I.

SUBJECT: Earth and Life Science (CorSci 01)

II. UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 8 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals
III. LESSON NO. & TITLE:
 Lesson 1: Describe the General and Unique Characteristics of the Different Organ Systems in
Representative Animals.
 Lesson 2: Functional Relationships of the Different Organ Systems in Ensuring Animal Survival
IV. WEEK NUMBER: Week 15 - 16
V. MODULE NUMBER: Module 10
VI. MELCS:
 describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems in
representative animals S11/12LT-IIIaj-21
 analyze and appreciate the functional relationships of the different organ systems in ensuring
animal survival S11/12LT-IIIaj-22
VII. OBJECTIVE/S:
At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 identify the different organ systems of representative animals
 describe the characteristics of different organ systems of representative animals
 explain the functional relationships of the different function organ system in ensuring animal
survival.

ACTIVITY 1:
Directions: Name the transgenic organism based on the description given by filling up the missing letters

INTRODUCTION:
What happens when organisms become more complex? How do organisms built of billions, or even trillions of cells
get the raw materials needed to each and every cell? The answer is body systems. Large, complex organisms need
many levels of organization to ensure all cells get what they need to perform life functions. The body of an animal is
like a well- organized machine capable of performing different task. The ability of the body to do all the things it can
do is due to the special structures both inside and outside that work together in an orderly manner.

I. DISCUSSION:
LESSON 1
DESCRIBE THE GENERAL AND UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEMS IN
REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS
The human body and even the simplest animal is made up of several organ systems that work as one unit. The major
organ systems of the body work together, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body functioning normally. The body
is a chemical and physical machine. As such, it is subject to certain laws. These are sometimes called natural laws.
Each part of the body is engineered to do a particular function necessary for everyday living.

The Animal Organ Systems

1. Digestive System
Animal nutrition is the process of taking in, taking apart and taking up the nutrients from the food source. Food
processing has four main stages: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination or Egestion.
In animals with complete digestive system, where the entrance and exit of food and waste are different, they have
different kind of mechanisms of ingestion depending on their evolutionary adaptation to their food.
In other animals like cnidarians (jellyfish, anemone, coral) where the entrance and exit of food and waste is the same,
the region where this occurs is called the gastrovascular cavity.

2. Respiratory System
The respiratory system facilitates breathing. In the alveoli tissue of the lungs, the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide molecules between the air and the bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that the oxygen is taken in
and carbon dioxide and water are removed. Gas exchange is very important to animals, as they require oxygen in the
production of higher amount of energy compared to process of production of energy without oxygen.

Air as a respiratory medium - As air is lighter and has more oxygen content compared to the same volume of water,
ventilation is not much of a problem of terrestrial organisms.
The tracheal system of insects - It has a branched network of tracheal tube which responds to the problem of
decreased surface area in the respiratory structure.

The tracheal system opens externally through the side of the insect through a structure called a spiracle. Air enters
and exit through the spiracles. As the respiratory system of insects are independent from their circulatory system,
gases are directly exchanged through tracheoles which have extensions that are directly connected to the cells. Air
sacs act like aspirator which takes in and push out air out of the body of the insects.

The mammalian respiratory system- Compared to insects, mammals and other organisms have respiratory system
that work together with their circulatory system. Gases are transported via bloodstream and are exchanged via
diffusion.

3. Circulatory System
There are different ways in which animals transport substances across their body. In animals with closed circulatory
system, the circulatory fluid does not go out of the vessel. Exchange occurs through diffusion via thinner vessels
called capillaries across the interstitial fluid.

Different animals, have adapted different mechanisms in transport such as in fishes where a single circulation is
enough. Compared to cnidarians, the gastrovascular cavity of flatworms have extensions in order to reach areas of
the body far from the axis. Without these extensions of the gastrovascular cavity, diffusion might not be enough in the
transport of substances.

Amphibian double circulation differs from mammalian, crocodilian and avian as blood is mixed. The presence of one
ventricle does not prevent the mixing of blood, unlike in the four-chambered heart of a mammal, crocodilian and an
avian where the ventricle is divided into two. Mixing of blood does not have major implication on amphibians as:
1) They have low metabolic rate, thus, less need for energy.
2) They have the ability to respire through their skin, thus not needing to fully oxygenate the blood through the lungs.

4. Urinary System
In order to remove wastes, animals have the excretory system, which enables it to remove excess salt or water in the
body. Waste removal follows the following processes,
1.) Filtration- the mass movement of water and solutes from plasma to the renal tubule that occurs in the renal
corpuscles.
2.) Reabsorption- the movement of water and solutes from tubule back into the plasma. 3.) Secretion- the continuous
secretion of additional substances into the tubular fluid, and 4.) Excretion- it is what goes to the urine.

Organisms have different wastes in the form of nitrogenous wastes which they need to excrete. Different organisms
have different excretory systems, such as the protonephridia of flatworms where a network of dead-end tubules
lacking internal openings, metanephridia of annelids which consist of ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity
connected to a duct which may be variously glandularised, folded or expanded and which typically opens to the
organisms exterior, malpighian tubules of insects, any of the excretory organs that lie in the abdominal body cavity
and empty into the junction between midgut and hindgut and the nephrons of humans and mammals which actually
removing waste and excess substances from the blood through urination.

5. Immune System
The immune system is a complex network of cells and protein that defends the body against infection. It defends the
internal environment from invading microorganisms and viruses, as well as cancerous cell growth. The immune
system provides cells that aid in protection of the body from disease via antigen/antibody response. A variety of
general responses are also part of this system.

6. Endocrine System
The integral parts of the endocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal body, thyroid and
parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas and ovary that make hormones. Hormones are substances
which can cause a reaction to a cell, in Greek it literally means to excite. It is secreted into extracellular fluid such in
blood or lymph and transported to target cells to elicit a specific response, which can be rapid or slow. The growth
and development of the body are examples of slow and long- term effect of a hormone while circadian rhythm which
is responsible for the sleep and-wake cycles respond to a more rapid response to a hormone. In an endocrine
pathway, the reaction involves an endocrine cell, which releases the hormone to the bloodstream or the lymphatic
system, which can attach to receptors of a target cell.

7. Nervous System
The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is
composed of corresponding structures outside of these two organs of the nervous system. The central nervous
system is responsible for data/information processing which is gathered by the peripheral nervous system. Upon
processing, the CNS transmit the message again to the PNS, which then convey the message for the appropriate
response.

The nervous system has evolved in increasing complexity throughout the different groups of animals. Connections
among the neurons has increased, as seen in the development of the nervous system from a simple nerve net to a
system with ganglia (group of neuron) to encephalized organisms where concentration of neurons are centered in a
head. Below shows the changes in the nervous system of organisms:
8. Muscular System
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal muscles which are composed of muscle cells called
the muscle fiber, the cardiac muscle or the heart muscle with involuntary kind of movement, and the smooth muscle
which is controlled directly by the autonomic nervous system. The skeletal muscle is organized from its largest
structure (the muscle tissue itself) to its functional unit (the sarcomere) as a repeating longitudinal structure that is
bound together. Contraction is possible because of the structural organization of protein molecules that makes up the
sarcomere. When contraction occurs, the sarcomere shortens, and this is reflected in the contraction of a muscle (tell
the students to flex their biceps and ask them if their muscle shortened). In terms of the molecular and physiological
process of contraction, nerve impulse transmission is needed to depolarize the cell membrane of the muscle to
stimulate contraction.

9. Skeletal System
It provides support and protection, and attachment points for muscles. The skeletal system provides rigid framework
for movement. It supports and protects the body and its parts, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

A clam’s shell is an example of an exoskeleton and the bones and cartilage in a human is an example of an
endoskeleton. An endoskeleton should not be misconceived to be only made up of bones, as even in humans, our
skeletons are made up of cartilage and bones, while shark’s endoskeleton is made up of cartilage. We have different
bones which our muscles can pull to create movement, and the different types of joints are responsible for different
movement that our body can create.

Reference: DepEd LMs Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 Module 6

LESSON 2
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS OF THE DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEMS IN ENSURING ANIMAL SURVIVAL

Each Body System Works with the Others

Each individual body system works in conjunction with other body systems.
The circulatory system is a good example of how body systems interact with each other. The heart pumps blood
through a complex network of blood vessels. When the blood circulates through the digestive system, for example, it
picks up nutrients the body absorbed from the last meal. The blood also carries oxygen inhaled by the lungs. The
circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the other cells of the body then picks up any waste products
created by these cells, including carbon dioxide, and delivers these waste products to the kidneys and lungs for
disposal. Meanwhile, the circulatory system carries hormones from the endocrine system, and the immune system’s
white blood cells that fight off infection.
Each of the body systems relies on the others to work well. The respiratory system relies on the circulatory system to
deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the muscles of the heart cannot function without the oxygen they receive from the
lungs. The bones of the skull and spine protect the brain and spinal cord, but the brain regulates the position of the
bones by controlling the muscles. The circulatory system provides the brain with a constant supply of oxygen-rich
blood while the brain regulates the heart rate and blood pressure. Even seemingly unrelated body systems are
connected. The skeletal system relies on the urinary system to remove waste produced by bone cells; in return, the
bones of the skeleton create structure that protects the bladder and other urinary system organs. The circulatory
system delivers oxygenrich blood to the bones. Meanwhile, the bones are busy making new blood cells. Working
together, these systems maintain internal stability and balance, otherwise known as homeostasis.

Reference: DepEd LMs Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 Module 7

II. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: See activity no. 1 and answer worksheet no. 1-2
III. ASSESSMENT: See activity no. 2 and answer worksheet no. 1-2
IV. REFLECTION: See activity no. 3 and answer worksheet no. 1-2
V. FEEDBACK: Teacher’s comments or reactions after submission and checking.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

WEEK NO. 15
MODULE NO. 10
WORKSHEET NO. 1

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________________

I. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:
Activity 1:
Directions: Name what kind of organ system is in the picture. Choose your answer in the box below.
II. ASSESSMENT:
ACTIVITY 2.
Directions: Indicate which organ system will be primarily used in the following situation. Write the beginning letter of
correct organ system on the blank.

M muscular system D digestive system C circulatory system

S skeletal system R respiratory system N nervous system
U urinary system I immune system E endocrine

_____1. Prepare for a 5km run and eat lots of carbohydrates like rice to give you more energy.
_____2. You lift your feet and move your legs as fast as you can.
_____3. But you have to go to the bathroom because you drank too much water before the run.
_____4. Your breathing is getting faster and faster.
_____5. The heart is pumping fast as you sprint for the final 1km.
_____6. You enjoy attending the Zumba activities
_____7. Your body temperature increase because of the virus
_____8. The class play “pass the message.”
_____9. You can move your arms in a full range of motion.
_____10. Female tends to have a mood swing during the period.

III. REFLECTION:
ACTIVITY 3.
Direction. Answer the following questions.
1. What do you think is the most important organ system in the body? Why?
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2. Do all animals have the same organ systems?

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IV. FEEDBACK
Teacher’s Feedback:

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