12/6/2024

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

➢ Objectives
Master the basic concepts of tribology.
Study of friction, lubrication and wear.
Modeling and resolution of tribological
problems.

➢ Assessment method
A final exam grade of 60%
A continuous assessment grade of 40%

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

1

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

➢ Content of the course

1. Introduction to the tribology

2. Surfaces et interfaces
3. Friction
4. Surface Coatings
5. Lubrication
6. Lubricants

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The details of the history of tribology are given by Dowson [1]:

Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology ➢ It was concluded that lubrication engineering alone could
not provide a solution to combat the friction and wear of
1. Historic of the tribology machine components.
2. Tribology in industry
➢ An interdisciplinary approach encompassing solid
3. Economic Considerations mechanics, fluid mechanics, chemistry, and materials
science is essential.
4. Need for Tribology as a
Subject
The Jost Report in 1966 [2] provided an estimate of the costs
5. Wear Mechanisms related to lubrication and the effects of wear (three hundred
million pounds per year) and assessed the potential savings
achievable through technical improvements.
[1] D. (Duncan) Dowson 1928-, History of tribology / D. Dowson. London ; New York: Longman, 1979.
[2] H. P. Jost, Lubrication : <Tribology> ; education and research ; report on the present position and industry’s needs
(submitted to the Department of education and science by the Lubrication engineering and research) Working Group.
London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1966.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

3

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The Jost Report was produced by a committee of the British

Department of Education and Science, which officially
invented the term "Tribology" to describe this entire field.
Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology
➢ The name "Tribology" was invented in 1966 by the Jost
1. Historic of the tribology Commission. The word tribology comes from the Greek
"τριβειν" (tribein): to rub, and "λoγoς" (logos): word, study,
2. Tribology in industry
or science; thus, tribology is the study or science of friction.
3. Economic Considerations
➢ Tribology gathers the study of lubrication, friction, and
4. Need for Tribology as a
Subject
wear of machine components.

5. Wear Mechanisms Tribological knowledge helps improve the lifespan, safety, and
reliability of interacting machine components, and it brings
substantial economic benefits.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

A major breakthrough in tribological science occurred in the

1980s with the development of microscopes for [3]:
Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology ➢ Predicting and estimating the behavior of contact with a
single asperity.
1. Historic of the tribology
➢ Measuring the surface topography, frictional force, and all
2. Tribology in industry
technical surfaces.
3. Economic Considerations
➢ Studying adhesion, scratches, wear, lubrication, surface
4. Need for Tribology as a
Subject
temperature, and measurements of elastic/plastic
mechanical properties.
5. Wear Mechanisms
➢ Simulating point-surface interactions and interfacial
properties, enabling systematic investigations of interfacial
problems.
[3] Stachowiak G N, Batchelor A W and Stachowick G B "Experimental methods in Tribology", Tribology Series 44, Editor D
Dowson, 2004.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

A breakdown of the mechanisms causing wear across various industrial

environments is presented in the adjacent figure.

➢ Erosion is caused by the flow of a

Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology fluid, usually carrying particles, against
the surface.
1. Historic of the tribology
➢ Corrosion results from a chemical
interaction between the surface and
2. Tribology in industry
the surrounding environment.

3. Economic Considerations
➢ Surface fatigue is caused by the
repeated passing of a localized
4. Need for Tribology as a
contact. This type of wear mainly
Subject
affects bearings and gears.
5. Wear Mechanisms

➢ Abrasive wear occurs when metal is removed from a softer surface due to
the passage of hard particles. Two types of abrasion are distinguished: two-
body abrasion and three-body abrasion. The first type occurs when the
abrasive material slides along the surface, while the second occurs when
the abrasive gets trapped between the two wear surfaces.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

➢ Adhesive wear depends on the material properties and contact

conditions (chemical compatibility, temperature, pressure, lubrication,
etc.). The material from one part is transferred and firmly welded onto the
Chapiter 1:
other. Wear occurs due to failed lubrication conditions or dry friction, local
Introduction to the tribology heating of the surfaces, and high contact pressures.

1. Historic of the tribology

Wear generally refers to the degradation and loss of
2. Tribology in industry functionality. This phenomenon typically affects all components of
industrial equipment.
3. Economic Considerations

The annual costs of wear in industrialized countries are estimated

4. Need for Tribology as a
Subject
to be in the hundreds of billions of dollars, including expenses for
replacement parts, labor, and equipment downtime. Wear impacts
5. Wear Mechanisms productivity and leads to overuse or indirect overconsumption of raw
materials and natural resources.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

All industrial sectors are affected by wear, with some of the most
impacted being: mining, steel production, metal forming (foundry,
shaping, machining, etc.), pulp and paper, chemical processes,
Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology
shipbuilding, energy, oil and gas industry, hydraulics, railways,
and more.
1. Historic of the tribology
Tribological knowledge helps to extend the lifespan, safety, and
2. Tribology in industry
reliability of machine components in interaction, and provides
substantial economic benefits → Failures can often be prevented
3. Economic Considerations through tribological understanding.
Here are a few examples where tribological knowledge is essential:
4. Need for Tribology as a
Subject
➢ Bearings: To reduce friction and wear, ensuring smooth rotational
5. Wear Mechanisms
motion.
➢ Gear systems: To manage wear from surface contact and high
loads.
➢ Seals: Preventing leaks and ensuring effective operation in various
machinery.
➢ Brakes: Managing friction for effective stopping power without
excessive wear.
Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE
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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 1 – Sealing Joints

Chapiter 1:
➢The carbon graphite seal, as illustrated in the figure, is used to prevent
Introduction to the tribology steam leaks in the paper industry.
➢The failure of this component is primarily caused by adhesive wear, which
leads to an uneven surface, reducing the mechanical contact area.
1. Historic of the tribology
➢With the same applied load, this reduction in mechanical contact increases
the stress level, thereby raising the risk of failure.
2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

9

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 2 – Cams
➢ Cams are used to convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion.
➢ These components are subjected to impacts on the sliding surface, leading to the formation of pits on
the cam surface.
Chapiter 1: ➢ The creation of these cavities on the cam surface increases noise pollution and reduces mechanical
Introduction to the tribology performance.
➢ Understanding the mechanism behind pit formation helps estimate the component's lifespan and
develop methods to reduce these failures.
1. Historic of the tribology

2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Pits on the cam surface

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE
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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 3 – Piston Skirt Seizure

➢ Seizure occurs when material transfer alters the surface condition of the material.

Chapiter 1: ➢ For example, this phenomenon occurs between the cylinder and the piston of a combustion engine
Introduction to the tribology due to a lack of lubrication. The oil film is destroyed, often locally, due to high temperatures or excess
fuel → which leads to rapid seizure, causing severe surface deterioration. The same issue arises
when the lubricating film between the piston and the cylinder is insufficient due to low oil levels.
1. Historic of the tribology
➢ This failure in the tribological system often leads to the need for costly repairs.

2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

11

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 4 – Beneficial Friction in a Disc Brake

➢ Friction is not always negative; it can be useful, as seen in a vehicle braking system.
Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology ➢ A disc brake system uses brake pads and a disc. The disc is made of special cast iron and is
mounted on the wheel hub, rotating with the wheel. A U-shaped caliper holds two brake pads, each
covered with a material with a high friction coefficient. When the brakes are applied, one or more
cylinders, each containing a moving piston, press the pads against the disc, slowing it down and, in
1. Historic of the tribology
turn, the wheel.

2. Tribology in industry
➢ The frictional force between the
brake pads and the disc generates
3. Economic Considerations a braking torque but also heat,
which must be dissipated quickly
4. Need for Tribology as a to prevent deformation or even
Subject destruction of the disc.

➢ This tribological system requires

5. Wear Mechanisms special materials with appropriate
friction and wear properties to
function effectively.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 5 – Gear Teeth

➢ A dent or indentation on the surface of a gear
tooth is usually caused by excessive contact
Chapiter 1: stress. Understanding the impact of contact
Introduction to the tribology stress helps develop a formula for estimating
the service life of gears.

1. Historic of the tribology

2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations Research on fluid-film bearings, roller bearings, seals, gears,

cams, and brakes are among the many applications where
4. Need for Tribology as a tribology plays a critical role.
Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms
The fundamental knowledge gained from a tribology course is highly
beneficial for industries like energy, steelmaking, cement
production, and the oil industry. For this reason, tribology courses
are often referred to as "Industrial Tribology" or "Applied
Tribology".

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

A recent study [4] showed that in an average car traveling at 60

km/h, friction losses accounted for 33% of the mechanical
Chapiter 1:
energy provided by the engine. In 2009, 208 billion liters of fuel
Introduction to the tribology were reportedly burned to overcome friction.

1. Historic of the tribology → The application of tribological knowledge offers both economic
and environmental benefits reducing energy losses due to
2. Tribology in industry
friction, losses due to breakdowns and reducing machine
3. Economic Considerations depreciation.

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject → There are numerous examples—internal combustion engines,
turbomachinery, gears, bearings, seals, etc.—where efforts
5. Wear Mechanisms
have been made to reduce wear and friction to improve
component lifespan and minimize energy and material losses.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology

1. Historic of the tribology

2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Energy losses in a motor vehicle [4]

[4] K. Holmberg, P. Andersson, and A. Erdemir, “Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars,” Tribol. Int.,
vol. 47, pp. 221–234, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.11.022.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 1 – Hard Disk Drive

➢ Inside a hard disk drive, a slider with a read-write head hovers over a rotating disk.

Chapiter 1: ➢ By implementing tribological guidelines to reduce the spacing between the head
Introduction to the tribology sensor and the magnetic surface, surface density increases, allowing for larger data
storage in a relatively smaller space. This precise control of the gap, achieved through
advancements in surface engineering and lubrication techniques, improves both the
1. Historic of the tribology
performance and reliability of the hard drive.

2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 2 – Internal Combustion Engines

➢ In automobiles, about one-third of the energy from fuel consumption is used to
overcome friction between various mechanical components. The primary frictional
Chapiter 1:
Introduction to the tribology
losses occur at the piston ring-cylinder contact, connecting rod-piston pin,
connecting rod-crankshaft, valve train, as well as bearings and bushings.

1. Historic of the tribology ➢ With over 700 million vehicles worldwide and an average engine power of around
30 BHP (brake horsepower), tribological advancements can increase efficiency by 2
to 5%. Assuming a modest 2% improvement in BHP due to tribological
2. Tribology in industry
optimizations, this could result in savings of approximately 420 million BHP, leading
to significant energy conservation and performance improvements globally.
3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Example 3 – Bearings
➢ Industries allocate significant costs to the maintenance and replacement of
Chapiter 1:
bearings. An approximate estimate shows that bearing lifespan can be greatly
Introduction to the tribology extended by using better lubricants, applying appropriate lubricant additives,
and ensuring the proper installation of bearings. Implementing tribological
knowledge in these areas leads to improved performance and increased
1. Historic of the tribology efficiency, ultimately reducing maintenance costs and enhancing productivity
across industries.
2. Tribology in industry

3. Economic Considerations

4. Need for Tribology as a

Subject

5. Wear Mechanisms

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Most tribological phenomena are intrinsically complex and

interconnected, making a detailed understanding of tribology
concepts essential. The integration of knowledge from various
Chapiter 1: disciplines is crucial for studying and comprehending these
Introduction to the tribology
tribological phenomena.
1. Historic of the tribology
❖ Solid Mechanics: Focuses on the expressions of stress/strain
2. Tribology in industry
and surface temperature due to rolling or sliding contact.
❖ Fluid Mechanics: Studies the behavior of lubricant films formed
3. Economic Considerations in different lubricated contacts.
❖ Materials Science: Emphasizes the analysis and inspection of
4. Need for Tribology as a surface degradation or alteration during relative motion, often at
Subject
the atomic and micro scales.
5. Wear Mechanisms
❖ Chemistry: Deals with the reactivity between lubricants and solid
surfaces.
❖ Thermodynamics: Involves the transfer of heat and mass within
fluids and related solid materials.

These interdisciplinary contributions are vital for a comprehensive

understanding of wear, friction, and lubrication in tribology.
Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE
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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

There are several common wear mechanisms, each leading to the degradation of
surfaces in different ways. Here are the key types:
➢ Abrasive Wear: Involves processes like polishing, scratching, … This occurs when
harder particles or surfaces wear away softer materials.
Chapiter 1: ➢ Adhesive Wear: happens when materials transfer between surfaces in contact, often
Introduction to the tribology due to inadequate lubrication or high local pressure.
➢ Cavitation Wear: Occurs due to
1. Historic of the tribology fluid interaction, where vapor
bubbles form and collapse near
the surface, causing damage.
2. Tribology in industry
➢ Corrosive Wear: Related to
chemical reactions, leading to
3. Economic Considerations the degradation of a surface
when it interacts with its
4. Need for Tribology as a environment.
Subject ➢ Erosive Wear: Caused by
particles or fluid impinging on a
5. Wear Mechanisms surface, gradually wearing it
away.
➢ Fatigue Wear: Involves
delamination due to repeated
loading, often affecting surfaces
like bearings or gears.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

➢ A real machined surface is never perfect, it always presents

defects due to admissible errors in manufacturing.
Chapiter 2:
Surfaces and Interfaces
➢ Surface defects do not depend on the dimensions of a part to be
machined but on the machining process. Among these defects we
have:
1. Definition
❖ Waviness
2. Surface Finish/Roughness ❖ Roughness

3. Material Hardness L: Wavelength.

Hwave: Wave height
4. Friction and Surface Hroughness: roughness height
Deformation
Waviness occurs with a wavelength L/Hwave≥50

5. Solutions for Surface Defects

Roughness is defined when L/Hwave<50

➢ Surface roughness, or surface finish, is characterized by very

small amplitude defects or micro-geometrical defects

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Influence of surface roughness on tribological phenomena

Chapiter 2:
Surfaces and Interfaces ➢ Motion under load induces stresses, and there is a possibility of
elastic bending of asperities, fracture of asperities or plowing of a
1. Definition
soft surface by asperities → surface roughness plays an important
role in tribological phenomena.
2. Surface Finish/Roughness
➢ To understand these aspects of tribology, an interdisciplinary
3. Material Hardness approach is necessary.

4. Friction and Surface

Deformation
➢ The failure rate, of any two components of a machine in relative
friction/sliding, depends on the roughness of the two surfaces of
5. Solutions for Surface Defects these two components.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

➢ At the beginning of the friction action and in a short time, it is possible that the
surfaces are rough which increases the failure rate of the asperities of the two
surfaces.
Chapiter 2:
Surfaces and Interfaces ➢ Subsequently, the failure rate becomes low or even constant since the roughness
decreases after the first phase.

1. Definition ➢ At the end of life, there is a significant increase in the failure rate since the surfaces
become rough due to surface fatigue and the tearing of particles and the creation of
2. Surface Finish/Roughness microcavities during the long period of the second phase.

3. Material Hardness

4. Friction and Surface

Deformation

5. Solutions for Surface Defects

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Roughness Indication

Chapiter 2: Roughness is symbolized by:

Surfaces and Interfaces

This sign must be placed on the representative line of the surface or

1. Definition on its extension. Inside the sign, the value in microns of the
roughness value chosen as the admissible limit is entered.
2. Surface Finish/Roughness
𝑅𝑚300 𝑅𝑝40 𝑅𝑎1,6 1,6
3. Material Hardness
…. …. or ….

4. Friction and Surface The indications Rm or Rp must be entered, but Ra can be omitted. In
Deformation the case where Ra must not be less than a certain value, two
superimposed limit values ​are indicated.
5. Solutions for Surface Defects
0,1
0,04
0,04 < Ra < 0,10

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Measurement and Control of

Roughness

Chapiter 2: There are devices called

Surfaces and Interfaces profilometers that can retrieve, in
the form of an electrical signal, a
1. Definition profile belonging to any surface.

2. Surface Finish/Roughness Capturing the profile consists of

moving a probe along this profile
3. Material Hardness
and measuring its vertical
4. Friction and Surface
movements according to its
Deformation horizontal position, either by a
tactile process or by an optical
5. Solutions for Surface Defects process.

When the probe is guided over the surface by the feed device, the
shape of the surface irregularities is “faithfully” recognized by the tip
of the probe, thus the profile y=f(x) of the surface is established.

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

25

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The exploration of the profile is done by moving the probe in the

general direction of the profile, depending on the type of devices used
the vertical deviations are measured,
Chapiter 2: ➢ either in relation to an ideal external reference,
Surfaces and Interfaces

1. Definition

2. Surface Finish/Roughness

3. Material Hardness
➢ or from the envelope of the measured profile
4. Friction and Surface
Deformation

5. Solutions for Surface Defects

➢ Small profilometers whose function is to measure the surface

condition in the workshop are generally referred to as roughness
meters.
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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Roughness parameters

Rp : Maximum peak
Chapiter 2: observed over the analyzed
Surfaces and Interfaces length.
Rp= ymax.
1. Definition
Rc : Maximum trough
2. Surface Finish/Roughness observed over the analyzed
length.
3. Material Hardness Rc= |ymin|

4. Friction and Surface Rm ou Rt : total roughness. Rm = Rp + Rc

Deformation
Ra : Average roughness or arithmetic mean
5. Solutions for Surface Defects It provides a general indication summarizing other roughness
parameters and is therefore frequently used,
𝑛
෌𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑛
𝑛
෌𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖2
Rq : Root mean square roughness 𝑅𝑞 = 𝑛

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

27

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

From a tribological point of view,

roughness Rq is preferable to
roughness Ra. To illustrate this,
Chapiter 2:
Surfaces and Interfaces
consider two surfaces, as shown in
the figures. Opposite, the value of
Ra is 0.54 and the value of Rq is
1. Definition
0.60. This surface is treated as a
2. Surface Finish/Roughness
good surface compared to the
surface where the value of Rq is
3. Material Hardness 0.77.

4. Friction and Surface This means that the number of

Deformation
peaks for Rq=0.60 is relatively less
5. Solutions for Surface Defects
than the number of peaks for
Rq=0.77.

This feature is often overlooked when comparing the Ra value of two

surfaces. This is why comparing Rq values ​is more important than Ra values.

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

The resistance of a material to scratching or penetration is

determined by its hardness. Hardness measurement methods involve
making an imprint on a specimen with a penetrator under a specific
Chapiter 2: force for a set time. The shape and dimensions of penetrators, loads,
Surfaces and Interfaces
and application times are standardized.

1. Definition

2. Surface Finish/Roughness

3. Material Hardness

z is the difference
4. Friction and Surface between the depth
Deformation before load and that
after load F.
5. Solutions for Surface Defects
s = 0.002 for
volumetric part
measurements and
HRC=100- 0.001 for surface
(z)/(s) measurements.

HRB=130-(z)/(s)

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

When two surfaces form a contact, the roughness of both surfaces

causes contact at points of the asperities. Elastic and plastic
Chapiter 2: deformations occur at the contact points, establishing stresses
Surfaces and Interfaces
opposite to the applied load.

1. Definition Due to positive deviations (roughness above the nominal surface), the
contact between the solids is limited to a very small fraction of the
2. Surface Finish/Roughness
nominal surface (δA) and, therefore, the estimated contact stresses
3. Material Hardness
on the rough surface = F/δA are much larger compared to the nominal
stresses as expressed by the following equation for stress on a
4. Friction and Surface smooth surface: 𝐹
Deformation 𝜏=
𝐴
5. Solutions for Surface Defects

Based on this understanding, it can be

stated that the two surfaces, illustrated in
Figure opposite, are the least preferred
from a tribological point of view.

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It is possible to reduce the contact stresses induced at asperities by lubricating

the surfaces.
Chapiter 2: To quantify the lubrication mechanism, a dimensionless parameter (Specific
Surfaces and Interfaces Film Thickness) (Λ), which is the separation ratio between two surfaces and
the surface roughness values of the two surfaces a and b (Rrms,a and Rrms,b), is
defined by the following equation:
1. Definition ℎmin
𝛬=
2 2
2. Surface Finish/Roughness 𝑅𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝑎 + 𝑅𝑟𝑚𝑠,𝑏

3. Material Hardness
➢ If Λ ≤ 1, the lubrication mechanism is known as boundary lubrication. To
study this lubrication mechanism, knowledge of materials science, solid
4. Friction and Surface
Deformation mechanics, and chemistry is required.
➢ If 1< Λ ≤ 3, the lubrication mechanism is called mixed lubrication. To study
5. Solutions for Surface Defects this lubrication mechanism, knowledge of all four disciplines (materials
science, solid mechanics, chemistry, and fluid mechanics) is required.
➢ If 3< Λ ≤ 5, the lubrication mechanism is called elastohydrodynamic
lubrication. For this lubrication mechanism, knowledge of both solid and
fluid mechanics is required.
➢ If Λ > 5, the lubrication mechanism is called hydrodynamic lubrication for
which knowledge in fluid mechanics is required.

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Chapiter 2:
Surfaces et Interfaces

1. Definition

2. Surface Finish/Roughness

3. Material Hardness

4. Friction and Surface

Deformation

5. Solutions for Surface Defects

This part will be detailed in the lubrication chapter.

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In physics, friction is an interaction that opposes the relative movement

between two contacting surfaces.
Chapiter 3: Friction
Friction can be studied in the same way as other types of forces or torques. Its
effect is characterized by a magnitude and a direction, which makes it a
1. Introduction vector.

2. Static and Kinetic Friction Friction is part of everyday life. It is essential for us to walk on the ground.
However, in most operating machines, friction is undesirable (energy loss,
3. Possible Causes of Friction wear of vital parts, performance degradation due to heat generation).

4. Theories of Friction Various attempts have been made to reduce friction, such as:

5. Mechanical Tests ❖ Placing rolling elements between the contact surfaces, thus creating rolling
bearings,
6. Selection of Friction Materials ❖ Use of low-friction materials,
❖ Lubricating surfaces with oil or grease,
❖ Modifying the design to reduce sliding, etc.

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➢ The coefficient of friction (μ) is often Material μ

considered a constant value for two Aluminum 1.5
surfaces in contact. Copper 1.5
Chapiter 3: Friction Gold 2.5
➢ In general, friction coefficients depend on
Zinc 1.2
parameters such as temperature,
roughness, and hardness.
Platinum 3
1. Introduction
Silver 1.5
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
Nickel – Nickel
Gold – Gold
3. Possible Causes of Friction Platinum – Platinum
Indium – Indium
Lead – Lead
4. Theories of Friction 1 Silver – Silver
Coefficient of friction

Iron – Iron Fine lubrication reduces the

Tin – Tin
5. Mechanical Tests
Steel – Tin alloy
coefficient of friction.
Steel – Steel
6. Selection of Friction Materials Steel – Lead alloy
Steel – Aluminum bronze
Steel – Cast iron
0,1 Steel – Copper
Steel – Bronze
Steel – Copper-lead alloy

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➢ Adhesion increases friction .

➢ When selecting two materials in contact, low adhesion should be chosen

Chapiter 3: Friction
to reduce the frictional force.

➢ The choice of two similar materials should be avoided, as they have a

stronger tendency to adhere.
1. Introduction

2. Static and Kinetic Friction

3. Possible Causes of Friction

4. Theories of Friction

5. Mechanical Tests

6. Selection of Friction Materials

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Before delving into friction mechanisms, it is necessary to define static and

kinetic friction.

Chapiter 3: Friction There is static equilibrium between the applied force and the friction force.
When a load of 50 N is applied, the block begins to slide.

1. Introduction
At this point, the friction force remains equal to 50 N, but the resistance to
friction subsequently decreases to 40 N. In other words, static friction is
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
greater than kinetic friction.

3. Possible Causes of Friction Various published results

indicate that the coefficient of
4. Theories of Friction friction is a statistical parameter.
It is difficult to obtain the same
5. Mechanical Tests value under various conditions.
Moreover, there is a possibility
6. Selection of Friction Materials of a significant decrease in
kinetic friction relative to static
friction. Stick-slip is a type of
frictional instability.

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Depending on the phase in which the two bodies subjected to displacement

forces are found, there are also several types of dry friction:
Chapiter 3: Friction
❖ Static or adhesion friction, which occurs when there is adhesion between
the contact surfaces.

1. Introduction ❖ Dry dynamic or sliding friction, which occurs when there is relative motion
between the two contact surfaces.
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
These two types of friction obey Coulomb's laws.
3. Possible Causes of Friction

4. Theories of Friction While statics studies bodies at rest or in equilibrium moving at a constant
speed, dynamics focuses on the accelerated movement of a body under the
5. Mechanical Tests influence of forces. Time plays an important role in dynamics. Dynamics
considers both the forces acting on a body and the resulting motion of the
6. Selection of Friction Materials body.

In general, knowledge of dynamics is essential for mechanical engineering.

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Dynamics consists of kinetics and kinematics. In practice, the distinction

between kinetics and kinematics lies in how they address the same machine
Chapiter 3: Friction or component. Kinematic exercises consider only the geometry of motion.
Kinetics also considers the origin of motion (forces, reactions, etc.).

1. Introduction The goal of dynamics is to calculate the stresses and loads on components
and systems to size them properly.
2. Static and Kinetic Friction

3. Possible Causes of Friction

The various published results indicate that the coefficient of friction is a
statistical parameter!
4. Theories of Friction
It is difficult to obtain the same value under various conditions.
5. Mechanical Tests
Stick-slip is a type of friction instability.
6. Selection of Friction Materials
Friction is a statistical parameter that depends on a number of variables. It is
necessary to understand the science of friction.

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Dry friction is also called solid-body friction and means that there is no
coherent film of liquid or gas lubricant between the two contacting surfaces.

Chapiter 3: Friction
Four theories given by Leonardo da Vinci, Amonton, Coulomb, and Tomlinson
for dry friction are explained in this presentation:

Leonardo da Vinci (First Experimenter, 1452-1519)

1. Introduction The analysis of his notebooks reveals that, as early as 1493, he stated and
illustrated these laws according to which the force of friction opposes
2. Static and Kinetic Friction movement. With the same weight, this force will have the same resistance at
the start of the movement, regardless of the contact area. "Friction produces
3. Possible Causes of Friction double the effort if the weight is doubled." In other words, F α W.
G. Amontons, 1699
4. Theories of Friction The force of friction is independent of the
nominal contact area (F ≠ function (A))
5. Mechanical Tests between two solid surfaces. The force of
friction is directly proportional to the
6. Selection of Friction Materials normal component of the load F α N. He
examined three cases and showed that
the force of friction varies depending on Amonton’s experiment
the angle of load application. According to
Amonton, μ = 0,3 for most materials.

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Charles-Augustin Coulomb, 1781 (1736-1806)

According to Coulomb, the force of friction is independent of the sliding
velocity. However, this law only applies approximately on dry surfaces within a
Chapiter 3: Friction range of low and reasonable sliding speeds, which depends on the heat
dissipation capacities of a contact between two surfaces.

1. Introduction
Coulomb clearly distinguished between static and kinetic friction.
Friction is due to the interlocking of rough surfaces
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
➢ Contact occurs at discrete points μstatic ≥ μdynamic (kinetic).
3. Possible Causes of Friction
➢ The force of friction does not depend on the surface area F ≠ function (A).
➢ The force of friction does not depend on the relative tangential velocity
4. Theories of Friction
F ≠ Function (v).

5. Mechanical Tests

6. Selection of Friction Materials

Coulomb’s friction model

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Tomlinson’s Molecular Attraction Theory, 1929

Based on experimental study, Tomlinson proposed a theory of friction based
on surface molecular attraction and established a relationship between the
Chapiter 3: Friction coefficient of friction and the elastic properties of the involved material.
𝜇 = 1,07 × 𝜃𝐼 + 𝜃𝐼𝐼 2Τ 3
E et G are in Mpsi
(megapound-force/square inch)
1. Introduction
3𝐸 + 4𝐺
𝜃=
2. Static and Kinetic Friction 𝐺 3𝐸 + 𝐺 1 Mpsi = 6,894.757 Mpa

3. Possible Causes of Friction

Using this equation, µ ≈ 0.65 for clean steel and aluminum; µ ≈ 0.74 for
4. Theories of Friction titanium and aluminum; µ ≈ 0.5 for clean steel and titanium.

5. Mechanical Tests These values were calculated based on the following material parameters:
6. Selection of Friction Materials
Clean steel E ≈ 30 Mpsi, G ≈ 12 Mpsi
Aluminum E ≈ 10 Mpsi, G ≈ 3,6 Mpsi
Titanium E ≈ 15,5 Mpsi G ≈ 6,5 Mpsi

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Scientific explanation of dry friction

There are two main sources of friction: adhesion and deformation (abrasion).
In the case of two lubricated surfaces in contact, adhesion friction will be
Chapiter 3: Friction negligible, whereas for smoother surfaces under light load conditions,
deformation will be negligible.
In the case of adhesion (cold welding) between
1. Introduction two surfaces, a certain force, Fa, is necessary to
tear the cold weld.
2. Static and Kinetic Friction Adhesion (cold welding)
The deformation process can be illustrated by a between two surfaces
3. Possible Causes of Friction conical asperity penetrating a soft surface. To
move the upper surface relative to the lower
4. Theories of Friction surface, a force, Fd, is required to plow the
asperities of the hard surface through those of
5. Mechanical Tests the soft surface.
Abrasion (deformation)
6. Selection of Friction Materials
➢ Two sources of friction: deformation and adhesion.
➢ The resulting frictional force (F) is the sum of two contributing terms (Fa
and Fd).
➢ In the case of lubricated contact →adhesion is negligible.
➢ Smoother surfaces under light load conditions → deformation is negligible.
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If a steel part is pressed

against an indium part, they
bond at the contact area. This
Chapiter 3: Friction process is often called "cold
welding," as the surfaces
stick tightly together without
1. Introduction
the application of heat.

2. Static and Kinetic Friction

A force is required to
separate the two surfaces. If
3. Possible Causes of Friction
a lateral force is applied to
one of the surfaces, the
4. Theories of Friction
bonds formed at the real
contact points must shear for
5. Mechanical Tests
sliding to occur. The force
needed to do this is the
6. Selection of Friction Materials
friction force.

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Adhesive Friction Theory

Bowden and Tabor [5] developed the adhesive friction theory. According to this
theory, when a load (W) is applied, initial contact occurs at some of the higher
Chapiter 3: Friction asperities. Due to high stresses, these asperities undergo plastic deformation,
allowing strong adhesion between them. These cold-formed junctions are
responsible for adhesive friction. The real contact area (A) can be estimated
1. Introduction
by applying the load (W) and the hardness (H) of the softer material. If τ is the
shear stress of the softer material, the force (Fa) required to break these
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
bonds can be estimated using the equation Fa = Aτ. The coefficient of friction
due to adhesive friction is given by the ratio between the friction force and the
3. Possible Causes of Friction
applied load (W).

4. Theories of Friction

5. Mechanical Tests

6. Selection of Friction Materials

[5] F. P. Bowden and D. Tabor, “The Friction and Lubrication of Solids,” New York Oxford
Univ. Press, p. 337, 1950, [Online]. Available:
https://books.google.de/books?id=OQ7FCKNixK0C.

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Adhesive Friction Theory

➢ Two surfaces are pressed together under load (W).
➢ The material deforms until the contact area (A) is sufficient to support the
Chapiter 3: Friction load (W), with A = W / H.
➢ To move the surface laterally, the shear resistance of the junctions must be
overcome by the force Fa.
1. Introduction 𝐹𝑎 𝜏
𝜇𝑎 = =
𝑊 𝐻
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
In other words, the shear strength and hardness (H) of the softer contact
3. Possible Causes of Friction
material determine the value of μ. This means that regardless of the harder
material's properties, μ does not change.
4. Theories of Friction
For most untreated materials, H = 3σy (tensile yield stress) & τ ≈ σy / 1,7321.
5. Mechanical Tests
The expected value of μ ≈ 0.2 because μ = τ ⁄ H. However, for most materials
in contact, μ is greater than 0.2. There is a significant difference between the
6. Selection of Friction Materials
measured friction coefficient and those estimated by adhesion theory.

This theory is unable to estimate different μ values for steel on indium versus
steel on lead alloy. A theory based on deformation (abrasion) must be
explored.

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Abrasive Friction Theory (Deformation Friction)

This theory is based on the idea that contact between two surfaces only
occurs at discrete points, where asperities from one surface touch those of the
Chapiter 3: Friction other. The slope of the asperities governs the friction force. Sharper edges
cause more friction than rounded ones. The expression for the coefficient of
friction can be calculated based on the plowing effect. This happens when two
1. Introduction
bodies in contact have different hardness levels. Asperities of the harder
surface can penetrate the softer surface, creating grooves if there is relative
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
motion. Thus, the abrasive wear mechanism is described in Figure opposite. A
rigid solid indents and plows through a material that deforms plastically.
3. Possible Causes of Friction Scratching by Conical Asperities
Contact between two surfaces
4. Theories of Friction only occurs at discrete points.
Suppose there are n conical
5. Mechanical Tests asperities from a hard metal in
contact with a soft flat metal
6. Selection of Friction Materials surface.

𝑊 ≃ 𝑛 0.5 × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐻 F 𝑛 𝑟ℎ 𝐻 2ℎ 2 1
൞ 𝐴 ≃ 𝑛 0.5 × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜇𝑑 = ≃ ≃ ≃
W 𝑛 0.5 × 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐻 𝜋 𝑟 𝜋 tan 𝜃
𝐹 ≃ 𝑛 𝑟ℎ 𝐻

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Abrasive Friction Theory (Deformation Friction)

This relationship shows the influence of the cone angle, θ, on the values ​of μd.

Chapiter 3: Friction
θ 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85
μd 7.271 3.608 1.748 1.102 0.758 0.534 0.367 0.231 0.112 0.055
In practice, the slopes of real surfaces are less than 10° (i.e., θ > 80°), so µd =
1. Introduction 0.1. Adding this value (µd = 0.1) means that the total μ should not exceed 0.3.
The total μ represents the contribution of both plowing (deformation) and
2. Static and Kinetic Friction adhesion.

3. Possible Causes of Friction Scratching by Spherical Asperities

If we assume that the asperities on the solid surfaces
4. Theories of Friction are projected vertical spherical contact areas:
𝜋𝑑2
𝐴 ≃ 𝑛 0.5 × 𝜋𝑟 2 ≃ 𝑛
5. Mechanical Tests 8
𝜋𝑑2 F 2ℎ𝑑 × 8 16 ℎ ℎ ℎ
6. Selection of Friction Materials 𝑊≃𝑛 𝐻 𝜇𝑑 = ≃ ≃ ≃ ≃ 0.6
8 W 3𝜋𝑑2 3𝜋 𝑑 𝑅
8ℎ𝑅
2ℎ𝑑
𝐹≃𝑛 𝐻
3
Generally, h<<R, so µd ≤ 0,1. This means the total
coefficient of friction μ should not exceed 0.3.
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Summary
𝐹𝑎 𝜏
Adhesion : 𝜇𝑎 = =
𝑊 𝐻

Chapiter 3: Friction
ℎ
Deformation by conical asperities: 𝜇𝑑 ≃ 0,64
𝑟

1. Introduction
ℎ
Deformation by spherical asperities: 𝜇𝑑 ≃ 0,6
2. Static and Kinetic Friction 𝑟
Three friction theories were discussed:
3. Possible Causes of Friction ➢ The first expression shows that friction depends on the lower shear
resistance of the two contact surfaces. Reducing shear strength and
4. Theories of Friction increasing the hardness of the soft surface reduces the coefficient of
friction.
5. Mechanical Tests ➢ The second expression shows the dependence of the friction coefficient on
the conical asperity angle.
6. Selection of Friction Materials ➢ The third expression indicates a lower sensitivity of the friction coefficient
to spherical asperities compared to conical ones.

None of these expressions provide a reliable estimate of the friction

coefficient observed in laboratory tests. Bowden and Tabor improved this
adhesion theory by incorporating the concept of limiting shear stress .
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Rolling Friction
Rolling friction is much smaller, often 100 to 1000 times less than sliding
friction. Rolling friction is defined according to the model in Figure opposite.
Chapiter 3: Friction
To prevent the spherical or cylindrical
wheel from stopping, its speed v must
be kept constant to overcome friction.
1. Introduction This can be done by applying a torque
parallel 𝐶Ԧ to the axis of rotation.
2. Static and Kinetic Friction

−𝑁 is not directly opposed to the

3. Possible Causes of Friction
normal load 𝑁 but shifted forward by a
4. Theories of Friction
certain distance d, such that:

5. Mechanical Tests
𝐶 = 𝑑. 𝑁

6. Selection of Friction Materials The values of 𝑁 and 𝐶Ԧ are obviously

magnitudes. The distance d is the
rolling friction, or friction
coefficient.

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Tribometer - Pin-on-Disk Tests

The tribometer was invented by Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek in
the 18th century and was later used by other scientists.
Chapiter 3: Friction
Purpose: To measure the
coefficient of friction and
estimate wear (surface
1. Introduction condition, mass loss, …)

2. Static and Kinetic Friction Principe: The wear test is

carried out using a pin-on-disk
3. Possible Causes of Friction tribometer. A sample (disk or
plate) undergoes rotational or
4. Theories of Friction reciprocal movement while
being in contact with a
5. Mechanical Tests stationary pin (or ball) on which
an axial compressive load (from
6. Selection of Friction Materials 1 to 18 N) is applied. The test
can be carried out in ambient
air or lubricated medium.

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Scratch test Test is inspired by the ISO 1518 standard

Purpose: A test conducted on
materials and thin coatings to
Chapiter 3: Friction determine the critical load at
which cracking or decohesion of
the coating occurs from the
1. Introduction substrate. This is done to assess
their properties of adhesion,
2. Static and Kinetic Friction friction, wear resistance, and
fatigue.
3. Possible Causes of Friction
Principe: The diamond tip, which
4. Theories of Friction can have different geometries
(Rockwell, Berkovich, etc.), is
5. Mechanical Tests drawn across the surface under a
load while the sample moves at a
6. Selection of Friction Materials constant speed. During the test,
sensors measure:
➢ Acoustic emission
➢ Penetration depth
➢ Friction force

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The choice of a friction material is a complex task involving the optimization of

often contradictory properties. These include:

Chapiter 3: Friction ➢ Mechanical properties (strength, hardness, fatigue resistance),

➢ Physical and chemical properties (density, temperature limits, conductivity),
➢ Wear resistance,
1. Introduction
➢ Technical properties (ease of manufacturing, conformability),
➢ Environmental properties (lubrication, pollution),
2. Static and Kinetic Friction
and
➢ Economic factors (cost, availability).
3. Possible Causes of Friction
Key Factors to Consider
4. Theories of Friction
❖ Safety: The primary concern in any application.
5. Mechanical Tests ❖ Service life: The duration of operation without intervention.
❖ Replaceability: The ease of replacing worn parts.
6. Selection of Friction Materials ❖ Lubrication: The type of lubrication required.
❖ Environment: The operating conditions.
❖ Cost: The overall cost, including purchase, installation, maintenance, etc.

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Material Properties and Applications

Ferrous alloys
❖ Steels
Chapiter 3: Friction ➢ Carbon steels: Widely used due to their versatility and cost-effectiveness.
➢ Alloy steels: Offer improved properties like strength, toughness, and
corrosion resistance. Examples include:
▪ Martensitic steels: Known for their high hardness and wear resistance.
1. Introduction ▪ Austenitic steels: Offer good corrosion resistance and toughness.
➢ Stainless steels : Suitable for corrosive environments.
2. Static and Kinetic Friction ➢ Heat treatments: Processes like quenching and tempering can significantly
alter the properties of steels. For example, quenching can increase
3. Possible Causes of Friction hardness, while tempering can improve toughness.

4. Theories of Friction
❖ Cast irons
➢ Gray iron: Offers good wear resistance and machinability.
➢ Ductile iron: Has higher strength and ductility compared to gray iron.
5. Mechanical Tests
❖ Specific Materials and Their Applications
6. Selection of Friction Materials ➢ Hadfield steel: Used for highly abrasive applications due to its work-
hardening properties.
➢ The TGV (high-speed train) brakes feature 28 CrMoV5-08 chrome-
molybdenum-vanadium steel discs and Cerametal G35 metal matrix
composite linings. This pair produces a third body in the form of "flat
plates" that allow speed accommodation by a shear mechanism.

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Material Properties and Applications

Copper and copper alloys
❖ Bronzes
Chapiter 3: Friction ➢ Tin bronzes: Known for their wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and
good bearing properties.
➢ Aluminum bronzes: Offer high strength and corrosion resistance.
➢ Lead bronzes: Have good anti-seizing properties and are often used in
1. Introduction
bearings.
➢ Beryllium bronzes: Known for their
2. Static and Kinetic Friction high strength and fatigue resistance.

3. Possible Causes of Friction ❖ Brass

➢ Zinc brass: Offers good machinability
4. Theories of Friction and corrosion resistance.
➢ Lead brass: Has good anti-seizing properties.
5. Mechanical Tests
❖ Specific Materials and Their Applications Example: Valve guides made
of copper-nickel-silicon alloys
6. Selection of Friction Materials ➢ Bronzes: Used in applications requiring good wear resistance and
corrosion resistance.

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Material Properties and Applications

Zinc-based alloys
These alloys are often used as bearing materials due to their good
Chapiter 3: Friction conformability and compatibility with lubricants
➢ Zamak alloys: A family of zinc-aluminum-copper alloys used for die casting
and bearing applications.
➢ Other zinc-based alloys: Can contain elements like tin, antimony, and
1. Introduction
magnesium to improve specific properties.

2. Static and Kinetic Friction Aluminum-based alloys

Lightweight and with good thermal conductivity, these alloys are commonly used in
3. Possible Causes of Friction automotive applications.
➢ Aluminum-silicon alloys: Commonly used for pistons and other engine
4. Theories of Friction components due to their lightweight and good wear resistance.
➢ Aluminum-copper alloys: Offer higher strength and hardness compared to
5. Mechanical Tests
aluminum-silicon alloys.

Babbitt metals
6. Selection of Friction Materials These soft, tin-based alloys are used as bearing materials in many applications due
to their ability to embed abrasive particles.
➢ Tin-based Babbitt: Offers good conformability and embeddability of
abrasive particles.
➢ Lead-based Babbitt: Has lower melting point and is often used for
applications where a softer material is desired.
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Material Properties and Applications

Carbon and Graphite
These materials offer excellent performance in high-temperature, corrosive,
Chapiter 3: Friction and dry environments. They are often used in applications where lubrication is
difficult or undesirable. Their coefficient of friction can vary depending on
conditions, but they generally provide good lubrication due to adsorbed
1. Introduction
substances.

2. Static and Kinetic Friction

Diamond
While not a traditional friction material, diamond has an exceptionally low
3. Possible Causes of Friction
coefficient of friction and is being explored for use in high-performance
applications.
4. Theories of Friction
Silicon
5. Mechanical Tests
Used in high-end watches for its ability to function without lubrication.

6. Selection of Friction Materials

Ceramics
Used in applications requiring high wear resistance and hardness, such as
cutting tools, bearings, and pistons. However, their fragility limits their use.

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Material Properties and Applications

Plastics
➢ PTFE: Offers low friction but has limitations in terms of creep and
Chapiter 3: Friction temperature.
➢ Other thermoplastics: Provide good wear resistance and chemical
resistance.
➢ Elastomers: Used for seals and gaskets, offering a wide range of
1. Introduction properties depending on the specific material.

2. Static and Kinetic Friction

3. Possible Causes of Friction

4. Theories of Friction

5. Mechanical Tests

6. Selection of Friction Materials

Example: Polyurethane elastomer wiper

seals (elastomer of Adiprène du Pont)

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Material Properties and Applications

Metal-Based Composites
Combine the properties of metals and other materials to achieve specific
Chapiter 3: Friction performance characteristics. Examples include:
➢ Tri-metal: Combines steel, bronze, and a soft metal for excellent bearing
performance.
➢ F.A.M.: Uses a combination of steel and Hadfield steel for high-wear
1. Introduction applications.
➢ Glycodur: Offers low friction and long wear life.
2. Static and Kinetic Friction

3. Possible Causes of Friction

4. Theories of Friction

5. Mechanical Tests

6. Selection of Friction Materials

Example: Front and rear axles of a vehicle equipped with Glycodur A bushings – The
Glycodur A bushings (Federal Mogul) consist of three layers of composite materials fixed
to a steel backing, including sintered bronze and acetal resins. Pockets retain the grease,
providing a low coefficient of friction and preventing stick-slip. Lubrication is
maintenance-free for life. Applications: axle.

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Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Material Properties and Applications

Friction Linings
A friction component, such as a brake, is a device that converts mechanical energy
Chapiter 3: Friction into heat. In 1897 Herbert Frood is reported to have tried various materials as
friction linings, including sections of transmission belts. He came up with the idea
of ​impregnating asbestos fabrics with binders based on phenolic resins. Industrial
production of the new linings began in 1902, and Frood's name is the origin of the
1. Introduction Ferodo brand, which has almost become a household name.

2. Static and Kinetic Friction ❖ Composition: A combination of binders, fibers, and fillers.
❖ Applications: Brakes, clutches, and other friction-based systems.
3. Possible Causes of Friction
❖ Performance: Key factors include coefficient of friction, wear resistance, noise,
4. Theories of Friction and thermal stability.

5. Mechanical Tests ❖ Materials: Asbestos has been replaced by synthetic fibers, metals, and
minerals.
6. Selection of Friction Materials
General example Applications
❖ Automotive: Engine bearings, gears, brake pads, clutch plates
❖ Industrial machinery: Bearings, gears, seals, wear rings

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Material Properties and Applications

Choosing the Right Material

Chapiter 3: Friction The selection of friction materials is a complex process that requires a thorough
understanding of the material properties, operating conditions, and the desired
performance outcomes. The text provides a valuable overview of the key factors to
consider, including mechanical, physico-chemical, and environmental properties, as
1. Introduction
well as the range of available materials. By carefully evaluating these factors,
engineers can choose the most appropriate friction material for a specific
2. Static and Kinetic Friction application. The selection process depends on considerations such as:

3. Possible Causes of Friction ❖ Operating conditions: Load, speed, temperature, environment

❖ Required performance: Wear resistance, friction coefficient, noise, corrosion
4. Theories of Friction
resistance

5. Mechanical Tests ❖ Hardness: While hardness is important, it's not the only factor. Too hard a
material can be brittle.
6. Selection of Friction Materials
❖ Compatibility: The chosen material must be compatible with the mating material
and operating conditions.

❖ Cost: Material cost, manufacturing costs, and maintenance costs.

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Chapiter 4: Surface Coatings

To improve the performance and durability of a surface, one

may seek to enhance its hardness or its resistance to wear
1. Introduction
against friction and corrosion. There are two main
2. Surface Treatments
techniques to achieve this goal: applying a coating on the
surface or carrying out a surface treatment.
3. Coatings

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Surface treatments involve modifying the chemical composition or

crystalline structure of the material. For steel, there are many
thermochemical treatments, with the most common ones shown in the
Chapiter 4: Surface Coatings below figure. These treatments increase surface hardness and differ
based on their effect on the material :
1. Introduction

➢ Nitriding: implantation of
2. Surface Treatments
nitrogen atoms into steel;
3. Coatings
➢ Carburizing: implantation
of carbon atoms into
steel;

➢ Hardening (surface or
through hardening):
modification of the steel’s
crystalline structure

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Available treatments depend on the material being treated. For

instance, aluminum anodization involves growing an oxide layer
Chapiter 4: Surface Coatings (alumina, Al₂O₃) on the surface. During this treatment, pigments can
be added to color the material.
1. Introduction

2. Surface Treatments

3. Coatings

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The principle of coatings is to deposit a layer of a different material on

the solid (or substrate). Coatings can be categorized into two types
[12] :
Chapiter 4: Surface Coatings

➢ Hard Coating (harder than the substrate): improves surface

1. Introduction
hardness.

2. Surface Treatments ➢ Soft Coating (softer than the substrate): reduces surface energy,
forms a sacrificial layer, or provides solid lubrication.
3. Coatings

One of the main challenges is ensuring the durability (or adhesion) of

the coating on the substrate. Often, pretreatments on the surface are
required before applying the coating, which increases the production
cost.

Coating Type Material Examples

Metallic Chrome, zinc, tin...
Carbon-Based Diamond, DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) ...
Polymers PTFE, PEEK

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Chapiter 4: Surface Coatings

DLC coating on valve lifters
(poussoirs de soupape)
1. Introduction

2. Surface Treatments

3. Coatings

Polymer coating (red) and metallic

coating (black) on thermal engine
bearings

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Depending on operating conditions, different types of lubrication exist

in lubricated systems. Based on contact pressure values, it is
common today to distinguish between low-pressure contacts or
Chapiter 5: Lubrication surface contacts, and high-pressure contacts or Hertzian contacts.
Generally, pad thrust bearings, and radial face seals are classified as
surface contacts, while bearings, gears, cam-follower systems, and lip
1. Introduction
seals fall under Hertzian contacts.
2. Surface contacts

3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

Capacity

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

To present a classification of the different lubrication phenomena, it is

convenient to use the Stribeck curve, for both surface and Hertzian
contacts, whose first representation was given in 1902 for a plain
Chapiter 5: Lubrication bearing.

1. Introduction

2. Surface contacts

3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

Capacity

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Surface contacts concern lubricated contacts for which the pressures

in the film remain relatively low (≤10~20MPa). This does not preclude
the value of the load transmitted through the contact. Examining the
Chapiter 5: Lubrication Stribeck curve clearly shows three zones of variation, corresponding
to four different lubrication regimes.
1. Introduction
Boundary Lubrication
At low speeds and moderate contact pressures, surface separation is
2. Surface contacts
mainly due to adsorbed oil molecules. The thickness of the adsorbed
3. Hertzian Contacts lubricant layers is on the order of a few hundred Angstroms (~10-8 m).

4. Reynolds equation for

Friction is relatively high, with a
hydrodynamic contacts coefficient between 0.05 and 0.15,
depending on the lubricant type and
5. Elementary Case of Bearing contact materials.
Capacity

This type of lubrication occurs in

small mechanisms, such as door
hinges, locks, and sewing machines
...

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Mixed Lubrication
This lubrication can be considered a transition between boundary
lubrication and hydrodynamic lubrication.
Chapiter 5: Lubrication Due to surface roughness, there are convergent areas in the fluid film
where hydrodynamic pressure can be generated. Thus, part of the
load is supported by fluid areas, and another part by areas in
1. Introduction
boundary lubrication.
2. Surface contacts
This type of lubrication continues
3. Hertzian Contacts until the surface speed is sufficient
for the lubricating film to fully
4. Reynolds equation for separate the surfaces due to
hydrodynamic contacts
hydrodynamic effect.
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity The piston ring-cylinder contact at
top dead center and bottom dead
center in internal combustion
engines corresponds to this type of
lubrication.

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Hydrodynamic Lubrication
The viscous lubricant is drawn into the contact, forming a converging
space where hydrodynamic pressure develops. This pressure fully
Chapiter 5: Lubrication separates the contact surfaces and balances the load.

The classic example of

1. Introduction
hydrodynamic lubrication is the oil
2. Surface contacts
wedge or pad representative in two
dimensions of hydrodynamic thrust
3. Hertzian Contacts bearings.

4. Reynolds equation for Plain bearings are also found in this

hydrodynamic contacts
hydrodynamic contact,
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity Calculating the pressure field in the
lubricating film is done by solving
the Reynolds equation and the
equations that provide the velocity
field and shear stresses.

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Hydrostatic Lubrication
When reliable operation is essential or if reducing friction is desired,
the surfaces can be completely separated by injecting pressurized
Chapiter 5: Lubrication fluid into the contact. This type of lubrication, represented by the
dashed curve in Stribeck curve, is hydrostatic lubrication.
1. Introduction
In a hydrostatic system, friction primarily depends on surface
movement and is almost independent of the load applied to the
2. Surface contacts
mechanism; thus, when surfaces are stationary, friction is zero.
3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

Capacity

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Hertzian contacts mainly concern ball or roller bearings, gears, cam-

follower systems, and elastomer lip seals ...

Chapiter 5: Lubrication In this type of contact, the pressure generated in the film is high
enough to elastically deform the surfaces, and calculating contact
characteristics requires simultaneously solving Reynolds' equation
1. Introduction
and elasticity equations.
2. Surface contacts
Furthermore, fluid viscosity varies significantly with pressure. The
3. Hertzian Contacts loads applied to the contact are not necessarily very large, but the
contact area is very small, resulting in very high pressures, which can
4. Reynolds equation for exceed 3 gigapascals.
hydrodynamic contacts

Three types of lubrication are distinguished: extreme-pressure

5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity lubrication, mixed lubrication, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication.

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Extreme-Pressure Lubrication
In extreme-pressure lubrication, surfaces are separated by a reactive
film formed by a chemical reaction between extreme-pressure
Chapiter 5: Lubrication additives in the lubricant. Current lubricants for gears and ball
bearings in automotive gearboxes contain extreme-pressure additives
that prevent seizure.
1. Introduction

Mixed Lubrication
2. Surface contacts
As with surface contacts, this is a transition zone. For high-pressure
3. Hertzian Contacts contacts, this transition occurs between extreme-pressure lubrication
and elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
4. Reynolds equation for
hydrodynamic contacts
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHD)
In elastohydrodynamic lubrication, the lubricant fully separates the
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity contact surfaces. Determining the characteristics of the mechanism
requires simultaneously solving the Reynolds equation within the film
and the elasticity equations in the materials forming the contact, while
considering the rheological behavior of the lubricant.

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Hydrodynamic lubrication is an important area of tribology, it is the

study of contacts in which a fluid film separates the surfaces in
presence.
Chapiter 5: Lubrication

Is to calculate:
1. Introduction
➢ the load W which the contact can carry,
➢ the frictional force F or the frictional torque C,
2. Surface contacts
➢ the flow rate Q of the fluid in the mechanism,
3. Hertzian Contacts ➢ the dissipated power P in the contact.
the pressure field and the velocity field in the fluid
4. Reynolds equation for
hydrodynamic contacts
Pressure can be generated by a pump external to the contact, known
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
as hydrostatics; this is the case for certain bearings and the slides of
Capacity some machine tools.

Pressure can also be generated by the relative movement of the

surfaces, known as hydrodynamics; this applies to thrust bearings,
plain bearings, mechanical seals, and similar components.

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Chapiter 5: Lubrication

1. Introduction

2. Surface contacts
Cartesian coordinate system applied
3. Hertzian Contacts to a general lubricated contact.

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦
= 𝜕𝑢
Capacity
For a Newtonian fluid, 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
and the shear 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜂 𝜕𝑦
the flow is governed 𝜕𝑝
=0 stress : 𝜕𝑤
by the Navier-Stokes 𝜕𝑦
𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝜂
equations: 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝑦
=
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

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Velocity field
Determination of the velocity component u(y) in x-direction:

Chapiter 5: Lubrication
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑝
𝜂 =
C1 and C2 ? 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑝 2
⇒𝑢 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑦 + 𝐶2
1. Introduction
Boundary conditions: 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥
Bottom wall: u(0)=U1 ⇒ 𝐶2 = 𝑈1
2. Surface contacts
Upper wall: u(h)=U2 1 𝜕𝑝 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
3. Hertzian Contacts ⇒ 𝐶1 = − ℎ−
2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
4. Reynolds equation for After identifying the constants:
hydrodynamic contacts
1 𝜕𝑝 2 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
𝑢 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑦− 𝑦 + 𝑈1
5. Elementary Case of Bearing 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
Capacity
With the same method of calculating the component u(y), we
determine the component of w(y) in z-direction :
1 𝜕𝑝 2 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝑊1 − 𝑊2
𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑦− 𝑦 + 𝑊1
2𝜂 𝜕𝑧 2𝜂 𝜕𝑧 ℎ

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Velocity field
Concerning the component v(y), concerning the component :
𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣(0) = 𝑉1 = 0
ቊ
Chapiter 5: Lubrication 𝑦 = ℎ ⇒ 𝑣(ℎ) = 𝑉2

1 𝜕𝑝 2 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝑈1 − 𝑈2 𝑦
1. Introduction 𝑢 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑦− + 𝑈1
2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
2. Surface contacts 1 𝜕𝑝 2 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝑊1 − 𝑊2 𝑦
𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑦− + 𝑊1
2𝜂 𝜕𝑧 2𝜂 𝜕𝑧 ℎ
3. Hertzian Contacts 𝑣(0) = 𝑉1 = 0, 𝑣(ℎ) = 𝑉2
4. Reynolds equation for Reynolds equation
hydrodynamic contacts
Reynolds' equation is derived from the continuity equation:
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
5. Elementary Case of Bearing + 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑤 = 0
Capacity 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

If we integrate through the thickness of the fluid film, we find:

ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
න 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑦 + න 𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
0 0 0 0

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ℎ
Reynolds equation 𝜕 ℎ
Integration is done term by term: න 𝜌𝑣 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌𝑣 0 = 𝜌𝑉2
𝜕𝑦
0
Chapiter 5: Lubrication ℎ
𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌
As ρ does not depend on y, we can write: න 𝑑𝑦 = .ℎ
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
0
1. Introduction

To integrate the other two terms, we used the following mathematical

2. Surface contacts
formula:
ℎ
3. Hertzian Contacts ℎ
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝜕 𝜕ℎ 𝜕0
඲ 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝑑𝑦 − 𝐹 𝑥, ℎ, 𝑧, 𝑡 + 𝐹 𝑥, 0, 𝑧, 𝑡
4. Reynolds equation for 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
hydrodynamic contacts 0
0
ℎ ℎ
which allows us to write: 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕ℎ
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑈2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
0 0
ℎ ℎ
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕ℎ
න 𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝑦 = න 𝜌𝑤 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌𝑊2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
0 0

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Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Reynolds equation ℎ
Example: 𝜕 ℎ 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑝 2 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = ඲𝜌 𝑦 − 𝑦− 𝑦 + 𝑈1 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
Chapiter 5: Lubrication 0
0
ℎ
𝜕 𝜕 𝜌 𝜕𝑝 3 𝜌 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 ℎ
⇒ න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑦 = − ℎ +
1. Introduction 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 12𝜂 𝜕𝑥 2
0

2. Surface contacts
By grouping all the terms, we obtain:
3. Hertzian Contacts
𝜕 𝜌ℎ3 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜌ℎ3 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜌 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 ℎ
+ =
4. Reynolds equation for 𝜕𝑥 12𝜂 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 12𝜂 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2
hydrodynamic contacts 𝜕ℎ 𝜕 𝜌 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 ℎ 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝜌
−𝜌𝑈2 + − 𝜌𝑊2 + 𝜌𝑉2 + ℎ
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
Capacity
The shear stresses in the fluid film:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝜂 𝑈1 − 𝑈2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜂 = 𝑦− −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑝 ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝜂 𝑊1 − 𝑊2
𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝜂 = 𝑦− −
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 ℎ
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Assumptions Associated with the Reynolds Equation

The Reynolds equation, to which the fluid’s equation of state must be
added for compressible fluids, describes the laminar flow of a fluid
Chapiter 5: Lubrication between two walls in close proximity that may be in motion. To derive
this equation, the following assumptions were made:
1. Introduction 1.The film thickness is very small compared to the other contact
dimensions; this is the fundamental assumption of hydrodynamic
2. Surface contacts lubrication.

3. Hertzian Contacts 2.The medium is continuous, and the Reynolds equation does not
apply in areas where there is a film rupture.
4. Reynolds equation for
hydrodynamic contacts 3.The fluid is Newtonian: there is a proportional relationship between
the shear rate and the shear stress within the film.
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity 4.The flow is laminar; in non-laminar conditions, a different model
would be required.
5.One of the contact surfaces is perfectly flat and has no roughness,
allowing the coordinate system origin to be set on this surface, thus
neglecting the film’s overall curvature.

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Assumptions Associated with the Reynolds Equation

6.There is no slip between the fluid and the contact walls: the fluid
Chapiter 5: Lubrication velocity at the wall is equal to that of the wall.
7. Inertial forces are negligible, which may not always be valid.
1. Introduction 8. External body forces are negligible.

2. Surface contacts 9. The fluid’s viscosity and density do not vary across the film
thickness.
3. Hertzian Contacts
10. This implies that the temperature does not vary across the film
4. Reynolds equation for thickness.
hydrodynamic contacts
The Reynolds equation is quite general and applies to various
5. Elementary Case of Bearing lubricants and types of contact. We can distinguish:
Capacity
➢ Compressible and incompressible fluids: In the latter case,
density is absent from the Reynolds equation.
➢ Variable-viscosity and constant-viscosity fluids: Note that for a
variable-viscosity fluid, the viscosity does not vary across the film
thickness.
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Assumptions Associated with the Reynolds Equation

➢ Transient and steady-state regimes: In viscous thin-film

Chapiter 5: Lubrication mechanics, the steady-state regime is defined as an operating
condition where, in a specific reference frame (whether mobile or
not), the wall velocities and the contact’s geometric parameters are
1. Introduction
time-independent. The Reynolds equation allows differentiation
between these two regimes: in steady-state, the term ℎ 𝜕𝜌 is zero,
2. Surface contacts
𝜕𝑡
3. Hertzian Contacts and the velocities and contact dimensions are, in a specific frame,
time-independent.
4. Reynolds equation for
hydrodynamic contacts
➢ Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic contacts: Given the somewhat
imprecise terminology, we will define hydrostatic contacts as only
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity those where the Reynolds equation simplifies to:

𝜕 𝜌ℎ3 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 𝜌ℎ3 𝜕𝑝
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 12𝜂 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 12𝜂 𝜕𝑧

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Organization of Calculations
Calculating the characteristics of a hydrodynamic contact is carried
out in the following steps:
Chapiter 5: Lubrication 1. Selection of a coordinate system that considers any symmetries.
2. Determination of surface velocities in the chosen coordinate
system.
1. Introduction
3. Equation defining the film thickness.
4. Reynolds equation corresponding to the contact under study.
2. Surface contacts
5. Boundary conditions for pressure.
3. Hertzian Contacts 6. Calculation of the pressure within the film (solution to the Reynolds
equation).
4. Reynolds equation for 7. Calculation of the load-bearing capacity by integrating the pressure
hydrodynamic contacts

𝑊 = ඵ𝑝𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity
8. Calculation of friction by integrating the shear stresses on the
contact surfaces; integration by parts usually simplifies these
calculations.
𝐹𝑚 = ඵ𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

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Organization of Calculations

𝑄𝑥 = ඵ𝑢 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Chapiter 5: Lubrication 9. Calculation of flow rate:
𝑄𝑦 = ඵ𝑤 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1. Introduction

10. Calculation of power dissipated in the contact.

2. Surface contacts

3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

Capacity

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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Hydrostatic Bearing Capacity

Consider the flow between two parallel flat plates, infinitely wide along
Oz. The upper plate of length B is fixed, while the lower plate moves
Chapiter 5: Lubrication in a uniform translation with speed U=U1.

the fluid velocity in the Ox?

1. Introduction

2. Surface contacts 1 𝜕𝑝 ℎ−𝑦

𝑢 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑦−ℎ +𝑈
2𝜂 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
3. Hertzian Contacts
Reynolds’ equation?
4. Reynolds equation for
hydrodynamic contacts 𝜕2𝑝
=0
𝜕𝑥 2
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity Since speed U and thickness h are constant.

𝜕𝑝
So: = 𝑐𝑠𝑡𝑒
𝜕𝑥

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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Hydrostatic Bearing Capacity

Two cases may occur:

Chapiter 5: Lubrication
1.The pressure is identical at both the
𝜕𝑝
inlet and outlet. In this case = 0;
1. Introduction 𝜕𝑥
there is no bearing capacity in the
2. Surface contacts contact, and the velocity distribution
across the film thickness is linear.
3. Hertzian Contacts This is known as Couette flow.

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts 2. The pressure differs at the inlet and outlet. In this case,
𝜕𝑝 𝑃 −𝑃
= 2 𝐿 1 where P1 and P2 represent the inlet and outlet pressures,
5. Elementary Case of Bearing 𝜕𝑥
Capacity respectively, the velocity field in the film depends on the pressures at
the contact’s ends. Thus, the fluid velocity generally results from two
different effects:

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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Hydrostatic Bearing Capacity

ℎ−𝑦
➢ Couette flow term: 𝑈
Chapiter 5: Lubrication ℎ
1 𝜕𝑝
➢ Poiseuille flow term: 𝑦 𝑦−ℎ
1. Introduction 2𝜂 𝜕𝑥

2. Surface contacts

3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

Capacity

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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Squeezing Effect

Consider the flow between two parallel flat plates of infinite width
along Oz. The lower plate is stationary, while the upper plate, with a
Chapiter 5: Lubrication length B, moves with a velocity V2=V(t). The two plates remain
consistently parallel.
1. Introduction
Reynolds equation ?
2. Surface contacts 𝜕 𝜌ℎ3 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 2 𝑝 12𝜂𝑉
= 𝜌𝑉2 ⇒ 2 = 3
𝜕𝑥 12𝜂 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 ℎ
3. Hertzian Contacts
which becomes:
4. Reynolds equation for 6𝜂𝑉
hydrodynamic contacts 𝑝 = 3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
ℎ
5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity The functions C1(t) and C2(t) are determined by the boundary
conditions on the pressure.

The pressure distribution, given the boundary conditions p=0 at x=0

and x=B, is written as: 6𝜂𝑉
𝑝 = 3 𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥
ℎ
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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Squeezing Effect

The hydrodynamic lift 𝑊 resulting from this squeezing effect?
𝐿 𝐿
Chapiter 5: Lubrication 𝐵 𝐵
6𝜂𝑉 2 𝜂𝑉𝐵3 𝐿
𝑊 = ඳ න 𝑝𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 = ඳ න 𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 ⇒ 𝑊 = −
ℎ3 ℎ3
0 0
1. Introduction
0 0

2. Surface contacts 𝑑ℎ
avec: 𝑉=
𝑑𝑡
3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

In the case of the upper plate approaching with a constant velocity

5. Elementary Case of Bearing
Capacity magnitude |𝑉| along 𝑂𝑦Ԧ , the velocity is negative, and the film
thickness tends toward zero. For h>0, the hydrodynamic lift due to
this squeezing effect is a time-dependent function. How is it written?
𝜂|𝑉|𝐵3 𝐿
𝑊=
ℎ3

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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Squeezing Effect

In the case of oscillatory motion of the upper plate around a mean
value corresponding to a film thickness ℎ0, the equation for the film
Chapiter 5: Lubrication thickness can be written as: ℎ 𝑡 = ℎ0 + ℎ1 sin 𝜔𝑡 . h1 eis the
amplitude such that ℎ0 < ℎ1 and ω is the angular frequency. The
velocity 𝑉 becomes?
1. Introduction
𝑉 𝑡 = ℎ1 𝜔cos 𝜔𝑡
2. Surface contacts

3. Hertzian Contacts and the hydrodynamic lift due to this

squeezing effect is expressed as:
4. Reynolds equation for
hydrodynamic contacts
𝜂𝐵3 𝐿ℎ1 𝜔cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑊= 3
5. Elementary Case of Bearing ℎ0 + ℎ1 sin 𝜔𝑡
Capacity

It should be noted that, in this latter case, the pressure may be

positive or negative. The appearance of negative pressures can lead
to cavitation in the fluid. Furthermore, there is a phase shift between
the extrema of film thickness and the extrema of the load.
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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Stretching Effect

Consider the flow between two parallel flat plates of infinite width
along 𝑂𝑧. The upper plate, with a length 𝐵, is stationary. The lower
Chapiter 5: Lubrication plate moves while stretching with a translational velocity 𝑈1=𝑈(𝑥), as
shown in figure opposite. This is a basic representation of the plasto-
hydrodynamic forming of metals.
1. Introduction

Reynolds equation ?
2. Surface contacts
𝜕 2 𝑝 6𝜂 𝑑𝑈
=
3. Hertzian Contacts 𝜕𝑥 2 ℎ2 𝑑𝑥

4. Reynolds equation for which becomes:

hydrodynamic contacts
6𝜂
𝑝= න𝑈𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
5. Elementary Case of Bearing ℎ2
Capacity
The constants C1 et C2 are determined by the boundary conditions on
the pressure.
In the specific case where U=Ax+D and considering the boundary
conditions P=0 at x=0 and x=B, 3𝜂𝐴
𝑃 =− 2 𝑥 𝐵−𝑥
the pressure is expressed as: ℎ
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Case of Two Parallel Surfaces: Stretching Effect

The load for a width L along Oz: 𝐵3 𝜂𝐴
𝑊 = ඵ𝑝 = −𝐿
2ℎ2
Chapiter 5: Lubrication
The negative sign of the load reflects the fluid pumping effect that
occurs when the distance between the two plates is constrained to
1. Introduction
remain constant and equal to h.

2. Surface contacts

3. Hertzian Contacts

4. Reynolds equation for

hydrodynamic contacts

5. Elementary Case of Bearing

Capacity

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A lubricant is a substance applied within a contact to perform the

following functions:

Chapiter 6: Lubricants 1. Surface separation: The purpose of surface separation is

to prevent direct contact between solids.
1. Introduction
2. Surface protection: Protecting surfaces from chemical
reactions with the environment (corrosion, oxidation).
2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity 3. Debris removal: Removing debris from the contact (wear

particles or others), pollutants, generated heat, etc.
4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

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Chapiter 6: Lubricants A lubricant consists of a

base oil, which can be
either mineral or
1. Introduction synthetic, and additives.

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants For greases, thickening

agents are added to the
6. Key Selection Criteria
base oil alongside
7. Examples of Lubrication
additives.
Devices

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Mineral Oils
Mineral oils are obtained directly from petroleum distillation. The base
material is relatively viscous and is refined to produce various types
Chapiter 6: Lubricants of oils with differing chemical structures and viscosities. All these oils
are hydrocarbons, composed solely of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
atoms.
1. Introduction
Three main families of mineral oils: paraffinic, naphthenic, and
aromatic. They differ in molecular structure and viscosity levels.
2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

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Synthetic Oils
Mineral oils have limitations, such as high viscosity dependence on
temperature, which led to the development of high-performance
Chapiter 6: Lubricants synthetic oils. Synthetic oils are produced through chemical
processes that are generally more expensive than distillation and
refining. The main families include:
1. Introduction

➢ Esters, characterized by the presence of oxygen atoms.

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity ➢ Polyalphaolefins (PAO), which are hydrocarbons with long

side chains attached to a main chain.
4. Standardized Oil
Classification
➢ Silicone oils, which contain silicon (Si) atoms.
5. Eco-lubricants
The viscosity of synthetic oils is generally related to molecular weight.
6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

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Additives
Additive Role Mechanism of Action
Reduces wear and
Anti-wear/extreme Forms a sacrificial film with lower shear
Chapiter 6: Lubricants friction, prevents
pressure strength than metal surfaces.
seizing
Prevents corrosion of Creates an adsorbed film on surfaces
Anti-corrosion
surfaces or neutralizes corrosive acids.
1. Introduction Forms a coating around particles,
Protects surfaces
Detergent preventing deposits, and neutralizes
from acidic products
2. Composition of Lubricants acids.
Prevents particle Hydrocarbon chains suspend particles
Dispersant
3. Viscosity
agglomeration in the lubricant.
Prevents lubricant Decomposes components (e.g.,
Antioxidant
oxidation hydroperoxides) that lead to oxidation.
4. Standardized Oil Prevents foam
Classification Lowers surface tension to eliminate air
Antifoaming agent formation in the
bubbles.
lubricant
5. Eco-lubricants Alters the coefficient Forms a durable adsorbed film on
Friction modifier
of friction surfaces, reducing friction.
6. Key Selection Criteria Pour Point Facilitates flow at low Prevents crystalline networks that
Depressant temperatures hinder fluid flow.
7. Examples of Lubrication
Minimizes viscosity Associates with lubricant molecules to
Devices Viscosity modifier variation with limit viscosity reduction at high
temperature temperatures.

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Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to any internal sliding of its

molecules relative to each other. The resistance to internal sliding of
molecules leads to the appearance of shear stress. This stress is
Chapiter 6: Lubricants related to the velocity gradient by Newton's law:
𝜕𝑢
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜂
1. Introduction
𝜕𝑦

2. Composition of Lubricants
where 𝜂 is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. Therefore, the more
3. Viscosity viscous a fluid is, the higher the shear stress will be for the same
value of the velocity gradient. The unit of viscosity is “Pa.s”.
4. Standardized Oil Kinematic viscosity is also used, which is the ratio of dynamic
Classification
viscosity to the fluid's density:
5. Eco-lubricants
𝜂
𝜈=
6. Key Selection Criteria 𝜌

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices
The unit of Kinematic viscosity is m2/s.

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Oils are generally classified based on their viscosity. There are different
classifications depending on the application. For industrial oils, the ISO
classification is used. Each oil is designated by ISO VG followed by a
Chapiter 6: Lubricants number that indicates its kinematic viscosity at 40°C in mm²/s.
ISO Viscosity kinematic viscosity at 40°C (mm2/s)
grade Min Mean Max
1. Introduction ISO VG 2 1.98 2.2 2.42
ISO VG 3 2.88 3.2 3.52
ISO VG 5 4.14 4.6 5.06
2. Composition of Lubricants
ISO VG 7 6.12 6.8 7.48
ISO VG 10 9 10 11
3. Viscosity ISO VG 15 13.5 15 16.5
ISO VG 22 19.8 22 24.2
4. Standardized Oil ISO VG 32 28.8 32 35.2
Classification ISO VG 46 41.4 46 50.6
ISO VG 68 61.2 68 74.8
5. Eco-lubricants ISO VG 100 90 100 110
ISO VG 150 135 150 165
ISO VG 220 198 220 242
6. Key Selection Criteria
ISO VG 320 288 320 352
ISO VG 460 414 460 506
7. Examples of Lubrication ISO VG 680 612 680 748
Devices
ISO VG 1000 900 1000 1100
ISO VG 1500 1350 1500 1650

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Engine oils do not fall under this standard and instead rely on the SAE
(Society of Automotive Engineers) classification. Two types are distinguished:
1. Monograde oils have a single viscosity, for example: 10W.
Chapiter 6: Lubricants 2. Multigrade oils have a range of viscosities, for example:
10W40.
The first number indicates the viscosity in cold conditions. ("W" stands for
Winter) and remains liquid down to -35°C. It flows faster through the
1. Introduction
lubrication system to ensure complete lubrication. The second number
indicates the viscosity in hot conditions (measured at 100°C). It reflects the
2. Composition of Lubricants
oil's resistance and ability to withstand high temperatures. Theoretically, the
lower the first number (down to 0) and the higher the second number (up to
3. Viscosity
60), the better the performance.
4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

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Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Maximum dynamic Dynamci

Maximum Kinematic viscosity
S.A.E viscosity value at the viscosity at
at 100° C
pumpability limit 150° C
Grade specified temperature cSt = mm2/s
temperature °C mPa.s
Chapiter 6: Lubricants mPa.s = cPo °C
Mini Maxi lower than Mini
0W 3250 à -30 -35 3,8
5W 3500 à -25 -30 3,8
10W 3500 à -20 -25 4,1
1. Introduction 15W 3500 à -15 -20 5,6
20W 4500 à -10 -15 5,6
25W 6000 à -5 -10 9,3
2. Composition of Lubricants 20 5,6 9,3 2,6
30 9,3 12,5 2,9
40 12,5 16,3 2,9 or 3,7
3. Viscosity
50 16,3 21,9 3,7
60 21,9 26,1 3,7
4. Standardized Oil
Classification
There are other standards and classifications, including:
5. Eco-lubricants

➢ ISO (International Standard Organization): ISO provides an

6. Key Selection Criteria
international specification project, with three categories: ISO-
7. Examples of Lubrication
L-EGB (equivalent to JASO FB), ISO-L-EGC (equivalent to
Devices JASO FC), and ISO-L-EGD (equivalent to JASO FD).

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

➢ API (American Petroleum Institute): This organization

established a classification system for oils based on several
criteria, such as dispersive power, detergency, wear resistance,
Chapiter 6: Lubricants
and antioxidant or anti-corrosion protection. Depending on its
performance, the oil receives a letter after "S" (for Service) for
4-stroke gasoline engines: SA, SB... SH, SJ, SL. For diesel
1. Introduction
engines, the first letter is "C": CA, CB... CF, CG, CH. The
2. Composition of Lubricants
further the letter is in the alphabet, the better the performance.
➢ JASO: The Japanese Automotive Standard Organization.
3. Viscosity
Japanese standards include FA (low-grade Asia), FB (standard
4. Standardized Oil
Asia), and FC (standard + low smoke emission + piston
Classification cleaning).

5. Eco-lubricants ➢ CCMC (Comité des Constructeurs du Marché Commun): This

standard was replaced in 1991 by the ACEA standard.
6. Key Selection Criteria
➢ ACEA (Association des Constructeurs Européens
7. Examples of Lubrication d'Automobiles): For gasoline engines, there are three levels of
Devices performance: A1, A2, A3... with A5 being the highest. For diesel
engines: B1 to B5.
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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Between 2007 and 2013, global lubricant consumption reached 40

million tons annually. These environmentally hazardous substances
Chapiter 6: Lubricants
require recycling. Efforts have been made to develop eco-lubricants
that are biodegradable and non-toxic to both the environment and
1. Introduction
humans. They can be derived from vegetable oils or synthetic oils
2. Composition of Lubricants
produced from plants or petroleum. The European Ecolabel defines
3. Viscosity the criteria for a lubricant to be classified as an eco-lubricant.
4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

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103

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Choosing a lubricant is
Chapiter 6: Lubricants complex due to factors like
temperature, which are
often poorly understood
1. Introduction during the design phase.
Manufacturers typically
2. Composition of Lubricants offer products tailored to
specific applications (e.g.,
3. Viscosity
two-stroke or four-stroke
4. Standardized Oil
engines, gear oils,
Classification transmission oils, cutting
oils, etc.). It is crucial to
5. Eco-lubricants ensure compatibility with
other system components.
6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication AGMA: American Gear

Devices
Manufacturers Association

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Oil Lubrication
In this system, the properties of oil, such as viscosity and lubricity, are
utilized to transport it to the surfaces requiring lubrication. This can be
Chapiter 6: Lubricants
achieved either by the mechanism itself (e.g., gears), as illustrated in
the figure below, which shows a classic lubrication system commonly
known as splash lubrication (Fr: lubrification par barbotage).
1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

or through an intermediary device (e.g., chain, ring, centrifugal disc).

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE
105

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Oil Lubrication
In many cases, it is also necessary to cool the lubricant. An example of forced
cooling is shown in Figure 6-7, corresponding to a worm gear reducer of
Chapiter 6: Lubricants 24.5kW for N = 1500 rpm.

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

1. Worm screw 2. Gearwheel 3. Hub
4. Housing with cooling fins 5. Fan 6. Drain plug
7. Examples of Lubrication
7. Oil filler cap 8. and 9. Various seals 10. Drip shield
Devices
11. Oil return 12. Ball bearings 13. Tapered roller bearings
14. Washers for axial position adjustment of the gearwheel

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Oil Lubrication
The following two examples demonstrate the principle of oil
circulation with recovery mechanisms (Fr: Circulation d’huile avec
Chapiter 6: Lubricants
récupération):

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

107

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Oil Lubrication
The following example shows us the different technological solutions
used in different systems for this lubrication.
Chapiter 6: Lubricants

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices Lubrication by projection and flow recovery
(Fr: lubrification par projection et ruissellement)
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Hassiba
Université
Benbouali
Faculté
Ben Boualiof–Chlef
Hassiba university
Faculty de
Chlef
of Technologie
Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical
Département
engineering
de Génie Mécanique
department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Oil Lubrication
Finally, examples below present the principle of oil mist lubrication,
which is often employed in high-speed mechanisms,
Chapiter 6: Lubricants

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

109

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Grease Lubrication
Grease lubrication simplifies the various mechanisms required to
deliver the lubricant. However, this simplification is only feasible for
Chapiter 6: Lubricants
moderate speeds and limited heat generation.

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Grease Lubrication

Chapiter 6: Lubricants

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

111

Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Grease Lubrication

Chapiter 6: Lubricants

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

Academic year: 2024/2025 Teacher : Pr. I. ZIDANE

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Hassiba Benbouali university of Chlef

Faculty of Technology
Course: TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION
Mechanical engineering department OF MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Grease Lubrication

Chapiter 6: Lubricants

1. Introduction

2. Composition of Lubricants

3. Viscosity

4. Standardized Oil
Classification

5. Eco-lubricants

6. Key Selection Criteria

7. Examples of Lubrication
Devices

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