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Thư Mai
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Exponential and GO DIGITAL

6 Logarithmic Functions
6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions
6.2 The Natural Base e
6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions
6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
6.5 Properties of Logarithms
6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER


Matthew Piscitelli
Dr. Matthew Piscitelli is an archaeologist who researches an early
civilization in the Norte Chico region of Peru. Dr. Piscitelli writes that during
the Late Archaic Period, people in the Norte Chico region changed from
being hunter-gatherers to being farmers. They built cities and ceremonial
structures. Their civilization is one of the oldest in the Americas.
• What is archaeology?
• When was the Late Archaic Period?
• Which crops did the ancient Peruvians grow?
• Describe some of the large ceremonial structures that the ancient
Peruvians built during the Late Archaic Period.

STEM
When archaeologists discover
organic matter, they can use
carbon dating to approximate
when the organic matter died. In
the Performance Task, you will
use carbon dating to approximate
the age of an ancient manuscript
made from a plant called papyrus.

Andean Prehistory
6
GO DIGITAL

Preparing for Chapter


Chapter Learning Target Understand exponential and logarithmic functions.
Chapter Success Criteria I can determine whether a function represents exponential
growth or decay.
I can simplify exponential and logarithmic expressions.
I can solve exponential and logarithmic equations. Surface
I can model exponential and logarithmic functions. Deep

VOCAB Chapter Vocabulary


Work with a partner. Discuss each of the vocabulary terms.

exponential growth function decay factor


growth factor exponential equations
exponential decay function

Mathematical Practices
Look for and Express Regularity in Repeated Reasoning
Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and look both
for general methods and for shortcuts.

Work with a partner. The table shows the percents y of carbon-14 remaining in an
organism, where t is the amount of time (in thousands of years) since the organism died.

Time (thousands of years), t 0 1 2 3 4 5


Percent remaining, y 100 88.61 78.51 69.57 61.64 54.62

1. Describe the relationships between consecutive t- and y-values in the table.

2. Use the relationships that you described in Exercise 1 to find the percents of
carbon-14 remaining after 6000, 7000, and 8000 years.

3. Write an equation that represents the percent y of carbon-14 remaining after


t thousand years. Explain your reasoning.

291
6
GO DIGITAL

Prepare WITH

Using Properties of Exponents

WATCH
Example 1 Simplify ( 4p3 ) .

3

( 4p3 ) = (4p)3
3 3
— — Power of a Quotient Property
3

43p3
=— Power of a Product Property
33
64p3
=— Simplify.
27

Simplify the expression. Write your answer using only positive exponents.

1. 6b0 2. (−2n)5

3. ( 3w2x )

4
4. —
3g
4
22

Finding the Domain and Range of a Function


Example 2 Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
WATCH

y
3

−3 1 x range
−1

−3

domain

The domain is −3 ≤ x ≤ 3.
The range is −2 ≤ y ≤ 1.

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.

5. y 6. y 7. y
6 2
2
4
−4 −2 2 4x
−4 −2 2 4x
2 −2
−2
−4
−4 −2 2 4 x

8. STRUCTURE Consider the expressions −an and (−a)n, where a > 0 and n is an integer.
For what values of n is each expression negative? positive? Explain your reasoning.

292 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Exponential Growth and
6.1 GO DIGITAL

Decay Functions
Learning Target Write and graph exponential growth and decay functions.

Success Criteria • I can identify and graph exponential growth and decay functions.
• I can write exponential growth and decay functions.
• I can solve real-life problems using exponential growth
and decay functions.

EXPLORE IT Describing Exponential Growth


Work with a partner. You are studying bacteria growth in a laboratory.
a. The study starts with a population of 100 bacteria. You notice that the
population doubles every hour. Complete the table.

Time (hours), t 0 1 2 3 4 5

Population, P

b. Write a model that represents the population P of the bacteria after t hours.

c. Use the model in part (b) to complete the table. By what factor does the
population increase every half hour? Explain your reasoning.

1 3 5
Time (hours), t 0 —2 1 —2 2 —2 3

Population, P

d. Use the model in part (b) to complete the table. By what factor does the
population increase every 20 minutes? Explain your reasoning.

1 2 4 5
Time (hours), t 0 —3 —3 1 —3 —3 2

Population, P

e. Create a graph that shows the population P after t hours. Would you
expect the actual bacteria population to closely follow this model as
t increases? Explain your reasoning.

Math Practice f. CHOOSE TOOLS The population P of a different type of bacteria


Construct Arguments after t hours can be represented by
Will the two bacteria P = 10(3)t.
populations ever be
equal? Explain. How does the growth pattern of this bacteria compare with the growth
rate of the bacteria in parts (a)–(e)?

6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions 293


Exponential Growth and Decay Functions
GO DIGITAL
An exponential function has the form y = ab x, where a ≠ 0 and the
Vocabulary base b is a positive real number other than 1. If a > 0 and b > 1, then
exponential function, p. 294 y = ab x is an exponential growth function, and b is called the
exponential growth function, growth factor. The simplest type of exponential growth function
p. 294 has the form y = b x.
growth factor, p. 294
asymptote, p. 294
exponential decay function,
KEY IDEA
p. 294 Parent Function for Exponential Growth Functions
decay factor, p. 294 The function f (x) = b x, where b > 1, is the parent function for the family
of exponential growth functions with base b. The graph shows the general
shape of an exponential growth function.
y
f(x) = b x
The x-axis is an asymptote of (b > 1)
the graph. An asymptote is a
line that a graph approaches The graph rises from
more and more closely. left to right, passing
As x −∞, f(x) 0. through the points
(1, b) (0, 1) and (1, b).
(0, 1)
(0
As x +∞, f(x) +∞.

The domain of f (x) = b x is all real numbers. The range is y > 0.

If a > 0 and 0 < b < 1, then y = ab x is an exponential decay function, and b is


called the decay factor.

KEY IDEA
Parent Function for Exponential Decay Functions
The function f (x) = b x, where 0 < b < 1, is the parent function for the family
of exponential decay functions with base b. The graph shows the general
shape of an exponential decay function.
y
f(x) = b x
(0 < b < 1)

The graph falls from


The x-axis is an
left to right, passing
asymptote of
through the points
the graph.
(0, 1) and (1, b).
As x +∞, f(x) 0.
As x −∞, f(x) +∞. (1, b)
(0, 1)
x

The domain of f (x) = b x is all real numbers. The range is y > 0.

294 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Graphing Exponential Growth
EXAMPLE 1
and Decay Functions GO DIGITAL

Determine whether each function represents exponential growth or


exponential decay. Then graph the function.
a. y = 2x ()
b. y = —12
x

SOLUTION
a. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, 2, is greater than 1, so the function
represents exponential growth.
Step 2 Make a table of values.
y
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 8
(3, 8)
1 1 6
y —4 —2 1 2 4 8
y = 2x
4
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. (2,
2 4)
(−1, 12 ( 2
Step 4 Draw, from left to right, a smooth curve that
begins just above the x-axis, passes through (−2, 14 ( (0,(1,
1)
2)

the plotted points, and moves up to the right. −4 −2 2 4 x

b. Step 1 Identify the value of the base. The base, —12 , is greater than 0 and less than 1,
so the function represents exponential decay.
Step 2 Make a table of values.
y
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 (−3, 8)
8

1 1 6
y 8 4 2 1 —2 —4
( 12 (
x
y=
4
(−2, 4)
Step 3 Plot the points from the table. ( 1, 12 (
Step 4 Draw, from right to left, a smooth curve that (−1, 2)
begins just above the x-axis, passes through (0, 1)) (2, 14 (
the plotted points, and moves up to the left. −4 −2 2 4x

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Determine whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.


Then graph the function.
1. y = 4x 2. y = —3 ()
2 x
3. f (x) = (0.25)x 4. f (x) = (1.5)x

5. STRUCTURE Let f (x) = 3x. What transformations of f result in exponential


growth functions? What transformations result in exponential decay functions?
Explain your reasoning.

Exponential Models
Some real-life quantities increase or decrease by a fixed percent each year (or some
other time period). The amount y of such a quantity after t years can be modeled by
one of these equations:
Exponential Growth Model Exponential Decay Model
y = a(1 + r)t y = a(1 − r)t
Note that a is the initial amount and r is the percent increase or decrease written as a
decimal. The quantity 1 + r is the growth factor, and 1 − r is the decay factor.

6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions 295


EXAMPLE 2 Modeling Real Life
GO DIGITAL
The value of a car y (in thousands of dollars) can be approximated by
the model y = 25(0.85)t, where t is the number of years since the car
was purchased.
a. Determine whether the model represents exponential growth or exponential decay.
b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease in the value of the car.
c. Estimate when the value of the car will be $8000.

SOLUTION
a. The base, 0.85, is greater than 0 and less than 1, so the model represents
exponential decay.
Math Practice
b. Because t is given in years and the decay factor
Understand Quantities 0.85 = 1 − 0.15, the annual percent decrease is y = 25(0.85)x
What are the meanings 0.15, or 15%. 20
of the percent decrease
and the decay factor in c. Use technology to determine that y ≈ 8 when 10
(7, 8.014)
this situation? t = 7. After 7 years, the value of the car will be
about $8000.
4 8 12

EXAMPLE 3 Writing an Exponential Model

In 2015, the world population was about 7.38 billion. During the next 5 years, the
world population increased by about 1.09% each year. Write an exponential model
that represents the population y (in billions) t years after 2015. Then estimate the
world population in 2020.

SOLUTION
The initial amount is a = 7.38. The percent increase is r = 0.0109, so use an
exponential growth model.
y = a(1 + r)t Write exponential growth model.
= 7.38(1 + 0.0109) t Substitute 7.38 for a and 0.0109 for r.
= 7.38(1.0109)t Simplify.
To estimate the world population in 2020, evaluate the model when t = 5.
y = 7.38(1.0109)5 ≈ 7.79 billion

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

6. WHAT IF? In Example 2, the value of the car can be approximated by the model
y = 25(0.9)t. Identify the annual percent decrease in the value of the car. Estimate
when the value of the car will be $8000.
7. WHAT IF? In Example 3, assume that starting in 2020, the world population increases
by 0.98% each year for the next 5 years. Use a model to estimate when the world
population will be 8 billion.
8. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which characteristic of an exponential decay
function does not belong with the other three? Explain your reasoning.

base of 0.8 percent decrease of 20% decay factor of 0.8 80% decrease

296 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


EXAMPLE 4 Rewriting an Exponential Function
GO DIGITAL
The amount y (in grams) of the radioactive isotope chromium-51
remaining after t days is y = a(0.5)t/28, where a is the initial amount (in grams).
What percent of the chromium-51 decays each day?

SOLUTION
y = a(0.5)t/28 Write original function.
= a[(0.5)1/28]t Power of a Power Property
≈ a(0.9755)t Evaluate power.
= a(1 − 0.0245)t Rewrite in form y = a(1 − r)t.

The daily decay rate is about 0.0245, or 2.45%.

Compound interest is interest paid on an initial investment, called the principal, and on
previously earned interest. Interest earned is often expressed as an annual percent, but
the interest is usually compounded more than once per year. So, the exponential growth
model y = a(1 + r)t must be modified for compound interest problems.
Chromium-51 is used in medical
research. It can be used as a tracer in KEY IDEA
blood for studies of red blood cells.
Compound Interest
Consider an initial principal P deposited in an account that pays interest at an
annual rate r (expressed as a decimal), compounded n times per year. The
amount A in the account after t years is given by

( ).
r nt
A=P 1+—
n

EXAMPLE 5 Finding the Balance in an Account

You deposit $9000 in an account that pays 1.46% annual interest. Find the balance
after 3 years when the interest is compounded quarterly.

Math Practice SOLUTION


View as Components Use the compound interest formula.
You can write the formula
( )
r nt
as A = 9000(1.00365)4t. A=P 1+— Write compound interest formula.
Notice that this formula n
consists of the product of
the principal, 9000, and a (
0.0146
= 9000 1 + —
4 )⋅
4 3
P = 9000, r = 0.0146, n = 4, t = 3
factor independent of the
≈ 9402.21 Use technology. compounded quarterly
principal, (1.00365)4t.
The balance after 3 years is $9402.21.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

9. The amount y (in grams) of the radioactive isotope iodine-123 remaining after t hours
is y = a(0.5)t/13, where a is the initial amount (in grams). What percent of the iodine-123
decays each hour?
10. You deposit $500 in an account that pays 2.5% annual interest. Find the balance after
2 years when the interest is compounded daily.

6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions 297


6.1 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1– 6, evaluate the expression for (a) x = −2 20. MODELING REAL LIFE The population P (in millions)
and (b) x = 3. of Peru during a recent decade can be approximated
by P = 28.22(1.01)t, where t is the number of years
1. 2x 2. (—)
1 x
4
since the beginning of the decade.
a. Determine whether the model represents
3. 8(3)x 4. 6( — )
1 x
2 exponential growth or exponential decay.
5. 5(1.03)x 6. −2(0.8)x b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease
in population.
In Exercises 7–16, determine whether the function c. Estimate when the population was about
represents exponential growth or exponential decay. 30 million.
Then graph the function. Example 1
21. MODELING REAL LIFE In 2012, there were about
7. y = 6x 8. y = 7x
6.26 billion cell phone subscribers in the world.
During the next 5 years, the number of cell phone
9. f (x) = () 1 x
—6 10. f (x) = () 1 x
—8
subscribers increased by about 4% each year.
Example 3
11. y = (—)
4 x
3
12. y = (—) 2 x
5
a. Write an exponential model that
13. f (x) = (1.2)x 14. f (x) = (0.75)x represents the number of cell
phone subscribers y (in billions)
15. y = (0.6)x 16. y = (1.8)x t years after 2012. Then estimate
the number of cell phone
subscribers in 2016.
ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 17 and 18, use
the graph of f (x) = b x to identify the value of the base b. b. Estimate when the number
of cell phone subscribers
17. y 18. y was about 7 billion.
6 6

4 (1, 5)
4 22. MODELING REAL LIFE You take a 325-milligram
(1, 3) dosage of ibuprofen. The amount of medication in
2 2
your bloodstream decreases by about 29% each hour.
(−1, (1
3 (0, 1) (−1, ( 1
5 (0, 1)
−2 2 4x −2 2 4x a. Write an exponential model that represents the
amount y (in milligrams) of ibuprofen in your
bloodstream t hours after the initial dose.
19. MODELING REAL LIFE The value of a mountain bike
y (in dollars) can be approximated by the model b. Estimate when you will have 100 milligrams of
y = 200(0.65)t, where t is the number of years since ibuprofen in your bloodstream.
the bike was purchased. Example 2
JUSTIFYING STEPS In Exercises 23 and 24, justify each
a. Determine whether the model represents step in rewriting the exponential function.
exponential growth or exponential decay.
23. y = a(3)t/14 Write original function.
b. Identify the annual percent increase or decrease
in the value of the bike. = a[(3)1/14]t
c. Estimate when the ≈ a(1.0816)t
value of the bike
= a(1 + 0.0816)t
will be $50.
24. y = a(0.1)t/3 Write original function.
= a[(0.1)1/3]t
≈ a(0.4642)t
= a(1 − 0.5358)t
25. MODELING REAL LIFE When a plant or an In Exercises 39– 42, use the given information
animal dies, it stops acquiring carbon-14 from the to find the balance in the account earning GO DIGITAL
atmosphere. The amount y (in grams) of carbon-14 compound interest after 6 years when the
in the body of an organism t years after the organism principal is $3500.
dies is y = a(0.5)t/5730, where a is the initial amount
(in grams). What percent of the carbon-14 is released 39. r = 2.16%, compounded quarterly
each year? Example 4
40. r = 2.29%, compounded monthly
26. MODELING REAL LIFE The number y of Salmonella 41. r = 1.26%, compounded monthly
cells on an egg after t minutes is y = a(4.7)t/45, where
a is the initial number of cells. By what percent does 42. r = 1.83%, compounded daily
the number of Salmonella cells increase each minute?
43. STRUCTURE In the compound interest formula
In Exercises 27–34, rewrite the function in the form for interest compounded yearly, A = P(1 + r)t, what
y = a(1 + r) t or y = a(1 − r) t. State the growth or decay does P represent? What does (1 + r)t represent? Does
rate, and describe the end behavior of the function. P depend on (1 + r)t? Does (1 + r)t depend on P?
Explain.
27. y = a(2)t/3 28. y = a(4)t/6
44. STRUCTURE A website recorded the number y
29. y = a(0.5)t/12 30. y = a(0.25)t/9
of referrals it received from social media websites
over a 10-year period. The results can be modeled by
31. y = a —3()
2 t/10
()
32. y = a —4
5 t/22
y = 2500(1.50)t, where t is the year and 0 ≤ t ≤ 9.
Interpret what the numbers 2500 and 1.50 represent
33. y = a(2)8t 34. y = a (—)
1 3t
3 in this situation. What is the annual percent increase?
Explain.
35. PROBLEM SOLVING You deposit $5000 in an
account that pays 2.25% annual interest. Find the
45. COMPARING FUNCTIONS y
balance after 5 years when the interest is compounded
Compare the graph of
quarterly. Example 5 4
g
f (x) = 2(1.5)x to the graph of g.
Which graph has a greater 2
36. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS You deposit $2200 into
y-intercept? Which graph is
each of three separate bank accounts that pay 3%
increasing at a faster rate? 2 4 x
annual interest. Interest is compounded quarterly in
Explain your reasoning.
Account 1, monthly in Account 2, and daily in
Account 3. How much interest does each account
earn after 6 years? 46. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graph shows an y
37. ERROR ANALYSIS You invest $500 in the stock of a exponential function f
company. The value of the stock decreases 2% each of the form f (x) = ab x. (−1, 4)
year. Describe and correct the error in writing a model a. Determine whether
for the value of the stock after t years. f represents (0, 1) (1, 14 (
exponential growth
( amount ) ( factor ) (2, 161 (
t x


Initial Decay or exponential decay.
y=
b. What are the domain
y = 500(0.02)t and range of the function? Explain.

47. PROBLEM SOLVING The population p of a


38. ERROR ANALYSIS You deposit $250 in an account small town after x years can be modeled by the
that pays 1.25% annual interest. Describe and correct function p = 6850(1.03)x. What is the average rate of
the error in finding the balance after 3 years when the change in the population over the first 6 years? Justify
interest is compounded quarterly. your answer.

( )⋅
4 3


1.25
A = 250 1 + — 48. THOUGHT PROVOKING
4 The function f (x) = b x represents exponential
= $6533.29 decay. Write another exponential decay function
in terms of b and x.

6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions 299


49. COLLEGE PREP The radioactive isotope phosphorus-32 51. PROBLEM SOLVING The number E
has a daily decay rate of 4.8%. After 1 week, there are of eggs a Leghorn chicken produces per GO DIGITAL
7.1 grams of phosphorus-32 remaining. About how year can be modeled by the equation
many grams were there initially? E = 179.2(0.89)w/52, where w is the age
A 1.2 g B 5.1 g (in weeks) of the chicken and w ≥ 22.

C 10.0 g D 1209.4 g a. Identify the decay factor and the percent decrease.
b. Graph the equation.
50. REASONING Consider the exponential function c. Estimate the egg production of a chicken that is
f (x) = ab x. 2.5 years old.
f (x + 1)
a. Show that — = b. d. Explain how you can rewrite the given equation
f (x) so that time is measured in years rather than
b. Use the equation in part (a) to explain why there in weeks.
is no exponential function of the form f (x) = ab x
whose graph passes through the points in the table. 52. You buy a new laptop for $1300 and
sell it 4 years later for $275. Assume that the resale
x 0 1 2 3 4 value of the laptop decays exponentially with time.
y 4 4 8 24 72 Write an equation that represents the resale value V
(in dollars) of the laptop as a function of the time t
(in years) since it was purchased.

REVIEW & REFRESH


In Exercises 53–56, simplify the expression. In Exercises 65 and 66, determine whether the
function represents exponential growth or exponential
53. x9 x2 ⋅ 54. (2x ⋅ 3x )
5 3
decay. Then graph the function.

55. ( )
4x8
—6
2x
4
12x
56. — + 5x
4x
65. y = (3.25)x

66. y = —4()3 x

57. STRUCTURE In the exponential model


y = 2.4(1.5)x, identify the initial amount, the 67. Describe the x-values for which (a) f is increasing,
growth or decay factor, and the percent increase (b) f is decreasing, (c) f (x) > 0, and (d) f (x) < 0.
or decrease.
y
1
In Exercises 58 and 59, determine whether the −3 x
functions are inverse functions.
1
58. f (x) = −—x + 5, g(x) = −2x + 10
2 f −5
3— x3
59. f (x) = √ 4x , g(x) = —
64
68. MODELING REAL LIFE The distances traveled

60. Let f (x) = −x3 and g(x) = 4√ x . Find ( fg)(x) and (in miles) by several people on a given day, as

()
f
— (x) and state the domain of each. Then evaluate
g
recorded by their fitness trackers, are shown.
1.86, 5.31, 7.18, 5.20, 1.49, 2.25,
f
()
( fg)(4) and — (4).
g 3.43, 3.93, 4.70, 6.18, 12.28
a. Make a box-and-whisker plot that represents the
In Exercises 61– 64, let f(x) = x2 − 6, g(x) = −—12 x + 5, data. Describe the shape of the distribution.
and h(x) = 4x−1. Perform the indicated composition
and state the domain. b. Does the data set contain any outliers? If so,
explain how the outlier(s) affect the mean and
61. g(h(x)) 62. f (g(x)) five-number summary.

63. g(g(x)) 64. h( f (x))

300 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6.2 The Natural Base e GO DIGITAL

Learning Target Use the natural base e and graph natural base functions.

Success Criteria • I can explain the natural base e.


• I can simplify natural base expressions.
• I can graph natural base functions.
• I can solve real-life problems using exponential growth and decay functions.

EXPLORE IT Approximating the Natural Base e


Work with a partner. So far in your study of mathematics, you have worked
with special numbers such as π and i. Another special number is called the
natural base and is denoted by e.

a. One way to approximate the natural base e is to approximate the sum


1 1 1 1
1 + — + — + — + —— + . . . .
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Approximate this sum and explain your method. Then compare your result
with those of your classmates.

b. Another way to approximate the natural base e is to consider the expression

( 1 + 1x ) .
x

Complete the table. What do you notice as x increases?

x 101 102 103 104 105 106

( )
x
1
1+—
x

Use your results to approximate e. Compare this approximation to the


one in part (a).
Math Practice
c. You have approximated a value for the natural base e. What do you think the
Understand graph of the natural base exponential function y = e x looks like? Explain.
Mathematical Terms
Do you think the natural d. Use your result in part (a) or part (b) to complete the table. Then graph
base e is rational or y = e x. Find the domain and range. Make several observations about
irrational? the graph.

x −2 −1 0 1 2
y = ex

e. Repeat part (d) for the natural base exponential function y = e−x. Compare
the graphs of y = e x and y = e−x.

6.2 The Natural Base e 301


The Natural Base e
GO DIGITAL
The history of mathematics is marked by the discovery
Vocabulary of special numbers, such as π and i. Another special y
number is denoted by the letter e. The number is called y=e
natural base e, p. 302 3
the natural base e. The expression

( )
x
1 2
1+— 1 x
x
1
y= 1+x( (
approaches e as x increases, as shown in the graph
and table. 4 8 12 x

x 101 102 103 104 105 106

( )
x
1
1+— 2.59374 2.70481 2.71692 2.71815 2.71827 2.71828
x

KEY IDEA
The Natural Base e
The natural base e is irrational. It is defined as follows:

( )
x
1
As x approaches +∞, 1 + — approaches e ≈ 2.71828182846.
x

EXAMPLE 1 Simplifying Natural Base Expressions

Simplify each expression.

a. e3 e6⋅ 16e5
b. —
4e4

c. (3e−4x)2 d. √ 4e2x
Check
You can use technology to SOLUTION
check the equivalence of
numerical expressions ⋅
a. e3 e6 = e3 + 6
16e5
b. —
4e4
= 4e5 − 4
involving e.
= e9 = 4e
e3 ∙ e6
⋅ √e
= 8103.08392758 — — —
c. (3e−4x)2 = 32(e−4x)2 d. √ 4e2x = √4 2x

e9 = 8103.08392758 = 9e−8x ⋅
= 2 (e2x)1/2
9
=— = 2ex
e8x

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1. VOCABULARY What is the natural base e?


Simplify the expression.

√19e

2. e7 ⋅ e4 3. —
24e8
58e
4. (10e−3x)3 5. — 8x

271,801
6. REASONING Can the natural base e be written as —? Explain.
99,990

302 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Graphing Natural Base Functions
GO DIGITAL

KEY IDEA
Natural Base Functions
A function of the form y = aerx is called a natural base exponential function.
• When a > 0 and r > 0, the function is an exponential growth function.
• When a > 0 and r < 0, the function is an exponential decay function.
The graphs of the basic functions y = e x and y = e−x are shown.
y y
7 7
exponential
exponential decay
5 5
growth y = ex y = e−x
3 3
(1, 2.718)
(0, 1)
(0, 1) (1, 0.368)
−4 −2 2 4 x −4 −2 2 4 x

EXAMPLE 2 Graphing Natural Base Functions

Determine whether each function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.


Then graph the function.
a. y = 3ex b. f (x) = e−0.5x

SOLUTION
a. Because a = 3 is positive and b. Because a = 1 is positive and
Math Practice r = 1 is positive, the function is r = −0.5 is negative, the function
Look for Structure an exponential growth function. is an exponential decay function.
Show how you can Use a table to graph the function. Use a table to graph the function.
rewrite the function in
Example 2(b) to find the x −2 −1 0 1 x −4 −2 0 2
percent rate of change.
y 0.41 1.10 3 8.15 f (x) 7.39 2.72 1 0.37

y y
16 (−4, 7.39)

12 6

8
(1, 8.15) 4
(−1, 1.10)
(−2, 2.72) 2
(−2, 0.41) (0, 3) (2, 0.37)
(0, 1)
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Determine whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.


Then graph the function.
1
7. y = —2 e x 8. y = 4e−x
1
9. g (x) = —3 e−4x 10. f (x) = 2e2x

6.2 The Natural Base e 303


Solving Real-Life Problems
GO DIGITAL
You have learned that the balance of an account earning compound interest

( r nt
)
is given by A = P 1 + — . As the frequency n of compounding approaches
n
positive infinity, the compound interest formula approximates the following formula.

KEY IDEA
Continuously Compounded Interest
When interest is compounded continuously, the amount A in an account after
t years is given by the formula
A = Pe rt
where P is the principal and r is the annual interest rate expressed as a decimal.

EXAMPLE 3 Modeling Real Life

Your Friend’s Account You and your friend each have accounts that earn annual interest compounded
continuously. The balance A (in dollars) of your account after t years can be modeled
A by A = 4500e0.04t. The graph shows the balance of your friend’s account over time.
12,000 Which account has a greater principal? Which has a greater balance after 10 years?

SOLUTION
Balance (dollars)

10,000

8,000 1. Understand the Problem You are given a graph and an equation that represent
account balances. You are asked to identify the account with the greater principal
6,000 and the account with the greater balance after 10 years.
4,000 2. Make a Plan Use the equation to find your principal and account balance after
(0, 4000)
10 years. Then compare these values to the graph that shows your friend’s account.
2,000
3. Solve and Check The equation A = 4500e0.04t is of the form A = Pe rt, where
0
0 4 8 12 16 t
P = 4500. So, your principal is $4500. Your balance A when t = 10 is
Year A = 4500e0.04(10) = $6713.21.
Because the graph passes through (0, 4000), your friend’s principal is $4000. The
graph also shows that the balance is about $7250 when t = 10.
So, your account has a greater principal, but your friend’s account has a greater
balance after 10 years.

Check Reasonableness Because your friend’s account has a lesser principal but
Math Practice a greater balance after 10 years, the average rate of change from t = 0 to t = 10
Make Conjectures should be greater for your friend’s account than for your account.
How can you use the
A(10) − A(0) 6713.21 − 4500
average rates of change Your account: —— = —— = 221.321
10 − 0 10
to compare the annual
interest rates of the
accounts?
A(10) − A(0) 7250 − 4000
Your friend’s account: —— ≈ —— = 325
10 − 0 10

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

11. You deposit $4250 in an account that earns 5% annual interest compounded continuously.
a. Compare the balance after 10 years with the balances of the accounts in Example 3.
b. How much more money does this account earn after 10 years with interest
compounded continuously than with interest compounding monthly? yearly?

304 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6.2 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–10, simplify the expression. In Exercises 17–24, determine whether the function
Example 1 represents exponential growth or exponential decay.
Then graph the function. Example 2
1. ⋅
e3 e5 2. e−4 e6 ⋅ 17. y = e3x 18. y = e−0.8x
11e9 27e7
3. — 4. —
10
22e 43e 19. y = 2e−x 20. y = 3e2x

5. (5e7x)4 6. (4e−2x)3 1
21. y = —2 e x
1
22. y = —4 e−3x
— 3—
7. √ 9e6x 8. √ 8e12x 23. y = 0.4e−0.25x 24. y = 0.6e0.5x

⋅ ⋅
9. e x e−6x e8 ⋅ ⋅
10. ex e4 e x + 3
STRUCTURE In Exercises 25–28, use the properties
of exponents to rewrite the function in the form
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 11 and 12, describe and y = a(1 + r) t or y = a(1 − r) t. Then find the percent
correct the error in simplifying the expression. rate of change.
11. 25. y = e−0.75t 26. y = e−0.25t

✗ (4e3x)2 = 4e (3x)(2)
= 4e 6x
27. y = 2e0.4t 28. y = 0.5e0.8t

USING TOOLS In Exercises 29–32, use a table of


12.
values or technology to graph the function. Then find


e5x

e−2x
= e 5x − 2x the domain and range.
= e 3x 29. y = e x − 2 30. y = e x + 1

31. y = 2e x + 1 32. y = 3e x − 5
ANALYZING EQUATIONS In Exercises 13–16, match the
function with its graph. Explain your reasoning. 33. MODELING REAL LIFE Investment accounts for a
house and education earn annual interest compounded
13. y = e2x 14. y = e−2x
continuously. The balance A (in dollars) of the
house account after t years can be modeled by
15. y = 4e−0.5x 16. y = 0.75e x
A = 3224e0.05t. The graph shows the balance of the
education account over time. Which account has
A. y B. y
8 8 a greater principal? Which account has a greater
(−1, 7.39) balance after 12 years? Example 3
6 (−1, 6.59)

(0, 4) Education Account


2 A
1 (0, 1) 10,000
Balance (dollars)

−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x 8,000

C. y D. y 6,000
8 8
(1, 7.39) (0, 4856)
4,000
6 6
2,000
4 4
0
2 2 0 4 8 12 16 t
(0, 0.75) (1, 2.04)
(0, 1) Year
−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x

6.2 The Natural Base e 305


34. MODELING REAL LIFE Sodium-22 Decay 37. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend
Tritium and sodium-22 evaluates f (x) = e−x when x = 1000 and GO DIGITAL
y
decay over time. In a concludes that the graph of y = f (x) has

(milligrams)
20

Amount
sample of tritium, the an x-intercept of 1000. Is your friend correct?
amount y (in milligrams) 10 Explain your reasoning.
remaining after t years is
given by y = 10e−0.0562t. 0
0 10 20 t 38. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graph shows the Year Use the graph to complete y
amount of sodium-22 each statement. f
remaining in a sample over time. Which sample has 2
a greater initial amount? Which sample has a greater a. f (x) approaches ____
amount remaining after 5 years? as x approaches +∞. −2 2 x
b. f (x) approaches ____
35. OPEN-ENDED Find values of a, b, r, and q such that as x approaches −∞.
f (x) = aerx and g(x) = be qx are exponential decay
f (x)
functions, but — represents exponential growth.
g(x) 39. PROBLEM SOLVING The number of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria after t hours can
36. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS You want to invest $2500 be modeled by the function N(t) = ae 0.166t, where a
in an account to save for college. Account 1 pays 6% is the number of bacteria at 12:00 p.m. At 1:00 p.m.,
annual interest compounded quarterly. Account 2 pays there are 30 M. tuberculosis bacteria in a sample. Find
4% annual interest compounded continuously. Which the number of bacteria in the sample at 3:45 p.m.
account should you choose to obtain the greater
amount in 10 years? Justify your answer.
40. THOUGHT PROVOKING

( r nt
)
Explain why A = P 1 + — approximates
n
A = Pe rt as n approaches positive infinity.

REVIEW & REFRESH


In Exercises 41 and 42, write the number in scientific In Exercises 47–50, determine whether the function
notation. represents exponential growth or exponential decay.
Then graph the function.
41. 26,000,000 42. 0.000000047
47. f (x) = (4.25)x 48. y = —8 ()
3 x

In Exercises 43 and 44, graph the function. Label the


vertex and axis of symmetry. 49. y = e0.6x 50. f (x) = 5e−2x

43. y = 3(x + 2)(x − 2) 44. y = −(x + 6)2 + 1 In Exercises 51 and 52, graph the inequality.

45. Write the cubic function whose graph is shown. 51. y < x2 − 6x 52. y ≥ x2 + 3x − 4
y
4 In Exercises 53–56, find the inverse of the function.
(−5, 0) (1, 0) (4, 0) Then graph the function and its inverse.
−8 8x
53. y = 3x + 5 54. y = x2 − 1, x ≤ 0
−4

55. y = √ x + 6 56. y = x3 − 2
(−4, −8)
−12 57. MODELING REAL LIFE The function f (t) = 9.75t
represents your earnings (in dollars) for working
t hours. The function t(x) = 15x represents the total
46. REASONING When a polynomial f (x) is number of hours you work after x weeks.
divided by x − 2, the remainder is −11. Find one
point on the graph of y = f (x). a. Find f (t(x)). Interpret the coefficient.
b. Evaluate f (t(12)) and explain what it represents.

306 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Logarithms and Logarithmic
6.3 GO DIGITAL

Functions
Learning Target Understand logarithms and graph logarithmic functions.

Success Criteria • I can explain the meaning of a logarithm with base b.


• I can evaluate logarithmic expressions.
• I can graph logarithmic functions.

EXPLORE IT Understanding Logarithmic Functions


Work with a partner.
a. Look for a pattern and complete each statement.

log2 8 = 3 log3 27 = ______

log5 25 = 2 log2 32 = ______

log10 1000 = 3 log4 64 = ______

log7 49 = ______ log2 —12 = ______

b. Use your results in part (a) to describe the relationship among the values
of b, x, and y in the equation shown.

logb y = x

c. Use your results above to complete the table of values.


1
x —
10
1000
log10 x −2 −1 0 1 2 3

d. Plot the points (x, log10 x) from part (c). Draw a smooth curve through
the points. Make several observations about the graph.

Math Practice 4
log10 x

Find General Methods


How can you use the 2
graph of an exponential
function to sketch the 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 x
graph of a logarithmic
function? −2

−4

6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 307


Logarithms
GO DIGITAL
You know that 22 = 4 and 23 = 8. However, for what value of x does
Vocabulary 2x = 6? Mathematicians define this x-value using a logarithm and write
logarithm of y with base b, x = log2 6. The definition of a logarithm can be generalized as follows.
p. 308
common logarithm, p. 309
natural logarithm, p. 309
KEY IDEA
Definition of Logarithm with Base b
Let b and y be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1. The logarithm of y with base b
is denoted by logb y and is defined as
logb y = x if and only if b x = y.
The expression logb y is read as “log base b of y.” This definition tells you that the
equations logb y = x and b x = y are equivalent. The first is in logarithmic form,
and the second is in exponential form.

EXAMPLE 1 Rewriting Logarithmic Equations

Rewrite each equation in exponential form.


a. log2 16 = 4 b. log4 1 = 0 c. log12 12 = 1 d. log1/4 4 = −1

SOLUTION
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
a. log2 16 = 4 24 = 16
b. log4 1 = 0 40 = 1
c. log12 12 = 1 121 = 12
d. log1/4 4 = −1 (—)
1 −1
4
=4

EXAMPLE 2 Rewriting Exponential Equations

Rewrite each equation in logarithmic form.


1
a. 52 = 25 b. 10−1 = 0.1 c. 82/3 = 4 d. 6−3 = —
216

SOLUTION
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
a. 52 = 25 log5 25 = 2
b. 10−1 = 0.1 log10 0.1 = −1
c. 82/3 =4 log8 4 = —23
1 1
d. 6−3 = —
216
log6 —
216
= −3

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Rewrite the equation in exponential form.

1. log3 81 = 4 2. log7 7 = 1 3. log14 1 = 0 4. log1/2 32 = −5


Rewrite the equation in logarithmic form.
1
5. 72 = 49 6. 500 = 1 7. 4−1 = —4 8. 2561/8 = 2

308 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Parts (b) and (c) of Example 1 illustrate two special logarithm values
that you should learn to recognize. Let b be a positive real number GO DIGITAL
such that b ≠ 1.
Logarithm of 1 Logarithm of b with Base b
logb 1 = 0 because b = 1.
0 logb b = 1 because b1 = b.

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Logarithmic Expressions

Evaluate each logarithm.


a. log4 64 b. log5 0.2 c. log1/5 125 d. log36 6

SOLUTION
To help you find the value of logb y, ask yourself “What power of b gives you y?”
a. What power of 4 gives you 64? 43 = 64, so log4 64 = 3.
b. What power of 5 gives you 0.2? 5−1 = 0.2, so log5 0.2 = −1.
c. What power of —15 gives you 125? (—)
1 −3
5
= 125, so log1/5 125 = −3.
d. What power of 36 gives you 6? 361/2 = 6, so log36 6 = —12.

A common logarithm is a logarithm with base 10. It is denoted by log10 or simply by


log. A natural logarithm is a logarithm with base e. It can be denoted by loge but is
usually denoted by ln.
Common Logarithm Natural Logarithm
log10 x = log x loge x = ln x

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluating Common and Natural Logarithms

Evaluate (a) log 8 and (b) ln 0.3 using technology. Round your answer to
Check Rewrite each logarithm three decimal places.
in exponential form and
evaluate. SOLUTION
10 0.903 = 7.99834255 a. log 8 ≈ 0.903
log 8 = 0.903089987
b. ln 0.3 ≈ −1.204
e−1.204 = 0.2999918414
ln 0.3 = −1.203972804

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Evaluate the logarithm. If necessary, use technology and round your answer to three
decimal places.
9. log2 32 10. log27 3 11. log 12 12. ln 0.75

13. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What power of 4 gives you 16? What is log base 4 of 16?

Evaluate 42. Evaluate log4 16.

6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 309


Using Inverse Properties
GO DIGITAL
By the definition of logarithm, it follows that the logarithmic function
g(x) = logb x is the inverse of the exponential function f (x) = b x. This
means that
g( f (x)) = logb b x = x and f (g(x)) = blogb x = x.
In other words, exponential functions and logarithmic functions “undo” each other.

EXAMPLE 5 Using Inverse Properties

Simplify (a) 10log 4 and (b) log5 25x.

SOLUTION
a. 10log 4 = 4 blogb x = x
b. log5 25x = log5(52)x Express 25 as a power with base 5.
= log5 52x Power of a Power Property
= 2x logb b x = x

EXAMPLE 6 Finding Inverse Functions

Find the inverse of each function.


a. f (x) = 6 x b. f (x) = ln(x + 3)

SOLUTION
a. From the definition of logarithm, the inverse of f (x) = 6 x is f −1(x) = log6 x.
b. Set y equal to f (x). Switch the roles of x and y and solve for y.
y = ln(x + 3) Set y equal to f(x).
x = ln( y + 3) Switch x and y.
STUDY TIP ex =y+3 Write in exponential form.
From the definition of ex −3=y Subtract 3 from each side.
ln x, x = loge(y + 3).
In exponential form, The inverse of f is f −1(x) = e x − 3.
this is written as
ex = y + 3.
Check
a. f ( f −1(x)) = 6log6 x = x ✓
f −1( f (x)) = log6 6 x =x ✓

b. ✓
f ( f −1(x)) = ln(e x − 3 + 3) = ln e x = x
f −1( f (x)) = e ln(x + 3) −3=x+3−3=x ✓

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Simplify the expression.

14. 8log8 x 15. log7 7−3x 16. log2 64x 17. eln 20

18. Find the inverse of (a) f (x) = 4x and (b) f (x) = ln(x − 5).

310 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Graphing Logarithmic Functions
GO DIGITAL
You can use the inverse relationship between exponential and logarithmic
functions to graph logarithmic functions.

KEY IDEA
Graphing Logarithmic Functions
The graph of f (x) = logb x is shown below for b > 1 and for 0 < b < 1.
Because f (x) = logb x and g(x) = bx are inverse functions, you can graph f by
reversing coordinates of points on the graph of g. The graph of f is the reflection
of the graph of g in the line y = x.
Graph of f (x) = logb x for b > 1 Graph of f (x) = logb x for 0 < b < 1
y y

g(x) = b x
g(x) = b x
(0, 1)
(0,
0 1)
(0
(1, 0) x (1, 0) x

f(x) = logb x f(x) = logb x

Note that the y-axis is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f (x) = logb x. The
domain of f (x) = logb x is x > 0, and the range is all real numbers.

EXAMPLE 7 Graphing a Logarithmic Function

Graph f (x) = log3 x.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Find the inverse of f. From the definition of logarithm, the inverse of
f (x) = log3 x is f −1(x) = 3x.
y
10
Step 2 Make a table of values for f −1.
f −1(x) = 3x x −2 −1 0 1 2
8
1 1
f −1(x) —9 —3 1 3 9
6

4
Step 3 Make a table of values for f. 1 1
x —9 —3 1 3 9
2 Reverse the coordinates of the
points represented by the table
f (x) −2 −1 0 1 2
−2 2 4 6 8 x in Step 2.
−2 f(x) = log3 x
Step 4 Plot the points from each table. Connect each set of points with
a smooth curve.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Graph the function.


19. y = log2 x 20. f (x) = log5 x 21. y = log1/2 x

6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 311


6.3 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–6, rewrite the equation in exponential 30. MODELING REAL LIFE Skydivers use an altimeter
form. Example 1 to track their altitudes as they fall. The altimeter
determines altitude by measuring air pressure. The
1. log3 9 = 2 2. log4 4 = 1 altitude h (in meters) above sea level is related to the
air pressure P (in pascals) by the function shown in
3. log6 1 = 0 4. log7 343 = 3 the diagram. What is the altitude above sea level when
1
the air ppressure is 57,000 ppascals?
5. log1/2 16 = −4 6. log3 —3 = −1

In Exercises 7–12, rewrite the equation in logarithmic P


h = −8005 ln
form. Example 2 101,300
h = 7438 m
7. 62 = 36 8. 120 = 1 P = 40,000 Pa

1 1
9. 16−1 = —
16
10. 5−2 = —
25
h=?
h = 3552 m P = 57,000 Pa
1 P = 65,000 Pa
11. 1252/3 = 25 12. 49−1/2 = —7 Not drawn to scale

In Exercises 13–20, evaluate the logarithm. In Exercises 31–38, simplify the expression.
Example 3 Example 5
13. log3 81 14. log7 49 31. 7log7 x 32. 3log3 5x

15. log3 3 16. log1/2 1 33. eln 4 34. 10log 15


1 1
17. log5 —
625
18. log8 —
512 35. log3 32x 36. log2 83x

19. log4 0.25 20. log10 0.001 37. ln e−x 38. ln e 4 + 5x

21. NUMBER SENSE Order the logarithms from 39. WRITING Describe the relationship between y = 7x
least value to greatest value. and y = log7 x.
log5 23 log6 38 log7 8 log2 10
40. COLLEGE PREP Which expression is equal to 1?
A log 1 B log2 1
22. STRUCTURE How many times greater is the
value of log10 1020 than the value of log10 105? C ln 1 D log2 2

In Exercises 23–28, evaluate the logarithm using 41. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in
1
technology. Round your answer to three decimal places. rewriting 4−3 = —
64
in logarithmic form.
Example 4

23. log 6

25. ln —13
24. ln 12

2
26. log —7
✗ log4 (−3) = —
1
64

42. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in


27. 3 ln 0.5 28. log 0.6 + 1
simplifying the expression log4 64x.
29. MODELING REAL LIFE The pH value for a substance
measures how acidic or alkaline the substance is. It
is given by the formula pH = −log[H+], where H+ is
the hydrogen ion concentration (in moles per liter).
✗ log4 64x = log4(16 4x )
= log4(42

⋅4 )
x

Find the pH of vinegar, which has a hydrogen ion = log4 42 + x


concentration of [H+] = 10−3 mole per liter.
=2+x

312 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


In Exercises 43–52, find the inverse of the function. USING TOOLS In Exercises 61– 64,
Example 6 use technology to graph the function. GO DIGITAL
Determine the domain, range, and
43. f (x) = 0.3x 44. y = 11x
asymptote of the function.
45. y = log2 x 46. f (x) = log1/5 x 61. y = log(x + 2) 62. y = −ln x

47. y = ln(x − 1) 48. y = ln 2x 63. y = ln(−x) 64. y = 3 − log x

49. f (x) = e3x 50. y = e x − 4 65. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Does the graph of every
function of the form y = logb x pass through the point
51. y = 5x − 9 52. y = 13 + log x (1, 0)? Explain your reasoning.

53. MODELING REAL LIFE The wind speed (in miles per 66. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Order the functions
hour) near the center of a tornado can be modeled from the least average rate of change to the greatest
by f (x) = 93 log x + 65, where x is the distance average rate of change when 1 ≤ x ≤ 10.
(in miles) the tornado travels.
a. y = log6 x b. y = log3/5 x
a. In 2019, a tornado traveled 2.05 miles through
c. y d. y
Georgia. Estimate the wind speed near the center 8 8
g
of the tornado.
4 4
b. Find and interpret f −1(x).
x
2 4 8 x
f

67. PROBLEM SOLVING Biologists have found


that the length (in inches) of an alligator and its
weight w (in pounds) are related by the function
= 27.1 ln w − 32.8.
a. Use technology to graph the function.
b. Use your graph to estimate the weight of an
alligator that is 10 feet long.
c. Find the x-intercept of the graph of the function.
Does this x-value make sense in this situation?
Explain.

68. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?


The figure shows the graphs of the two functions f
54. MODELING REAL LIFE The energy magnitude of an and g.
earthquake can be modeled by f (x) = —23 log x − 9.9, y
f
where x is the amount of energy released (in ergs). 4

a. In 2019, an earthquake near Ridgecrest, California 2 g


released 3.16 × 1025 ergs. What was the energy
magnitude of the earthquake? −2 2 4 6 x

b. Find and interpret f −1(x). −2

In Exercises 55–60, graph the function. Example 7 a. Compare the end behavior of the logarithmic
function g to that of the exponential function f.
55. f (x) = log4 x 56. y = log6 x b. Determine whether the functions are inverse
functions. Explain.
57. y = log1/3 x 58. y = log1/4 x
c. What is the base of each function? Explain.
59. y = log2 x − 1 60. f (x) = log3(x + 2)

6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions 313


69. The function t(r) = −35 ln 1 − —
r
100 ( ) 70. THOUGHT PROVOKING
Explain why a base of 1 is excluded GO DIGITAL
represents the time (in minutes) it takes to recharge a from the definition of logarithm.
tablet battery from 0% to r% of its full charge.
a. Use technology to graph 71. CRITICAL THINKING Evaluate each logarithm. (Hint:
t for 0 < r < 100 and for For each logarithm logb x, rewrite b and x as powers
0 < t < 350. of the same base.)
b. How long will it take to
a. log125 25 b. log8 32
recharge the battery to
40% of its full charge? c. log27 81 d. log4 128
c. Describe what happens
72. OPEN-ENDED Write a logarithmic function f that
to t(r) as r increases in
satisfies both characteristics. Then graph the function.
this situation.
f(0) = −3; end behavior: as x → +∞, f (x) → +∞

REVIEW & REFRESH


In Exercises 73–76, identify the function family to 87. The two-way table shows the results of a survey.
which f belongs. Compare the graph of f to the graph Find and interpret the marginal frequencies.
of its parent function.
Support Motor Contest
73. y 74. y
−2 2 4x Gender Yes No Undecided

−4
4 2x Male 12 3 5
−4 f(x) = −2 f(x) = (x +22)2
−2 −1 Female 10 5 5

75. y 76. y
In Exercises 88 and 89, determine whether the
f(x) = 2 − .x − 1. f(x) = −x − 1
function represents exponential growth or exponential
2
−2 2 4x decay. Then graph the function.
x
−2
−4 2 88. y = (0.8)x

In Exercises 77–80, simplify the expression. 89. y = —5 () 6 x

77. −e2 e9 ⋅ 78. —4


3e2
15e
In Exercises 90 and 91, graph the function.

— 90. y = 3 − log4 x
79. (2ex)4 80. √ 4e8x
91. f(x) = log7(x − 1)
In Exercises 81 and 82, solve the equation.
92. MODELING REAL LIFE The volume of the largest
81. 0 = x2 + 12x + 11 82. n2 − n = 0
of the six pyramids constructed by the Norte Chico
people in Caral, Peru is about 4,500,000 cubic feet.
In Exercises 83 and 84, find the real solution(s) of
What is the height of the pyramid?
the equation. Round your answer(s) to two decimal
places when appropriate.

83. x 3 = −343 84. y 6 + 1 = 71

In Exercises 85 and 86, determine whether the inverse h ft


of f is a function. Then find the inverse.
(8h − 30) ft (8h + 20) ft

85. f(x) = 3x3 + 2 86. f(x) = √ x + 1

314 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Transformations of Exponential
6.4 GO DIGITAL

and Logarithmic Functions


Learning Target Describe and graph transformations of exponential
and logarithmic functions.

Success Criteria • I can describe transformations of exponential and


logarithmic functions.
• I can graph transformations of exponential and logarithmic functions.
• I can write functions that represent transformations of exponential
and logarithmic functions.

EXPLORE IT Identifying Transformations


Work with a partner. You can transform graphs of exponential and logarithmic
functions in the same way you transformed graphs of functions previously. Each
graph shown is a transformation of the parent function
f (x) = e x or f (x) = ln x.
In parts (a)–(f), match each graph with one of the functions in the list at the left.
Explain your reasoning. Then describe the transformation of f represented by g.
A. g(x) = e x + 2 − 3
B. g(x) = −e x + 2 + 1 a. 4
y b. y
g 4
C. g(x) = −e x − 2 + 3 g
2
D. g(x) = e x − 2 − 1
−4 −2 2 x −4 −2 2 4x
E. g(x) = ln(x + 2)
−2 −2
F. g(x) = ln(x − 2)
−4
G. g(x) = 2 + ln x
H. g(x) = 2 + ln(−x)
c. y d. y g
4
2
2

−4 2 x
−2 2 4 x
−2
g
−4

Math Practice e. y f. y
4 4
Look for Structure g
2
How can you use the
asymptotes to match the
−4 2 4x −4 −2 2 x
functions and graphs?
−2 g −2

−4 −4

g. The graph of h is a translation 4 units right and 1 unit up of the graph of


f (x) = e x. Write a rule for h. Then graph each function.

6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 315


Transforming Graphs of
Exponential Functions GO DIGITAL

You can transform graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions in the


same way you transformed graphs of functions in previous chapters. Examples
of transformations of the graph of f (x) = 4x are shown below.

KEY IDEAS
Transformation f(x) Notation Examples
Horizontal Translation g(x) = 4x − 3 3 units right
f (x − h)
Graph shifts left or right. g(x) = 4x + 2 2 units left
Vertical Translation g(x) = 4x + 5 5 units up
f(x) + k
Graph shifts up or down. g(x) = 4x − 1 1 unit down
Reflection f (−x) g(x) = 4−x in the y-axis
Graph flips over a line. −f (x) g(x) = −4x in the x-axis
Horizontal Stretch or Shrink g(x) = 42x shrink by a
Graph stretches away from 1
factor of —
or shrinks toward y-axis f(ax) 2
1 g(x) = 4x/2 stretch by a
by a factor of —.
a factor of 2
Vertical Stretch or Shrink g(x) = 3(4x) stretch by a
Graph stretches away from factor of 3
or shrinks toward x-axis ⋅
a f(x) 1
g(x) = — (4x) shrink by a
by a factor of a. 4 1
factor of —
4

EXAMPLE 1 Translating an Exponential Function

() ()
x x
Describe the transformation of f (x) = —12 represented by g(x) = —12 − 4.
Then graph each function.

SOLUTION
()
x
Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = —12 + k.
STUDY TIP
Notice in the graph that Rewrite the function to identify k.
g f y
()
x
the vertical translation g(x) = —12 + (−4)
also shifts the asymptote 3
4 units down, so the range
of g is y > −4. k
−3 1 3 x
Because k = −4, the graph of g −1
is a translation 4 units down of
the graph of f.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.

1. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x + 2 ()


1 x
2. f (x) = —4 , g(x) = —4 () 1 x−2

3. f (x) = 0.5x, g(x) = 0.5x + 1 − 6 4. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 2x − 3 + 1

316 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Translating a Natural Base
EXAMPLE 2
Exponential Function GO DIGITAL

Describe the transformation of f (x) = e x represented by g(x) = e x + 3 + 2.


Then graph each function.

SOLUTION
Notice that the function is of the form
STUDY TIP g(x) = e x − h + k. Rewrite the function to
g y f
Notice in the graph that identify h and k. 7
the vertical translation
g(x) = e x − (−3) + 2 5
also shifts the asymptote
2 units up, so the range 3
of g is y > 2. h k
Because h = −3 and k = 2, the graph
of g is a translation 3 units left and −6 −4 −2 2x
2 units up of the graph of f.

EXAMPLE 3 Transforming Exponential Functions

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.


a. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 33x − 5 b. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = − —18 e−x

SOLUTION
a. Notice that the function is of the b. Notice that the function is
form g(x) = 3ax − h, where a = 3 of the form g(x) = ae−x,
and h = 5. where a = − —18 .

Math Practice So, the graph of g is a So, the graph of g is a


translation 5 units right, reflection in the x-axis
Look for Structure followed by a horizontal shrink and a vertical shrink by
Compare the by a factor of —13 of the graph a factor of —18 of the graph
transformation in of f. of f.
Example 3(a) with
the transformation y f g f y
8 4
of f represented by
h(x) = 33(x − 5). 6

4
−4 2 4x

2 −2

g −4
−2 2 4 x

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.


5. f (x) = ex, g(x) = ex − 3 6. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−x − 5

7. f (x) = 0.4x, g(x) = 0.4−2x 8. f (x) = e x, g(x) = −e x + 6

9. WRITING Given the function f (x) = ab x − h + k, describe the effects of a, h, and k


on the graph of the function.

6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 317


Transforming Graphs of
Logarithmic Functions GO DIGITAL

Examples of transformations of the graph of f (x) = log x are shown below.

KEY IDEAS
Transformation
Tran f(x) Notation Examples
Hori
Horizontal Translation g(x) = log(x − 4) 4 units right
f (x − h)
Graph shifts left or right.
Grap g(x) = log(x + 7) 7 units left
Vert
Vertical Translation g(x) = log x + 3 3 units up
f(x) + k
Grap
Graph shifts up or down. g(x) = log x − 1 1 unit down
Refleection f (−x) g(x) = log(−x) in the y-axis
Grap
Graph flips over a line. −f (x) g(x) = −log x in the x-axis
Hori
Horizontal Stretch or Shrink g(x) = log(4x) shrink by a
Grap
Graph stretches away from 1
factor of —
f (ax) 4
( )
or sh
shrinks toward y-axis 1
1 g(x) = log — x stretch by a
by a factor of —. 3
a factor of 3
Vertical Stretch or Shrink
Vert g(x) = 5 log x stretch by a
Graph stretches away from
Grap factor of 5
shrinks toward x-axis
or sh ⋅
a f(x) 2
g(x) = — log x shrink by a
by a factor of a. 3 2
factor of —
3

EXAMPLE 4
EXAM Transforming Logarithmic Functions

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.


Describ
a. f(
f (x) (
x) = log x, g(x) = log − —12 x ) b. f (x) = log1/2 x, g(x) = 2 log1/2(x + 4)

SOLUTION
SOLUT
Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = log(ax), where a = − —12 .
a. Notic

So, the graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis y


f
and a horizontal stretch by a factor of 2 of g
1
the graph of f.
STUDY TIP −16 −8 8 16 x
In Example 4(b), notice −1
in the graph that the
horizontal translation
also shifts the asymptote b. Notice that the function is of the form g(x) = a log1/2(x − h), where
4 units left, so the a = 2 and h = −4.
domain of g is x > −4.
y
So, the graph of g is a horizontal translation
4 units left and a vertical stretch by a factor 2
of 2 of the graph of f.
−1 4x
−2
f

318 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Writing Transformations of Graphs
of Functions GO DIGITAL

EXAMPLE 5 Writing a Transformed Exponential Function

Let the graph of g be a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation 4 units right
of the graph of f (x) = 2x. Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION
Check Step 1 First write a function h that represents the reflection of f.
f h(x) = −f (x) Multiply the output by −1.
2
= −2x Substitute 2x for f (x).

–4 4 6 Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the translation of h.


–2 g(x) = h (x − 4) Subtract 4 from the input.
h g = −2x − 4 Replace x with x − 4 in h (x).

The transformed function is g(x) = −2x − 4.

EXAMPLE 6 Writing a Transformed Logarithmic Function

Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units up, followed by a vertical stretch by a factor
of 2 of the graph of f (x) = log1/3 x. Write a rule for g.

SOLUTION
Step 1 First write a function h that represents the translation of f.
Check h(x) = f (x) + 2 Add 2 to the output.
6
g = log1/3 x + 2 Substitute log1/3 x for f (x).
4 Step 2 Then write a function g that represents the vertical stretch of h.
2
h ⋅
g(x) = 2 h(x) Multiply the output by 2.

f 4 6 8 = 2 ⋅ (log 1/3 x + 2) Substitute log1/3 x + 2 for h(x).


= 2 log1/3 x + 4 Distributive Property

The transformed function is g(x) = 2 log1/3 x + 4.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.


10. f (x) = log2 x, g(x) = −3 log2 x 11. f (x) = log1/4 x, g(x) = log1/4(4x) − 5

12. Let the graph of g be a horizontal stretch by a factor of 3, followed by a translation


2 units up of the graph of f (x) = e−x. Write a rule for g.

13. Let the graph of g be a reflection in the y-axis, followed by a translation 4 units left
of the graph of f (x) = log x. Write a rule for g.

6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 319


6.4 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1– 4, match the function with its graph. In Exercises 15–22, describe the transformation
Explain your reasoning. of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
Example 3
1. y = 2x + 2 − 2
4
15. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e2x 16. f (x) = e x, g (x) = —3 e x
2. y = 2x + 2 +2
17. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = −2x − 3
3. y = 2x − 2 − 2
18. f (x) = 4x, g(x) = 40.5x − 5
4. y = 2x − 2 + 2
19. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = 3e−6x
A. B.
y y 20. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−5x + 2
4 6
21. f (x) = 0.5x, g(x) = 6(0.5)x + 5 − 2
2 4

−4 −2 4x
()3 x
22. f (x) = —4 , g(x) = − —4 ()
3 x−7
+1

−4 −2 2 4x ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 23 and 24, describe and


correct the error in graphing the transformation of f
C. D.
represented by g.
y y
4
23. g (x) = 2x + 3
2


3 y
−4 2 4x g f
−1 1 8

−6 −4 −2 2x

In Exercises 5–14, describe the transformation −4 −2 2 4x


of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
Examples 1 and 2 24. g (x) = 3−x
5. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x + 5

6. f (x) = 4x, g(x) = 4x − 8 ✗ 2


y
f

7. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x − 1 −4 −2 2 4x

−2
8. f (x) = e x, g(x) = e x + 4 g

9. f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 2x − 7

10. f (x) = 5x, g(x) = 5x + 1 In Exercises 25–28, describe the transformation


of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
11. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−x + 6 Example 4

12. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−x − 9 25. f (x) = log4 x, g(x) = 3 log4 x − 5

26. f (x) = log1/3 x, g(x) = log1/3(−x) + 6


13. f (x) = 0.25x, g (x) = 0.25x – 3 + 12
27. f (x) = log1/5 x, g(x) = −log1/5(x − 7)
() 1 x
14. f (x)= —3 , g(x) = —3 ()
1 x+2
− —23
28. f (x) = log2 x, g(x) = log2(x + 2) − 3

320 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS In Exercises 29–32, use In Exercises 35–38, write a rule for g that
the graph of f to match the transformation of f with represents the indicated transformations GO DIGITAL
its graph. of the graph of f. Example 5
y
35. f (x) = 5x; translation 2 units down, followed by a
f
reflection in the y-axis

()
2 x
36. f (x) = —3 ; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
x vertical stretch by a factor of 6 and a translation
4 units left
1
37. f (x) = ex; horizontal shrink by a factor of —2 , followed
by a translation 5 units up
29. y = f (x − 2) 30. y = f (x + 2)
38. f (x) = e−x; translation 4 units right and 1 unit down,
31. y = 2f (x) 32. y = f (2x) followed by a vertical shrink by a factor of —13

A. y B. y In Exercises 39–42, write a rule for g that represents


the indicated transformations of the graph of f.
Example 6

x x
39. f (x) = log6 x; vertical stretch by a factor of 6,
followed by a translation 5 units down
40. f (x) = log5 x; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a
translation 9 units left

C. y D. y 41. f (x) = log1/2 x; translation 3 units left and 2 units up,


followed by a reflection in the y-axis
42. f (x) = ln x; translation 3 units right and 1 unit up,
followed by a horizontal stretch by a factor of 8
x x
STRUCTURE In Exercises 43 and 44, describe
the transformation of the graph of f represented
by the graph of g. Then give an equation of the
asymptote.
JUSTIFYING STEPS In Exercises 33 and 34, justify each 43. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x − 9
step in writing a rule for g that represents the indicated 44. f (x) = log1/5 x, g(x) = log1/5 x + 13
transformations of the graph of f.
33. f (x) = log7 x; reflection in the x-axis, followed by a 45. MODELING REAL LIFE The speed (in miles per hour)
translation 6 units down of a hoverboard can be modeled by the function
g(t) = 9 − 9e −at, where t is the number of seconds
h (x) = −f (x) since activation and 0 < a < 1. Describe how changing
= −log7 x the value of a affects the graph of g. What does this
mean in terms of the speed of the hoverboard?
g (x) = h (x) − 6
= −log7 x − 6 46. MODELING REAL LIFE Explain why the advertisement
below is misleading for the hoverboard modeled
34. f (x) = 8x; vertical stretch by a factor of 4, followed by in Exercise 45.
a translation 1 unit up and 3 units left
h(x) = 4⋅ f (x)
=4⋅8 x

g (x) = h(x + 3) + 1
=4 ⋅8 x+3 +1 Up to 12 miles
per hour

6.4 Transformations of Exponential


Exponential
al and Logarithmic Functions 321
47. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Does a horizontal stretch by 50. THOUGHT PROVOKING
a factor of 4 have the same result as a vertical shrink Consider the functions f (x) = loga x and GO DIGITAL
by a factor of —14 for f (x) = log4 x? Explain. 1
g (x) = — log x + k. How are the
log a
graphs of f and g related?
48. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? y
The graphs of f (x) = b x 8
g
()
x f 51. PROBLEM SOLVING The amount P (in grams)
1
and g(x) = — are 6
b of 100 grams of plutonium-239 that remains after
shown for b = 2. Use 4 t years can be modeled by P = 100(0.99997)t.
the graphs to describe a a. How much plutonium-239 remains after
transformation of the 12,000 years?
graph of f that results in
the graph of g. −4 −2 2 4x b. Describe the transformation of the function when
the initial amount of plutonium-239 is 550 grams.
c. Does the transformation in part (b) affect the
49. CRITICAL THINKING Consider the graph of the
domain and range of the function? Explain.
function h (x) = e−x − 2.
Describe the transformation
of the graph of f (x) = e−x represented by the graph
52. OPEN-ENDED Write a function whose graph has a
of h. Then describe the transformation of the graph
y-intercept of 5 and an asymptote of y = 2.
of g(x) = e x represented by the graph of h.

REVIEW & REFRESH



In Exercises 53–56, simplify the expression. 62. Solve √ 2x + 11 = 5. Check your solution.
53. 9log9 x 54. eln 9
63. MODELING REAL LIFE Social media advertisement
revenue and ride sharing rewards earn annual
55. log2 22x 56. 10log (x − 3)
interest compounded continuously. The balance S
(in dollars) of the social media advertisement
In Exercises 57 and 58, determine whether the data
revenue after t years is modeled by S = 25e0.1t.
show a linear relationship. If so, write an equation of
The graph shows the balance R of the ride sharing
a line of fit. Then estimate y when x = 20 and explain
rewards. Which account has a greater principal?
its meaning in the context of the situation.
Which account has a greater balance after 6 years?
57.
Minutes gliding, x 1 4 8 12
Ride Sharing Rewards
Calories burned, y 8 32 64 96 R
50

58.
Balance (dollars)

Months, x 3 6 9 12 40

Attendance 30
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 (0, 30)
(thousands), y
20

In Exercises 59 and 60, write a rule for g that 10


represents the indicated transformations of the
graph of f. 0
0 2 4 6 8 t

59. f (x) = ex;horizontal shrink by a factor of 1


—3 , Year
followed by a translation 1 unit down
In Exercises 64 and 65, rewrite the function in the
60. f (x) = log2 x; reflection in the y-axis, followed by a form y = a(1 + r) t or y = a(1 − r) t. State the growth
translation 3 units right or decay rate, and describe the end behavior of the
function.
61. Find the zeros of h(x) = x 4 + x3 − 12x2.
Then sketch the graph of h. 64. y = a(2)t/4 ()
1 2t
65. y = a —3

322 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6.5 Properties of Logarithms GO DIGITAL

Learning Target Use properties of logarithms.

Success Criteria • I can evaluate logarithms.


• I can expand or condense logarithmic expressions.
• I can explain how to use the change-of-base formula.

EXPLORE IT Deriving Properties of Logarithms


Work with a partner. You can use properties of exponents to derive several
properties of logarithms. Let x = logb m and y = logb n. The corresponding
exponential forms of these two equations are
bx = m and by = n.
a. The diagram shows a way to derive the Product Property of Logarithms.
Complete and explain the diagram.
Exponential Form of mn
mn = b x b y

Logarithmic Form of mn = b x + y
mn = b x + y logb mn = x + y
Math Practice
Make Conjectures
Do you think you can
extend the Product Product Property
Property of Logarithms to of Logarithms
more than two factors? logb mn = logb m + logb n

b. Derive the Quotient Property of Logarithms shown below using a diagram


similar to that in part (a). Explain your reasoning.
m
logb — = logb m − logb n Quotient Property of Logarithms
n
Give some examples to show that the property works. Revise your work
if needed.
c. Use the substitution m = b x to derive the Power Property of Logarithms
shown below.
logb mn = n logb m Power Property of Logarithms
d. How are these three
properties of logarithms
similar to properties of
exponents?

6.5
65 Properties
Pro
Propertiies of Logarithms 323
Properties of Logarithms
GO DIGITAL
You know that the logarithmic function with base b is the inverse
function of the exponential function with base b. Because of this relationship,
it makes sense that logarithms have properties similar to properties of exponents.

KEY IDEA
Properties of Logarithms
STUDY TIP Let b, m, and n be positive real numbers with b ≠ 1.
These three properties of Product Property logb mn = logb m + logb n
logarithms correspond to
m
these three properties Quotient Property logb — = logb m − logb n
n
of exponents.
Power Property logb mn = n logb m
aman = am + n
am
— n
= am − n
a EXAMPLE 1 Using Properties of Logarithms
(am)n = amn
Use log2 3 ≈ 1.585 and log2 7 ≈ 2.807 to evaluate each logarithm.

a. log2 —37 b. log2 21 c. log2 49

SOLUTION
a. log2 —37 = log2 3 − log2 7 Quotient Property
COMMON ERROR ≈ 1.585 − 2.807 Use the given values of log2 3 and log2 7.
Note that in general
= −1.222 Subtract.
m logb m
logb — ≠ — and
n logb n
logb mn ≠ (logb m)(logb n).
b. log2 21 = log2(3 7) ⋅ Write 21 as 3 7.⋅
= log2 3 + log2 7 Product Property
≈ 1.585 + 2.807 Use the given values of log2 3 and log2 7.
= 4.392 Add.

c. log2 49 = log2 72 Write 49 as 72.


= 2 log2 7 Power Property
≈ 2(2.807) Use the given value of log2 7.
= 5.614 Multiply.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Use log6 5 ≈ 0.898 and log6 8 ≈ 1.161 to evaluate the logarithm.


5
1. log6 —8 2. log6 40

3. log6 64 4. log6 125

5. STRUCTURE Without using technology, can you use the approximations given below
to evaluate ln x for all integer values of x between 1 and 10? Explain your reasoning.
ln 2 ≈ 0.6931, ln 3 ≈ 1.0986, ln 5 ≈ 1.6094

324 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Expanding and Condensing
Logarithmic Expressions GO DIGITAL

EXAMPLE 2 Expanding a Logarithmic Expression

5x7
Expand ln —.
y
STUDY TIP
When you are expanding SOLUTION
or condensing an
5x7
expression involving ln — = ln 5x7 − ln y Quotient Property
y
logarithms, you can
assume that any variables = ln 5 + ln x7 − ln y Product Property
are positive. = ln 5 + 7 ln x − ln y Power Property

EXAMPLE 3 Condensing a Logarithmic Expression

Condense log 9 + 3 log 2 − log 3.

SOLUTION
log 9 + 3 log 2 − log 3 = log 9 + log 23 − log 3 Power Property


= log(9 23) − log 3 Product Property
9 ⋅2 3
= log — Quotient Property
3
= log 24 Simplify.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Expand the logarithmic expression.


5 —
6. log6 3x4 7. ln — 8. log5 2√ x
12x
9. REASONING Which property of logarithms do you need to use to condense
the expression log3 2x + log3 y?

Condense the logarithmic expression.


10. log x − log 9 11. 4 ln x + 8 ln y 12. ln 4 + 3 ln 3 − ln 12

Change-of-Base Formula
Logarithms with any base other than 10 or e can be written in terms of common or
natural logarithms using the change-of-base formula. This allows you to evaluate any
logarithm using a calculator.

KEY IDEA
Change-of-Base Formula
If a, b, and c are positive real numbers with b ≠ 1 and c ≠ 1, then
logb a
logc a = — .
logb c
log a ln a
In particular, logc a = — and logc a = —.
log c ln c

6.5 Properties of Logarithms 325


Changing a Base Using
EXAMPLE 4
Common Logarithms GO DIGITAL

Evaluate log3 8 using common logarithms.

SOLUTION
log 8 log a
log3 8 = — logc a = —
log 3 log c
ANOTHER WAY
≈ 1.893 Use technology.
You can also evaluate
log3 8 using natural
logarithms. EXAMPLE 5 Changing a Base Using Natural Logarithms
ln 8
log3 8 = — ≈ 1.893 Evaluate log6 24 using natural logarithms.
ln 3
Notice that you get the
SOLUTION
same answer whether you
use natural logarithms or ln 24 ln a
log6 24 = — logc a = —
common logarithms in the ln 6 ln c
change-of-base formula. ≈ 1.774 Use technology.

EXAMPLE 6 Modeling Real Life

For a sound with intensity I (in watts per square meter), the loudness L(I ) of the
sound (in decibels) is given by the function
I
L(I) = 10 log —
I0
where I0 is the intensity of a barely audible sound (about 10−12 watt per square meter).
An artist in a recording studio turns up the volume of a track so that the intensity of the
sound doubles. By how many decibels does the loudness increase?

SOLUTION
Let I be the original intensity, so that 2I is the doubled intensity.
increase in loudness = L(2I ) − L(I ) Write an expression.

2I I
= 10 log — − 10 log — Substitute.
I0 I0

( 2I
= 10 log — − log —
I0
I
I0 ) Distributive Property

( I
= 10 log 2 + log — − log —
I0
I
I0 ) Product Property

= 10 log 2 Simplify.

The loudness increases by 10 log 2 decibels, or about 3 decibels.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate the logarithm.


13. log5 8 14. log8 14 15. log26 9 16. log12 30

17. REASONING Describe two ways to evaluate log7 12 using a calculator.


18. WHAT IF? In Example 6, the artist turns up the volume so that the intensity of the
sound triples. By how many decibels does the loudness increase?

326 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6.5 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–4, match the expression with the 1


25. log5 4 + —3 log5 x
logarithm that has the same value. Justify your answer.
26. 6 ln 2 − 4 ln y
1. log3 6 − log3 2 A. log3 64
27. 5 ln 2 + 7 ln x + 4 ln y
2. 2 log3 6 B. log3 3
1
28. log3 4 + 2 log3 —2 + log3 x
3. 6 log3 2 C. log3 12
In Exercises 29– 36, use the change-of-base formula to
4. log3 6 + log3 2 D. log3 36
evaluate the logarithm. Examples 4 and 5
In Exercises 5–10, use log7 4 ≈ 0.712 and log7 12 ≈ 1.277 29. log4 7 30. log5 13
to evaluate the logarithm. Example 1
31. log9 15 32. log8 22
5. log7 3 6. log7 48
33. log6 17 34. log2 28
7. log7 16 8. log7 64
3 9
1 35. log7 — 36. log3 —
9. log7 —14 10. log7 —3 16 40

In Exercises 11–18, expand the logarithmic expression. MODELING REAL LIFE In Exercises 37 and 38, use the
Example 2 I
function L(I ) = 10 log — given in Example 6.
I0
11. log3 2x 12. log8 3x
37. The intensity of the sound of a television commercial
13. log 10x5 14. ln 3x4 is 10 times greater than the intensity of the television
program it follows. By how many decibels does the
x 6x2 loudness increase? Example 6
15. ln — 16. ln —4
3y y
— 3— 38. The blue whale can produce sound with an intensity
17. log7 5√ x 18. log5 √ x2y
that is 1 million times greater than the intensity of
the loudest sound a human can make. Find the
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 19 and 20, difference in the loudness of the sounds made by
describe and correct the error in expanding a blue whale and a human.
the logarithmic expression.

19.

✗ log2 5x = (log2 5)(log2 x)

20.

✗ ln 7x3 = 3 ln 7x
= 3(ln 7 + ln x)
= 3 ln 7 + 3 ln x 39. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following is not
y4
equivalent to log5 —?
3x
In Exercises 21–28, condense the logarithmic A 4 log5 y − log5 3x
expression. Example 3
B 4 log5 y − log5 3 + log5 x
21. log4 7 − log4 10 22. ln 12 − ln 4
C 4 log5 y − log5 3 − log5 x
23. 6 ln x + 4 ln y 24. 2 log x + log 11 D log5 y4 − log5 3 − log5 x

6.5 Properties of Logarithms 327


40. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following equations 42. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
is true? Use the graph to determine the GO DIGITAL

A log7 x + 2 log7 y = log7(x + y2) log 8


value of —.
log 2
x9
B 9 log x − 2 log y = log —2 y
y 4 y = log2 x
C 5 log4 x + 7 log2 y = log6 x5y7
2
x
D log9 x − 5 log9 y = log9 —
5y 2 4 6 8x

41. REWRITING A FORMULA Under certain conditions,


the wind speed (in knots) at an altitude of h meters 43. REASONING Determine whether
above a grassy plain can be modeled by the function logb(M + N) = logb M + logb N is true for all
s(h) = 2 ln 100h. positive, real values of M, N, and b (with b ≠ 1).
a. By what amount does the wind speed increase Justify your answer.
when the altitude doubles?
b. Show that the given function can be written 44. THOUGHT PROVOKING
in terms of common logarithms as Use properties of exponents to prove the
2 change-of-base formula. (Hint: Let x = logb a,
s(h) = — (log h + 2). y = logb c, and z = logc a.)
log e

45. Describe three ways to transform


the graph of f (x) = log x to obtain the graph of
g(x) = log 100x − 1. Justify your answers.

REVIEW & REFRESH


In Exercises 46 and 47, rewrite the equation in In Exercises 53 and 54, solve the inequality by graphing.
exponential or logarithmic form.
53. x2 + 13x + 42 < 0 54. −x 2 − 4x + 6 ≤ −6
46. log4 1024 = 5 47. 74 = 2401
y3
55. Expand log —5 .
48. Write an equation of the y x
parabola in vertex form. g
2 56. The graph of g is a y
2
(−3, 1) transformation of the
−4 2x graph of f (x) = 3x.
−4 −2 2 x
Write a rule for g.
(−1, −2) −2
−3

49. Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate log5 20.


In Exercises 57 and 58, perform the operation. Write
In Exercises 50 and 51, solve the equation by graphing.
the answer in standard form.
50. 4x2 − 3x − 6 = −x2 + 5x + 3
57. (3 − i)(8 + 2i)
51. −(x + 3)(x + 2) = x2 − 6x
58. (6 + 11i) − (13 − 4i)
52. MODELING REAL LIFE At a frozen yogurt stand,
In Exercises 59–62, simplify the expression.
two small cones, one medium cone, and two large
cones cost $14.60. One small cone, one medium 15e3
59. e8 • e4 60. —
cone, and one large cone cost $8.70. Three small 3e
cones, two medium cones, and one large cone cost
e11 • e−3
$16.50. How much does each cone size cost? 61. (5e4x)3 62. —2 e

328 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Solving Exponential and
6.6 GO DIGITAL

Logarithmic Equations
Learning Target Solve exponential and logarithmic equations and inequalities.

Success Criteria • I can solve exponential equations.


• I can solve logarithmic equations.
• I can solve exponential and logarithmic inequalities.

EXPLORE IT Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations


Work with a partner.
a. Find the intersection point of the graphs. Explain how this point can be
used to solve each equation.

i. 4x = 2 ii. log4 x = 1

y y
4 4

−4 −2 2 4x −4 −2 2 4x

−2 −2

−4 −4

b. Solve each equation by graphing.

i. e x = 2

ii. ln x = −1

iii. 2x = 3−x

iv. log5 x = —12

c. CHOOSE TOOLS Solve one of the equations in part (b) using a


numerical approach, such as using a table or a spreadsheet. Explain
your reasoning.

d. Solve one of the equations in part (b) using an analytical approach, such as
using properties of exponents and logarithms. Explain your reasoning.
Math Practice
Look for Structure
What are some e. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the solution methods
characteristics of an in parts (b)–(d)?
equation that can
help you choose your
solution method?

6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 329


Solving Exponential Equations
GO DIGITAL
Exponential equations are equations in which variable expressions
Vocabulary occur as exponents. You can use the following property to solve some
exponential equations, p. 330 exponential equations.
logarithmic equations, p. 331
KEY IDEA
Property of Equality for Exponential Equations
Algebra If b is a positive real number other than 1, then b x = by if and
only if x = y.
Example If 3x = 35, then x = 5. If x = 5, then 3x = 35.

The property above is useful for solving an exponential equation when each side has
the same base (or can be rewritten using the same base). When it is not convenient to
rewrite each side of an exponential equation using the same base, you can try to solve
the equation by taking a logarithm of each side.

EXAMPLE 1 Solving Exponential Equations

Solve (a) 100x = —1


10 ( ) x−3
and (b) 2x = 7.

SOLUTION

Check
a. 100x = —1
10 ( ) x−3
Write original equation.
? 1
( )
1001 = —1
10
1−3 (102)x = (10−1)x − 3 Rewrite 100 and —
10
as powers with base 10.

? 102x = 10−x + 3 Power of a Power Property


100 = ( — )
1 −2
10
2x = −x + 3 Property of Equality for Exponential Equations
100 = 100 ✓ x=1 Solve for x.

b. 2x = 7 Write original equation.


log2 2x = log2 7 Take log2 of each side.
x = log2 7 logb b x = x
x ≈ 2.807 Use technology.

Check
Use technology to graph y = 2x and 8

y = 7. Then find the intersection point of the (2.807, 7)


graphs. The graphs intersect at about (2.807, 7). ✓ 4

1 2 3 4

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the equation.

1. (—)
1 1−x
5
= 252x + 1 2. 82x − 1 = 24x − 4 3. 2x = 5 4. 79x = 15

330 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


An important application of exponential equations is Newton’s Law
Math Practice of Cooling. This law states that for a cooling substance with initial GO DIGITAL
Look for Structure temperature T0, the temperature T after t minutes can be modeled by
Notice that Newton’s
Law of Cooling models T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR
the temperature of a where TR is the surrounding temperature and r is the cooling rate of the substance.
cooling body by adding a
constant function, TR , to
a decaying exponential EXAMPLE 2 Modeling Real LIfe
function, (T0 − TR)e−rt.
You are cooking aleecha, an Ethiopian stew. When you take it off the stove, its
temperature is 212°F. The room temperature is 70°F, and the cooling rate of the stew is
r = 0.
0.046. How long will it take to cool the stew to a serving temperature of 100°F?

SOLUTION
SOLU
Newton’s Law of Cooling with T = 100, T0 = 212, TR = 70, and r = 0.046.
Use N
T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR Newton’s Law of Cooling
100 = (212 − 70)e−0.046t + 70 Substitute for T, T0, TR, and r.
30 = 142e−0.046t Subtract 70 from each side.
0.211 ≈ e−0.046t Divide each side by 142.
ln 0.211 ≈ ln e−0.046t Take natural log of each side.
−1.556 ≈ −0.046t
− ln e x = loge e x = x
33.8 ≈ t Divide each side by −0.046.

Y
You should wait about 34 minutes before serving the stew.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

5. WHAT IF? Use the information in Example 2.


a. How long will it take to cool the stew to 100°F when the room temperature is 75°F?
b. How much sooner can your guests begin to eat when the serving temperature
is 140°F instead of 100°F? Explain your reasoning.

Solving Logarithmic Equations


Logarithmic equations are equations that involve one or more logarithms of variable
expressions. You can use the following property to solve some logarithmic equations.

KEY IDEA
Property of Equality for Logarithmic Equations
Algebra If b, x, and y are positive real numbers with b ≠ 1, then
logb x = logb y if and only if x = y.
Example If log2 x = log2 7, then x = 7. If x = 7, then log2 x = log2 7.

The property above implies that if you are given an equation x = y, then you can
exponentiate each side to obtain an equation of the form bx = by.

6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 331


EXAMPLE 3 Solving Logarithmic Equations
GO DIGITAL
Solve (a) ln(4x − 7) = ln(x + 5) and (b) log2(5x − 17) = 3.

SOLUTION
a. ln(4x − 7) = ln(x + 5) Write original equation. Check
?
4x − 7 = x + 5
Property of Equality for
Logarithmic Equations

ln(4 4 − 7) = ln(4 + 5)
?
ln(16 − 7) = ln 9

Check
3x − 7 = 5 Subtract x from each side.
ln 9 = ln 9 ✓
? x=4 Solve for x.

log2(5 5 − 17) = 3
? b. log2(5x − 17) = 3 Write original equation.
log2(25 − 17) = 3
? 2log2(5x − 17) = 23 Exponentiate each side using base 2.
log2 8 = 3
5x − 17 = 8
Because 23 = 8, log2 8 = 3. ✓ blogb x = x
x=5 Solve for x.

Solving an Equation with


EXAMPLE 4
an Extraneous Solution

Solve log 2x + log(x − 5) = 2.

SOLUTION
log 2x + log(x − 5) = 2 Write original equation.
STUDY TIP log[2x(x − 5)] = 2 Product Property of Logarithms
Because the domain of
a logarithmic function
10log[2x(x − 5)] = 102 Exponentiate each side using base 10.
generally does not include 2x(x − 5) = 100 blogb x = x
all real numbers, be sure
to check for extraneous
2x2 − 10x − 100 = 0 Use Distributive Property and write in standard form.
solutions of logarithmic x2 − 5x − 50 = 0 Divide each side by 2.
equations. You can do this
algebraically or graphically.
(x − 10)(x + 5) = 0 Factor.
x = 10 or x = −5 Zero-Product Property

? ?

Check log(2 10) + log(10 − 5) = 2
?

log[2 (−5)] + log(−5 − 5) = 2
?
log 20 + log 5 = 2 log(−10) + log(−10) = 2
?
log 100 = 2 Because log(−10) is not defined,
2=2 ✓ −5 is not a solution. ✗
The apparent solution x = −5 is extraneous. So, the only solution is x = 10.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the equation. Check your solution(s).


6. ln(7x − 4) = ln(2x + 11) 7. log7(4x − 1) = log7 23 8. log2(x − 6) = 5
9. log 5x + log(x − 1) = 2 10. log4(x + 12) + log4 x = 3 11. ln(x + 4) + ln x = 6
12. WRITING When do logarithmic equations have extraneous solutions?

332 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Solving Exponential and
Logarithmic Inequalities GO DIGITAL

Exponential inequalities are inequalities in which variable expressions


occur as exponents, and logarithmic inequalities are inequalities that
involve logarithms of variable expressions. To solve exponential and logarithmic
inequalities algebraically, use the following properties. Note that the properties are
true for ≤ and ≥ .
Exponential Property of Inequality: If b is a positive real number greater than 1,
STUDY TIP then bx > by if and only if x > y, and bx < by if and only if x < y.
Be sure you understand Logarithmic Property of Inequality: If b, x, and y are positive real numbers with
that these properties of b greater than 1, then logb x > logb y if and only if x > y, and logb x < logb y if and
inequality are only true only if x < y.
for values of b > 1.
You can also solve an inequality by taking a logarithm of each side or by
exponentiating each side.

EXAMPLE 5 Solving an Exponential Inequality

Solve 3x < 20.

SOLUTION
3x < 20 Write original inequality.
log3 3x < log3 20 Take log3 of each side.
x < log3 20 logb b x = x

The solution is x < log3 20. Because log3 20 ≈ 2.727, the approximate solution
is x < 2.727.

EXAMPLE 6 Solving a Logarithmic Inequality

Solve log x ≤ 2.

SOLUTION
Method 1 Use an algebraic approach.
log x ≤ 2 Write original inequality.
10log10 x ≤ 102 Exponentiate each side using base 10.
x ≤ 100 blogb x = x

Because log x is only defined when x > 0, the solution is 0 < x ≤ 100.

Method 2 Use a graphical approach.


(100, 2)
Use technology to graph y = log x and y = 2. Then find the intersection point of
1 the graphs. The graphs intersect at (100, 2). The graph of y = log x is on or below
the graph of y = 2 when 0 < x ≤ 100.
50 100 150
The solution is 0 < x ≤ 100.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Solve the inequality.


13. ex < 2 14. 102x − 6 > 3 15. log x + 9 < 45 16. 2 ln x − 1 > 4

6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 333


6.6 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–12, solve the equation. Example 1 In Exercises 17–26, solve the equation. Example 3

1. 23x + 5 = 21 − x 2. e2x = e3x − 1 17. ln(4x − 12) = ln x 18. ln(2x − 4) = ln(x + 6)

3. 5x − 3 = 25x − 5 4. 62x − 6 = 363x − 5 19. log2(3x − 4) = log2 5 20. log(7x + 3) = log 38

5. 3x = 7 6. 10x = 33 21. log2(4x + 8) = 5 22. log3(2x + 1) = 2

7. 1005x + 2 = —
10 ( )
1 11 − x
8. 5125x − 1 = —8()1 −4 − x
23. log(12x − 9) = log 3x 24. log6(5x + 9) = log6 6x

9. 5(7)5x = 60 10. 3(2)6x = 99 25. log2(x2 − x − 6) = 2 26. log3(x2 + 9x + 27) = 2

11. 3e4x + 9 = 15 12. 2e2x − 7 = 5 In Exercises 27–34, solve the equation. Check your
solution(s). Example 4
13. MODELING REAL LIFE The length (in centimeters)
of a scalloped hammerhead shark can be modeled by 27. log2 x + log2(x − 2) = 3
the function
28. log6 3x + log6(x − 1) = 3
= 266 − 219e−0.05t
29. ln x + ln(x + 3) = 4 30. ln x + ln(x − 2) = 5
where t is the age (in years) of
the shark. How old is a shark that
31. log3 3x2 + log3 3 = 2
is 175 centimeters long?
32. log4(−x) + log4(x + 10) = 2

33. log3(x − 9) + log3(x − 3) = 2

34. log5(x + 4) + log5(x + 1) = 2

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 35 and 36, describe and


correct the error in solving the equation.
35.


14. MODELING REAL LIFE One hundred grams of radium
log3(5x − 1) = 4
are stored in a container. The amount R (in grams)
of radium present after t years is modeled by 3log3(5x − 1) = 43
R = 100e−0.00043t. After how many years will only 5x − 1 = 64
5 grams of radium be present? 5x = 65
x = 13
In Exercises 15 and 16, use Newton’s Law of Cooling to
solve the problem. Example 2

15. You are driving on a hot day when your car overheats 36.
and stops running. The car overheats at 280°F and can
be driven again at 230°F. When it is 80°F outside, the
cooling rate of the car is r = 0.0058. How long do
✗ log4(x + 12) + log4 x = 3
log4[(x + 12)(x)] = 3
4log4[(x + 12)(x)] = 43
you have to wait until you can continue driving? (x + 12)(x) = 64
16. You cook a turkey until the internal temperature x + 12x − 64 = 0
2

reaches 180°F. The turkey is placed on the table until (x + 16)(x − 4) = 0


the internal temperature reaches 100°F and it can x = −16 or x = 4
be carved. When the room temperature is 72°F, the The only solution is x = −16.
cooling rate of the turkey is r = 0.067. How long do
you have to wait until you can carve the turkey?

334 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


37. PROBLEM SOLVING You deposit $100 in an 55. PROBLEM SOLVING An investment
account that pays 6% annual interest. How long will that earns a rate of return r doubles in GO DIGITAL
it take for the balance to reach $1000 for quarterly ln 2
value in t years, where t = — and
compounding? continuous compounding? ln(1 + r)
r is expressed as a decimal. What rates of
38. MODELING REAL LIFE The apparent magnitude return will double the value of an investment
of a star is a measure of the brightness of the star in less than 10 years?
viewed from Earth. The apparent magnitude M of the
dimmest star that can be seen with a telescope is 56. PROBLEM SOLVING A phone case sells for
M = 5 log D + 2, where D is the diameter (in $48. The value of the phone case decreases by 25%
millimeters) of the telescope’s objective lens. What is each year. When does the value of the phone case
the diameter of the objective lens of a telescope that exceed $20.25?
can reveal stars with an apparent magnitude of 12?
USING TOOLS In Exercises 57–60, use technology
39. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Approximate the to solve the equation.
solution of each equation using the graph.
57. ln 2x = 3−x + 2 58. log x = 7−x
a. 1 − 55 − x = −9 b. log2 5x = 2
y y 59. log x = 3x − 3 60. ln 2x = e x − 3
2 12

8 x 61. REWRITING A FORMULA A biologist


8 y=2
−4
estimates the age a (in years) of an 36 cm
y = −9 4 African elephant by measuring the
length (in centimeters) of its
2 4 x footprint and using the equation 32 cm
−12
5−x y = log2 5x = 45 − 25.7e−0.09a.
y=1−5 −4
28 cm
Find the ages of the elephants
40. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend states that a whose footprints are shown.
24 cm
logarithmic equation cannot have a negative solution
because logarithmic functions are not defined for
negative numbers. Is your friend correct? Explain.

62. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?


In Exercises 41–52, solve the inequality. Use the graph to 12
y
Examples 5 and 6 approximate the
solution of 6
41. 2x < 8 42. 9x > 27 y=9 y = 4 ln x + 6
4 ln x + 6 > 9.
Explain. −2 2 4 6 x
43. 7x > 54 44. 4x ≤ 36

45. log (x − 1) > log 2 46. ln 3 > ln(x + 2) 63. OPEN-ENDED Write an exponential or logarithmic
equation that has a solution of x = 4.
47. ln x ≥ 3 48. log4 x < 4
64. THOUGHT PROVOKING
49. 34x − 5 < 8 50. e3x + 4 > 11 Give an example of an exponential or logarithmic
inequality that has no solution.
51. −3 log5 x + 6 ≤ 9 52. −4 log5 x − 5 ≥ 3

53. COMPARING METHODS Solve log5 x < 2 CRITICAL THINKING In Exercises 65–70, solve the
algebraically and graphically. Which method do equation.
you prefer? Explain your reasoning.
65. 2x + 3 = 53x − 1 66. 103x − 8 = 25 − x
54. PROBLEM SOLVING You buy an autographed
67. log3(x − 6) = log9 2x 68. log4 x = log8 4x
jersey for $55. The value of the jersey is expected to
increase by 8% each year. How long will it take the
jersey to double in value? ⋅
69. 22x − 7 2x + 6 = 0 70. 52x + 3 ⋅ 5 − 40 = 0
x

6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 335


71. WRITING In Exercises 65–68, you solved exponential 73. PROBLEM SOLVING When X-rays
and logarithmic equations with different bases. of a fixed wavelength strike a material GO DIGITAL
Describe general methods for solving such equations. x centimeters thick, the intensity I(x) of the
72. PERFORMANCE TASK You find reward apps to help X-rays transmitted through the material is given by
you resist using your phone during school. Points I(x) = I0e−μx, where I0 is the initial intensity and μ is
from an app are redeemable for prizes. a value that depends on the type of material and the
wavelength of the X-rays. The table shows the values
Option A Option B of μ for various materials and X-rays of medium
• Earns 5% per hour • Earns 4% per hour wavelength.
• 20-point penalty for • 10-point penalty for
checking phone during checking phone during Material Aluminum Copper Lead
school school Value of μ 0.43 3.2 43
SELECT SELECT

You wear a lead apron to protect you from harmful


Research other aspects of reward apps. Then create radiation while your dentist takes X-rays of your
a plan for an app to compete with the ones above, teeth. Explain why lead is a better material to use than
including a model for the number of points earned aluminum or copper.
over time.

REVIEW & REFRESH


74. MODELING REAL LIFE The intensity of the sound 81. STRUCTURE For the functions f and g,
of a musical overture is 5 times greater than the
intensity of a sensory friendly musical overture.
I
()
f
— (2) = 2 and ( f + g)(2) = 12. Find the values
g
Use the function L(I ) = 10 log — to determine the of f (2) and g(2).
I0
loudness increase (in decibels).
In Exercises 82 and 83, solve the quadratic equation.
In Exercises 75 and 76, describe the transformation 82. 2x2 − 10 = 4 83. x2 + 3x − 11 = 0
of f represented by g. Then graph each function.
In Exercises 84 and 85, solve the equation. Check
75. f (x) = 3x, g(x) = 3x + 7
your solution(s).
76. f (x) = e −x, g(x) = e −x − 2 84. log4 x + log4(x − 1) = 2

77. Use the graph to solve 3 = x 2 − 2x. 85. log5 2x2 + log5 4 = 4

y In Exercises 86 and 87, evaluate the logarithm.


2
86. log3 729 87. log1/2 8
−2 2 4 x
In Exercises 88 and 89, solve the system.

−4 f(x) = x 2 − 2x − 3 88. 3x + 2y + z = 9 89. x − y − z = −4


−x + 2y + 5z = 5 x + y − 2z = 3
78. Describe the transformation of f(x) = x3 x + y − 2z = −2 −x + 2y − 4z = 3
represented by g(x) = 2(x + 1)3. Then graph
each function. 90. Use the table to find the product of 3x2 − x + 1
and 2x − 1.
In Exercises 79 and 80, simplify the expression.
3— 3—
3x 2 −x 1
79. 4√ 17 + 3√ 17
2x −2x2 2x


5 m25
80. —
n5 −1 −3x2

336 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Modeling with Exponential
6.7 GO DIGITAL

and Logarithmic Functions


Learning Target Write exponential and logarithmic functions to model sets of data.

Success Criteria • I can use a common ratio to determine whether


data can be represented by an exponential function.
• I can write an exponential function using two points.
• I can use technology to find exponential models and logarithmic
models for sets of data.

EXPLORE IT Writing Exponential Functions


Work with a partner. In parts (a) and (b), the graph of a function of the form
f (x) = ab x is shown.

a. Write an exponential function b. Write an exponential function


that passes through the points. that passes through the points.
Explain your reasoning. Explain your reasoning. Compare
Math Practice your methods with those of
your classmates.
Construct Arguments
Do two points always y y
determine an exponential
6 (0, 6) 6
function of the form
f(x) = abx?
4 4
(−1, 4)

2 ( 2, 32 ) 2
( 2, 27
16 )

−1 1 2 3 x −2 −1 1 2 x

c. A function f is of the form f (x) = abx, where


a is a real number and b > 0. Can you find
the values of a and b so that f passes through
the points (0, 4) and (2, −2)? Explain your
reasoning.

d. You perform an experiment where you


measure the temperature T (in degrees
Fahrenheit) of coffee m minutes after it is
poured into a cup. The temperature of the
coffee is initially 185°F. After 5 minutes, the
temperature of the coffee is about 150°F. Can
you use a model of the form y = abx to model
this situation? Explain. If not, sketch a graph
that could model the temperature of the coffee
over time. Make several observations about
your graph.

6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 337


Choosing Functions to Model Data
GO DIGITAL
You have analyzed finite differences of data with equally-spaced inputs
to determine what type of polynomial function can be used to model the
data. To determine whether an exponential function can be used to model the data,
the outputs must be multiplied by a constant factor. So, consecutive outputs form
equivalent ratios.

Using Differences or Ratios


EXAMPLE 1
to Identify Functions
Determine the type of function represented by each table.
a.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32

b.
x −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
y −1 8 7 2 −1 4 23

SOLUTION
a. The inputs are equally spaced. Look for a pattern in the outputs.

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32

×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2 ×2
As x increases by 1, y is multiplied by 2. So, the common ratio is 2, and the
data represent an exponential function.

b. The inputs are equally spaced. The outputs do not have a common ratio.
So, analyze the finite differences.

REMEMBER x −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
First differences of linear y −1 8 7 2 −1 4 23
functions are constant,
second differences of 9 −1 −5 −3 5 19 first differences
quadratic functions are
constant, and so on. −10 −4 2 8 14 second differences

6 6 6 6 third differences

The third differences are nonzero and constant. So, the data represent
a cubic function.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

1. WRITING Given a table of values, explain how you can determine whether an exponential
function can be used to model the data.
Determine the type of function represented by the table. Explain your reasoning.

2. 3.
x 0 10 20 30 x 0 2 4 6
y 15 12 9 6 y 27 9 3 1

338 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Writing Exponential Functions
GO DIGITAL
Writing an Exponential
Math Practice EXAMPLE 2
Function Using Two Points
Consider Similar
Problems Write an exponential function y = ab x whose graph passes through (1, 6) and (3, 54).
Two points can determine
an exponential curve. SOLUTION
What other type
Step 1 Substitute the coordinates of the two given points into y = ab x.
of function can be
determined by 6 = ab1 Equation 1: Substitute 6 for y and 1 for x.
two points?
54 = ab3 Equation 2: Substitute 54 for y and 3 for x.
6
Step 2 Solve for a in Equation 1 to obtain a = — and substitute this expression for a
b
in Equation 2.

REMEMBER
6
b ()
54 = — b3
6
Substitute — for a in Equation 2.
b
By the definition of an
54 = 6b2 Simplify.
exponential function,
b must be positive. 9= b2 Divide each side by 6.
3=b Take the positive square root because b > 0.
6 6
Step 3 Substitute 3 for b to determine that a = — = — = 2.
b 3
So, the exponential function is y = 2(3)x.

Data do not always show an exact exponential relationship. When the data in a scatter
plot show an approximately exponential relationship, you can model the data with an
exponential function.

EXAMPLE 3 Finding an Exponential Model


The table shows the numbers y (in thousands) of people who visit Machu Picchu
x years after 1990. Write a function that models the data.

Years after 1990, x 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28


Number of visitors, y 150 210 360 470 700 700 1150 1580

SOLUTION
Step 1 Make a scatter plot of the data.
Number of Machu
The data appear exponential. Picchu Visitors
Step 2 Choose any two points to write a function, y
1600
Number of visitors

such as (0, 150) and (20, 700). Substitute the


(in thousands)

coordinates of these two points into y = ab x. 1200


150 = ab0
800
700 = ab20
400
The first equation shows that a = 150.
0
Substitute 150 for a in the second equation 0 8 16 24 x


— Years after 1990
20 700
to obtain b = —
150
≈ 1.08.
So, an exponential function that models the data is y = 150(1.08)x.

6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 339


A set of more than two points (x, y) fits an exponential pattern if and
only if the set of transformed points (x, ln y) fits a linear pattern. GO DIGITAL
Graph of points (x, y) Graph of points (x, ln y)
y ln y
y = 2x 2 2
(1, 2)
(−
−1, 2 (
1 ln y = x(ln 2)
(−2, 4

1
( (0, 1)
(0,, 0)
(0 (1, 0.69)
−3 −2 −1 1 2x −3
3 −2
2 1 2x
1 −0.69)
((−1, 0 69)
−1 −1

(−2, −1.39)

The graph is an exponential curve. The graph is a line.

EXAMPLE 4 Writing a Model Using Transformed Points

Use the data from Example 3. Create a scatter plot of the data pairs (x, ln y) to show
that an exponential model should be a good fit for the original data pairs (x, y). Then
write an exponential model for the original data.

SOLUTION
Step 1 Create a table of data pairs (x, ln y).

x 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
ln y 5.01 5.35 5.89 6.15 6.55 6.55 7.05 7.37

Step 2 Plot the transformed points as shown. The ln y


8
points lie close to a line, so an exponential
model should be a good fit for the original data.
4
Step 3 Find an exponential model y = ab x by choosing
any two points on the line, such as (0, 5.01) and 0
0 8 16 24 x
(20, 6.55). Use these points to write an equation
of the line. Then solve for y.
ln y − 5.01 = 0.08(x − 0) Equation of line
Math Practice ln y = 0.08x + 5.01 Simplify.
Communicate
Precisely y = e0.08x + 5.01 Exponentiate each side using base e.
Explain why the line y = e0.08x(e5.01) Use properties of exponents.
can be represented
by the equation y = 149.90(1.08)x Simplify.
ln y − 5.01 = 0.08(x − 0).
So, an exponential function that models the data is y = 149.90(1.08)x.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

Write an exponential function y = ab x whose graph passes through the given points.
4. (2, 12), (3, 24) 5. (1, 2), (3, 32) 6. (2, 16), (5, 2)
7. A store sells gaming laptops. The table shows the numbers y of gaming laptops sold during
the xth month that the store has been open. Repeat Examples 3 and 4 using these data.

Month, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of gaming laptops, y 12 16 25 36 50 67 96

340 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


Using Technology
GO DIGITAL
You can use technology to find models for exponential and
logarithmic data.

EXAMPLE 5 Finding an Exponential Model

Use technology to find an exponential model for the data in Example 3. Then use this
model and the models in Examples 3 and 4 to estimate the number of visitors in 2020.
Compare the estimates.

SOLUTION
Use technology to enter the data and perform y = ab x
an exponential regression. The model is
PARAMETERS
y = 163.73(1.08)x. a = 163.729 b = 1.08489
Substitute x = 30 into each model to estimate STATISTICS

the number of visitors in 2020. r2 = 0.9799


r = 0.9899
Example 3: y = 150(1.08)30 ≈ 1509
Example 4: y = 149.90(1.08)30 ≈ 1508
Regression model: y = 163.73(1.08)30 ≈ 1648
The estimates for the models in Examples 3 and 4 are close to each other.
These estimates are less than the estimate for the regression model.

EXAMPLE 6 Finding a Logarithmic Model

The atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. At sea level, the average
air pressure is 1 atmosphere (1.033227 kilograms per square centimeter). The table
shows the air pressures p (in atmospheres) at several altitudes h (in kilometers). Use
technology to find a logarithmic model of the form h = a + b ln p that represents the
data. Estimate the altitude when the air pressure is 0.75 atmosphere.

Air pressure, p 1 0.55 0.25 0.12 0.06 0.02


Altitude, h 0 5 10 15 20 25

SOLUTION
Use technology to enter the data and perform
a logarithmic regression. The model y = a + b ln(x)
is h = 0.86 − 6.45 ln p. PARAMETERS
a = 0.862658 b = −6.44738
Substitute p = 0.75 into the model to obtain STATISTICS
Weather balloons carry instruments that h = 0.86 − 6.45 ln 0.75 ≈ 2.7. R2 = 0.9926
send back information such as wind
speed, temperature, and air pressure. So, when the air pressure is 0.75 atmosphere, the altitude is about 2.7 kilometers.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

8. Use technology to find an exponential model for the data in Exercise 7. Then use this model
and the models you found in Exercise 7 to predict the number of gaming laptops sold during
the eighth month. Compare the predictions.
9. Use technology to find a logarithmic model of the form p = a + b ln h for the data in
Example 6. Explain why the result is an error message.

6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 341


6.7 Practice WITH AND
GO DIGITAL

In Exercises 1–4, determine the type of function 16.


represented by the table. Explain your reasoning.
Example 1 ✗ x
y
−2
3
−1
6
1
12
2
24
4
48
1. x 0 3 6 9 12 15
×2 ×2 ×2 ×2
y 0.25 1 4 16 64 256
The outputs have a common ratio of 2, so the
data represent an exponential function.
2.
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1
y 16 8 4 2 1 —2 —4 17. MODELING REAL LIFE A store
sells electric scooters. The table
3. shows the numbers y of scooters
x 5 10 15 20 25 30
sold during the xth year that the
y 4 3 7 16 30 49 store has been open. Write a
function that models the data.
4. Example 3
x −3 −1 1 3 5 7
y 61 5 5 13 −19 −139
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 9 14 19 25 37 53 71
In Exercises 5–14, write an exponential function
y = ab x whose graph passes through the given points.
Example 2
18. MODELING REAL LIFE The table shows the numbers
5. (1, 3), (2, 12) 6. (2, 24), (3, 144) y (in thousands) of visits to a website during the xth
month. Write a function that models the data. Then
7. (−1, 4), (1, 1) 8. (−2, 96), (1, 1.5) use your model to predict the number of visits
after 1 year.
9. (1, 2), (3, 50) 10. (−4, 32), (−2, 2)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
11. (−1, 10), (4, 0.31) 12. (2, 6.4), (5, 409.6)
y 22 39 70 126 227 408 735
13. y 14. y

6 12 In Exercises 19–22, determine whether the data show


(−3, 10.8)
(4, 4) an exponential relationship. Then write a function that
4 8
models the data.
2 4 19.
(−2, 3.6) x 1 6 11 16 21
(1, 0.5)
2 4 6 x −6 −4 −2 x y 12 28 76 190 450

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 15 and 16, describe and 20.


correct the error in determining the type of function x −3 −1 1 3 5
represented by the table. y 2 7 24 68 194
15.

✗ x
y
0
1
—9
1
1
—3
2
1
3
3
4
9
21.
x
y
0
66
10
58
20
48
30
42
40
31
50
26
60
21
×3 ×3 ×3 ×3
22. x −20 −13 −6 1 8 15
The outputs have a common ratio of 3,
so the data represent a linear function. y 25 19 14 11 8 6

342 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


23. MODELING REAL LIFE Your visual near point is the 30. USING TOOLS A doctor measures
closest point at which your eyes can see an object an astronaut’s heart rate y (in beats per GO DIGITAL
distinctly. The diagram shows the near point y minute) at various times x (in minutes)
(in centimeters) at age x (in years). Create a scatter after the astronaut finishes exercising. The results
plot of the data pairs (x, ln y) to show that an are shown in the table. Use technology to find an
exponential model should be a good fit for the exponential model for the data. Then use the model to
original data pairs (x, y). Then write an exponential predict the astronaut’s heart rate after 16 minutes.
model for the original data. Example 4
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Visual Near Point Distances
y 172 132 110 92 84 78 75
Age 20
12 cm

Age 30
15 cm

Age 40
25 cm

Age 50
40 cm

Age 60
100 cm

24. MODELING REAL LIFE Use the data from Exercise 17.
Create a scatter plot of the data pairs (x, ln y) to show
31. USING TOOLS A clay pot with a temperature
that an exponential model should be a good fit for the
of 160°C is removed from a kiln and placed in a room
original data pairs (x, y). Then write an exponential
with a temperature of 20°C. The table shows the
model for the original data.
temperatures d (in degrees Celsius) of the clay pot
at several times t (in hours) after it is removed from
In Exercises 25–28, create a scatter plot of the points
the kiln. Use technology to find a logarithmic model
(x, ln y) to determine whether an exponential model fits
of the form t = a + b ln d that represents the data.
the data. If so, find an exponential model for the data.
Estimate how long it takes for the clay pot to cool
25. to 50°C. Example 6
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 18 36 72 144 288 d 160 90 56 38 29 24
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
26. x 1 4 7 10 13
32. USING TOOLS The f-stops on a camera control
y 3.3 10.1 30.6 92.7 280.9 the amount of light that enters the camera. Let s be
a measure of the amount of light that strikes the film
27. and let f be the f-stop. The table shows several f-stops
x −13 −6 1 8 15 on a 35-millimeter camera. Use technology to find
y 9.8 12.2 15.2 19 23.8 a logarithmic model of the form s = a + b ln f that
represents the data. Estimate the amount of light that
strikes the film when f = 5.657.
28. x −8 −5 −2 1 4
y 1.4 1.67 5.32 6.41 7.97 f s
1.414 1
29. USING TOOLS Use technology to find an 2.000 2
exponential model for the data in Exercise 17. Then
use the model to predict the number of electric 2.828 3
scooters sold during the tenth year. Example 5 4.000 4
11.314 7

6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 343


33. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Is it possible to find a 35. CRITICAL THINKING You plant a
logarithmic model of the form d = a + b ln t for sunflower seedling in a community GO DIGITAL
the data in Exercise 31? Explain. garden. The height (in centimeters) of
the sunflower after t weeks can be modeled
by the logistic function
34. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
The graph shows a set of data pairs (x, ln y). Do the 256
h(t) = —— .
data pairs (x, y) fit an exponential pattern? Explain 1 + 13e−0.65t
your reasoning. a. Find the time it takes the sunflower to reach a
height of 200 centimeters.
ln y
4 b. Use technology to graph the function. Interpret the
(2, 3) meaning of the asymptote(s) in this situation.
2

(0, 1) 36. THOUGHT PROVOKING


(−2, −1) 2 4x
Is it possible to write y as an exponential function of
−2 x when p is positive? If so, write the function. If not,
(−4, −3) explain why not.

x 1 2 3 4 5
y p 2p 4p 8p 16p

REVIEW & REFRESH


In Exercises 37 and 38, tell whether x and y are in a In Exercises 45 and 46, identify the focus, directrix,
proportional relationship. Explain your reasoning. and axis of symmetry of the parabola. Graph the
x equation.
37. y = — 38. y = 3x − 12
2 1 2
45. x = —8 y2 46. y2 = —5 x
39. MODELING REAL LIFE You brew a cup of coffee at
a temperature of 200°F. You place the cup on a table 47. The function g is a transformation of f (x) = log3 x.
until it reaches a drinking temperature of 130°F. Write a rule for g.
When the room temperature is 72°F, the cooling y
rate of the coffee is r = 0.04. Use Newton’s Law of
3
Cooling, T = (T0 − TR)e−rt + TR, to determine how g
long you should wait to drink the coffee. 1

40. Determine whether functions f and g are inverses. 4 8 12 x

Explain your reasoning.

x −2 −1 0 1 2 48. Describe the transformation of f (x) = x 4


f(x) 15 11 7 3 −1 represented by g(x) = 2x 4 − 1. Then graph
each function.
x 15 11 7 3 −1
In Exercises 49– 52, solve the equation.
g(x) −2 −1 0 1 2
49. 4x = 9 50. e3x = e5x − 6

In Exercises 41 and 42, use the change-of-base 51. ln(8x + 5) = ln 9 52. log2(3x − 1) = 5
formula to evaluate the logarithm.
5 53. Show that x + 5 is a factor of
41. log3 20 42. log4 —
12 f (x) = x3 − 2x2 − 23x + 60. Then factor
f (x) completely.
In Exercises 43 and 44, write an exponential function
y = ab x whose graph passes through the given points.
54. Complete the square for x2 − 4x. Then factor
43. (3, 1), (5, 4) 44. (−1, 4), (7, 0.4) the trinomial.

344 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6 Chapter Review
Chapter Learning Target
WITH

Understand exponential and logarithmic functions.


GO DIGITAL

Chapter Success Criteria I can determine whether a function represents


exponential growth or decay.
I can simplify exponential and logarithmic expressions.
I can solve exponential and logarithmic equations. Surface
I can model exponential and logarithmic functions. Deep

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.

6.1 Exponential Growth and Decay Functions (pp. 293–300)


Learning Target: Write and graph exponential growth and decay functions. Vocabulary
Determine whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential exponential function
decay. Then graph the function. exponential growth
function
1. f (x) = —3() 1 x
2. y = 5x 3. f (x) = (0.2)x growth factor
asymptote
4. You deposit $1500 in an account that pays 7% annual interest. Find the balance exponential decay
after 2 years when the interest is compounded daily. function
decay factor
5. Consider two exponential decay functions f and g. Determine whether each
statement is always, sometimes, or never true. Justify your answers.
a. ( fg)(x) is an exponential decay function.
f
()
b. — (x) is an exponential decay function.
g

6. A substance decays 10% each year. Find the initial amount of the substance
when there are about 5.8 grams remaining after 9 years.

6.2 The Natural Base e (pp. 301–306)


Learning Target: Use the natural base e and graph natural base functions.
Vocabulary
Simplify the expression. natural base e


7. e4 e11 8. —6
20e3
10e
9. (−3e−5x)2

Determine whether the function represents exponential growth or exponential decay.


Then graph the function.
1
10. f (x) = —3 e x 11. y = 6e−x 12. y = 3e−0.75x

13. An account earns 3% annual interest compounded continuously. Find the


principal when the balance is $100 after 10 years.

Chapter 6 Chapter Review 345


6.3 Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions (pp. 307–314) GO DIGITAL

Learning Target: Understand logarithms and graph logarithmic functions.


Vocabulary
Evaluate the logarithm. logarithm of y with
1 base b
14. log2 8 15. log6 —
36
16. log5 1
common logarithm
natural logarithm
Find the inverse of the function.
17. f (x) = 8x 18. y = ln(x − 4) 19. y = log(x + 9)

20. Graph y = log1/5 x.

21. The Richter scale is used for measuring the magnitude


of an earthquake. The Richter magnitude R is given
by R = 0.67 ln E + 1.17, where E is the energy
(in kilowatt-hours) released by the earthquake. To the
nearest tenth, what is the Richter magnitude of an
earthquake that releases 23,000 kilowatt-hours of energy?

6.4 Transformations of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (pp. 315–322)


Learning Target: Describe and graph transformations of exponential and logarithmic functions.

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then graph each function.


1
22. f (x) = e−x, g(x) = e−5x − 8 23. f (x) = log4 x, g(x) = —2 log4(x + 5)

24. Find the domain and range of f (x) = a(ex + h − k), where a < 0.

Write a rule for g.


25. Let the graph of g be a vertical stretch by a factor of 3, followed by a translation
6 units left and 3 units up of the graph of f (x) = e x.

26. Let the graph of g be a translation 2 units down, followed by a reflection in


the y-axis of the graph of f (x) = log x.

6.5 Properties of Logarithms (pp. 323–328)


Learning Target: Use properties of logarithms.

Expand or condense the logarithmic expression.


3y
27. log8 3xy 28. log 10x3y 29. ln —5
x
30. 3 log7 4 + log7 6 31. log2 12 − 2 log2 x 32. 2 ln x + 5 ln 2 − ln 8

Use the change-of-base formula to evaluate the logarithm.


33. log2 10 34. log7 9 35. log23 42

346 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6.6 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations (pp. 329–336)
GO DIGITAL
Learning Target: Solve exponential and logarithmic equations and inequalities.

Solve the equation. Check your solution(s). Vocabulary


exponential
36. 5x = 8 37. log3(2x − 5) = 2
equations
logarithmic equations
38. ln x + ln(x + 2) = 3

Solve the inequality.


39. 6x > 12 40. ln x ≤ 9 41. e4x − 2 ≥ 16

42. The equation y = 0.95x represents the percent chance y (in decimal form) that a
player on a football team successfully kicks x extra points in a row. For what
number x does the percent chance fall to 25%?

43. A scientist studying memory determines that the percent y of new information
that a certain individual remembers after x minutes can be modeled by
184
y = ——. After how long does the person remember 50% of
(log x) + 1.84
1.25

new information?

6.7 Modeling with Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (pp. 337–344)


Learning Target: Write exponential and logarithmic functions to model sets of data.

Write an exponential function y = abx whose graph passes through the given points.
44. (3, 8), (5, 2) 45. (1, 3), (4, 648) 46. (−1, 16), (2, 6.75)

47. A shoe store sells a new type of basketball shoe. The table shows the pairs sold s
over time t (in weeks). Use technology to find a logarithmic model of the form
s = a + b ln t that represents the data. Estimate the number of pairs of shoes
sold after 6 weeks.

Week, t 1 3 5 7 9
Pairs sold, s 5 32 48 58 65

Mathematical Practices
Look for and Express Regularity in Repeated Reasoning
Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and look
both for general methods and for shortcuts.

1. In Exercise 71 on page 314, you evaluated expressions of the form logbx, where
b and x can be rewritten as powers of the same base. In general, what is the value
of a logarithmic expression of this form? Justify your answer.

2. Explain how you can distinguish among data that are represented by a linear,
a quadratic, or an exponential function.

Chapter 6 Chapter Review 347


6 Practice Test WITH GO DIGITAL

Graph the equation. Find the domain, range, and asymptote.


1. y = —4() 3 x
2. y = log2/3 x 3. y = 4e−2x

Describe the transformation of f represented by g. Then write a rule for g.


4. f (x) = log x 5. f (x) = e x ()
6. f (x) = —4
1 x

y g y g y
4 5

2 g 2
x
1
2 −4 −2 2 4x
−4 −2 2 4x
−2

Use log3 4 ≈ 1.262 and log3 13 ≈ 2.335 to evaluate the logarithm.


13 1
7. log3 52 8. log3 —
9
9. log3 16 10. log3 8 + log3 —2

11. The percent L of surface light that filters down through a particular body of
water can be modeled by the exponential function L(x) = 100e −0.1x, where x
is the depth (in meters) below the surface. 0m

a. Determine whether the model represents exponential growth or exponential


decay. Explain your reasoning. 10 m L ≈ 36.8%

b. Find the percent of surface light available at a depth of 40 meters.


20 m L ≈ 13.5%
log 11 ln 11
12. Without calculating, determine whether log511, —, and — are equivalent
log 5 ln 5 L ≈ 5.0%
expressions. Explain your reasoning. 30 m

13. The table shows the values y (in dollars) of a video game console x years after
it is purchased. Describe three different ways to find an exponential model that 40 m
represents the data. Then write and use a model to determine when the console
is worth $150.

Year, x 0 2 4 6 8
Value, y 250 202.50 164.03 132.86 107.62

14. Consider functions f and g. Solve f (g(x)) = g( f (x)). Justify your answer.
f (x) = 2(3)x
g(x) = 4x

15. The amount of oil and gas (in billions of barrels of oil equivalent) discovered
after drilling x wells in a region can be modeled by f (x) = 3.4 ln x − 14.3,
where 0 ≤ x ≤ 3000.
a. About how much oil and gas were discovered after drilling 1000 wells?
b. Find the inverse of the given function. Describe what the inverse represents.

348 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6 Performance Task Carbon dating
is a process that
GO DIGITAL

Carbon Dating
measures the amount
of carbon-14 in an
organism in order to
approximate when
it died.

Concentration:
1.2 parts per trillion
Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 There are about 1.2 atoms of
carbon-14 in the atmosphere
6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons for every 1 trillion atoms of
6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons non-radioactive carbon.
6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons

Non-radioactive Radioactive

The concentration
of carbon-14 in
living organic matter
is equal to the
Half-life of Carbon-14: 5730 years concentration found
Due to radioactive decay, the amount of in the atmosphere.
carbon-14 in a sample is halved every
5730 years after an organism dies.

Radioactive Decay of Carbon-14


ANCIENT DISCOVERY
You discover an ancient manuscript at
100% an archaeological site. The manuscript
is written on an organic material
Carbon-14 remaining

made from a plant called papyrus.


You determine that the concentration
of carbon-14 in the papyrus is about
0.93 part per trillion. Use a model to
50%
approximate the number of years since
the papyrus plant died. Explain your
25% reasoning.

12.5% Use the Internet or another resource to


6.25% research carbon dating. What are some
0%
0 5730 11,460 17,190 22,920 of its limitations? What assumptions do
Time (years) scientists make when using this dating
method?

349
6 College and Career Readiness
Tutorial videos are available for each exercise.
WITH GO DIGITAL

1. Select each value of b for the equation y = b x that could result in y


the graph shown.
y = bx

1.08 0.94 e2
x

5
2.04 e−1/2 —
4

2. What is the solution of the equation e3x + 2 = 8?

A x 5 ln 8

log 8 2 2
B x5—
3
8
e 22
C x5—
3
ln 8 2 2
D x5—
3

3. Which describes the transformation of the graph of f (x) = log2 x represented


by the graph of g?

A The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis, followed y f


by a translation 3 units left of the graph of f. 2
g
B The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis, followed
by a translation 2 units down of the graph of f. −6 −4 2 4 6 x

C The graph of g is a reflection in the y-axis, followed


by a translation 2 units up of the graph of f.

D The graph of g is a reflection in the x-axis, followed


by a translation 2 units down of the graph of f.

4. Let f (x) = 2x3 − 4x2 + 8x − 1, g(x) = 2x − 3x 4 − 6x3 + 5, and h(x) = −7 + x2 + x.


Order the following functions from least degree to greatest degree.

A. ( f + g)(x) B. (hg)(x)
C. (h − f )(x) D. ( f h)(x)

5. Which statement describes the end behavior of f (x) = −4x5 + 6x2 + 7x − 5?

A f(x) → −∞ as x → −∞ and f (x) → 1∞ as x → 1∞.

B f(x) → 1∞ as x → −∞ and f (x) → −∞ as x → 1∞.

C f(x) → 1∞ as x → −∞ and f (x) → 1∞ as x → 1∞.

D f(x) → −∞ as x → −∞ and f (x) → −∞ as x → 1∞.

350 Chapter 6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions


6. Write exponential functions represented by the graph and table. Compare the y-intercepts
and the growth factors. GO DIGITAL

y
x 2 3 4 5 6
80
f
g(x) 4.5 13.5 40.5 121.5 364.5
60

40

20

2 4 6x


7. Which graph represents f (x) = √ x − 3 + 2?

y
A y B
4 2

2
2 4 x

−2 2 x

C y D 2
y

4
2 4 6x
2

2 4 6x

8. Which inequality is represented by the graph?

A −(x 1 3)(x − 1) ≥ y y

B −(x 1 3)(x − 1) < y


2
C y < (x 1 3)(x − 1)
−4 −2 2x
D y < −(x 1 3)(x − 1)

9. At a pumpkin-launching contest, contestants compete to see who can catapult


a pumpkin the longest distance. The table shows the horizontal distances y (in feet)
pumpkins travel when launched at different angles x (in degrees). Do the data represent
a linear, quadratic, or exponential relationship? Use technology to find a model for the
data. Then find the angle(s) at which a launched pumpkin travels 500 feet.

Angle (degrees), x 20 30 40 50 60 70

Distance (feet), y 372 462 509 501 437 323

Chapter 6 College and Career Readiness 351

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