱɢ ɫɴɸɡ ɫ Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ –
ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɱɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɇȺɌɈ. Ʉɚɤɜɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚ? Ɉɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɴɬ ɋɋɋɊ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɜɟɱɟ ɟ ɨɬɥɴɱɢɥ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɢ ɹ ɱɢɫɥɢ ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɤɴɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɚɝɟɪ. Ɉɬ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ. Ɉɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ Ɋɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɠɞɚ ɞɨ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɰɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɬɚɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɹɬ ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɬɚ ɡɨɧɚ
Ɍɪɢɟɫɬ. ɋ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɫɴɸɡ ɫ ɱɥɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɇȺɌɈ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɢɝɧɚɥ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɧɚ ɎɇɊɘ, ɩɚɪɢɪɚɣɤɢ ɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɞɨɦɨɝɜɚɧɢɹ.24
ɇɚ 28 ɮɟɜɪɭɚɪɢ 1953 ɝ. ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ, Ƚɴɪɰɢɹ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɜɚɬ ɜ
Ⱥɧɤɚɪɚ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟɬɨ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɚɤɬ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɫɴɸɡ ɦɟɠɞɭ 3-ɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɫ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ȼɥɟɞɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ
ɧɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1954 ɝ.25 Ɍɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɚ ɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɟɧ ɱɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɩɚɤɬ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɜɥɥɢɡɚ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ.
Ɍɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ, ɜ ɧɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɢɹ ɫɦɢɫɴɥ ɧɚ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɬɟ ɢɧɠɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɰɢ ɡɚ ɞɚ ɭɫɩɟɟ ɞɚ
ɢɡɥɟɡɟ ɨɬ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɦɭ ɨɬ
ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤ. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ
ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɛɤɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɹɬ, ɱɟ ɤɚɤɜɨɬɨ
ɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɟ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɨɬɫɬɴɩɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɭɫɩɹɜɚ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɢɹɬ ɪɚɡɝɚɪ ɧɚ
ɋɬɭɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ.

* * *

ɇɚ 14 ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ 1947 ɝ. ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɢɬɛɸɪɨ ɧɚ ɐɄ ɧɚ

ȼɄɉ/ɛ/ ɟ ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɴɧɲɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɧɚ
ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳ ɫ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ,

24
ȿɧɱɟɜ, ȼ. ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɋ.,2005, 324
25
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 325
114
Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ, ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɢ ɉɨɥɲɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɨɱɧɢ, ɱɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢ
ɢɦɚɬ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɟ ɜɟɱɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɛɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɨɬ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɫɴɸɡɧɢɰɢ, ɚ
ɨɬ ɜɫɹɤɚ ɜɪɚɠɟɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ.26 ɉɪɚɜɢ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɟ
ɭɬɜɴɪɞɟɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɨɛɹɜɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ „ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ Ɍɪɭɦɴɧ” ɢ
„ɩɥɚɧ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ”. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɟɧ ɬɹ ɟ ɬɹɫɧɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɜɚ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɋȺɓ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɨɬ ɩɴɪɜɢɬɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɱɟ ɧɟ ɟ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ
ɡɚɩɥɚɯɚ ɡɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɟɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɫɟ ɜɢɡɢɪɚ ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɜɪɚɝ – ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɬɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɳɚɬɢ. ɇɟɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ
ɡɚɛɪɚɜɹɦɟ ɢ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɮɚɤɬ. ȼ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɫɚɦ
ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɡɚɹɜɹɜɚ, ɱɟ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɚ ɨɩɢɬɚ ɢ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɟɠɤɨ
ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚ ɛɴɪɡɨ. Ɍɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɠɞɚ, ɱɟ ɫɟɝɚ ɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɬɚɧɟ
ɡɚ 15-20 ɝ.
ɋɥɟɞ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɇȺɌɈ, ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɹ.
Ɇɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɹɬ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪ ɟ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɂȼ, ɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɬɟ
ɡɚɪɚɠɞɚɳɢ ɫɟ ɜ Ȼɥɢɡɤɢɹ ɂɡɬɨɤ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɨɬɧɟɦɚɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɟɡɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢ ɡɚ ɋɋɋɊ. ɇɨ ɫɥɟɞ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɬɟ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɎɊȽ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɤɬ ɧɚ 23 ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ 1954 ɝ., ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɜ
ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɨɫɴɡɧɚɜɚɬ (ɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɧɹɣɤɢ ɫɢ ɢ ɞɭɦɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɟ
ɩɨɱɢɧɚɥɢɢɹ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɫɴɸɡ
ɧɚ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤ. Ƚɨɥɹɦɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ
ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɫɦɹɬɚɬ, ɱɟ ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɜɡɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɎɊȽ ɜ ɇȺɌɈ.27 Ɉɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɢɬɟ ɟ, ɱɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɞɚɜɚ
ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɴɨɪɴɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɡɚ ɫɚɦɢɬɟ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɰɢ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɡɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ (ɹɧɭɚɪɢ 1955 ɝ.)28
ɇɚ 11 ɦɚɣ 1955 ɝ. ɜɴɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɫɬɨɢ ɫɴɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ, ȽȾɊ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɉɨɥɲɚ, ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɹ,
Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ ɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɚ 14 ɦɚɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɜɚɬ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɠɛɚ,
ɫɴɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳ29
(Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ). Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ, ɱɪɟɡ ɬɨɡɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɟ
ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚ ɢ Ɉɛɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢ.

26
ȼɨɥɨɤɢɬɢɧɚ, Ɍ. ɋɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ
40-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ – ȼ: ɋɬɚɥɢɧɢɡɦɴɬ ɜ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚ, „ɉɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ”, 2005, 100
27
ɉɢɥɶɤɨ, Ⱥ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨɤɨɜ „ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ”: ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɇȺɌɈ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ( 1947-
1955 ), „ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ”, ɫɟɪɢɹ 8. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɧ 2/ 2008, 36-37
28
Ⱥɞɚɦɢɲɢɧ, Ⱥ. ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍ.2 ( 1949-1980 ),
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, 190
29
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ 1955-1980,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980, 6
115
Ɂɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɜɚɳ ɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ ɂ.ɋ.Ʉɨɧɟɜ. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɛɥɨɤ ɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ
ɜ Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɤɨɦɸɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɬɨ ɫɴɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ (11-14 ɦɚɣ
1955ɝ.): „...Ⱦɴɪɠɚɜɢɬɟ – ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɜ ɫɴɜɟɳɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɪɟɲɢɯɚ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɟɦɚɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢɬɟ ɦɟɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɡɩɟɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɴɪɠɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ”30.
ɉɨ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɫɬɨɩɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɟɞɨɜɟɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ɢ Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ. Ⱦɚɥɢ ɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ?
ɋɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɳɢɹɬ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɚɤɬ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɬɟɫɧɹɜɚ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ ɢ
ɧɨɜɢɹɬ ɥɢɞɟɪ ɧɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜ. ɋɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɜɨɟɧɟɧ ɛɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɧɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɛɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚɥɨ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ, ɋȺɓ ɢ ɇȺɌɈ.
ȼɴɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɜɨɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɪɴɜ ɩɪɚɜɢ
ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɪɚɱɤɚ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ 22 – 27 ɸɧɢ 1954 ɝ. ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜ ɢ Ɍɢɬɨ ɫɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɧɹɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɢ ɟɞɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɚ31. ȼɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ ɨɬɝɨɜɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ
ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɥɢɞɟɪ ɟ ɥɚɤɨɧɢɱɟɧ, ɧɨ ɹɫɟɧ. ɋɩɨɞɟɥɹ, ɱɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫɴɫ
ɋɋɋɊ ɫɚ ɜɚɠɧɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɡɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɫɴɫ
Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ.
Ⱦɜɚɧɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɞɧɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɫɤɥɸɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ
ɇ.ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɚ ɧɚ 8 ɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ.
ɉɨɞɩɢɫɜɚɬ Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢɹ , ɤɨɹɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɛɴɞɟɳɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɎɇɊɘ: ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɹ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɟɬɨ ɜ
ɞɜɭɫɬɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ32.
Ʌɟɤɚ-ɩɨɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ Ʉɪɟɦɴɥ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɪɭɲɚɬ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɤɬ,
ɪɟɧɨɦɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɇȺɌɈ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɜɪɴɳɚɬ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɤɴɦ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜ ɡɧɚɟ, ɱɟ ɧɢɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɢ
Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ ɧɹɦɚ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɢ 1948 ɝ., ɧɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɞɨɛɪɨɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɜɫɹɤɚ ɰɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɴɡɯɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɴɜɟɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɥɚɝɟɪ ɧɚɞ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ (ɞɨɪɢ ɩɨɧɹɤɨɝɚ ɫ ɢɡɦɚɦɧɢ ɢ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɢ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ).
ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɳɟ ɟɞɧɚ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ. ȼɴɡɧɢɤɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ 50-ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɴɜɟɬɫɤɨ-ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɴɧɲɧɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɪɴɡɤɢ ɧɚ
ɞɜɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɢɡɢɝɪɚɜɚɬ ɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɢ
Ȼɟɥɝɪɚɞ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ ɜ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɫɟ

30
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 12
31
ɉɟɬɤɨɜ, Ⱦ. Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɨ-ɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɬ 1953 – ɨɤɬɨɦɜɪɢ
1956 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɂɉɪ., ɤɧ.1-2/ 2008, 179
32
ȿɧɱɟɜ, ȼ. ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɹ, ɋ.,2005, 333
116
ɧɚɦɟɫɜɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɉɟɤɢɧ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɨɳɟ
ɟɞɢɧ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɫɴɫ ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ.33
ɋɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɟ ɜ ɬɹɫɧɚ
ɜɪɴɡɤɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɇȺɌɈ, ɜɥɢɡɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɎɊȽ ɜ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɚɬɥɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɤɬ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɚɳɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɳɟ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɚɤɬ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɢ, ɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɡɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɟɞɢɧ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ
ɥɚɤɦɭɫ ɡɚ ɫɢɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. ɋɦɴɪɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɢ
ɜɴɡɤɚɱɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɹ „ɜɨɠɞ” ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɋɴɜɟɬɫɤɢɹ ɫɴɸɡ ɫ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɩɨɤɨɹɜɚɬ ɧɟɳɚɬɚ ɜ
ɂɡɬɨɱɧɢɹ ɛɥɨɤ, ɜɴɩɪɟɤɢ ɱɟ ɩɪɟɡ 1956 ɝ. ɫɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɚɬ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ
ɩɨɞ ɫɹɧɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɭɟɰɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ, ɫɢɥɧɢ ɜɴɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɍɧɝɚɪɢɹ. ɇɢɤɢɬɚ
ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ ɝɭɛɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ (ɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɋɂȼ ɩɪɟɡ 1961 ɢ
ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɟɡ 1962 ɝ.), ɧɨ ɩɟɱɟɥɢ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ, ɡɚɬɜɴɪɠɞɚɜɚ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɜ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɢ Ɋɭɦɴɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɩɚɤɬ ɢ
ɩɟɱɟɥɢ ɜ ɋɭɟɰɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ. (1956 ɝ.)
„ɀɟɥɹɡɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɜɟɫɚ”, ɫɩɭɫɧɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɚɬɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹ
ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɂɡɬɨɤɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ 40-ɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɡ 50-ɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟɳɚ ɢ ɩɨ-ɝɨɪɟɳɚ, ɞɨɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɜɪɴɯɧɚ
ɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɨɬ 1961-1962 ɝ.

33
ɉɚɤ ɬɚɦ, 337
117
CONSERVATIONANDRESTORATION ǸǼǻǿdzǾǰǮȄǶȍǶǾdzǿȀǮǰǾǮȄǶȍ

Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚ ȼɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ

ɦɭɡɟɣ –ȼɚɪɧɚ
Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪɚ ɋɚɧɞɟɜɚ

Restoration of a lead anchor from the Naval Museum

Varna fund
Krassimira Sandeva

Abstract: Subject to the research of this paper is the conservation of an

antique anchor from the Naval Museum Varna fund. The antique lead anchor
from 7-6 century B.C., which was supposed to be conserved, was drawn from
the see bottom by Kaliakra cape. The whole surface of the anchor was
covered with a thick layer of precipitation that gave it a silvery grey to white
outlook. The cover layer was not completely dense, but more like porous.
The mechanic treatment’s purpose is to remove the stuck to the anchor grits
and other large precipitation. It is implemented carefully with a wire brush
and scalpel.
The chemical treatment – the electrochemical and electrolytic methods of
conservation of metal are completely improper for the lead as it is easily
destroyed in alkaline environment and continuous standing of the article in it
makes it lose its artistic value.
The withering is done in room temperature without heating or with the help
of alcohol the ordinary way (the object is smeared with cotton soaked in
alcohol).

ɋ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɢɡɦɢɧɚɬ ɞɟɧ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ

ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ, ɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨ-ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɰɹɥɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɫɤɭɥɩɬɭɪɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɥɢ, ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɹ ɫɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɪɟɧ ɬɚɥɚɧɬ
ɞɚ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ
ɞɨɛɢɹɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ, ɢɡɩɴɥɧɢɬɟɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɧɹɦɚɥɢ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɚ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɡ XVIII ɜɟɤ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɟ
118
ɨɬɞɟɥɹ ɝɨɥɹɦɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɤɪɴɠɚɜɚɳɢɹ ɧɢ ɫɜɹɬ. ɉɪɟɡ
ɬɨɡɢ ɜɟɤ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚɬ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɚ ɬɚɣɧɚ.
Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɝɥɚɫɹɜɚɬ ɫɜɨɢɬɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢ. XIX ɜɟɤ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɟ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɹ, ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢ, ɝɨɥɟɦɢ
ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɬɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɚ
ɧɚɥɢɰɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ. ȿɞɧɚɬɚ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɟ ɬɚɡɢ, ɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɹɬɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɟɜɴɡɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚ
ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ.1 ȼ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɢɹ ɜɟɤ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɤɚɬɨ
ɰɹɥɨ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɟɧ ɦɚɳɚɛ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɚ, ɩɨɥɭɡɚɧɚɹɬɱɢɣɫɤɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ,
ɢɦɚɳɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɱɪɟɡ ɰɹɥɨɫɬɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ, ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟ, ɡɚɩɴɥɜɚɧɟ
ɧɚ ɥɢɩɫɜɚɳɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɡɚɥɟɩɜɚɧɟ, ɜɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ
ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɢɹ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɫɟ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɧɚ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤ ɨɛɯɜɚɬ. Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɟ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɚɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ
ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ. Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢɦɚɬ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɨɩɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ
ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ.
ɋɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɞɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɟɧ ɨɛɟɤɬɴɬ,
ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɨɤɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɥ ɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɰɹɥɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɧɟ.2 ɇɟɝɨɜɨɬɨ ɬɪɚɣɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɬ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ
ɨɫɢɝɭɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɹɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɴɬ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɢ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɴɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ
ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟ ɧɚ
ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɬɚ, ɚɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞɚ ɦɭ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɧɚɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɞɨ
ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɹɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬɚ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɬ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ
ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɚɬ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚɬ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɟ ( ɩɪɹɤɚ
ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɡɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ), ɫ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ, ɢ ɫ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɜɢɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ – ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ,
ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨ, ɩɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ

1
Ȼɨɧɟɜɚ Ɇ., ɍɜɨɞ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ,ɒɭɦɟɧ, 2006ɝ.
2
ɉɥɟɧɞɴɪɥɟɣɬ ɏ., Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɬɜɨɪɛɢ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1971ɝ.
119
ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɯɭɦɚɧɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɟɧ ɫɪɨɤ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɰɹɥɨɫɬ ɢ ɚɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ
ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. ɑɨɜɟɤɴɬ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɢɬɟ ɨɳɟ ɜ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ. ɋɥɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɬ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ. Ɂɚɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɬɚ
ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɬɟ, ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɢ, ɫ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ, ɥɟɟɧɟ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɢ ɟ
ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɟɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ. ȼɫɹɤɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɚɡɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɨ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɞɨ ɛɴɪɡɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ, ɞɨ ɩɪɨɦɹɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨ
ɧɨɜɢ ɜɴɪɯɨɜɟ ɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ.3 Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɟɞɜɚ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬ ɞɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɨɬ ɪɭɞɚɬɚ. Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɩɨ ɬɨɡɢ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɟ ɦɟɞɬɚ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɦɟɞɬɚ ɤɴɦ ɱɟɬɜɴɪɬɨɬɨ ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɧɨɜɚɬɚ ɟɪɚ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɦɟɞɧɨ-ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ (ɟɧɟɨɥɢɬ) – ɩɪɟɯɨɞɟɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚ ɟɪɚ ɢ ɟɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɬɟ.
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɞɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɬɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɹ
ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ – ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɦɨɧɟɬɢ, ɞɪɟɜɧɢ
ɪɭɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɫɬɚɪɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ ɲɥɚɤɢ, ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɱɧɢ
ɩɟɳɢ ɢ ɬ. ɧ. ɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚɬ ɱɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɲɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɩɴɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢ ɯɨɪɚ
ɨɳɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɴɫɧɢɹ ɩɚɥɟɨɥɢɬ. ɇɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɡɚɟɦɚɬ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɦɹɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ. Ɍɨɜɚ ɦɹɫɬɨ
ɫɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹ ɧɚɣ ɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɚɬɚ ɪɨɥɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɢɝɪɚɜɚɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɬɟ
ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɂ ɞɨ ɞɟɧ ɞɧɟɲɟɧ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɜɨɞɟɳɨ ɩɪɨɣɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɳɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ-ɢɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢɬɟ,
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɬɟ. ɋ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢɱɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɫ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɞɪɟɜɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɥɢɬɟɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚ ɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɴɪɬɜɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ɫ ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɨɪɴɞɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɹ ɬɥɚɫɴɤɴɬ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɧɢɬɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɧɧɢɹɬ
ɦɟɬɚɥ – ɦɟɞ, ɢ ɩɨ ɤɴɫɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɢɬɟ ɢ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɚɬ ɱɪɟɡ ɜɴɜɟɠɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨ-ɩɨɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɡɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɥɢɬɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɳɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɨ ɭɫɬɨɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɩɴɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋ ɭɫɜɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɹɡɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɚ

3
ɉɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɉ., Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɬɟ, ɜɨɞɟɳɢ ɞɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɡɚ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥ, ɫɩ. Ɇɭɡɟɣ ɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1985ɝ.
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ɫɬɨɦɚɧɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɹɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɨɬɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɢ
ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ
ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɢ. ȼ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɬɨ ɫɢ ɦɧɨɡɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɨɬ ɝɥɴɛɢɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɣ ɜɟɱɟ ɫ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɬɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɤɢɞɧɟɜɢɟɬɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɡɚɧɚɹɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨ, ɜɴɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɪɴɞɢɹ ɧɚ
ɬɪɭɞɚ.Ɇɟɬɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɬɜɴɪɞɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɫ ɢɡɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɚɤɚ) ɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɦɟɬɚɥɟɧ ɛɥɹɫɴɤ,
ɤɨɜɤɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɟ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɰɹɥɨ ɢɦɚɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɩɥɴɬɧɨɫɬ ɢ
ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɟɧɟ, ɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɚɥɚɹɬ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɬɨɩɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧ ɤɨɬɥɨɧ. ɐɜɟɬɴɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɟ ɟɞɢɧ ɢ
ɫɴɳ - ɫɜɟɬɥɨ ɫɢɜ ɫɴɫ ɫɢɧɤɚɜɢ ɨɬɬɟɧɴɰɢ. ɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ
ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɡɚ
ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ. Ɇɟɬɚɥɢɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ
ɡɚɝɭɛɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ
ɧɚɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ.4 Ʉɨɪɨɡɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɡɧɢɤɜɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɤɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɩɚɞɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɛɚɜɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹɬɚ, ɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɟ ɢ
ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɚ. Ɍɹ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɴɥɠɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɚɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɯɥɨɪ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɟ ɜɥɹɡɴɥ ɜ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɴɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ
ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ
ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɚɬɚ
ɪɟɰɢɞɢɜɧɚ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹ) ɩɪɢ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ
ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɟ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ.ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɫ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ
ɬɹɯɧɚ ɧɚɣ-ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɨɬɧɚɫɹɳɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɤɬɨ ɞɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ, ɬɚɤɚ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. Ⱥ ɟɞɢɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ
ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɟ ɚɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɟɧ, ɬ.ɟ.

4
ɒɟɦɚɥɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɇ. ɋ., ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ,
1989ɝ.
121
ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ. Ɉɬɬɭɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɬɢɱɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɹɜɹɜɚɳ ɫɟ ɨɛɳɨɜɚɥɢɞɟɧ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɜɴɨɛɳɟ – ɧɚɧɚɫɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɳɟɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɹɬɚ ɜ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ. Ɍɨɡɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɟ,
ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚɳɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɳɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɫɴɳɧɨɫɬ. Ɍɨɣ ɧɚɥɚɝɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɚɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤɴɦ ɨɛɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ,
ɢɡɤɥɸɱɜɚɣɤɢ ɤɚɤɜɚɬɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɨɫɬ. Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɹɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɜɴɡɜɪɴɳɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɜ ɩɴɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɧɨɬɨ ɢɦ
ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ; ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɚɬɨ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ
ɨɛɟɤɬɢɬɟ ɢɦɚɬ ɫɜɨɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɴɤɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɬɹɯ. Ɍɹ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ
ɰɟɥ ɞɚ ɢɡɹɜɢ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ
ɜɴɩɥɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ. Ɉɥɨɜɨɬɨ (Pb) ɟ ɦɟɬɚɥ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɧɚ
ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɧ ɨɬ ɞɴɥɛɨɤɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ ɨɳɟ ɧɚɣ-
ɩɴɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɡɢ ɜ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ - (1000 ɝ.-2000 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɧ. ɟ.) ɫɚ
ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɟ, ɱɟ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ
ɬɪɴɛɢ, ɚ ɫ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɜɚɥɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢ ɩɪɴɬɨɜɟ ɜ ɤɚɦɴɧɢ ɩɪɢ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ. Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ ɞɭɦɚɬɚ „ɨɥɨɜɨ” ,
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɨɬ ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɯɨɞ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ, ɱɟ ɟ ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɹɤɨɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬ. ȼ Ɇɟɫɨɩɨɬɚɦɢɹ, ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɢ ɨɳɟ
ɧɹɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ. Ɉɥɨɜɧɢ
ɫɬɚɬɭɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɜɟ, ɧɚ ɰɚɪɟ, ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɛɢɬɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɚ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 5 ɯɢɥ.ɝɨɞɢɧɢ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ
ɛɪɨɧɡ. Ɉɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɨɥɹ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɚɥɯɢɦɢɰɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɝɨ ɫɦɹɬɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɛɥɢɡɴɤ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɤ
ɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɨɱɚɤɜɚɥɢ, ɱɟ ɳɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɬɨ ɜ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɩɨ-
ɥɟɫɧɨ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ.5 Ɉɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɞɧɟɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ȼ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɬɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɜ ɫɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɴɜ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɢ(
ɧɚɣ-ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɪɭɞɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɬ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ -
ɨɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɰɢɧɤ). ɋɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫɚ
ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢ ɫ ɬɴɧɴɤ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɤɫɢɞ. Ȼɚɜɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɥɢɹɬ ɫɟ ɜ
ɧɟɡɚɦɴɪɫɟɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɟ ɦɚɬɨɜɨ ɫɢɜ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɜɚ ɤɚɬɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɚ
ɩɚɬɢɧɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧ ɜ ɡɚɦɴɪɫɟɧ ɜɴɡɞɭɯ, ɬɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢɟ ɦɥɟɱɧɨɛɹɥ ɨɬɟɧɴɤ ɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɧɟɹ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ.
Ʉɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɴɬ ɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɧɚɥ ɤɴɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɚɜɚ ɨɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɦɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢ ɜ
ɪɚɧɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ, ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɬ. ɐɟɥɬɚ ɧɚ

5
Ɉɛɳɚ ɯɢɦɢɹ, ɍɧ. ɢɡɞ. „ɋɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ”. ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1995ɝ.
122
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɨɞɨɛɪɢ ɜɴɧɲɧɢɹɬ ɜɢɞ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ. Ɉɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɧɟ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɞɴɛɨɜɢ ɱɟɤɦɟɞɠɟɬɚ, ɡɚɳɨɬɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ
ɬɚɧɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɦɨɝɚɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɜɴɪɧɚɬ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚ ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɛɹɥ ɩɪɚɯ. ɇɚɣ-ɞɨɛɪɟ ɟ
ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɜ ɲɤɚɮɨɜɟ ɢ ɜɢɬɪɢɧɢ, ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɟɧɢ
ɨɬ ɨɬɥɟɠɚɥ ɦɚɯɚɝɨɧ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɢ ɤɨɬɜɢɬɟ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ 4 ɝɪɭɩɢ: ɤɚɦɟɧɧɢ ;
ɤɚɦɟɧɧɨ – ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢ; ɞɴɪɜɟɧɨ – ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢ. ɇɢɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ
ɤɴɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɝɚ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɩɴɪɜɢɹɬ ɤɨɪɚɛ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɬɟ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6000 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɨɬɞɟɥɧɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɬɟɝɥɹɬ ɬɚɡɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫ ɨɳɟ 1500 ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ɇɢɤɨɣ ɧɟ
ɡɧɚɟ ɤɨɝɚ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɴɪɜɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ – ɛɪɚɞɜɚɬɚ, ɪɚɥɨɬɨ, ɢɝɥɚɬɚ, ɪɢɛɨɥɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɤɢɱɤɚ, ɥɴɤɴɬ
ɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɚɬɚ, ɜɟɬɪɢɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɧ. ɞɪ., ɫɚ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɧɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ. Ɇɢɧɚɥɢ
ɫɚ ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɨɪɴɞɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟɧɟɧɢ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɧɟɫ. ȿɞɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ ɜɚɠɧɢɬɟ
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɴɡɞɚɞɟɧɨ ɨɳɟ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɬɚ, ɟ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɴɬ ɧɚ
ɧɟɣɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɟɧ ɩɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, ɫ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɹɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɭɜɚ ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɢɬɟ. Ʉɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɴɡɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɟɤɨɜɟ,
ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɴɜɴɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɹɳɨ ɛɟɡɭɩɪɟɱɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɬ ɧɚɣ-ɫɬɚɪɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɟ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚɬɚ. ɋ ɩɨɹɜɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɜɚɲɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɹ ɠɟɥɹɡɧɚɬɚ
ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɚɥɚ ɧɟɣɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɧɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɥɟɦɟɠɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɭɝɚ, ɦɟɱɚ,
ɛɪɚɞɜɚɬɚ, ɩɨɞɤɨɜɚɬɚ.6 Ⱦɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɝɴɪɰɢ ɢ ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ ɫɦɹɬɚɥɢ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɡɚ
ɫɜɟɳɟɧɚ. ɇɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɢɡɪɚɛɨɬɜɚɧɟ ɡɚɜɴɪɲɜɚɥɨ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɟɧ ɨɛɪɹɞ.
ȼ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɜɫ ɧɚ „ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚɬɚ” ɫɟ ɜɴɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɧɚɫɹɥɢ ɠɟɪɬɜɢ.... Ʉɚɡɜɚɬ , ɱɟ ɢɦɚɧɹɪɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɟ ɨɬɤɪɚɣ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬ ɧɚ
ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ. Ɉɬ ɧɟɡɚɩɨɦɧɟɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɴɬɹ ɧɚ ɬɴɪɫɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɴɝɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɹɰɢ. Ɍɟ ɦɟɱɬɚɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɨɬ
ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɑɢɧɝɢɡ ɯɚɧ, ɧɚ Ⱥɥɚɪɢɯ – ɤɪɚɥɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɨɝɨɬɢɬɟ, ɧɚ Ⱥɬɢɥɚ –
ɜɨɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɯɭɧɢɬɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɫɹɝɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɛɨɜɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɮɚɪɚɨɧɢɬɟ ɜ
ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɢɬɟ, ɪɭɲɟɥɢ ɫɬɟɧɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ. Ɉɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɹɪɜɚɥɢ, ɱɟ ɳɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɹɬ
ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɲɚɬɚ, ɬɪɴɝɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ,
ɨɩɢɬɜɚɣɤɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɜɴɪɧɚɬ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɇɟɩɬɭɧ ɛɢɥ ɨɬɧɟɥ ɧɚ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ.
ɇɨ ɧɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚ ɥɟɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɝɥɴɛɢɧɢ. ȿɞɜɚ ɜ
ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɚɥɢɹ ɜɟɤ ɱɨɜɟɤɴɬ ɭɫɩɹɥ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ ɩɟɬɞɟɫɟɬ ɦɟɬɪɚ. Ʉɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɹɜɢɥ ɚɤɜɚɥɚɧɝɴɬ, ɱɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ

6
ɋɤɪɹɝɢɧ Ʌ., Ʉɨɬɜɢɬɟ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 1984 ɝ.
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ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɟ ɩɨɞɨɡɢɪɚɥɨ, ɱɟ ɬɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɳɟ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɡɥɚɬɧɚ ɬɪɟɫɤɚ – ɬɨɡɢ ɩɴɬ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɬɟ ɞɴɥɛɢɧɢ.
„Ɂɥɚɬɨɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɹ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ” – ɬɚɡɢ ɦɢɫɴɥ ɜɴɡɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɥɚ
ɜɴɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ. Ɍɪɚɝɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɫɴɞɛɚ
ɧɚ ɯɢɥɹɞɢ ɩɨɬɴɧɚɥɢ ɜɴɜ ɜɨɞɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɪɚɱɧɢɹɬ ɛɥɹɫɴɤ ɧɚ
ɠɴɥɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɨɩɢɹɧɹɜɚɥɢ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɢɹɬɚ, ɧɚɤɚɪɚɥɢ ɯɨɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɣ-
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɢ ɢ ɜɴɡɪɚɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɹɧɚɬ ɚɤɜɚɥɚɧɝɚ. Ɍɪɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ
ɩɨɬɴɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɬ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɧɚ
Ʉɥɨɧɞɚɣɤ. ɇɨɜɢɬɟ ɬɴɪɫɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɢɡɜɥɢɱɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ
ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɚɝɟɧɫɤɢ ɚɦɮɨɪɢ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɳɚɫɬɢɟɬɨ ɢɦ
ɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɨ ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɰɟɧɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ – ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɤɸɥɱɟɬɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ.
ɇɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɩɴɬɢ ɩɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɨ ɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɫɴɨɛɳɚɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ
ɫɟɧɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢɟ – ɨɝɪɨɦɧɢ ɫɥɢɬɴɰɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɫ ɦɚɫɚ 700 ɤɝ. ɇɨ ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ.... ɨɥɨɜɨ. ɉɪɨɞɴɥɝɨɜɚɬɢɬɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɴɝɴɥɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɢ ɤɪɚɢɳɚ, ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ. ɇɹɤɨɣ ɨɬ ɬɹɯ ɛɢɥɢ
ɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɢ ɱɚɫɬ. ɋɩɨɪɟɞ
ɧɹɤɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ, ɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɢɳɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɧ ɪɨɝɚ ɧɚ
ɝɪɴɰɤɢ ɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɤɨɬɜɢ, ɚ ɩɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɱɚɫɬ ɦɢɧɚɜɚɥɨ
ɜɪɟɬɟɧɨɬɨ. Ɂɚɳɨ ɨɛɚɱɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ
ɩɪɚɜɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɜɢɬɟ ɫɢ ɫ ɬɴɩɢ ɪɨɝɚ – ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɹɥɢ ɫɟɪɢɨɡɧɨ
ɧɚɞ ɬɨɜɚ. Ɍɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚɧɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɧɚ
Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ. Ɍɚɦ ɨɬɞɚɜɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɡɟɥɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɝɪɴɰɤɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫ
ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɜɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɪɨɝɚ, ɧɚɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɨ ɜɪɟɬɟɧɨ, ɨɬ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ
ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɬɚ. ɉɪɟɡ 1954 ɝ. ɚɤɜɚɥɚɧɝɢɫɬɢɬɟ – ɫɩɨɪɬɢɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɨ-ɢɬɚɥɢɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹ ɢɡɜɚɞɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨ
ɦɨɪɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɧɴɠ ɞɟɜɟɬ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɟɞɢɧ ɞɨ ɞɪɭɝ, ɢ ɬɨɝɚɜɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɚɥɢ
ɟɞɢɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɨɞɚ, ɱɟ ɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɪɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɚɛɢɬɟ, ɩɨɬɴɧɚɥɢ ɜ
429 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɧ. ɟ. ɉɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɉɚɬɪɚɫ. ȼ ɩɪɢɛɴɪɡɚɧɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɴɜ ɫɟ ɭɫɴɦɧɢɥ ɮɪɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɱɟɧ ɀɚɤ ɂɜ ɤɭɫɬɨ. ɉɪɟɡ
1955 ɝ. ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɜɨɹ ɩɪɢɹɬɟɥ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɢɹ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥ Ɏɪɟɞɟɪɢɤ
Ⱦɸɦɚ ɬɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɢɥ ɧɚ ɞɴɥɛɨɱɢɧɚ 38 ɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɟɞɚɥɟɱ ɨɬ Ɇɚɪɫɢɥɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟɧ ɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɚɛ. Ɇɨɪɟɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɧɚ
ɞɪɟɜɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɚɛ. Ɉɝɥɟɞɴɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɟ ɬɨɣ ɩɨɬɴɧɚɥ ɩɪɟɡ 250-200 ɝ. ɩɪ. ɧ. ɟ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɚɣɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɡɢ ɤɨɪɚɛ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɟɧɢ. Ʉɢɥɴɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɜɚɥ
ɞɟɛɟɥɚ ɞɴɛɨɜɚ ɝɪɟɞɚ ɫ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 50 ɫɦ. ɢ ɜɢɫɨɱɢɧɚ 75 ɫɦ. Ⱦɴɪɜɟɧɢɬɟ
ɛɨɪɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢ ɫ ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɚ. ɋɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢɬɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɦɮɨɪɢ ɨɬ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɝɜɨɡɞɟɢ.
ȿɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɪɚɛɚ ɭɱɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ – ɟɞɢɧɢɹɬ ɫ
ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ 178 ɫɦ., ɞɪɭɝɢɹɬ ɫ ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ 165 ɫɦ. ɀɚɤ ɂɜ Ʉɭɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɚɥ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɫɴɝɥɚɫɢ, ɱɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɪɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ. „Ɍɨɜɚ ɟ ɳɨɤ

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ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɨɝɚ!” – ɡɚɹɜɢɥ ɬɨɣ ɢ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɨɣ ɩɪɢɩɨɦɧɢɥ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɬ. ɧɚɪ. ɝɚɥɟɪɢ ɧɚ Ʉɚɥɢɝɭɥɚ. ɂɬɚɥɢɚɧɰɢɬɟ,
ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɦɹɬɚɥɢ, ɱɟ ɧɚ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɟɡɟɪɨ ɇɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɚɧɢ
ɧɟɫɦɟɬɧɢ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɬɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ, ɩɪɟɡ 1928ɝ. ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɝɨ
ɩɪɟɫɭɲɚɬ. Ɍɟ ɩɪɨɤɨɩɚɥɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɧɢɬɟɥɟɧ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɜ ɫɤɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɤɪɚɣ
ɟɡɟɪɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɭɫɧɚɥɢ ɦɨɳɧɢ ɩɨɦɩɢ. ȼ 1932 ɝ. ɇɟɦɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɫɭɲɟɧɨ.
ɇɨ ɬɴɪɫɚɱɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɢɡɥɴɝɚɧɢ: ɧɚ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɟɡɟɪɨɬɨ
ɧɹɦɚɥɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɚ. Ʉɪɚɫɢɜɚɬɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɧɱɚɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɦɟɬɤɚ ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɡɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ: ɧɚ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɜ
ɬɢɧɹɬɚ ɥɟɠɚɥɢ ɞɜɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢ ɝɚɥɟɪɢ, ɟɞɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɦɟɬɪɨɜɚ ɥɨɞɤɚ,
ɨɫɬɚɧɤɢ ɨɬ ɥɨɞɤɚ, ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɤɨɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɨɬ ɛɢɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɦɥɹɧɢɬɟ. ɇɟɞɚɥɟɱɟ ɨɬ ɝɚɥɟɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɬɢɧɹɬɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɧɢ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɤɨɬɜɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚ ɫɟ, ɱɟ ɬɟ ɫɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɥɢ ɞɜɚɬɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɚ, ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɫ ɧɨɫɨɜɚɬɚ ɢɦɚ
ɱɚɫɬ ɤɴɦ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɢɚɧɚ, ɱɢɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɢ ɫɴɳɟɫɬɜɭɜɚɬ ɢ ɫɟɝɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɟɝɚ
ɧɚ ɟɡɟɪɨɬɨ. ɍɱɟɧɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɪɚɛɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɟɬɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɣ–ɰɟɧɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ.
ɉɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɧɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɞɚɥɚ ɜɴɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢ ɪɟɞ ɫɩɨɪɧɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɢɬɟ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɢɹ
ɫɜɹɬ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɚ ɫɢ ɫɩɨɦɧɢɥ Ʉɭɫɬɨ, ɤɨɝɚɬɨ ɜɞɢɝɧɚɥɢ ɨɬ
ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤ ɐɟɫɬɢɣ. ȿɞɧɚ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɜɢɬɟ,
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɡ 1932ɝ., ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɹɡɨ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɥɹɬ
ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɳɨɤ ɫ ɨɬɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɚɬɚ. ɇɚɛɢɬ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɬɟɧɨɬɨ ɨɬ
ɛɨɪɨɜɨ ɞɴɪɜɨ, ɬɨɣ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɜɚɥ ɨɳɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɴɠɟ ɡɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɢɧɚ.
Ⱦɴɛɨɜɢɬɟ ɪɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɛɤɨɜɚɧɢ ɫ ɠɟɥɹɡɨ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɦɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɫɴɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɬɟɧɨɬɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɪɨɝɚɬɚ. Ɂɚɳɨɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɬɚɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-ɥɟɤɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɦɨɠɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɧɟ ɫ ɪɨɝɚ ɜ
ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɴɧɟ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ. Ʉɭɫɬɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɢɥ ɨɛɹɫɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ, ɤɚɬɨ
ɫɢ ɫɩɨɦɧɢɥ, ɱɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɬɟ ɦɨɪɹɰɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɭɜɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɫ ɜɟɪɢɝɚ, ɚ ɫ
ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɴɠɟ. Ɍɟɠɟɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɥɟɤɨɬɨ ɜɴɠɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɴɱɧɚ, ɡɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɛɢɟ ɝɨɪɧɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɬɟɧɨɬɨ ɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ. Ɉɬɬɭɤ
ɞɨɲɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɳɨɤ. (ɨɛɪ.1) Ɍɨɣ
ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɥ ɫɴɳɚɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɤɨɹɬɨ ɢɡɩɴɥɧɹɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɬɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɢ
ɜɟɪɢɝɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɢɬɟ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɥɹɝɚɬ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɞɴɧɨɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɟɠɟɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɧɹɤɨɥɤɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɤɢ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɜɚɬ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɜɪɟɬɟɧɨ.
Ⱦɨɝɚɬɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɮɪɟɧɫɤɢɹ ɭɱɟɧ ɪɚɡɛɭɥɢɥɚ ɬɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ ɨɬ
ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ. Ɍɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɚɬ ɢ ɞɨɫɟɝɚ. ɇɚɣ-ɬɟɠɤɢɹɬ ɨɬ
ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɬɟ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɟ ɬɟɠɢ 712ɤɝ. ɢ ɞɴɥɠɢɧɚ 210ɫɦ. Ⱦɴɥɠɢɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɣ–
ɞɴɥɝɢɹ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɳɨɤ ɟ 216 ɫɦ. ɩɪɢ ɬɟɝɥɨ 650ɤɝ. Ɉɥɨɜɧɢ ɳɨɤɨɜɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɚ
ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ. Ɂɚ ɩɴɪɜɢ ɩɴɬ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɢɜɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɥɟɧ

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ɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɡ 1960ɝ. 7ɉɨɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɪɨɭɱɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɪɢɛɚɪɢ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɥɚɡɢ, ɫɚ
ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɬɪɭɩɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɢ
ɩɨ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɳɨɤɨɜɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɴɪɜɟɧɨ-ɨɥɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɟɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚ ɳɨɤɨɜɚɬɚ
ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɨɬ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɬɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɜɚ, ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɱɟ ɬɹ
ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɚɣɨɧ ɧɚ
ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɨɩɥɚɜɚɧɟ, ɢ
ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ – ɱɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɬɟ ɧɚ ɳɨɤɨɜɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɹ ɛɪɹɝ,
ɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɨɬ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɬɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɜ ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɢɟɬɨ.
ȼɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɜɴɜ ȼɚɪɧɚ, ɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɦɭɡɟɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɬɨ
ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɹɜɚɬ ɫ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɞɹɥɢ ɧɚ
ɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɴɧɨ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɟɧ ɟ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɴɬ ɡɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨ ɡɚ
ɞɴɪɜɟɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɚ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɠɤɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɇɟɧɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɚ ɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ,
ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɭɛɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɤɚɬɨ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɢ. ɋ ɨɝɥɟɞ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɞɢɰɚ
ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɢ ɧɚ ȼɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɛɟ ɜɴɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɯɢɦɢɤɨ-
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɬɟ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɢ: ɞɴɪɜɟɧ ɪɭɞɚɧ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɤɨɜ, ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ
ɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɱɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɨɬ ɨɥɨɜɧɢ
ɨɤɫɢɞɢ, ɨɥɨɜɧɢ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɢɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɥɚ ɬɢɧɹ, ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɢ, ɤɜɚɪɰɨɜ
ɩɹɫɴɤ ɢ ɞɪ. ɩɨ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ. Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɨɬ 7-6 ɜ. ɩɪ. ɧ. ɟ.
ɤɨɹɬɨ ɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɚɧɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɜɚɞɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ
ɞɴɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɫ Ʉɚɥɢɚɤɪɚ. ɐɹɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɚ ɫ
ɞɟɛɟɥ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɨ – ɫɢɜ ɞɨ ɛɹɥ
ɜɴɧɲɟɧ ɜɢɞ. ɉɨɤɪɢɜɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɟ ɟ ɛɢɥ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɤɨɧɩɚɤɬɟɧ, ɚ ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɪɨ
ɩɨɪɶɨɡɟɧ. Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɩɪɟɫɬɨɹɥɨ ɯɢɥɹɞɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɞɴɧɨ.
ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɜɥɢɹɟ ɫɢɥɧɨ ɨɬ
ɫɴɞɴɪɠɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɹ ɜɴɝɥɟɪɨɞɟɧ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ. Ⱦɨɤɚɬɨ ɦɚɥɤɢ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɜɴɝɥɟɪɨɞɟɧ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɧ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɧɟɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɢɦ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɥɟɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɜɴɝɥɟɪɨɞɟɧ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚ ɤɢɫɟɥ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɥɟɫɧɨ
ɦɢɧɚɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɴɡɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɫɜɟɧ ɬɨɜɚ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɢ ɞɨ
ɟɞɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɞɢɮɭɧɞɢɪɚɧɟ (ɩɪɨɧɢɤɜɚɧɟ) ɧɚ ɬɢɧɹ, ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɰɨɜ

7
Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜ Ɇ., Ⱦɪɟɜɧɨɬɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɨɩɥɚɜɚɧɟ ɩɨ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɬɨ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɢɟ, ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2009 ɝ.
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ɩɹɫɴɤ, ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɜɴɜ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɢɬɟ ɫɥɨɟɜɟ, ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɞɨ
ɧɚɫɥɨɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ.
Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɟɬɚɩɚ: ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ
ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɢɬɟ ɫɴɨɪɴɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɥɟɧɢ ɱɟɬɤɢ, ɱɭɤɱɟɬɚ,
ɫɤɚɥɩɟɥɢ, ɜɚɧɢ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢ ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɚɩɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ,
ɫɴɞɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɜɹɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɯɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɢ, ɜɨɞɧɚ ɛɚɧɹ, ɫɨɥɧɚ
ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ, ɚɦɨɧɢɟɜ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ, ɞɟɫɬɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɫɩɢɪɬ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɩɧɚɥɢɬɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ
ɩɟɫɴɱɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɟɞɪɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɜɴɪɲɜɚ ɫɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɥɟɧɚ
ɱɟɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɤɚɥɩɟɥ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ – ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɧɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɢɡɨɛɳɨ ɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢ ɡɚ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ,
ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɴɳɨɬɨ ɥɟɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɜɚ ɜ ɚɥɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟɬɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɬɨ ɡɚɝɭɛɜɚ
ɫɜɨɹɬɚ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ. ɂɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ ɡɚ
ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɜɴɪɯɭ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɫɴɳɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚ ɞɨɛɴɪ
ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɩɨɧɟɠɟ ɫɥɟɞ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɞɨɛɢɜɚ ɛɟɥɟɡɧɢɤɚɜ ɨɬɟɧɴɤ. Ⱦɨ
ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɝɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɞɟɧɚ
ɨɰɟɬɧɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ, ɬɴɣ ɤɚɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɴɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɰɟɬɧɚ
ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɜɴɝɥɟɪɨɞɟɧ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɤɨɪɨɡɢɪɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɧɨ. ɇɚɣ-
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɬɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɡɜɚ ɫɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ, ɤɚɬɨ 7,5% -ɟɧ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ.
Ɉɥɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɜɴɜ ɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɬɚɤɚɜɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ
ɤɚɬɨ ɢɡɰɹɥɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɚ. ɉɪɨɬɢɱɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɬɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɨɹɜɹɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɢ ɦɟɯɭɪɱɟɬɚ. ȼ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɫɟ
ɞɴɪɠɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɟɬɨ (4 ɱɚɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɰɹɥɚ ɧɨɳ), ɫɥɟɞ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɫ ɬɟɥɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɬ ɧɚɫɥɨɟɧɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɩɚɞɚɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɧɨ
ɥɟɫɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɬɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɚɩɹ ɜ
ɝɨɪɟɳɚ ɞɟɫɬɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɹɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ ɱɚɫ.
ɂɡɦɢɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫ ɝɨɪɟɳɚ ɞɟɫɬɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɬɚɪɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɴɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ
ɨɥɨɜɧɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɹ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɧɨɳɭɜɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ: 1/4 ɨɬ
7,5% ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɴɪɤɜɚ ɫ 3 ɥɢɬɪɚ ɝɨɪɟɳɚ
ɞɟɫɬɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɬɚ ɫɭɬɪɢɧ ɤɨɬɜɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɢɜɚ ɬɪɢɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɫ
ɝɨɪɟɳɚ ɞɟɫɬɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɢ ɩɨ 20 ɦɢɧɭɬɢ. ɂɡɦɢɬɢɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɟ
ɞɴɪɠɢ ɜ ɬɨɩɴɥ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɦɨɧɢɟɜ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɞɨ ɩɴɥɧɨɬɨ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɤɨɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɴɪɯɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ. Ɋɚɡɬɜɨɪɴɬ ɧɚ
ɚɦɨɧɢɟɜɢɹ ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɜɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɚ ɛɚɧɹ, ɤɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɢɜɚ ɫ
ɝɨɪɟɳɢɹ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ ɬɚɤɚ, ɱɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ ɧɚɩɴɥɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬ. Ɍɚɡɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɛɢ
ɬɪɹɛɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɱɚɫ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɢɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɴɥɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɱɟ ɨɬ 2 ɱɚɫɚ
ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɚɣɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɋɥɟɞ ɤɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɡɢ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɢɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ: ɩɨɬɨɩɹɜɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɨ
10 ɦɢɧɭɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɹɫɧɨ ɞɟɫɬɢɥɢɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ. Ɋɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɦɨɧɢɟɜɢɹ

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ɚɰɟɬɚɬ ɟ ɨɬ ɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢ ɰɢɧɤɨɜɢ
ɨɤɫɢɞɢ ɜ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɢ ɨɥɨɜɨɬɨ ɨɬ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɚɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɢ
ɨɬ ɫɨɥɧɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ.
ɂɡɫɭɲɚɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɣɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɝɪɹɜɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɥɤɨɯɨɥ ɩɨ ɨɛɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɢɧ ( ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɚɡɜɚ ɫ
ɩɚɦɭɤ, ɧɚɩɨɟɧ ɫɴɫ ɫɩɢɪɬ).
ɇɚɪɟɞ ɫ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɳɢɬɟ ɫ
ɨɝɥɟɞ ɡɚɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɴɧɲɟɧ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢɦ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɢ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɰɟɥ
ɨɥɨɜɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɦɚɡɜɚɬ ɫ ɝɟɪɟɳ ɩɱɟɥɟɧ ɜɨɫɴɤ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɫɥɟɞ ɬɨɜɚ
ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɹ ɫ ɩɚɦɭɤ ɧɚɩɨɟɧ ɫ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɬɢɧ ɞɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɟɧ ɬɴɧɴɤ ɫɥɨɣ. ɋɥɟɞ ɧɚɦɚɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɦɭ ɫ ɜɨɫɴɤ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɴɬ ɫɟ ɨɛɦɚɡɜɚ ɬɪɢɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɴɫ ɫɦɟɫ, ɢɦɚɳɚ ɫɥɟɞɧɢɹ ɫɴɫɬɚɜ:
ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɢɞ - 3%, ɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɤɫ - 1,5%, ɬɟɪɩɟɧɬɢɧ - 100 ɤɭɛ. ɫɦ. Ɋɨɥɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɚɬɚ ɫɦɟɫ, ɫɴɫɬɨɹɳɚ ɫɟ ɨɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɧɢ ɜɨɫɴɰɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɥɨɢɞ ɢ
ɤɚɪɛɨɜɚɤɫ ɡɚɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɩɱɟɥɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɴɤ ɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɪɢɹɬ ɨɥɨɜɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫ ɟɞɢɧ
ɡɚɳɢɬɟɧ ɮɢɥɦ, ɤɨɣɬɨ ɞɚ ɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɜɚ ɨɬ ɩɨ-ɧɚɬɚɬɴɲɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
ɜɥɚɝɚ, ɜɴɝɥɟɧɚ ɤɢɫɟɥɢɧɚ, ɩɪɚɯ ɢ ɞɪ., ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɟ
ɢɡɨɥɢɪɚɧ ɤɚɬɨ ɦɭɡɟɟɧ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɚɬ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɬ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɟ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɜɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɢɹ
ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɢɞ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɹɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ / ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ/ ɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ, ɨɫɧɨɜɟɧ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ
ɯɥɨɪɢɞ.
Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ – ɪɚɛɨɬɢ ɫɟ ɫ ɝɭɦɟɧɢ ɪɴɤɚɜɢɰɢ ɢ ɫɟ
ɫɩɚɡɜɚ Ɍɟɯɧɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɂɉɄ.
Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɰɟɥ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɫɬɨɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɹɜɚ
ɬɚɦ, ɤɴɞɟɬɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɜɚ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɬɚ. Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ
ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɴɥɠɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɚɬ ɢ ɫɴɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɢ. Ʉɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɢ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢɬɟ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɜɢɧɚɝɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɴɩɴɬɫɬɜɚɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɧɚ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɢ, ɫɧɚɛɞɟɧɢ ɫ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɨɬɪɚɡɟɧɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɬɚ, ɤɨɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢ. Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ, ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ
ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɤɬɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɴɪɲɜɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɧɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɬɚ. ɇɚ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɚɧ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɜɹ ɞɨɫɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɟɬɨ
ɜɥɢɡɚɬ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɢ ɫɴɜɟɬɢ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ,

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ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɨɬ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɢ, ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɢɹ, ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ-ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢɡɢɫɤɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɢ
ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɢɰɢ, ɧɨ ɭɫɟɬ ɢ ɜɤɭɫ, ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɬɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢɦɚɬ ɞɨɩɢɪɧɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɲɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ
ɢɡɤɭɫɬɜɨɬɨ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ, ɪɢɫɭɜɚɧɟɬɨ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɬɚ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɤɚɬɚ, ɫ
ɯɢɦɢɹɬɚ, ɮɢɡɢɤɚɬɚ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɩɪ., ɨɬ ɤɨɢɬɨ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɚɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɫ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɟɧ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ ɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɧɨɬɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɢɡɫɥɟɞɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɴɨɬɜɟɬɧɢɹ
ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɭɱɟɧ ɩɴɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ. Ɋɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɬɨɪɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɜɚɬ, ɨɫɜɟɧ ɫ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɟ (ɩɪɹɤɚ ɧɚɦɟɫɚ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ, ɡɚ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɪɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɫɴɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ), ɫ ɬɹɯɧɚɬɚ
ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹ, ɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɟ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢ
ɜɴɜ ɜɫɹɤɚɤɴɜ ɜɢɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ – ɦɭɡɟɣɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ,
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɬɨ, ɩɪɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɤɨɩɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ
ɟɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɧɟ. Ɍɹɯɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɬɟ ɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɚɧɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɬɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɢ ɜɫɢɱɤɢ
ɜɴɧɲɧɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ – ɫɜɟɬɥɢɧɚ, ɜɥɚɝɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɚ ɫɴɳɨ ɢ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ – ɸɪɟɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɬɟ ɦɟɪɤɢ ɡɚ ɨɩɚɡɜɚɧɟ ɱɪɟɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ,
ɧɚɪɟɞɛɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɰɢ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɚɬɚ ɰɟɥ ɧɚ ɬɚɡɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɧɚ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɯɭɦɚɧɧɚ ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɟ ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟɬɨ ɡɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɟɧ ɫɪɨɤ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɧɚɬɚ
ɰɹɥɨɫɬ ɢ ɚɜɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɰɢɬɟ ɤɚɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ
ɬɹɯɧɨɬɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɜɴɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.

Ɉɛɪ.1 ȼɴɡɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɟɧ ɨɥɨɜɟɧ ɳɨɤ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɹɝɚ(ɫɤɨɛɚ) ɨɬ

ɜɴɬɪɟɲɧɚɬɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ-ȼɚɪɧɚ, 2012

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ǿȈǸǾǮȇdzǻǶȍ/ABBREVIATIONS:

ȽȺɆɉ – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ – ɉɥɨɜɞɢɜ

Ƚɋɍ – Ƚɨɞɢɲɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ȾȺ – Ⱦɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɚɪɯɢɜ
Ⱦȼ – Ⱦɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ
ɂȺɂ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ
ɂɇɆȼ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ - ȼɚɪɧɚ
ɂȼȺȾ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɂɆɘɂȻ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɭɡɟɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɘɝɨɢɡɬɨɱɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ
ɂɉɪ – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ
ɅɂȻɂ – Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɐȾȺ – ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɟɧ ɞɴɪɠɚɜɟɧ ɚɪɯɢɜ
CIL – Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
IJNA – International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
IGBR – Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae
RMD – Roman Military Diplomas
TIR –Tabula Imperii Romani

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ǮǰȀǼǾǶȀdz ǰ ǯǾǼȍ:
ɉɟɬɴɪ Ɇɢɧɤɨɜ – Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɩɨ „Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ” ɜ ɋɍ„ɋɜ.Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ”.ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ Ɋɚɧɧɨ ɛɪɨɧɡɨɜɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ –
ɫɟɥɢɳɚ, ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɢ, ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

ɂɜɨ Ɍɨɩɚɥɢɥɨɜ – Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɜ ɒɍ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ”.

Ɍɢɬɭɥɹɪ ɩɨ „Ʉɥɚɫɢɱɟɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ” ɢ „Ʉɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ”.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɪɢɦɫɤɚɬɚ ɢ
ɤɴɫɧɨɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɝɪɚɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɪɢɦɫɤɢ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɚ.

ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɣɨɬɨɜ – ɉɪɨɮ. ɞ.ɢ.ɧ., ɯɨɧɨɪɭɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥ ɩɨ „Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚ

ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ” ɢ „ɉɨɞɜɨɞɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ” ɜ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɴɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɧɚ
ɒɍ „ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ”. ɂɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ.

ɋɬɟɥɚ Ⱦɨɧɱɟɜɚ – Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɜ ɇȺɂɆ, ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ɒɭɦɟɧ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɚ

ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ – ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɉɟɬɪɨɜ – ɍɱɢɬɟɥ ɩɨ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ȻȿɅ, ɩɨɦ.ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚ ɑɉȽɍɌ

„Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɏɨɬɢɧɨɜ” – ȼɚɪɧɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɤɴɦ
ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ.

Ƚɟɨɪɝɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜ – Ⱦ-ɪ ɩɨ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɨ ɜ

ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɦɭɡɟɣ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɥɢɜɟɧ ɢ ɜ ɦɭɡɟɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɑɚɪɥɫɬɴɧ, ɋȺɓ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ.

ɇɟɜɹɧ Ɇɢɬɟɜ – Ƚɥɚɜɟɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɜ ɇȼɂɆ, ɮɢɥɢɚɥ „ɉɚɪɤ-ɦɭɡɟɣ ɧɚ

ɛɨɣɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɭɠɛɚ – 1444 ɝ.” - ȼɚɪɧɚ. ɂɦɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ.

Ɇɢɥɟɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɧɟɜɚ – ɍɪɟɞɧɢɤ-ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮ ɜ ɂɆ - ɉɪɨɜɚɞɢɹ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɢ

ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɴɦ ɢɡɞɢɪɜɚɧɟ, ɫɴɛɢɪɚɧɟ, ɫɴɯɪɚɧɹɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɫɜɴɪɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɛɢɬɚ, ɦɢɧɚɥɨɬɨ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɨɬ
ɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɣɫɤɢɹ ɤɪɚɣ.

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Ɋɨɫɢɰɚ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜɚ – Ⱦɨɰ. ɞ-ɪ ɩɨ „ɇɨɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ”, ɪɴɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥ
ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚ "ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ" ɜ ɒɍ "ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
ɉɪɟɫɥɚɜɫɤɢ". ȼɨɞɢ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɇɨɜɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɢɬɟ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɢɪɚɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɬɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ Ʉɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɢɹ, ɤɚɤɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡ ɜɴɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɫɤɚɬɚ ɟɩɨɯɚ.

ɋɢɦɟɨɧ Ʉɭɥɢɲ – Ɇɚɝɢɫɬɴɪ ɜɴɜ ȼɌɍ „ɋɜ.ɋɜ.Ʉɢɪɢɥ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɣ”,

ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɧɨɫɬ „Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ XIX-XX ɜ.”
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɦɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɫɨɱɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɴɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɬɚ
ɨɛɳɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɬɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɡ
XIX-XX ɜ.

Ʉɪɚɫɢɦɢɪɚ ɋɚɧɞɟɜɚ – Ƚɥɚɜɟɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɜ ɇȼɂɆ ɮɢɥɢɚɥ „ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɟɧ

ɜɨɟɧɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɭɡɟɣ” – ȼɚɪɧɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɬɚ ɧɚ
ɪɟɫɬɚɜɪɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɰɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɤɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɢ ɞɴɪɜɨ.

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ǶǵǶǿǸǰǮǻǶȍ ǵǮ ǽȁǯǹǶǸȁǰǮǻdz
ǰ „ǴȁǾǻǮǹ ǵǮ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅdzǿǸǶ Ƕ
ǮǾȃdzǼǹǼDZǶȅdzǿǸǶ ǶǵǿǹdzDzǰǮǻǶȍ”:

ȀȓȘȟȠ: Times New Roman, size 12, Line spacing single, Justified;
ǼȏȓȚ: ɞɨ 15 ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɧɨ ɢɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
ȄȖȠȖȞȎțȓ țȎ șȖȠȓȞȎȠȡȞȎ: footnote
ǵȎ ȚȜțȜȑȞȎȢȖȖ:
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ: ɏɚɪɢɬɨɧɨɜ, ɏ. ɋɬɚɪɢ ɦɟɪɤɢ, ɬɟɝɥɢɥɤɢ, ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. ȼ.Ɍɴɪɧɨɜɨ,
2004, 120
ǵȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȖ Ȑ ȝȓȞȖȜȒȖȥțȖ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ:
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ: Ɇɢɪɱɟɜ, Ɇ. ȿɞɧɨ ɫɴɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. –
ɂɇɆȼ, VI, 1970, 210
ǵȎ ȟȠȎȠȖȖ Ȑ țȎȡȥțȖ ȟȏȜȞțȖȤȖ:
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ: Ƚɪɚɞɟɜɚ, Ɋ. Ɍɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɜ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɤɧɢɠɧɢɧɚ XV-XVIII ɜ. – ȼ:
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋ., 2001, 112-134
ǵȎ ȖȕȒȎțȖȭ țȎ șȎȠȖțȖȤȎ:
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ: Benedict, R. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Patterns of
Japanese Culture, 1974, 274
* Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢɬɟ ɞɚ ɛɴɞɚɬ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɧɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɟɧɨ ɪɟɡɸɦɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ
ɟɡɢɤ
Times New Roman, size 12, Line spacing 1,5, Justified, Italic;
* ȼɫɟɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɜɴɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ:
ɧɚɭɱɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ (ɚɤɨ ɢɦɚ)/ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ, ɦɟɫɬɨɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ.
* ɉɴɥɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɴɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɢɬɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɟ
ɢɡɧɚɫɹɬ ɜ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɬɨɜɚ ɜɫɟɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɬɪɹɛɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɬɢ
ɩɴɥɧɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɩɨɥɡɜɚɧɢɬɟ ɚɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɢ!
ǽȞȖȚȓȞ: ɂȼȺȾ – ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɪɧɟɧɫɤɨɬɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɂɉɪ – ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ
ȼɚɲɢɬɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ, ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɩɪɚɳɚɬɟ ɧɚ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɳɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ: [email protected]
„ǴȡȞțȎș ȕȎ ȖȟȠȜȞȖȥȓȟȘȖ Ȗ ȎȞȣȓȜșȜȑȖȥȓȟȘȖ
ȖȕȟșȓȒȐȎțȖȭ” ɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ,
ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɬɟ ɢɦ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɤɨɟɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚ 3 ɩɴɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɲɧɨ.

Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɢ ɜ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ ɳɟ ɫɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɜɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɥɟɞ

ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɬɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟɬɨ!

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 ǴȁǾǻǮǹ ǵǮ ǶǿȀǼǾǶȅdzǿǸǶ Ƕ ǮǾȃdzǼǹǼDZǶȅdzǿǸǶ
ǶǵǿǹdzDzǰǮǻǶȍ

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© ȁțȖȐȓȞȟȖȠȓȠȟȘȜ ȖȕȒȎȠȓșȟȠȐȜ
“dzȝȖȟȘȜȝ ǸȜțȟȠȎțȠȖț ǽȞȓȟșȎȐȟȘȖ”, ȆȡȚȓț, 2013

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