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Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller Report

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Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller Report

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vamshimv8
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© © All Rights Reserved
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“Architecture of 8051

Microcontroller”
MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Name: Vamshi M

Course: Embedded Systems

Date: 10/07/2024
Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller

Introduction: The 8051, sometimes referred to as the MCS-51, is one of


the earliest and most well-known microcontrollers. It was first released by
Intel in 1981. It was first released as a microcontroller based on N-type
metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) technology; however, subsequent
iterations were built using complementary CMOS technology. These
microcontrollers were given the 80C51 designation, which indicates that
CMOS technology forms the basis for them. Since it is an 8-bit
microcontroller, the data bus is also 8-bit. It can therefore process eight bits
at once. It is utilized in many different embedded systems, including power
tools, robotics, automotive, telecom, and remote controls.

A System on a Chip (SoC) microcontroller is a type of integrated circuit that


is used to bring multiple computer components together on a single chip. A
CPU, memory, input-output (I/O) ports, timers, and supplementary storage
are some of these parts. Features: The 8051 has a few essential features that
serve as a basis for teaching students about microcontrollers.

Family member 8051 μC: 8051 μC has two microcontrollers in its family:
8052 and 8031. The 8052μc features 128 bytes of RAM and 8K bytes of on-
chip program ROM, as opposed to 4K bytes. and 8031\c features 128 bytes
of RAM and 0K bytes of on-chip program ROM.

PAGE 1
Architecture of an 8051 Microcontroller

Introduced by Intel in 1981, the 8051 microcontroller is a well-liked 8-bit microcontroller


that is renowned for its ease of use and straightforward architecture. Below is a summary
of its main elements:

Central processing unit:


Data is processed in 8-bit chunks using an 8-bit architecture.
Harvard Architecture: Faster access with separate memory for programs and data.
The A and B registers are used for arithmetic and logical operations, respectively.
Four register banks: For the purpose of temporarily storing data, each bank contains eight
8-bit registers.
The 16-bit Program Counter (PC) is used to track which instruction will be performed
next.
A 16-bit data pointer (DP) is a tool for locating data in memory.

Memory:
 On-chip ROM (Read-Only Memory): Typically, 4KB, stores program instructions.
(Some variants may have external ROM)

 On-chip RAM (Random-Access Memory): 128 bytes, used for storing data during
program execution.
 Special Function Registers (SFRs): Located within the first 128 bytes of RAM, control
peripheral devices like timers and ports.

Input/Output (I/O):
 Four 8-bit I/O ports (P0, P1, P2, P3): Can be configured as inputs or outputs for
connecting to external devices.
 Each port pin can be individually programmed.

PAGE 2
Bus System:
 Internal bus system connects all components:
o Data bus (8-bit): Transfers data between CPU, memory, and peripherals.
o Address bus (16-bit): Specifies the memory location or I/O port for data
transfer.
o Control signals: Manage data flow and synchronization.

Additional Features:
 Two 16-bit timers/counters for timing operations.
 Serial communication interface (UART) for communication with other devices.
 Interrupt handling system: Allows the microcontroller to respond to external
events.

PAGE 3
Restrictions:

restricted memory in comparison to contemporary microcontrollers, both for program and


data. Less processing power when compared to newer choices.

When learning about microcontroller programming, the 8051 is a fantastic place to start
because of its straightforward architecture and instruction set.

The 8051 is still widely available and has a significant user community, which makes it a
popular choice for embedded systems and hobbyist projects even though it is less
common in new designs.

PAGE 4

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