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1.Unipolar is all signal element have the same sign.
2.Polar is one logic state represented by positive sign. 3.Data rate in bits per second (bps) that data are transmitted. 4.Duration or length of a bit is time taken for transmitter to emit the bit. 5.Modulation rate is expressed in baud, which means signal elements per second. 6.Digital signal is the sequence of discrete, discontinuous voltage pulses. 7.Digital signal element is a voltage pulse of constant amplitude. 8.Bits is the unit of data elements. 9.Class A has three byte for Hostid. 10.Class C has three byte for Netid. 11. Modern is used to convert digital data to analog signals and vice versa. 12.Code is used to convert digital signals to analog data. 13.TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. 14.Presentation layer is to translate, encrypt and compressed data. 15.The original TCP/IP protocol suite was develop with four software layers built upon the hardware. 16.Transport layer is to provide reliable process -to-process, message delivery and error recovery. 17.Application layer is to allow access to network resources. 18.Network layer is to move packet from source to destination to provide internetworking. 19.Data link layer is to organize bits into frames to provide hop-to-hop delivery. 20.IP address is the identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite to identify each device connect to the internet. 21.The physical address will change from hop-to-hop, but the logical address remain the same. 22.Data is the entity that convey information. 23.Analog signal element is a pulse of constant frequency, phase and amplitude. 24.Signals are electric or electromagnetic representation of data. 25.Binary data are transmitted by encoding each data bit into signal elements. 26.Port address are used in transport layer. 27.Session Layer is to establish, manage and terminate session. 28.Physical address are used in data link layer. 29.Logical address are used in Network layer. 30.Message is the term used in application layer. 31.Segment is the term used in transport layer. 32.Datagram is the term used in network layer. 33. Frame is the term used in data link layer. 34.Bits is the term used in Physical layer. 35.Thermal noise is due to thermal agitation of electrons. 36.Impulse noise is caused by external electromagnetic. interferences. 37.Crosstalk can occur by electrical coupling between nearby twisted pair or when microwave antennas pick up unwanted signals. 38.Transmission is the communication of data by the propagation and processing of signals. 40.Any transmission system has a limited band of frequencies. 41.Easiest way to transmit digital signals is to use two difference voltages for 0 and 1 bits is called NRZT.