INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

AND COMPUTER Lecture 1

 REFERENCE
Intel microprocessors:
architecture, programming,
and interfacing, 8th Edition,
by Barry B. Brey
LECTURE OUTLINE
 Some Important Terminology
 Internal Organization of Computer
o RAM
o ROM
o CPU (central Processing Unit)
o I/O (Input and Output) Devices
o Buses
 Brief History of the CPU
 Comparison between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
 A bit is a binary digit that can have the value 0 or 1.
A nibble is half a byte, or 4 bits.
A byte is defined as 8 bits.
 A word is two bytes, or 16 bits.
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
 A kilobyte (KB) is 210 bytes, which is 1024 bytes.
 A megabyte (MB) is 220 bytes, which is 1024 KB.
 A gigabyte (GB) is 230 bytes, which is 1024 MB.
 A terabyte (TB) is 240 bytes, which is 1024 GB.
 A petabyte (PB) is 250 bytes, which is 1024 TB.
 A Hexadecimal number
is a number represented in base 16, which each digit representing a value
from 0 to 9 and A to F. Often a hexadecimal number ends with an H to
indicate it is a hexadecimal value. 1234H is 1234 hexadecimal. Each
Hexadecimal digit is 4-bit binary number.
 COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates
data//information, and provides output in a useful format.

Diagram of a Computer System

THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Basic computer system consist of a
Central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM),
input/output (I/O) unit, buses.
MEMORY
 physical devices used to store data or programs.
 Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-
access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).
 RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but
ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the
CPU can only read from it.
 ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
 In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the
computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
 In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the
basic input/output system (BIOS) that arranges loading the
computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM
whenever the computer is turned on or reset.
 MICROPROCESSOR
 Called the CPU (central processing unit). Its function is to execute (process)
information stored in memory.
 The controlling element in a computer system.
 Controls memory and I/O through connections called buses.
 Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored in memory, executed by the
microprocessor

Microprocessor performs three main tasks:

 data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems
 simple arithmetic and logic operations
 program flow via simple decisions
I/O UNIT
 Input/output (I/O), refers to means of communicating between
the microprocessor and the outside world.
 Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and
outputs are the signals or data sent from it.
 Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called
peripherals
 On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input
devices like the Keyboard and mouse, and output devices such
as the screen and printer.
BUSES
 A Bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a
computer system.
 Transfer address, data, & control information between microprocessor,
memory and I/O.
 Three buses exist for this transfer of information: address, data, and control.
The address bus requests a memory location from the memory or an I/O
location from the I/O devices. The address bus is 'unidirectional’.
The data bus transfers information between the microprocessor and its
memory and I/O address space. The data bus is 'bi-directional’.
The Control bus lines select and cause memory or I/O to perform a read or
write operation.
 In most computer systems, there are four control bus connections:
MRDC (memory read control)
MWTC (memory write control)
IORC (I/O read control)
IOWC (I/O write control).
overbar indicates the control signal is active-low; (active when logic zero appears on control line)
 THE MICROPROCESSOR AGE
4-bit Microprocessor Family
The 4004 Microprocessor
 The world’s first microprocessor, the intel 4004.
 A 4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller on a chip.
The 4004-instruction set contained only 45 instructions.
 Main problems with early microprocessor were speed, word width, and memory
size.
 Data bus width is 4-bit, Address bus width is 12-bit, and memory size is 4K bytes.
Addressed 4096, 4-bit-wide memory locations.
 The evolution of the 4-bit microprocessor ended when intel released the 4040, an
updated version of the earlier 4004. The 4040 operated at a higher speed,
although it lacked improvements in word width and memory size.
8-bit Microprocessor Family
The 8008 Microprocessor
With the microprocessor a commercially viable product, intel released 8008 in
later 1971.
 Extended 8-bit version of 4004 microprocessor.
 Addressed expanded memory of 16K bytes.
 Data bus width is 8-bit, address bus width is 14-bit, and memory size is 16K
bytes.
The 8080 Microprocessor
Intel introduced 8080 microprocessor in 1973.
Data bus width is 8-bit, address bus width is 16-bit, and memory size is 64K
bytes.
Is the first 8-bit general purpose microprocessor.
8-bit Microprocessor Family
The 8085 Microprocessor
In 1977, Intel corporation introduced an updated version of the
8080-the 8085.
Last 8-bit, general purpose microprocessor developed by intel.
Data bus width is 8-bit, address bus width is 16-bit, and memory size
is 64K bytes.
Main advantages of 8085 were its internal clock generator, and
higher clock frequency.
16-bit Microprocessor Family
The 8086 and 8088 Microprocessor
In 1978 intel released the 8086; a year so later, it released the 8088.
 Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors.
They addressed 1M byte of memory.
Executed instructions (2.5 MIPs, or 2.5 millions of instructions per second).
Another feature was a 4- or 6-byte instruction cache or queue that
prefetched instructions before they were executed.
8086 has 16-bit data bus, while 8088 has 8-bit data bus.
These microprocessors are called CISC (complex instruction set
computers).
16-bit Microprocessor Family
The 80286 Microprocessor
 Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983.
80286 is 16-bit microprocessor.
Almost identical to 8086 and 8088.
Addressed 16M-byte system instead of a 1M-byte system.
Data bus width is 16-bit.
32-bit Microprocessor Family
The 80386 Microprocessor
Applications demanded faster microprocessor speeds, more memory,
and wider data paths. Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel.
Intel’s first practical microprocessor to contain a 32-bit data bus and
32-bit memory address.
 Addressed up to 4G bytes of memory.
The 80486 Microprocessor
 In 1989 Intel released the 80486.
 8K-byte cache memory system.
32-bit Microprocessor Family
The pentium Microprocessor
The Pentium introduced in 1993. Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.
Cache size was increased to 16K bytes. 8K-byte instruction cache and 8k-
byte data cache.
Memory system up to 4G bytes.
Data bus width increased to a full 64 bits.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSOR FAMILY
The Pentium Pro Microprocessor
 Formerly named the P6.
 Pentium Pro uses three execution engines, to execute up to three
instructions at a time.
Internal 16K level-one (L1) cache. 8K data, 8K for instructions.
Pentium Pro contains 256K level-two (L2) cache.
Pentium Pro can address 4G-byte or a 64G-byte memory system.
The Pentium Pro has a 36-bit address bus if configured for a
64G memory system.
32-bit Microprocessor Family
The Pentium II Microprocessor
 Pentium II released in 1997.
Intel has placed Pentium II on a small circuit board, instead of being an
integrated circuit.
The Pentium II incorporated Intel MMX technology.

The Pentium III Microprocessor

Pentium III microprocessor uses a faster core than the Pentium II.
Pentium III available with clock frequencies up to 1 GHz.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSOR FAMILY
The Pentium 4 and core 2 Microprocessor
 Pentium 4 was first made available in late 2000.
The most recent version of Pentium is called the core2 by intel.
The Pentium 4 and Core2, like the Pentium Pro through the
Pentium III, use the Intel P6 architecture.
 Pentium 4 available to 3.2 GHz and faster.
 64-bit Microprocessor Family
 Intel has included new modifications to the Pentium 4 and Core2 that include
a 64-bit core and multiple cores.
The biggest advancement in the technology is not the 64-bit operation, but the
inclusion of multiple cores. Each core executes a separate task in a program,
which increases the speed of execution if a program is written to take
advantage of the multiple cores.
In 2002, Intel released a new microprocessor architecture that is 64 bits in
width and has a 128-bit data bus. This new architecture, named the Itanium
corei7, corei5, corei3, and core i9.
THE INTEL FAMILY OF MICROPROCESSOR BUS AND MEMORY SIZES.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER
Parameter Microprocessor Microcontroller

Definition The microprocessor is the heart of The microcontroller is the heart of

a Computer system. an embedded system.
Memory and I/O components A microprocessor is a processor where the A microcontroller is a controlling device
memory and I/O component are connected wherein the memory and I/O output
externally. component are present internally.
Circuit complexity The circuit is complex due to external Microcontrollers are present on chip
connection. memory. The circuit is less complex.
Cost The Cost of the entire system is high The cost of the entire system is low

Size Since memory and I/O are connected Since memory and I/O are present
externally, the circuit becomes large. together, the internal circuit is
Due to external components, the entire small.
Since external components are low,
Power consumption
power consumption is high. total power consumption is less
Flexibility More flexible in designer point of view. Less flexible in designer point of view

Applications General purpose mainly used in personal Single purpose used mainly in embedded
computers. systems like washing machines, MP3
players, air conditioners, IoT devices, etc.