Electrical

Technology
Lab Manual

Submitted by: Isma shehzadi(23013123-006)

Khadija arshad (23013123-11)

Course: Electrical technology (CHE-

203)

Semester: 3rd

Submitted to: Engr. Ali Asghar

Submission date: 16 Dec,2024

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
 TABLE OF EXPERIMENTS

Sr. No
List of Experiments

Study and Implementation of OHM’s Law

01

02 Study and Implementation of Power in DC Circuit

03 Study and Implementation of Color Coding

04 Study and Implementation of Series DC Circuit

05 Study and Implementation of Parallel DC Circuit

06 Study and Implementation of Combination (Series + Parallel) DC Circuit

07 Study and Implementation of Voltage Divider Rule

08 Study and Implementation of General Current Divider Rule

09 Study and Implementation of Current Divider Circuit Rule

10 Study and Implementation of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

11 Study and Implementation of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

12 Study and Implementation of Nodal Analysis

13 Study and Implementation of Loop (Mesh) Analysis

14 Study and Implementation of Superposition Theorem

15 Study and Implementation of Thevenin’s Theorem

 Electrical technology-1 lab manual
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 01

Title:
Study and Implementation of OHM’s Law
Objective: To verify Ohm's Law by studying the relationship between voltage,
current, and resistance in a DC circuit.
Introduction: Ohm's Law states that the current (I) through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the voltage (V) across the two points and inversely
proportional to the resistance (R). Mathematically, it's expressed as:
V=I⋅R
Materials Required
 DC power supply (battery or DC power source)
 Resistors of known values
 Ammeter (to measure current)
 Voltmeter (to measure voltage)
 Connecting wires
 Breadboard (optional for easy connections)
Procedure
1. Set Up the Circuit: Connect a resistor to the DC power supply using the
connecting wires. Ensure the connections are secure.
2. Measure Voltage and Current: Connect the voltmeter across the resistor to
measure the voltage across it. Insert the ammeter in series with the resistor to
measure the current flowing through it.
3. Record Readings:
o Turn on the DC power supply.
o Note down the voltage (V) across the resistor using the voltmeter.
o Note down the current (I) flowing through the resistor using the
ammeter.
4. Change Resistance:
o Replace the resistor with another resistor of a different known value.
o Repeat the above steps to measure and record the voltage and current.

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5. Calculate Resistance:
o Using the formula V=IR calculate the resistance for each set of
measurements.
6. Verify Ohm's Law:
o Compare the calculated resistance values with the known resistor values.
o If the calculated and known values match closely, Ohm's Law is
verified.
Conclusion
By following the above steps and recording the observations, you can verify Ohm's
Law. The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance should align with the
formula V=I⋅R, confirming Ohm's Law in a DC circuit.

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Experiment # 02
Title:
Study and Implementation of Power in DC Circuit
Objective:
1. To understand the basis for measuring the power in dc circuit with voltmeter and an ammeter.
2. To calculate the power in dc circuit by using the relationship of the current, the voltage and
the resistance.

Theory:
In any dc circuit, the value of the power accruing on the load is equal to the total values of the
current square which is multiplied by the resistance of the load. The equation can be expressed as
P=I2 ×R

When P= is the Power (Watts, W).

I= is the Current (Amps, A).
R= is the Resistance (Ohms, Ω).

Materials Required
 Multi meter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor: 100 Ω, 220 Ω, 330 Ω
 Bulb Light: 12V,3W
 Line cords

Procedure:
1. Power in dc circuit
1. Connect the circuit of Fig. below and adjust the voltage of the supply to 0 V.
2. Use the first multi meter measuring a direct current setting at 250mA range to connect in
circuit.
3. Connect the second multi meter measuring a direct voltage setting at 50 V range to measure
the voltage drop across a light bulb (V2).
4. Switch on S1. Adjust the voltage of the source VT to 0,2,4,6,2,10 and 12 V, then read the
current through the ammeter and the voltage VL. Record the results in Table 1.
5. Calculate the power of the light bulb (P L) by the multiplying the simulated values of I and V L
in step 1.4 together as the equation, PL = I * VL. Record the computed values of PL in table 1
6. From the circuit in Fig. 5-3, compute the current flowing through and the voltage drop across
the light bulb when the source voltage of 0.12V. Record the result in Table 5-3.
7. Remove the source from the circuit in Fig. 5-3 and use a multi meter to measure the
resistance of the 12V 3W light bulb. R = …355. Ohm.

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Table 1

VT (V) 0V 2V 4V 6V 8V 10V 12V

I (mA) 0 4.5mA 10.3mA 15.7mA 18.7mA 23.1mA 26.5mA
VL (V) 0 0.14V 0.27V 0.41V 0.57V 0.68V 0.81V
PL (mW) 0 0.63mW 2.78mW 6.43mW 10.66mW 15.71mW 21.16mW
2. Power in a series dc circuit.
1. Connect The Circuit as shown in Fig. 2.

Use Ohm’s law to calculate the total current (I T) of the circuit in Fig. 2 and the power value
on R1, R2 and R3 using the equation, P = I2 R,

2. Switch off S1 and set a multi meter measuring the direct current at the simulated of range of
25 mA. Then switch on S1, read the current flowing in the circuit through a multi meter,

3. Use a multi meter then set the dc voltage range at 10V to measure the voltage drop across R 1,
R2 and R3. In measuring, make sure that the positive and the negative terminals of a multi
meter are on the positions as shown in Fig. 2
4. Calculate the current on R 1, R2 and R3 by using the simulated current in step 2.2 and the
simulated values of the voltage drop across R 1, R2 and R3 in step 2.3, using the equation,
P=VI,
5. Remove the supply from the circuit and use the multi meter to measure the resistance of R 1,
R2 and R3. Record the result of the parameters below.

Table 2

IT VR1 VR2 VR3 P1(mW) P2(mW) P3(mW) PT(mW)

Calculated 23mA 2.3V 5.07V 7.63V 52.9mW 116.6mW 174.8mW 345mW
Measured 23mA 2.3V 5.07V 7.63V 52.9mW 116.6mW 174.8mW 345mW
%Error 0 0 0% 0% 0 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
In this experiment, we calculated power by multiplying calculated current and voltage.
P=V×I

Total current remains same and voltage drops across each resistor. If two or more resistor are
connected, then we will calculate power of each resistor.

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Experiment # 03

Title:
Study and Implementation of Color Coding
Objective: Color Coding in Electronics
Color coding is used in electronics to identify the values of resistors, capacitors, and other
components. The most common color-coding system is the resistor color code, which uses
colored bands to represent numerical values where trick for finding resistance value from
color code is BB ROY OF GREAT BRITIAN HAS A VERY GOOD WIFE.
Resistor Color Code:
 Resistors typically have four, five, or six colored bands.
 Each color represents a specific number, multiplier, and tolerance.
Example: Let's take a 4-band resistor with the following colors: Brown, Black, Red, and
Gold.
1. Brown (1): The first band represents the first digit.
2. Black (0): The second band represents the second digit.
3. Red (×100): The third band represents the multiplier.
4. Gold (±5%): The fourth band represents the tolerance.
To calculate the resistance:
 Combine the first two digits: 10.
 Multiply by the multiplier: 10 × 100 = 1000 ohms or 1 kilo-ohm (kΩ).
 The tolerance is ±5%, so the actual resistance could be between 950 ohms and 1050
ohms.
Color Code Chart:

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Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 04
Title:
Study and Implementation of Series Circuit
Objective:
1. To understand the characteristics of the resistor in the series circuit
2. To be able to determine the current, the total resistance and the voltage drop across in the
series circuit.
3. To appropriately apply Ohm’s law to troubleshoot the series circuit.
Theory:
A series circuit is formed when any number of resistors are Series Circuit connected end-to-end so
that there is only one path for current to flow. The resistors can be actual resistors or other devices
that have resistance. The following illustration shows four resistors connected end-to-end. The arrows
point the direction of current. The values of resistance add in a series circuit. If a 10Ω resistor is
placed in series with a 100 Ω resistor, the total value will be 33Ω. This is true when other types of
resistive devices are placed in series. The mathematical formula for resistance in series is:
Voltage in a Series Circuit:
We can easily calculate voltage of a circuit by adding dc voltmeter in parallel to resisters
V= 14.99V

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in picture below
2. Referring to the circuit of fig 5, the total resistance (RT) in the series circuit is calculated from
RT= R1+ R2+R3 and so on
3. Simulated the total resistance from Digital Multimeter at points A and D
4. Calculate the percentage error of total resistance ±13%
5. Calculate total current of the circuit by using Ohm’s law which is I = 0.000931677A
6. Measure the total current (IT) and the current through R1, R2 and R3 by using Digital
Multimeter
7. Calculate the percentage error of total current
8. Use Ohm’s law to calculate voltage drop across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3),
9. Measure the voltage drop across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3)

Observation table: Voltage

Values VR1 VR2 VR3 VT

Measured (V) 2.50V 7.5V 5V 14.9V
Calculated (V) 2.50V 7.5V 5V 14.9V
Error% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:

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In this experiment, we determined that if two more resistors are connected in series then
current will remain same in whole circuit and voltages will drop across each resistor
according to Ohm’s law.
V=IR
We also calculated that total resistance is equal to the sum of all resistances.
RT=R1+R2+R3+R4……. n
If two or more resistors of same value are connected in series then voltage drop across each
resistor will be same.

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Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 05
Title:
Study and Implementation of Parallel Circuit
Objective:
1. To understand the characteristics of the resistor in the parallel circuit
2. To be able to determine the current, the total resistance and the current in each branch of a
circuit.
3. To appropriately apply Ohm’s law to troubleshoot the parallel circuit.
Theory:
A parallel circuit is formed when two or more resistances are placed in a circuit side-by-side so that
current can flow through more than one path. The illustration shows two resistors placed side-by-side.
There are two paths of current flow. One path is from the negative terminal of the battery through R 1
returning to the positive terminal. The second path is from the negative terminal of the battery through
R2 returning to the positive terminal of the battery.

There are two formulas to determine total resistance for unequal value resistors in a parallel circuit.
The first formula is used when there are three or more resistors. The formula can be extended for any
number of resistors.

The second formula is used when there are only two resistors.

Voltage in a Parallel Circuit:

When resistors are placed in parallel across a voltage source, the voltage is the same across each
resistor. In the following illustration three resistors are placed in parallel across a 12 volt battery. Each
resistor has 12 volts available to it.

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Current in a Parallel Circuit:
Current flowing through a parallel circuit divides and flows through each branch of the
circuit.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. Mention number of paths of the current flow in the circuit. __3___
3. Referring to the circuit of fig 4, calculate the total resistance (R T) in the parallel circuit. Then
RT=___103.5_____ Ω.
4. Measure the total resistance from Digital Multimeter R T=__103.5__ Ω.
5. Calculate the percentage error of total resistance: Error=____0____ %.
6. Calculate current flowing through the resistors (R1, R2 and R3),
7. Measure the total current (IT) and the current through R1, R2 and R3 by using Digital
Multimeter.
8. Measure the voltage drop across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3) using Digital Multimeter.

Values I1 I2 I3 IT VT
Measured 0.681A 0.454A 0.2727A 1.395A 15V
Calculated 0.681A 0.454A 0.2727A 1.395A 15V
Error 0 0 0 0 0

Conclusion:
In this circuit, I observed that if two or more resistors are connected in parallel, then voltage
remains same across each resistor and current divides into different paths. Total current is
equal to the sum of all individual paths. If same values of resistors are connected in parallel,
then current in each resistor will also be same. We determine the relationship between current
and voltage by using Ohm’s law.

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Experiment # 06
Title:
Study and Implementation of Combination Circuit
Objective:
1. To understand the characteristics of the combination circuit
2. To appropriately apply Ohm’s law to troubleshoot the combination circuit.
Theory:
A combination dc circuit is a circuit consists of resistors connected together in parallel and in series of
the same circuit. There are two types of combination dc circuits as shown in fig 1(a &b)

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Module: 1100A Alpha board
 Resistor 100Ω , 220Ω , 470 Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
I. Series – Parallel Circuit:
1. Connect the circuit of fig 2.

2. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit

3. Calculate the total current (IT) in the circuit
4. Calculate the voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3.
5. Use a multimeter in software to set a direct voltage range at 10V to measure the voltage drop
across R1, R2 and R3.
6. Adding the simulated value of the voltage drop across R1 to the value of the voltage at the R2 or
R3, the result is __15__ V, which is equal to the voltage at the source
7. Measure current IT, I1, I2, I3
8. Now measure the total resistance of the circuit
9. Now compute the error in terms of voltage, current and resistance.
Observation Table:

Values IT I1 I2 I3 VT V1 V2 V3 RT
Calculated 55.6m 55.6mA 27.8mA 27.8mA 15V 12.22V 2.78V 2.78V 270Ω
A
Measured 55.6m 55.6mA 27.8mA 27.8mA 15V 12.22V 2.78V 2.78V 270Ω
A
Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

II. Parallel – Series Circuit:

1. Connect the circuit of fig 3.

2. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit

3. Calculate the total current (IT) in the circuit,

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4. Calculate the voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3.
5. Use a multimeter to set a direct voltage range at 10V to measure the voltage drop across R 1, R2
and R3.
6. Adding the simulated value of the voltage drop across R1 to the value of the voltage at the R2 or
R3, the result is ___15__ V, which is equal to the voltage at the source
7. Measure current IT, I1, I2, I3
8. Now measure the total resistance of the circuit
9. Now compute the error in terms of voltage, current and resistance.

Values IT I1 I2 I3 VT V1 V2 V3 RT
Calculate 125.65mA 31.91m 46.87mA 46.87m 15V 15V 4.8V 10.2V 87.3
d A A Ω
Measured 125.65mA 31.91m 46.87mA 46.87m 15V 15V 4.8V 10.2V 87.3
A A Ω
Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
In this experiment, we study about two types of circuit series and parallel.

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Experiment # 07
Title:
To Study and Implement Voltage Divider Circuit
Objective:
1. To design and construct a voltage divider circuit
2. To notice the application of the voltage divider circuit.

Theory:
A voltage divider is a simple circuit which turns a large voltage into a smaller one. Using just two
series resistors and an input voltage, we can create an output voltage that is a fraction of the input.
Voltage dividers are one of the most fundamental circuits in electronics. The Mathematical Equation
is

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 200, 300Ω , 470 Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. Referring to the circuit of fig 5, the total resistance (RT) in the series circuit is calculated from
RT= R1+ R2+R3.
3. Measure the total resistance from Digital Multimeter at points A and D,
4. Calculate the percentage error of total resistance:
E
5. Calculate total current (I) of the circuit by using Ohm’s law ( I T = R ¿,
T
6. Measure the total current (IT) and the current through R1, R2 and R3 by using Digital
Multimeter
7. Calculate the percentage error of total current:
8. Use Voltage Division Rule to calculate voltage drop across the resistors (R 1, R2 and R3),
9. Measure the voltage drop across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3) using Digital Multimeter.
10. Calculate the percentage error
Observation Table:
Values IT I1 I2 I3 VT V1 V2 V3 RT
Calculated 0.0155A 0.015A 0.015A 0.015A 14.9V 3.1V 4.7V 7.3V 970
Measured 0.0155A 0.015A 0.015A 0.015A 14.9V 3.1V 4.7V 7.3V 970
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:

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In this experiment, we implemented the voltage divider circuit. In voltage divider circuit, two or more
resistors are connected in series, in which voltage divides across each resistor. Voltage divider circuit
is used to find the voltages across resistors.
If two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series, then we can find the voltage across R1 by this
formula:
V1=R1/(R1+R2) ×VIN

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Experiment # 09
Title:
To Study and Implement General Current Divider Circuit
Objective:
3. To design and construct a current divider circuit
4. To notice the application of the current divider circuit.

Theory:
A current divider circuit is a circuit which divides the input current to various branches in a certain
ratio. A simple arrangement of two or more resistors in parallel can be considered as a current divider
Circuit. The Mathematical Equation is

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 100Ω , 220Ω
 Line Cords
Procedure
1. Set Up the Circuit: Connect two or more resistors in parallel. Connect this parallel
combination to the DC power supply using the connecting wires. Ensure the connections are
secure.
2. Measure Total Current: Insert the ammeter in series with the parallel combination to
measure the total current (I total) entering the circuit.
3. Measure Branch Currents:
o Insert the ammeter in series with each resistor in the parallel combination to measure
the current through each branch (Ix).
o Note down the current through each branch.

4. Calculate Expected Branch Currents:

o Calculate the equivalent resistance (Rtotal)of the parallel combination using the
formula:

1Rtotal=1R1+1R2+⋯+1Rn
Use the current division formula to calculate the expected current through each branch:

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Ix=Itotal⋅Rtotal
5. Verify Current Division:
o Compare the measured branch currents with the calculated expected currents.

o If the measured and calculated values match closely, the current division is verified.

Conclusion
By following the above steps and recording the observations, you can verify the current division in a
parallel circuit. The relationship between the currents and resistances in each branch should align with
the current divider formula, confirming the theoretical predictions.

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Experiment # 09
Title:
To Study and Implement Current Divider Circuit
Objective:
1. To design and construct a current divider circuit
2. To notice the application of the current divider circuit.

Theory:
A current divider circuit is a circuit which divides the input current to various branches in a certain
ratio. A simple arrangement of two or more resistors in parallel can be considered as a current divider
Circuit. The Mathematical Equation is

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 470Ω 330Ω , 220Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. Mention number of paths of the current flow in the circuit.
3. Referring to the circuit of fig, calculate the total resistance (R T) in the parallel circuit. Then
4. Measure the total resistance from Digital Multimeter
5. Calculate the percentage error of total resistance:
6. Calculate current flowing through the resistors (R1, R2 and R3), using Current Division Rule
7. Measure the total current (IT) and the current through R1, R2 and R3 by using Digital
Multimeter
8. Calculate the percentage error of total current:
9. Use Ohm’s law to calculate voltage across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3),
10. Measure the voltage drop across the resistors (R1, R2 and R3) using Digital Multimeter.
11. Calculate the percentage error:

Observation Table:
Values IT I1 I2 I3 VS V1 V2 RT
Calculated 0.25A 0.04A 0.21A 0.14A 15V 15V 15V 103.5
Measured 0.25A 0.04A 0.21A 0.14A 15V 15V 15V 103.5
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
In this experiment, we calculated current of two resistors connected in parallel. Total current divides
into small current in several paths.

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If two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, then we will calculate current of R 1 by this
formula:
R2
I1= IT
R 1+ R 2

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Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 10
Title:
To Study and Implement Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
Objective:
1. To understand the principle of Kirchhoff’s voltage law
2. To write the voltage equation from the Kirchhoff’s Voltage law

Theory:
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero . Expressed
mathematically, KVL states that

fig 1

To illustrate KVL, consider the circuit in Fig. 1. The sign one each voltage is the polarity of the
terminal encountered first as we travel around the loop. We can start with any branch and go around
the loop either clockwise or counterclockwise. Suppose we start with the voltage source and go
clockwise around the loop as shown; then voltages would be and in
that order. For example, as we reach branch 3, the positive terminal is met first; hence, we
have For branch 4, we reach the negative terminal first; hence, Thus, KVL yields

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 300Ω ,220Ω , 470Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
Part (a): The Circuit with one power supply
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit.
3. Measure the voltage drop across every resistor.

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4. Take the simulated voltage values to write the Kirchhoff’s voltage equation.
5. Write down the values in Observation Table
Table. 1 Experiment with single power supply

Values V1 V2 V3 VT
Calculated 3.33V 4.55V 7.12V 15V
Measured 3.33V 4.55V 7.12V 15V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that in any closed loop network, the total voltages
around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop
which is also equal to the zero.
Algebraic sum of all the voltage drop is equal to the zero.
OR
Algebraic sum of all the voltage rise is equal to the zero.
OR
Sum of the voltage drops is equal to the sum of the voltage rises.

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Experiment # 11
Title:
To Study and Implement Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Objective:
1. To understand the principle of Kirchhoff’s Current law
2. To write the voltage equation from the Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Theory:
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero. Mathematically, KCL implies that where N is the number of branches connected to
the node and is the nth current entering (or leaving) the node. By this law, currents entering a node
may be regarded as positive, while currents leaving the node may be taken as negative or vice versa.

Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 200Ω , 300 Ω, 470Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit.
3. Calculate the total current (It) and the current through R1, R2,R3 and R4.
4. Calculate the total current (It) and the current through R1, R2,R3 and R4.
5. Write down the equation for Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
6. Write down the values in observation Table.
7. Calculate the percentage error:

Observation Table:
Table. 1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Values IT I1 I2 I3
Calculated 0.157A 0.075A 0.050A 0.03191A
Measured 0.15A 0.075A 0.050A 0.03191A
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0%

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we studied about Kirchhoff’s Current law.

According to Kirchhoff’s Current law, we know that sum of currents entering a node is always
equal to sum of currents leaving that node. We find current by this experiment.

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Experiment # 12
Title:
To Study and Implement Nodal Analysis
Objective:
1. To understand the principle of Nodal Analysis
Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 220Ω , 300Ω , 470Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
Part (a): Nodal Analysis with one unknown node voltage
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the nodes.
3. Calculate the node voltages the current through R1, R2 andR3.
4. Measure the node voltages the current through R1, R2 andR3.
5. Verify the calculated and simulated values using Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
6. Write down the equation for Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
7. Write down the values in observation Table.
8. Calculate the percentage error

Observation Table:
Table. 1 Nodal Analysis with one unknown node voltage

Values I1 I2 I3 VA
Calculated -0.0273A 0.0273A 0.0273A 21.01V
Measured -0.0273A 0.0273A 0.0273A 21.01V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0%
Part (b): Nodal Analysis with two unknown node voltages
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the nodes.
3. Calculate the node voltages the current through R1, R2, R3 and R4.
4. Measure the node voltages the current through R1, R2, R3 and R4.
5. Verify the calculated and simulated values using Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
6. Write down the equation for Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
7. Write down the values in observation Table.
8. Calculate the percentage error:
Observation Table:
Table. 1 Nodal Analysis with two unknown node voltages

Values I1 I2 I3 VA
Calculated -0.0273A 0.0273A 0.0273A 12.8V
Measured -0.0273A 0.0273A 0.0273A 12.8V

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 Electrical technology-1 lab manual
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
Nodal analysis is used to determine the unknown node voltages of both planar and non-planar
circuits. Nodal equations are usually formed by applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law to the nodes with
unknown voltages. Nodal analysis is the ideal technique for analysis when all the sources in a circuit
are independent current sources.

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 Electrical technology-1 lab manual
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 13
Title:
To Study and Implement Loop Analysis
Objective:
1. To understand the principle of loop Analysis
Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 220Ω , 300Ω , 470Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the loops.
3. Calculate the current through the loop 1, loop2 and loop3.
4. Calculate the current through the loop 1, loop2 and loop3.
5. Verify the calculated and simulated values using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
6. Write down the equation for Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
7. Write down the values in observation Table.
8. Calculate the percentage error

Observation Table:
Values I1 I2 I3 Vin VA
Calculated 0.0372A 0.0145A 15.01mA 15V 15V
Measured 0.0372A 0.0145A 15.01mA 15V 15V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
It is used in circuits to determine unknown current values using Kirchhoff's voltage law. It is
based on current loops in a circuit. Following that, voltage values can be calculated using
Ohm's law.

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 Electrical technology-1 lab manual
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 14
Title:
To Study and Implement Superposition Theorem
Objective:
 To understand the principle of superposition theorem in linear circuits
Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 220Ω , 300Ω , 470Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the loops.
3. Verify the linearity of the circuit.
4. In first step, replace V2 with the short circuit.
5. Then calculate the current flowing through R1, R2 and R3.
6. Then measure the current flowing through R1, R2 and R3.
7. In second step, connect V2 and replace V1 with the short circuit.
8. Then calculate the current flowing through R1, R2 and R3.
9. Then measure the current flowing through R1, R2 and R3.
10. In third step, connect V1 and V2.
11. Then calculate the current flowing through R1, R2 and R3.
12. Then measure the current flowing through R1, R2 and R3.
13. Accumulate the values of step1 and step2 which is equal to the values of step3, thereby
verifies the superposition theorem.
14. Write down the values in Observation Table.
15. Calculate the percentage error

Observation Table:
Table. 1 Superposition Theorem

When source 1 is off

Values I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3
Calculated 68.2mA 50.0mA 31.91mA 4.68V 4.68V 10.3V
Measured 68.2mA 50.0mA 31.91mA 4.68V 4.68V 10.3V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
When source 2 is off
Values I1 I2 I3 V1 V2 V3
Calculated 45.45m 33.37mA 21.28mA 7.97V 7.03V 7.03V
A
Measured 45.45m 33.37mA 21.28mA 7.97V 7.03V 7.03V
A
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

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 Electrical technology-1 lab manual
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Conclusion:
According to the superposition theorem, the response across each element in a linear, active, bilateral
network with more than one source is the sum of the responses obtained from each source evaluated
independently, and all other sources are replaced by their internal resistance.

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 Electrical technology-1 lab manual
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat

Experiment # 15
Title:
To Study and Implement Thevenin Theorem
Objective:
1. To understand the principle of Thevenin theorem in linear circuits
Materials Required:
 Multimeter
 Experimental Kit: Electronic Trainer EES-21-305
 Resistor 220Ω , 300Ω , 470Ω
 Line Cords

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure below.
2. State the experiment by setting the direction of the current in the circuit and named the loops.
3. Verify the linearity of the circuit.
4. Remove the RL and replace V1 with the short wire.
5. Calculate the RTH and VTH.
6. Measure the RTH and VTH.
7. Calculate the IL through the load.
8. Calculate the IL through the load.
9. Verify the calculations and thereby implies Thevenin Theorem.
10. Write down the values in Observation Table.
11. Calculate the percentage error:

Observation Table:
Values Rth IL VL Vth
Calculated 596.92Ω 14.63mA 3.07V 11.81V
Measured 596.92 Ω 14.63mA 3.07V 11.81V
% Error 0% 0% 0% 0%
Conclusion:
Thevenin’s Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit to an equivalent circuit with
just a single voltage source and series resistance connected to a load. Throughout this experiment, the
resistances are simplified into only one that is RTH. The value of RTH obtained from calculation is the
same as the value obtained from the measurement, so the Thevenin’s Theorem is verified.

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