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Lecture Narration

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Shibly Sarkar
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17 views

Lecture Narration

Uploaded by

Shibly Sarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT

NARRATION
REPORTING SPEECH
There are two ways of reporting what somebody says;
• Direct speech
• Indirect (or reported) speech.
A SPEAKER’S WORD CAN BE
REPORTED IN TWO WAYS:
Direct Speech- Exact words of speaker
e.g. The teacher said to Ali, “You have a bright future.”

Indirect Speech- What the speaker has said without using the exact words
E.g. The teacher told Ali that he had a bright future.
PUNCTUATING DIRECT SPEECH.

When using direct speech in your writing you need to use the correct
punctuation.
• The exact words spoken must be enclosed in speech marks.
• The first word of the speech must begin with a capital letter.
•The words in the speech marks must be separated from the rest of the
sentence by a comma.
• You must use a new line when a new speaker begins to
speak.
WHAT CHANGES DID YOU NOTICE?
•Omission of commas
•Use of ‘that’
•Change of pronoun
•Change of tense
•Change of adverb
•Said to becomes told
CHANGE OF TENSE
If the reporting verb in the direct speech statement is in
present tense or future tense, then it remains same in indirect speech too
i.e. no change in tense.

E.g. My friends say, “He is very handsome.” My


friends say that He is very handsome.
`
My Granny will say, “You need to eat well.”
My Granny will say that you need to eat well.
CHANGE OF TENSE
If the reporting verb is in the past tense in the direct speech statement ,then the verbs within
the inverted commas will undergo corresponding changes in the indirect speech statements.

Simple Present becomes Simple Past:


The girl said, “The flower is pretty.” The

girl said that the flower was pretty.

Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous: The old


man said, “The rain is falling very heavily.”

The old man said that the rain was falling very heavily.
CHANGE OF PRONOUN
Personal Pronouns change according to :
SON formula
1st
person = Subject
2n
d person= Object
3rd
person= No change
• If subject of the quoted words i it will change according to
s in 1st person then
the subject of the reported verb
e.g. - He said to me, “I like coffee.”
•If subje He told that he liked coffee.
ct of the quoted words is in 2nd person then it will change according to ct of
the obje
reporting verb
e.g. - He said to me, “You look happy.”
•If the subject He told that I looked happy.
of the quoted words is in 3rd person then there will be no change. He
e.g. - He to
said to me, “She has already left.”
ld that she had already left.
CHANGE OF ADVERBS

Change in Adverbs of Time and Place:


This That
Today That day
These Those
Now Then
Here There
Tomorrow The following/ next
day
Yesterday The previous day/the
last day
Tonight That night
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
•There is an object after reporting verb, change ‘say to’ into ‘tell’, ‘says to’ into
‘tell’, ‘said to’ into ‘told’. If there is no object after the reporting verb, do not
change the verb.
Remember ‘to’ is not used after tell(s) or told.
•Remove comma and inverted commas, and use ‘that’ in place of the opening quote.
•If object of the reporting verb is found in reported speech instead of reporting verb
itself, make it object of the reporting verb.
•Change pronouns and tense of the verb of reported speech according to
the rules.
ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
For Example:
Direct: Rahim said, “I had done my work”. Rahim
Indirect: said that he had done his work.
Direct: Rahim said to me, “I cannot help you in your work.” Rahim
Indirect: told me that he could not help me in my work. The thief said, ‘I
Direct: am innocent.
Indirect:
The thief said that he was innocent.
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
•In Imperative sentences, reporting verb is changed into
ask/advice/request.
Tense remains the same.
The verb is put in the infinitive ‘to‘.
• I said, “ Take your seat.”
I asked him to take his seat.
• He said, “ Give me some food, please.” He
requested me to give him some food.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
•A Question is changed into a Statement.
•In a direct ‘Yes/No’ question , reporting verb is changed into
ask/inquire and if/whether’ is used.
i. She said, “ Are you writing a poem.?”
She asked me whether I was writing a poem.
i. I said to him, “ Do you know when she will go home?” I
asked him if he knew when she would go home.
EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
•In Exclamatory Sentences, reporting verb is changed into exclaimed with
joy/sorrow/ anger/surprise, etc. That is used.

• He said, “ How beautiful a place!”


He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful place.

• Rohan said, “ Alas! His father died.”


Rohan exclaimed with sorrow that his father had died.
OPTATIVE SENTENCES
•For making Indirect Speech of Optative Sentence, 'Said' of Reporting
Verb is changed according to the Optative Word' of Reporting Speech. A
list of such words is given below.
Good Morning! Wished
Good Evening! Wished
Good Afternoon! Wished
Good Night! Bade
Good Bye! Bade
Farewell! Bade
Would that…! Wished
O that…! Wished
OPTATIVE SENTENCES
For Example:
a)Direct : He said to me, "May you live long !" Indirect
: He wished that I might live long.

b)Direct : She said, "May your enemy go to hell !" Indirect : She
cursed that my enemy might go to hell.

c) Direct : Seema said to me, "May God bless you with children !"
Indirect : Seema prayed that God might bless me with children.
MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES
In few sentences, emotions are very important. While converting their Direct
Speech to Indirect Speech, word of the same emotion is used in place of
'Said To'.
For Example:
Ali said to Talha, "May you live long!"
Ali prayed that Talha might live long.
She said to Raza , "May God bless you with a son!"
She prayed that God might bless raza with a son.

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