O S C A R M .

L O P E Z C E N T E R

THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE ALMANAC

F I R S T E D I T I O N

EDITORIAL TEAM
Dr. Rodel Lasco
Perpilili Vivienne Tiongson
Rosalina de Guzman (PAGASA Fellow)
Thelma Cinco (PAGASA Fellow)

PRODUCTION TEAM
Rafaela Jane Delfino
Marco Macapagal
Alfi Lorenz Cura ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Christian Mark Ison
Katherine Mae Sarmiento
Bhenjamin Jordan Ona

LAYOUT BY: Jael Joy Asor-Nuñez

Annie Beldia Sayaka Shimodate
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the
copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Management Foundation, Inc. (Oscar M. Lopez Center) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the
Oscar M. Lopez Center.

SUGGESTED CITATION:
The Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Foundation, Inc. (Oscar M. Lopez Center). (2018).
The Philippine Climate Almanac. First Edition, available at www.omlopezcenter.org

PUBLISHED BY:
The Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation
and Disaster Risk Management Foundation, Inc.
6th Floor, Tower 3, Rockwell Business Center
100 Ortigas Avenue, Pasig City 1604, Metro Manila
Philippines

Language: English

This publication will be printed every five years.

© Copyright 2018 by the Oscar M. Lopez Center for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management Foundation, Inc. (Oscar M. Lopez Center)
FOREWORD
Given the multitude of research, awareness-raising and other public engagement initiatives, there should no longer be any debate
about whether there is a need to take action on climate change. And yet, while the issue is gaining traction, there remains a gap
between climate science and appropriate action.

The Philippine Climate Almanac is an effort by the OML Center to provide another way of conveying the existing historic climate data
and understanding the realities of climate change in the country. In playing an active role in harnessing the science of Philippine
climate since its inception, the Center has realized that if we want climate science to affect real-world decisions and action, it has to
be presented in a way that could be appreciated by non-scientists.

The Almanac shows that our country’s climate is warming up and, in the last decade, we have seen some of the warmest years on
record. We continue to experience variability in rainfall brought about by monsoons, tropical cyclones (TCs), and El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) episodes. However, some areas in the country have experience torrential downpours that caused flooding and
landslides. Our country is continually battered by TCs that cause devastating impacts, especially in the last decade, to several million
people, caused billions of pesos in damages, claimed thousands of lives, and damaged large portions of agricultural lands. The
recurring ENSO caused large drops in the country’s agricultural production and also a number of the worst flooding in history.

Jose Rizal, our national hero, once said, “He who does not know how to look back at where he came from will never get to his
destination.” We hope that, in reading about significant Philippine statistics of climate-related variables, extreme events and disasters,
readers will be encouraged to actively participate in broadening the circle of engagement across all sectors and communities with
regard to addressing climate change.

RODEL D. LASCO, PHD

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
ABOUT
OSCAR M. LOPEZ
CENTER
The Oscar M. Lopez Center is a non-profit organization
born out of a private sector initiative to enhance support for
research and innovative solutions towards climate change
adaptation and disaster risk management. It is principled
on the role that science must play in building the resilience
of communities through actionable knowledge and relevant
climate information.

Founded in 2012, the OML Center was established

as a response to an apparent research gap that was
alarmingly disproportionate to the climate-related risks
and vulnerabilities of the Philippines. The first of its kind
in the country, it continues to be the only privately funded
grant-giving NGO doing climate change research-based
communications.

Propelled by its mandate to harness science in

strengthening the climate resilience of the vulnerable,
the Center consistently provides the scientific backbone
to increase climate change awareness and action in the
Philippines.

MR. OSCAR M. LOPEZ

CHAIRMAN EMERITUS
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
The first of its kind in the country, The Philippine Climate Almanac highlights record-breaking and other significant statistics of
climate-related variables, extreme events and disasters across seven decades through data visualizations that we hope audiences
outside the scientific and academic communities find compelling. It takes inspiration from the World Almanac and old Farmers
Almanac in the US in that it aims to become a compendium of interesting facts on past events and disasters related to climate.

This is the first print edition of The Philippine Climate Almanac. The information in this edition are based on best available data from
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC), and other sources at the time of publication. It is in no way complete and does not present all of the
significant climate-related events. Data on tropical cyclones, especially intensity, are based on observational records by PAGASA at the
time of the event.

Readers, especially educators, are encouraged to use The Philippine Climate Almanac in conjunction with the OML Center’s State of the
Philippine Climate, an annual report that provides a summary of observations of the country’s climate and climate-related disasters,
and the OML Center’s Climate Knowledge Portal, an online resource that allows users to learn more about past and projected climate
changes. Both are produced by the Center in partnership with PAGASA.

A listing of the Center’s current knowledge products is available in the last section of this publication. The Center intends to develop
more knowledge products in an effort to capture all relevant information on climate and to further climate discourse and action. Visit
www.omlopezcenter.org for updates.
THE PHILIPPINE CLIMAT

The climate of the Philippines is influenced by the complex

interactions of various factors and systems such as geography
and topography, monsoons (Habagat and Amihan), ocean currents,
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), tail end of a cold front,
tropical cyclones (TCs) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Studying the two most important periods of rain, which are the
southwest and the northeast monsoons, Rev. Jose Coronas, S.J.
noted a pattern in the monthly distribution of rain based on different
degrees of prevalence. He classified the pattern into four.
CLIMATE TYPES
TYPE I: Two pronounced
seasons - dry from November
to April and wet during the
rest of the year.
TYPE II: No dry season with
a pronounced rainfall from
November to January.
TYPE III: Seasons are not
very pronounced, relatively
dry from November to April,
and wet during the rest of the
year.
TYPE IV: Rainfall is more
or less evenly distributed
throughout the year.

Did you
know?
Rev. Jose Coronas, S.J. was
the chief of Manila Observatory’s
Meteorological Division in the early
1900s. In 1920, he wrote the report
“The state and weather of the
Philippines, 1903-1918”.

9
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

A monsoon is a consistent wind pattern

generated by a large weather system
that lasts for months and affects large
areas. There are two monsoon seasons
in the country: Southwest Monsoon
(Habagat) and Northeast Monsoon
(Amihan).

Habagat typically means wet conditions

in the western sections of the country
from June to September. It usually
brings significant amount of rainfall
that triggers flooding and landslides,
and is sometimes further enhanced by
the presence of tropical cyclones in the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR).

Amihan features cool and dry breeze

with prolonged periods of successive
cloudless days. It affects the eastern
sections of the country from November
to February.

10
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE

Rainfall is also influenced by the location of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
where the northeasterly winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly winds in
the Southern Hemisphere converge along the equator.

From December to February, the ITCZ is located south of the equator. It moves northward
until it reaches north of the Philippines around August to September, and then moves
southward before December.

Tropical Cyclone (TC) is the El Niño Southern Oscillation

general term for a cyclone that (ENSO) refers to the ocean
originates over the tropical component (El Niño) and
oceans. TCs are low pressure the atmospheric
systems in which winds spin component (southern
Other modes of variability include the
inward symmetrically into a oscilltion) of a naturally Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO),
spiral, bringing with it intense occurring phenomenon that which is characterized by patterns of
rain and winds. originates in the Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies
Ocean. El Niño and La Niña over the North Pacific. It has warm and
TCs are categorized based cold phases that last for decades.
refer to the pattern of above
on wind intensity: Tropical or below average sea surface During warm (cold) phases of the PDO,
Depression (up to 61 kph), temperatures in the central the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)
Tropical Storm (62-88 kph), and eastern Pacific that leads is another tropical mode of variability
Severe Tropical Storm to a major shift in weather that can influence the intra-seasonal
variations in rainfall over the
(89-120 kph), Typhoon patterns across the Pacific. Philippines. The MJO is typically a
(121-220 kph), and Super 30- to 60-day (but may also range
Typhoon (more than 220 kph). ENSO is the most important from 20 to 90 days) oscillation that
source of inter-annual moves eastward near the equator, and
Tropical cyclones bring involves variations in wind, and rainfall.
variability of rainfall in the
significant amount of rainfall Philippines. ENSO also affects
in the country. tropical cyclone activity.
11
 CALENDAR
THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE
JAN FEB M AR
MEAN 25.9 MEAN 26.3 MEAN 27.2
MAX. 29.6 MAX. 30.2 MAX. 31.4
MIN. 22.2 MIN. 22.3 MIN. 23

1 3.5 - 22.7 1 2.8 - 23.4 1 4.0 - 46.0

TYPE

TYPE

TYPE
2 130.1 - 776.3 2 84.6 - 547.6 2 49.4 - 448.3
3 7.4 - 169.3 3 3.1 - 101.8 3 19.8 - 119.9
4 79.4 - 365.1 4 59.5 - 253 4 51.4 - 203

M ONT HLY M ONT H LY M ONT H LY

C OU NT C OU NT C OU NT
0-1 0-1 0-1

NORTHEAST MONSOON NORTHEAST MONSOON NORTHEAST MONSOON

(AMIHAN) SEASON (AMIHAN) SEASON (AMIHAN) SEASON

APR M AY JUN
MEAN 28.4 MEAN 28.8 MEAN 28.4
MAX. 32.7 MAX. 33 MAX. 32.4
MIN. 24.1 MIN. 24.6 MIN. 24.5

1 16 - 104.1 1 70.4 - 341.1 1 193.7 - 519.9

TYPE

TYPE

TYPE
2 47.6 - 318.7 2 115.5 - 252.9 2 142.1 - 258.1
3 40.2 - 146.7 3 81.8 - 268.5 3 129.7 - 327.3
4 58.3 - 215.4 4 75 - 329.1 4 118.1 - 313.5

M ONT HLY M ONT H LY M ONT H LY

C OU NT C OU NT C OU NT
0-1 1-2 1-2

AMIHAN TO HABAGAT AMIHAN TO HABAGAT SOUTHWEST MONSOON

TRANSITION TRANSITION (HABAGAT) SEASON

Many decisions we do on a daily basis are affected by climate, such as when

to plant, where to travel, or when to get wed. The Climate Calendar provides a
summary of typical weather conditions to consider for each month of the year.
Based on data from 1980 to 2010, the calendar provides the following monthly
averages: temperature, rainfall and tropical cyclones.
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE CALENDAR

JUL AUG SEP

MEAN 28 MEAN 28 MEAN 27.9
MAX. 31.8 MAX. 31.7 MAX. 31.7
MIN. 24.1 MIN. 24.2 MIN. 24

1 316.7 - 838.1 1 286.9 - 905.0 1 255 - 570.9

TYPE

TYPE

TYPE
2 143.9 - 269.1 2 105.6 - 450.0 2 126.3 - 350.8
3 122.7 - 402.9 3 110.6 - 391.2 3 127.3 - 341.5
4 107.9 - 323.3 4 91.3 - 294.4 4 87.8 - 315.7

M ONT H LY M ONT H LY M ONT H LY

C OU NT C OU NT C OU NT
2-4 2-4 2-3

SOUTHWEST MONSOON SOUTHWEST MONSOON SOUTHWEST MONSOON

(HABAGAT) SEASON (HABAGAT) SEASON (HABAGAT) SEASON

OCT N OV DEC
MEAN 27.6 MEAN 27.1 MEAN 26.3
MAX. 31.4 MAX. 30.8 MAX. 29.9
MIN. 23.8 MIN. 23.5 MIN. 22.7

1 103.3 - 454.3 1 30.2 - 148.8 1 2.8 - 92.0

TYPE

TYPE

TYPE
2 178.4 - 496.3 2 197.9 - 542.9 2 96.8 - 674.8
3 156.7 - 326.5 3 112.3 - 285.5 3 52.5 - 258.9
4 91.1 - 635.7 4 75.3 - 594.9 4 64.6 - 675.8

M ONT H LY M ONT H LY M ONT H LY

C OU NT C OU NT C OU NT
2-1 1-2 1-2

HABAGAT TO AMIHAN NORTHEAST MONSOON NORTHEAST MONSOON

TRANSITION (AMIHAN) SEASON (AMIHAN) SEASON

A N N UA L T E M P E R AT U R E

R A IN FA LL
1 1767.1 - 3841.4
MEAN 27.5
TYPE

2 2057.8 - 4464.9 ANNUAL

MAX. 31.4
3 1218.4 - 2487.8
COUNT T R OP IC A L C YC LON E S
MIN. 23.6 19 - 20
4 959.9 - 4105.1
M ON S OON

13
 T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

Climate represents the average weather over a long time period. Climatological normals are then
based on the 30-year averages, such as during 1971-2000 and 1981-2010, of different climate
variables. Such normal values are used as reference to assess climate events and establish
climatic trends.

In this section, we present the climate in a timeline to highlight the trends in temperature, TCs and
significant events in the Philippines from 1951-2017. These are organized per category and per
decade. The two values on the timeline are the mean temperature (measured against the
left-hand x-axis) and number of TCs that entered PAR (measured against the right-hand x-axis).
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

HOT AND COLD: see the highest and lowest HABAGAT V. AMIHAN: compare notable im-
recorded temperatures on pages 30 to 33. pacts on pages 40 to 41.

RAIN CHECK: see the highest recorded daily, EL NIÑO V. LA NIÑA: compare significant
monthly and annual rainfall on pages 34 to 39. ENSO events on pages 42 to 43.
14
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE
Mean Temperature Anomaly (red bars) is the difference between observed annual mean
temperature for the year and the mean temperature normal averaged over the baseline
period 1981-2010 (in this case, the reference value is 27.5°C). A positive (negative) anomaly
means that the observed temperature was higher (lower) than the reference value of 27.5°C.

Icons are placed to indicate significant events per decade. Fast facts are included for each
significant event, such as, in the case of TCs, local and international names, duration,
maximum sustained winds in kilometers per hour (station and date recorded), rainfall in
millimeters, and reported impact.

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY

TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

TRACK LINES: follow the paths of tropical cyclones per

decade, including those with the longest tracks, highest
impacts on pages 44 to 59.

RISE AND FALL: read about significant floods and landslides on pages 62 to 63.
Other flood and landslide events that are associated with TCs, monsoons,
ENSO or extreme rainfall may be described in these sections.
 T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

TYPHOON TRIX
1952 OCT 17-23
995 DEATHS
TYPHOON YOYONG (AMY) [6/10 DEADLIEST]
1951 DEC 6-11
240 KPH
991 DEATHS
[7/10 DEADLIEST]
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

1955 IS ONE OF THE YEARS

WITH LOWEST RECORDED
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
(22.9°C) WITH 0.7°C BELOW
NORMAL.
Did you

1952 had the 3rd highest number of

know?

TCs entering PAR with 27.

16
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE

TYPHOON PAMELA
1959 OCT 27-NOV 6
10.5 DAYS LIFESPAN
[10/10 LONGEST]

TROPICAL DEPRESSION 5914

1959 NOV 3-15
12.25 DAYS LIFESPAN
[6/10 LONGEST]

TYPHOON FREDA
1959 NOV 12-19
258 KPH (CASIGURAN,
NOV 16)
[9/20 STRONGEST]

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

1951-1960
know?
Did you

In 1956, 25 TCs entered PAR, one of

the highest numbers ever recorded.
MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY

TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

TYPHOON KATE
1962 JUL 8-23
15 DAYS LIFESPAN
[3/10 LONGEST]

1962
6,137.2 MM TOTAL
ANNUAL RAINFALL
IN BORONGAN,
EASTERN SAMAR
[9/10 WETTEST]
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

1965 IS ONE OF THE YEARS

WITH LOWEST RECORDED
1963 HAD THE LOWEST MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL MINIMUM (22.9°C) WITH 0.7°C
TEMPERATURE BELOW NORMAL.
(COUNTRY AVERAGE)
RECORDED WITH ONLY
22.8°C (0.8°C BELOW
Did you

NORMAL) 1964 is notable for having 30 TCs that

know?

entered PAR and 15 TCs that crossed

the Philippine landmass.

18
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE

TYPHOON SENING (JOAN)

1970 OCT 10-16
276 KPH (VIRAC, OCT 13)
575 DEATHS
[6/20 STRONGEST]

TYPHOON YOLING (PATSY)

TYPHOON TRIN- TYPHOON DIDANG 1970 NOV 17-21
TYPHOON KLARING ING (CARLA) (NADINE) 258 KPH (ALABAT, NOV 19)
(IRMA) 1967 OCT 14 -19 1968 JUL 21-28 [10/20 STRONGEST]
1966 MAY 11-22 979.4 MM 9.1 METERS
11.5 DAYS LIFESPAN (BAGUIO, OCT 17) HIGH STORM SURGE TYPHOON TITANG (KATE)
[8/10 LONGEST] [3/10 RAINIEST] BARRIO SULVEC, 1970 OCT 18-22
NARVACAN, 631 DEATHS

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

ILOCOS SUR

1961-1970
IN 1968-1969, ONE OF THE
MOST NOTABLE EL NIÑO EVENTS
OCCURRED, WHICH RESULTED IN AMIHAN 1970-1971
MODERATE TO SEVERE DROUGHT,
PARTICULARLY IN THE BICOL
REGION
1967 IS ONE
THE HOTTEST DAILY TEMPERATURE
OF THE YEARS
ON RECORD WAS OBSERVED TWICE
WITH LOWEST
1968 IS ONE OF IN TUGUEGARAO CITY, CAGAYAN,
RECORDED MEAN
THE YEARS WITH WITH AN ALL-TIME-HIGH OF 42.2°C
TEMPERATURE
THE LOWEST ON 11 MAY 1969.
(27°C) WITH 0.5°C
BELOW NORMAL RECORDED
MEAN TEMPERATURE. MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY
(22.9°C) WITH
0.7°C BELOW TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
NORMAL.
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

1974
6,926.5 MM TOTAL
ANNUAL RAINFALL
IN BASCO, BATANES
1972 [5/10 WETTEST]
7,165.9 MM
TOTAL ANNUAL 1974
TYPHOON SUSANG
RAINFALL 6,114.2 MM TOTAL
(BESS)
IN BAGUIO CITY ANNUAL RAINFALL
1974 OCT 9-12
[3/10 WETTEST] IN BAGUIO CITY
781.4 MM (BAGUIO,
1971 OCT 11) [10/10 WETTEST]
6,255.9 MM TOTAL [4/10 RAINIEST]
ANNUAL RAINFALL
IN BORONGAN, TYPHOON WENING
EASTERN SAMAR 1972 (ELAINE)
[6/10 WETTEST] THE GREAT 1974 OCT 25-29
PHILIPPINE FLOODS 269 KPH (APARRI,
HABAGAT OCT 27) TYPHOON MAMENG (ELSIE)
[7/20 STRONGEST] 1975 OCT 9-13
240 KPH (BASCO, OCT 12)
[16/20 STRONGEST]
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

IN 1972-1973, AN EL NIÑO LA NIÑA EVENT

EPISODE RESULTED 1975-1976
IN DROUGHT WHICH AMIHAN 1973-1975
AFFECTED PALAWAN,
VISAYAS, MINDANAO, AND
1971 HAD THE LOWEST MEAN PARTS OF CENTRAL LUZON.
TEMPERATURE RECORDED SINCE
1951 WITH 26.8°C, 0.7°C BELOW
Did you

In 1971, 27 TCs entered the PAR,

NORMAL MEAN TEMPERATURE.
know?

16 of which crossed the Philippine

1971 IS ALSO ONE OF THE YEARS landmass.
WITH LOWEST RECORDED MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE (22.9°C) WITH 0.7°C
BELOW NORMAL.
20
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE

TYPHOON ATANG (OLIVE)

1978 APR 18-26
240 KPH (GUIUAN, APR 19) TYPHOON DITANG (DOM)
[17/20 STRONGEST] 1980 MAY 10 - 20
730.3 MM (BAGUIO, MAY 15)
TYPHOON KADING (RITA) [8/10 RAINIEST]
TYPHOON DIDANG (OLGA)
1978 OCT 25-27 10.5 DAYS LIFESPAN
1976 MAY 12-27
444 DEATHS [10/10 LONGEST]
15 DAYS LIFESPAN
[4/10 LONGEST]

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

1971-1980
1976 IS ONE OF THE YEARS WITH LOWEST
RECORDED MEAN/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE
(27°C/23°C) WITH 0.5/0.6°C BELOW NORMAL
MEAN/MINIMUM TEMPERATURE.
know?
Did you

In 1978, 25 TCs entered PAR.

This is the 4th highest number of TCs
recorded entering PAR. MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY

TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

TYPHOON ANDING (IRMA)

1981 NOV 21-27 TYPHOON NITANG (IKE)
280 KPH 1984 AUG 31-SEP 4
(VIRAC, NOV 27) 1,029 DEATHS
[4/20 STRONGEST] [5/10 DEADLIEST]
4.4 TO 8.4 METER
HIGH STORM TYPHOON UNDANG (AGNES)
SURGE 1984 NOV 3-6
CAMARINES SUR 895 DEATHS
AND DIGSIT, [9/10 DEADLIEST]
BALER, AURORA FLOODING IN
AGUSAN DEL
SUR, AGUSAN TYPHOON WARLING
DEL NORTE AND (ORCHID)
TYPHOON NORMING
BUTUAN CITY 1983 NOV 17-27
(FAYE) 5 METER HIGH
1981 JAN 10.5 DAYS LIFESPAN
1982 AUG 20-SEP 3 STORM SURGE
200 DEATHS [10/10 LONGEST]
14.5 DAYS LIFESPAN 1984 SEP 2
[5/10 LONGEST] NEGROS ISLAND
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

THE 1982-1983 EL NIÑO EVENT

AFFECTED THE COUNTRY WITH
PROLONGED DROUGHT AND
CAUSED ONE OF THE LARGEST
DROPS IN AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION.

22
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE

TYPHOON KATRING
TYPHOON GADING (THELMA)
(PEGGY) 5 METER HIGH
1986 JUL 6-10 STORM SURGE
709.6 MM (BAGUIO, 1987 JUL 12
JUL 9) MINDANAO
[10/10 RAINIEST]
TROPICAL STORM SALING
(DAN)
1989 OCT 8-11
TYPHOON SISANG (NINA) 251 KPH
1987 NOV 23-27 (AMBULONG, OCT 10)
233 KPH (LEGASPI, NOV 25) [14/20 STRONGEST]
TYPHOON LOLENG 808 DEATHS
(VERA) [20/20 STRONGEST]
1986 AUG 13 - 25 TYPHOON RUPING (MIKE)
12 DAYS LIFESPAN TYPHOON TRINING (PHYLLIS) 1990 NOV 10-14
[7/10 LONGEST] 1987 DEC 14-19 508 DEATHS

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

269 KPH (MASBATE, DEC 15)
[8/20 STRONGEST]

1981-1990
LA NIÑA EVENT THE 1989-1990 EL NIÑO EVENT
1988-1989 AFFECTED PARTS OF LUZON,
WESTERN VISAYAS AND WESTERN
MINDANAO WITH PROLONGED
DROUGHT.
1988 IS ONE OF THE
FOURTH WARMEST
YEARS RECORDED, WITH
A 0.3°C (27.8°C) ABOVE
NORMAL ANNUAL MEAN
TEMPERATURE.

MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY

TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

FLOODING IN
SULTAN KUDARAT
1995 SEP
TROPICAL STORM URING PHP 73 MILLION
(THELMA) IN DAMAGES
1991 NOV 2-7
5,101 DEATHS
[2/10 DEADLIEST]

TYPHOON ROSING
TYPHOON TRINING (RUTH) TYPHOON GADING (ANGELA)
1991 OCT 20-31 (SHARON) 1995 OCT 30-NOV 4
760 MM (BAGUIO, 27 OCT) 1994 DEC 17-24 251 KPH
[6/10 RAINIEST] 258 KPH (GUIUAN, 21 DEC) (VIRAC, 2 NOV)
10.75 DAYS LIFESPAN [11/20 STRONGEST] [15/20 STRONGEST]
[9/10 LONGEST] 936 DEATHS
[8/10 DEADLIEST]
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

1991-1992 IS ONE OF THE

ON 1993 MAR 8,
STRONGEST EL NIÑO EVENTS
IBA, ZAMBALES
SINCE 1951.
EXPERIENCED 11°C,
THE 5TH LOWEST
ON 1991 JUL 16, TEMPERATURE EVER
BALER, AURORA RECORDED BY A STATION.
HIT A RECORD-HIGH
TEMPERATURE
OF 41.2°C.
Did you

1993 holds the distinction of having

the most number of TCs entering
know?

PAR of all time with a total of 32 TCs.

1994 ranks 10th in the most number
of TCs entering PAR with a
total of 24 TCs.
24
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE

TYPHOON ILIANG (ZEB)

1998 OCT 10-16
994.6 MM (BAGUIO, OCT 16)
[2/10 RAINIEST]

TYPHOON LOLENG (BABS)

1998 OCT 15-25
287 KPH (VIRAC, OCT 21)
[3/20 STRONGEST]
PHP 12.7 BILLION
IN DAMAGES CHERRY HILLS,
[8/10 COSTLIEST] ANTIPOLO LANDSLIDE
787 DEATHS 1999 AUG 3

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

60 DEATHS

1991-2000
THE STRONG 1997-1998 EL NIÑO EVENT CAUSED
DROUGHT, WHICH RESULTED IN SIGNIFICANT
DAMAGE TO AGRICULTURE. THIS IS FOLLOWED
BY A STRONG LA NIÑA EVENT IN 1999-2000.

1998 IS THE HOTTEST YEAR RECORDED SINCE THE

1950’S, WITH A 0.8°C (28.3°C) MEAN AND MAXIMUM
TEMPERATURE HIGHER THAN NORMAL.
know?
Did you

In 1997 and 1998, only 14 and 11 TCs

entered PAR, respectively. These are
two of the lowest number of annual
TCs ever recorded, coinciding with a MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY
strong El Niño event.
TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

INFANTA AND GENERAL

NAKAR, QUEZON LANDSLIDES
2004 NOV
176 DEATHS

TROPICAL STORM
CHEDENG (LINFA)
TYPHOON FERIA (UTOR)
2003 MAY 25-29
2001 JUL 2-5
722.6 MM RAINFALL
1,085.8 MM (BAGUIO, JUL 4) TROPICAL STORM WINNIE
(DAGUPAN, MAY 27)
[1/10 RAINIEST] 2004 NOV 28-30
[9/10 RAINIEST]
893 DEATHS
[10/10 DEADLIEST]
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

ON 2002 MAY 11,

NUEVA ECIJA STATION
AMIHAN 2000-2001 RECORDED 40.4°C, THE 3RD
HIGHEST TEMPERATURE
EVER RECORDED AT A
STATION.
Did you

2003 and 2004 are two of the years

know?

with highest number of TCs that

entered PAR, both with 25 TCs.

26
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE
2009
6,161 MM TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL
IN BAGUIO CITY
[7/10 WETTEST]

2009
2008 6,159 MM TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL
7,513.7 MM IN HINATUAN SURIGAO DEL SUR
TOTAL ANNUAL [9/10 WETTEST]
RAINFALL
IN BORONGAN,
ST. BERNARD, EASTERN SAMAR TROPICAL STORM ONDOY
GUINSAUGON, LEYTE [2/10 WETTEST ] (KETSANA)
2006 FEB 2009 SEP 24-27
> 1,000 DEATHS PHP 11 BILLION
IN DAMAGES
[10/10 COSTLIEST]
464 DEATHS
TYPHOON FRANK
(FENGSHEN) TYPHOON PEPENG (PARMA) TYPHOON JUAN (MEGI)
TYPHOON REMING (DURIAN) 2008 JUN 18-22 2009 SEP 30-OCT 10 2010 OCT 16-21
2006 NOV 28-DEC 3 PHP 13 BILLION 27 BILLION PHP PHP 12 BILLION IN
320 KPH DAMAGES IN DAMAGES DAMAGES
(VIRAC, NOV 30) [7/10 COSTLIEST] [4/10 COSTLIEST] [9/10 COSTLIEST]
[1/20 STRONGEST] 557 DEATHS 465 DEATHS

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

2001-2010
LA NIÑA EVENT 2007-2008

FOUR OUT OF THE TEN WARMEST YEARS ON RECORD OCCURRED BETWEEN 2000-2010, WITH 2010 TIED
WITH 2016 AT 2 ND (0.6°C ANOMALY), 2006 TIED WITH 2015 AT 3RD (0.4°C), AND 2007 & 2005 AT 4TH WITH
0.3°C ABOVE NORMAL (SAME WITH 2012).
know?
Did you

In 2010, only 11 TCs entered PAR

(same with 1998 and 2015) .
This is the lowest number of annual MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY
TCs ever recorded.
TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

2011 IS ONE OF THE WETTEST YEARS EVER

RECORDED, WITH TWO OF THE TOP TEN HIGHEST
ANNUAL TOTAL RAINFALL RECORDED ALL OVER THE COUNTRY
8,094.2MM IN HINATUAN, SURIGAO DEL SUR
[1/10 WETTEST] TYPHOON ODETTE (USAGI)
6,977.9 MM IN BORONGAN, EASTERN SAMAR 2013 SEP 16-22
[4/10 WETTEST] 753.6 MM (CALAYAN, SEP 20) TYPHOON LANDO (KOPPU)
[7/10 RAINIEST] 2015 OCT 14-21
252 KPH (CASIGURAN, OCT 18)
[13/20 STRONGEST]
775.4 MM (BAGUIO, OCT 20)
TYPHOON YOLANDA (HAIYAN) [5/10 RAINIEST]
TYPHOON PEDRING 2013 NOV 6-9 PHP 14 BILLION IN DAMAGES
(NESAT) 313 KPH (ESTIMATED, NOV 8) [6/10 COSTLIEST]
2011 SEP 24-28, 6,300 DEATHS
PHP 15 BILLION IN TYPHOON PABLO (BOPHA)
2012 DEC 2-9 [1/10 DEADLIEST]
DAMAGES PHP 95 BILLION IN DAMAGES
[5/10 COSTLIEST] 1,248 DEATHS
[4/10 DEADLIEST [1/10 COSTLIEST]
PHP 43 BILLION 5 METER HIGH STORM SURGES
TROPICAL STORM IN LEYTE AND EASTERN
SENDONG (WASHI) IN DAMAGES TYPHOON GLENDA
[2/10 COSTLIEST] SAMAR (MORE THAN 5 (RAMMASUN)
2011 DEC 16-18 REPORTED IN SOME AREAS)
1,268 DEATHS 6 METER HIGH STORM 2014 JUL 13-17
[3/10 DEADLIEST] SURGE IN CATEEL, PHP 39 BILLION IN DAMAGES
BOSTON AND BANGAGA [3/10 COSTLIEST]
M E A N T E M P E R AT U R E A N O M A L Y

AMIHAN 2011 HABAGAT 2012 HABAGAT 2013 AMIHAN 2015

2011 NOV-DEC (ENHANCED BY (ENHANCED BY TROPICAL 2015 DEC 18-23
NORTHERN AND TYPHOON HAIKUI) STORM MARING) SOUTHERN LUZON
CENTRAL LUZON 2012 AUG 6-8 2013 AUG 17-21 AND BOHOL
METRO MANILA METRO MANILA AND
AND NEIGHBORING NEIGHBORING PROVINCES
PROVINCES 1,120.2 MM OF
1,007.4 MM OF ACCUMULATED
ACCUMULATED RAIN RAIN FOR 5 DAYS
FOR 3 DAYS (SCIENCE (SANGLEY POINT, CAVITE)
GARDEN, QUEZON CITY)

28
 THE PHILIPPINE CLIMATE TIMELINE

TYPHOON FERDIE (MERANTI)

2016 SEP 11-14
252 KPH (BASCO, SEP 13)
[12/20 STRONGEST]

SUPER TYPHOON LAWIN (HAIMA)

2016 OCT 17-20
234 KPH (TUGUEGARAO, OCT 19)
[18/20 STRONGEST]
HABAGAT 2018
TYPHOON NINA (NOCK-TEN) 2018 JUL 15-23
2016 DEC 23-27 CENTRAL LUZON,
280 KPH (VIRAC, DEC 25) METRO MANILA AND
[5/20 STRONGEST] NEIGHBORING PROVINCES
1,097.4 MM OF RAIN

NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES ENTERING PAR

(SUBIC, ZAMBALES)

2011-2017
AMIHAN 2017
NOV 2017
CAGAYAN VALLEY AND CORDILLERA
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

THE 2015-2016 EL NIÑO EPISODE IS

CONSIDERED TO BE AMONG THE
STRONGEST SINCE THE 1950’S.

2016 IS ONE OF THE SECOND WARMEST YEARS ON

RECORD WITH 0.6°C ANOMALY (28.1°C), WHILE 2017 IS
5TH WARMEST AT 0.2°C ABOVE NORMAL (27.7°C).

THE 4TH HIGHEST TEMPERATURE (39.4°C) EVER

RECORDED AT A STATION HAPPENED IN GENERAL MEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY
SANTOS, SOUTH COTABATO IN 2016 APRIL 16.
TOTAL NUMBER OF TROPICAL CYCLONES
 This section
will present the
highest and
lowest temperature
ever recorded per
station during the
period 1951-2017.

30
 HOT AND COLD | 1951-2017

HIGHEST TEMPERATURE PER STATION

HIGHEST RECORDED
TEMPERATURE (°C)

30 - 34
35 - 36
37 - 38
39 - 40
> 40

The hottest daily temperature on

record was observed twice in
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, with an
all-time-high of 42.2°C on
1969 May 11.

31
 HOT AND COLD | 1951-2017

LOWEST TEMPERATURE PER STATION

LOWEST RECORDED
TEMPERATURE (°C)

<7
7 - 11
12 - 14
15 - 18
18 - 20

The lowest temperature ever recorded

was in Baguio City, Benguet on
1961 January 18 (6.3°C)

33
 This section
will present the TOTAL ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm)
greatest 24-hour NORMAL 1981-2010 AVERAGE

< 1,000
(daily), monthly 1,000 - 2,000

and annual
2,000 - 3,000
3,000 - 4,000

rainfall recorded 4,000 - 5,000

per station from

1951-2017.

34
 RAIN CHECK | 1951-2017

HIGHEST DAILY
RAINFALL (mm)
189 - 243
244 - 335
336 - 670
671 - 860
> 860

The all-time highest daily rainfall due

to TC was recorded in Baguio City,
Benguet, on 2001 July 4, as Typhoon
Feria (Utor) ravaged Northern Luzon.

The amount of rainfall that poured on

that single day equaled more than
one-month worth of rainfall for July.

35
 RAIN CHECK | 1951-2017

HIGHEST MONTHLY
RAINFALL (mm)
444 - 620
621 - 1,300
1,301 - 2,000
2,001 - 3,000
> 3,000

The highest total monthly rainfall

was recorded in Baguio City, Benguet
when it received 4,773.9 mm of rain in
1972 July.

Dagupan City, Pangasinan and Iba,

Zambales came in second and third,
receiving 2,659.4 mm and 2,296.7 mm
of rain in 1972 July and 1978 August,
respectively.

37
 RAIN CHECK | 1951-2017

HIGHEST ANNUAL
RAINFALL (mm)
1,346 - 1,800
1,801 - 2,500
2,501 - 4,500
4,501 - 8,000
> 8,000

The highest total annual rainfall

were recorded in Hinatuan, Surigao
del Sur and Borongan, Eastern Samar
with 8,094.2 mm (2011) and
7,497.3 mm (2008), respectively.

39
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

Which are the

most notable
The Habagat events in 2012 and 2013 are two of the most notable in
recent history. Habagat 2012 was caused by Typhoon Haikui (no local name) in

Southwest Monsoon
southeast China. The 2012 Habagat event was an eight-day event but torrential
rain poured over a span of four days. The Habagat 2013 was due to Typhoon
Labuyo (Utor) and Tropical Storm Maring (Trami) which remained stagnant over
(HABAGAT) events? northeast of Batanes.

Just recently, Habagat 2018 was enhanced by, not one, but four tropical
cyclone systems - Typhoon Henry (Son-Tinh), Typhoon Inday (Ampil), Tropical
Storm Bebinca (outside PAR) and Tropical Depression Josie (13W). The most
affected province was Pangasinan in terms of flooding. In August of 2018,
another event happened due to Typhoon Karding (August 11-13) when Baguio
City and neighboring areas received a significant amount of rain that caused
landslides and flash floods.

HABAGAT 2012 HABAGAT 2013 HABAGAT 2018

(ENHANCED BY TYPHOON HAIKUI) (ENHANCED BY (ENHANCED BY ENHANCED BY
TROPICAL STORM MARING) TCs HENRY, INDAY, BEBINCA
2012 August 6-8 (OUTSIDE PAR) AND JOSIE)
2013 August 17-21
1,007.4 mm of rain 2018 July 15-23
1,120.2 mm of rain
(3-day period) 1,097.4 mm of rain
(5-day period)
measured in Science Garden, Quezon (8-day period)
City measured in Sangley Point, Cavite
measured in Subic Bay, Olongapo

The most notable southwest monsoon event happened in July of 1972 (see page 66 on floods).
 HABAGAT V. AMIHAN

Which are the

most notable
Unlike the Southwest Monsoon, the Northeast (NE) Monsoon,
locally known as Amihan, causes less detrimental impacts. Northeast Monsoon
The following are some of the most notable recent
NE monsoon episodes on record.
(AMIHAN) events?
2011

The Amihan episode in the month of

December brought heavy rains over 2012
Ilocos Region, Cagayan Region,
Cordillera Administrative Region, and On December 18-23, continuous heavy
Central Luzon. This monsoonal event rains brought about by NE monsoon
triggered the occurrence of a series of displaced a total of 4,792 residents in 2017
flooding events, affecting more than the provinces of Laguna, Cavite,
80,000 persons, and leaving three dead Quezon and Bohol. A series of flooding Continuous rains over the Cagayan
and seven missing. and landslide events, which occurred Valley and Cordillera Administrative
due to Amihan, claimed four lives and Region brought about by Amihan in the
left nine injured. month of November resulted in flooding,
landslides and river swelling. More than
70,000 people within 101 barangays
were affected by this monsoonal event.

Other significant Northeast Monsoon episodes occurred in 1964, 1970–1971, 1973–1975 and 2000–2001.
41
 SIGNIFICANT EL NIÑO EVENTS
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

1968-1969
Moderate to severe drought severely affected the Bicol region and caused
millions of tons of losses in rice and corn production (Hilario, F., 2009).

1972-1973
Drought hit the area of Central Luzon, Palawan, Visayas, and Mindanao. As a result of this impact,
a total loss of 8.3 million metric tons of rice and corn production were reported (Hilario, F., 2009). The Great
Philippine Floods of 1972 coincided with this strong El Niño event.

1982-1983
The El Niño event from 1982 to 1983 caused an estimated US$ 450 million of damages in the Philippines.
Western and Central Luzon, Southern Tagalog provinces, Northern Visayas, Bohol, and Western Mindanao were
affected by drought from October of 1982 to March of 1983. Most of Luzon, Negros Occidental and Iloilo were
affected by moderate to severe drought from April to September of 1983. This resulted in the loss of 6.4x105
metric tons of rice, corn insurance claims amounting to PhP 38 million, and hydropower generation loss valued
at PhP 316 million (Hilario, F., 2009). These events, including prolonged wet and dry seasons, caused a large
drop in agricultural production and contributed to one of the sharpest falls in gross domestic product
(Rincón, M., and Virtucio, F., 2008).

1989-1990
From October of 1989 to March of 1990, drought affected Cagayan Valley, Panay Island,
Guimaras, Palawan, and Southern Mindanao. There were estimated losses of 5 million metric tons
of rice and corn production, hydropower generation of PhP 348 million,
as well as 10% cutback in water production in Metro Manila (Hilario, F., 2009).

1991-1993
During the El Niño in 1991 to 1992, the severe drought affected most areas of Central Luzon, Southern Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. It resulted in impacts to agricultural areas covering 461,800 hectares with agricultural
losses amounting to PhP 4.09 billion, and to a 20% shortfall in Metro Manila’s water supply (Hilario, F., 2009).

1997-1998
The drought episode from 1997 to 1998 was one of the strongest, affecting over 70% of the
Philippines. The impacts of this drought resulted in damages to about 292,000 hectares of
agricultural areas (such as rice, corn, and coconut) equivalent to PhP 3 billion, water shortages,
forest fires and human health impacts (Hilario, F., 2009 & WFP, 2016).

2015-2016
The 2015 to 2016 El Niño episode is considered to be among the strongest since the 1950s.
It was officially declared in March of 2015, peaked during the November-December-January season with an
Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) of 2.6°C and ended by June of 2016. According to the 2016
NDRRMC Final Damage Report, the 2015 to 2016 El Niño episode impacted around 396,000 hectares of
agricultural areas, leading to rice and corn production losses amounting to almost PhP 10 billion.
42
 EL NIÑO V. LA NIÑA

SIGNIFICANT LA NIÑA EVENTS 1998-2000

The 1998 to 2000 La Niña episode caused significant losses and damages in most parts of Mindanao, Cordillera
and Bicol regions. Thousands of hectares of agricultural lands were destroyed by floodwaters due to continuous
heavy rains. This La Niña event resulted in millions of pesos worth of damages in agriculture.

2010-2011
In January of 2011, intense rains and flooding brought about by the La Niña event resulted in 42 people killed,
eight injured and five missing. The total cost of damage to agriculture, housing and infrastructure has been
estimated to be PhP 900 million.

Other notable La Nina episodes occurred in 1973-1974, 1975-1976, 1988-1989, and 2007-2008.

EL NIÑO
OCEANIC NIÑO INDEX (ONI)

LA NIÑA

NOTE: Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) is used for identifying El Niño (warm) and La Niña (cool) events in the tropical
Pacific. It is the running three-month mean SST anomaly for the Niño 3.4 region. Events are defined as five
consecutive overlapping three-month periods at or above the +0.5 anomaly for warm (El Niño) events and at or
below the -0.5 anomaly for cold (La Niña) events.
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

know?
Did you
Records of TCs in the Philippines are available as far back as 1566 due to documentation by Miguel Selga, a Jesuit priest.^
From 1566 to 1900, a total of 562 events were recorded.^^
The wettest known TC to impact the country is a TC that occurred in 1911 from July 14-18.
It dropped over 2,210 millimeters in three days.
Based on historical records, the deadliest TC is a typhoon in October of 1881, which is believed to have killed up to
20,000 people before causing massive devastation in Vietnam (also referred to as the “terrific Tongking typhoon”). ^^^
44
 TRACK LINES

In this section, we present the

most significant tropical cyclones
to hit the country from 1951-2017.

Each spread presents the tracks of

all tropical cyclones that entered the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
per decade (in green lines) and highlights
the significant TCs (in pink lines) in
terms of intensity, rainfall, duration,
cost of damage and resulting casualties.
On average, there are around 80 tropical cyclones/hurricanes/storms worldwide every year.*

The Western North Pacific Basin (WNP) is the most active tropical cyclone basin in the whole world.
Approximately one third (31%) of the world’s TCs occur within the WNP.*

The Philippines is located within the WNP. It ranks second as the most
TC-hit country in the world from 1970 to 2010.**

On average, 19 to 20 TCs enter PAR annually, nine of which make landfall.***

From 1951 to 2015, a total of 1,305 tropical cyclones entered the PAR, of which:
655 (50%) are typhoons
369 (28%) are tropical storms and
281 (22%) are tropical depressions.

TCs are most active in the country during the months of July, August and September.

Sources: *Ramsay (2017); **NOAA (2010);*** Cinco et al 2016; PAGASA

^Selga’s Chronology ^^Garcia-Herrera (2006); ^^^Terry et al (2012)
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

In 1951, Typhoon Yoyong (Amy) affected the country on December

6-11. It is one of the deadliest tropical cyclones in the country resulting
in 991 casualties. It caused significant damage in eastern Visayas,
particularly in Leyte, Cebu and Panay islands.

In 1952, Typhoon Trix struck the Bicol region from

October 17-23, killing 995 people.

Typhoon Pamela in 1954 lasted for ten and a half days.

It is one of the tropical cyclones with the longest lifespan.

Typhoon Pamela
1954

Typhoon Trix
1952

Typhoon Amy
1951

46
 TRACK LINES

1959's Typhoon Freda is one of the most intense TCs with 258 kph
maximum sustained winds recorded in Casiguran, Aurora on

1951-1960
November 16. Besides destructive winds, it dumped significant
amount of rain in Metro Manila and caused damages to crops in
southern Luzon and Visayas. Typhoon Freda also resulted in
58 casualties.
Typhoon Freda
In the same year, Tropical Depression 5914 (no local/international
1959 name) lasted for more than twelve days, one of the tropical cyclones
with the longest lifespan.

Tropical Depression 5914

1959
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

Third of the longest tropical cyclones ever to enter PAR, Typhoon Kate developed off the eastern
coast of Luzon on 1962 July 18 and dissipated on July 25 after traversing through northeastern
coast of Luzon. It then moved across Taiwan and mainland China for a total of 15 days.

Typhoon Klaring (Irma) in 1966 lasted for eleven and a half days, one of the tropical cyclones
with the longest lifespan. It made landfall over eastern Samar, moved across the Sibuyan Sea
to Mindoro, then shifted its track and moved northeast towards eastern Japan until it
dissipated on May 29. It is believed to be the cause of the sinking of two ships --- Pioneer
Cebu on May 27 and Banc Alex off the coast of Visayas.

Typhoon Trining (Carla) is one of the wettest tropical cyclones.

In 1967, it dumped extreme rainfall (979.4 mm) over Baguio City on October 17.

On July 21-28 of 1968, Typhoon Didang (Nadine) caused an

9.1 meters high storm surge that hit Barrio Sulvec, Narvacan,
Ilocos Sur.

Typhoon Kate
1962

Typhoon Trining
1967

Typhoon Didang
1968

48
 TRACK LINES

Typhoon Klaring
1966
Two of the 20 most intense tropical cyclones occured in 1970--
Typhoon Sening (Joan) with 276 kph maximum sustained wind
recorded in Virac on October 30 and Typhoon Yoling (Patsy) with

1961-1970
258 kph maximum sustained wind recorded in Alabat, Quezon on
November 19.

Typhoon Yoling Typhoon Sening, Yoling and Titang (Kate) are three of the deadliest
tropical cyclones to strike the country with 575 deaths, 611 deaths,
1970 and 631 deaths, respectively.

Typhoon Sening
1970

Typhoon Titang
1970
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

On October 11 of 1974, Typhoon Susang (Bess) dumped 781.4 mm of rain within 24 hours in
Baguio. This is the 4th greatest 24-hr. rainfall ever recorded due to the passing of a tropical
cyclone.

Later that month, Typhoon Wening (Elaine), was recorded as having maximum sustained
winds of 269 kph in Aparri on October 27. It is one of the most intense TCs in PAR.

Another intense TC, Typhoon Mameng (Elsie), happened in 1975. It was recorded as having
maximum sustained winds of 240 kph in Basco on October 12.

Typhoon Mameng
1975

Typhoon Wening
1974

Typhoon Susang
1974

50
 TRACK LINES

Typhoon Didang
1976

Typhoon Ditang
1980

Typhoon Didang (Olga) in 1976 lasted for 15 days. It is one of the TCs
with the longest life span. Typhoon Didang crossed Central Luzon and

1971-1980
claimed 200 lives and affected more than three million people.

In 1978, Typhoon Atang (Olive) affected the country from April 18-26
and is one of the most intense TCs in PAR with recorded maximum
sustained winds of 240 kph in on April 19).

In the same year, Typhoon Kading caused around 444 deaths from
October 25-27.

In 1980, Typhoon Ditang (Dom) poured 730.8 mm of rain in Baguio on

May 15. It is one of the TCs with the greatest 24-hour rainfall.

Typhoon Atang
1978
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

1981's Typhoon Anding (Irma) is one of the most intense TCs with 280 kph maximum
sustained winds recorded in Virac on November 27. It brought storm surges as high as
4.4 to 8.4 meters to Camarines Sur and Digsit, Baler.

While it had a total lifespan of 14.5 days, 1982’s Typhoon Norming (Ellis) did not cross any
Philippine landmass and therefore did not cause any significant damage.

1984 had two of the deadliest TCs recorded. Typhoon Nitang (Ike) resulted in 1,029 deaths,
while Typhoon Undang (Agnes) had 859 casualties.

On September 2, Typhoon Nitang (Ike) affected Negros island with estimated

5 meter high storm surges.

The longest-lived TC in PAR is Typhoon Miding (Wayne) which formed and

meandered along the South China Sea and affected most of northwestern
Luzon for 18 days from August to September in 1986. Typhoon Miding
resulted in 17 casualties.

Typhoon Norming
1982
Typhoon Nitang
1984

Typhoon Miding
1986
Typhoon Undang
1951
52
 TRACK LINES

Typhoon Loleng
1986

In 1986, Typhoon Loleng (Vera), one of the TCs with longest life span,
lasted for 12 days from August 13-25. It neither made landfall nor
crossed any Philippine landmass.

On 12 July 1987, Typhoon Katring (Thelma) brought storm surges as

high as 5 meters in the southern islands of the country.
Typhoon Anding In November of that year, Typhoon Sisang (Nina) resulted in
1981

1981-1990
808 casualties. It is one of the deadliest TCs on record.

On 15 December 1987, Typhoon Trining (Phyllis) was recorded in

Masbate as having maximum sustained winds of 269 kph.

Typhoon Trining In 1990, Typhoon Ruping (Mike) affected the country from November
10-14 and left 508 casualties due to landslides, flooding and extreme
1987 wind damage in Visayas and neighboring areas.

Typhoon Katring
1987

Typhoon Ruping Typhoon Sisang

1990 1987
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

In 1991, Tropical Storm Uring (Thelma) caused one of the worst flash floods in Philippine
history in Ormoc City, Leyte, resulting in 5,101 deaths. The flash flooding caused by the
storm buried the eastern and western plains of the province in water, sediments and debris.

In the same year, Typhoon Trining (Ruth) dumped 760 mm of rain in Baguio on October 27.
This is the 6th greatest amount of rainfall recorded in 24-hours due to a passing TC.

The 2nd longest TC that ever lived also occured in 1991. Typhoon Oniang (Nat) formed east
of Luzon on September 15 and lasted for about 17 days. It affected the northernmost
parts of Luzon but did not cause significant damage.

In 1994, Typhoon Garding (Axel), one of the most intense TCs, recorded maximum
sustained winds of 258 kph in Guiuan on December 21.

Typhoon Oniang
1991

Typhoon Gading
1994

Typhoon Rosing
1995

Typhoon Uring
1991

54
 TRACK LINES

Typhoon Iliang
1998

Typhoon Trining
1991

1991-2000
In 1995, Typhoon Rosing (Angela) was recorded in Virac as having
maximum sustained winds of 251 kph on November 2. The typhoon
left 936 dead.

In 1998, Typhoon Iliang (Zeb) dumped 994.6 mm of rain within

24 hours in Baguio on October 16.

A few days later, on October 21, Typhoon Loleng (Babs) was recorded
in Virac as having maximum sustained winds of 287 kph. It is the third
most intense TC recorded and the 8th costliest with 787 deaths.

Typhoon Loleng
1998
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

In 2001, Typhoon Feria (Utor) dumped 1,085 mm of rain over Baguio on July 4.
This is the greatest amount of 24-hour rainfall ever recorded.

In 2003, Tropical Storm Chedeng dumped 722.6 mm of rain over Dagupan, Pangasinan on
May 27. This is 9th of the greatest amount of 24-hour rainfall ever recorded.

In 2006, Typhoon Reming (Durian) affected Bicol region and neighboring areas. It has one of
the highest recorded maximum sustained winds (320 kph recorded in Virac on November 30).
It is also one of the TCs with the greatest rainfall in one day with 734 mm recorded in Surigao
on November 18.

Albay was the hardest hit due to runoff from Typhoon Reming's rainfall which caused
lahar (mud flows) on the slopes of Mt. Mayon resulting in severe loss of life
(1,266 deaths) and property.

Typhoon Frank
2008

Typhoon Feria
2001

Tropical storm Ondoy

2009

Typhoon Reming
2006

56
 TRACK LINES

Typhoon Chedeng
2003

On 21 June 2008, Typhoon Frank (Fengshen), caused massive loss of

lives and property after following an unusual track that traversed
seven islands in the Western Visayas. Out of 16 provinces that were
damaged, the heaviest hit was Panay islands, where heavy rains and
strong winds of up to 195 km per hour caused landslides and flash
floods. There were 644 recorded deaths in Iloilo with destruction of

2001-2010
crops and infrastructure amounting to PhP 13 billion. It was also
Typhoon Frank which caused the capsizing of the MV Princess of the
Stars due to rough seas.

In 2009, Typhoon Pepeng (Parma) criss-crossed Northern Luzon

making initial landfall over Cagayan, looping back to landfall in Ilocos

Typhoon Juan Norte, then looping back again and entering Cagayan a second time.
It affected most of Northern Luzon and caused significant amount
2003 of damage. It is one of the costliest TCs with PhP 27.3 billion pesos
worth of damages.

In the same year, Tropical storm Ondoy (Ketsana) delivered a record

448.5 mm of rain that fell on Metro Manila on September 26. It was
responsible for the 465 deaths in Metro Manila and damages
amounting to PhP 10.9 billion.

In 2010, Typhoon Juan (Megi) affected the country from

October 16-21. It is one of the most intense TCs that crossed the
country with a recorded maximum winds of 225 kph. It caused severe
damage to life and property (estimated at PhP 12 billion) due to strong
winds and heavy downpour over Northern Luzon. Several provinces
Typhoon Pepeng experienced landslides and several dams were forced to release water.
2009
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

In 2011, Typhoon Pedring (Nesat) made landfall over the boundary of Aurora and Isabela on September
27 and tracked west northwestward across Northern Luzon. It affected and caused significant amount of
damage in Regions 1-6, Cordillera Administrative Region and National Capital Region (NCR). The typhoon
damaged PhP 13.45 billion worth of agriculture and PhP 2.1 billion worth of infrastructure. It also resulted
in 87 people killed and 91 injured.

In December 16 of the same year, Tropical Storm Sendong (Washi) caused devastation in the northern part
of Mindanao, killing 1,268 people. The high death toll was attributed to the heavy downpour brought by the
storm causing rivers to overflow that eventually flooded numerous barangays. PhP 2 billion worth of
property damages were brought about by the tropical storm.

On 2012 December 2, Typhoon Pablo (Bopha) intensified and entered PAR, made landfall two
days later over Baganga, Davao Oriental, and traversed Compostella Valley, Bukidnon and
Negros Oriental. Powerful winds and floodwaters from the typhoon flattened homes as it
smashed the shores of the southern Davao Oriental province. Continuing westward, it blew
over mountains with heavy rains triggering flash floods in nearby Compostela Valley
province that washed down tons of mud and boulders on communities. The massive
floods and landslides from the typhoon killed 1,248 people in Mindanao.

2013’s Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) is estimated to have maximum

sustained winds of 313 kph* and gusts of up to 380 kph*. The deadliest
TC on record in more recent times, Typhoon Yolanda claimed the lives
of more than 6,300 people, most of them from drowning due to the
devastating storm surge and coastal inundation. Besides being
the deadliest, Typhoon Yolanda is also the costliest TC in
terms of economic damage to agriculture and
infrastructure due to the storm surge and
powerful winds. (*Maximum sustained
wind and gusts are estimates and not
based on observation).

Typhoon Pedring
2011

Typhoon Nina
2016

Typhoon Sendong
2011
58
 TRACK LINES

Typhoon Glenda (Rammasun) made landfall in Albay on 2014

July 15. It crossed NCR the following morning impacting the
Metro Manila area and nearby provinces with strong winds
and heavy rain, causing power outages. Typhoon Glenda
resulted to approximately PhP 39 billion worth of damages.
It ranks 3rd of the costliest TCs since 1951.

2015’s Typhoon Lando (Koppu) is one of the most intense

and destructive TCs since 1951. It made landfall over Aurora
and crossed and lingered over Luzon for a few days. Typhoon
Lando’s highest maximum sustained winds was 252 kph
Typhoon Ferdie recorded in Casiguran, Aurora on October 18. It resulted in
more than PhP 14 billion worth of damages.
2016
On 2016 September 13, Typhoon Ferdie (Meranti) was
recorded in Basco, Batanes as having maximum sustained
winds of 252 kph.

On October 19, Super Typhoon Lawin (Haima) was recorded

with maximum sustained winds of 234 kph in Tuguegarao.

2011-2017
One of the most intense TCs, it affected northern Luzon and
killed 18 people due to flooding, landslides and storm surges.

On Christmas Day of the same year, Typhoon Nina

Typhoon Lawin (Nock-ten) was recorded with 280 kph maximum sustained
2016 winds recorded in Virac, Catanduanes. One of the most
Typhoon Lando intense TCs, it wreaked havoc over most of Bicol region
and traversed across Southern Luzon.
2015
Typhoon Glenda
2014

Typhoon Yolanda
2013
Typhoon Pablo
2012
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

Of the roughly 20 TCs that

enter the Philippine Area of
Responsibility every year, a
quarter are destructive.
Northern Luzon is
particularly hard-hit by TCs.
Eastern sections of Luzon and Visayas receive the highest
number of TCs per year.

Compared to areas in Luzon, Southern Visayas and

Mindanao typically experience fewer TCs every year.

PROVINCES WITH HIGHEST NUMBER

OF TC HITS FROM 1951-2013

Cagayan
Isabela
Catanduanes
Abra
Apayao
Ifugao
Kalinga
Mountain Province
Eastern Samar
Northern Samar
Samar
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Ilocos Norte
Masbate

60
 TROPICAL CYCLONE IMPACTS

I ON
L AT TOTAL AFFECTED
POPULATION (in millions)
PU The data on impacts (affected population, casualties,
PO < 1,000 cost of damage) presented here is from 2013-2017 only.
ED
E CT 1,000 - 2,000
A FF Highest impacts (in terms of casualties, cost of damage and
2,000 - 3,000
TC number of affected population) are observed in Bicol region,
3,000 - 4,000
Eastern and Central Visayas from 2013 to 2017.
>4,000

Leyte, Quezon, Camarines Sur, Nueva Ecija and

Eastern Samar are the top five provinces that suffered the
highest cost of damages from tropical cyclones
during the period 2013-2017.

In terms of total affected population,

Cebu and Leyte ranks first and second,
followed by Camarines Sur, Albay and Pangasinan.

Highest death toll are concentrated in

Eastern Visayas region (Leyte, Eastern Samar and Samar)
due to Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013.

E COST OF DAMAGES
E S NUMBER OF CASUALTIES AG (in million PHP)
TI M
AL 0 - 100 DA < 10,000
AS
U OF
C T 10,001 - 20,000
TC
101 - 300
C OS
301 - 5,500 20,001 - 30,000
30,001 - 40,000
40,001 - 50,000
50,001 - 60,000
> 60,000

61
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

1972 JULY (THE GREAT PHILIPPINE FLOODS OF 1972)

This was one of the worst flooding events in Philippine history due to the combined effects of the
Southwest monsoon and Typhoon Goring dumping 4,773.9 mm of rain in Baguio and 2,659.4 mm of
rain in Dagupan City, Pangasinan in the month of July. Itbayat, Batanes also received 2,918.7 mm of
rain in August.

Low-lying areas in Pampanga and Bulacan were submerged when floodwaters rose to the rooftop
level of houses. Most streets in Manila were also submerged. Laguna Lake overflowed and
inundated the surrounding towns.

It should be noted that the 1972 great flood over Luzon occurred during an El Niño episode.

1981 JANUARY
Continuous rains and flooding affected and completely swamped almost 400,000 hectares of lands
in the provinces of Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte and Butuan City. While 600,000 people were
able to escape to safety, 200 people were killed and approximately 14,000 persons were injured.

1995 SEPTEMBER
On September 6, flash floods hit the area near Mount Melibengoy or Parker Volcano on Mindanao
Island. The province of Sultan Kudarat was heavily affected with estimated cost of damages of
about PhP 72.7 million. The flood affected 8,915 persons or 2,172 families in Sultan Kudarat, and
a total of 15,563 persons or 3,052 families in all affected areas. The flash flood also resulted in 48
casualties.

2013 AUGUST
Metro Manila and its adjacent cities experienced heavy rains from August 18 to 21 due to extreme
southwest monsoon (habagat) rainfall, enhanced by Tropical Storm Maring (Trami). Habagat 2013
was also reminiscent of the Habagat event in 2012.

RISE
SOME OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FLOOD EVENTS
62
 RISE AND FALL

1999 CHERRY HILLS

On August 3, a devastating landslide occurred in Cherry Hills Subdivision, Antipolo City, Rizal
Province, which killed 60 people and displaced hundreds of families. Heavy rains induced by
Typhoon Ising (Olga) triggered the landslide.

Typhoon Ising developed from an active low-pressure area on July 28 and intensified into a
Typhoon. It did not directly hit the Philippines but continuous monsoon rains were experienced
over the western sections of Luzon displacing more than 73,000 people.

2004 INFANTA AND GENERAL NAKAR, QUEZON

In November, Typhoon Winnie caused floods and triggered multiple landslides that were
transformed into debris flows along the main tributary of the Agos River, burying the towns of
General Nakar and Infanta. Typhoon Winnie dumped approximately 342 mm of rainfall over a
9-hour period in Infanta. This caused a combined PhP 207.5 millions of pesos worth of damages
in agriculture, livestock, and fisheries, affected 16 barangays composed of 12,007 families, totally
damaged 4,256 houses, partially damaged 3,674, and washed out 1,592. It resulted in
176 casualties, with 53 missing and eleven injured.

2006 ST. BERNARD GUINSAGUON, LEYTE

One of the country's worst landslide almost wiped out the entire 480 hectares of Barangay
Guinsaugon, one of the 16 villages of the town of St. Bernard in Southern Leyte. The disaster left
in its wake 28 injured, 410 registered survivors and buried alive at least 1,000 people.

The landslide was caused by a multitude of factors including the 683.6 millimeters of rainfall that
fell from February 8 to 14, a 2.6 magnitude earthquake 21 km west of Guinsaguon on February 17,
and slope deformation that happened a few months before the landslide.

FALL
SOME OF THE DEADLIEST LANDSLIDES
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

WHERE AND WHEN WERE

WHAT ARE THE THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE
WARMEST YEARS? EVER RECORDED?
RANK YEAR ANOMALY (°C) WEATHER HOTTEST DAILY DATE
1 1998 0.8 STATIONS TEMPERATURE (°C)
2 2016 0.6 Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 42.2 May 11, 1969
2010 0.6 Baler, Aurora 41.2 July 16, 1991
3 2015 0.4 Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija 40.4 May 11, 2002
2006 0.4 General Santos City, South Cotabato 39.4 April 16, 2016
4 2012 0.3 Casiguran, Aurora 39.2 June 20, 1974
1988 0.3 Aparri, Cagayan 39 May 31, 1973
2007 0.3
2005 0.3
5 2017 0.2

WHERE AND WHEN WERE

WHAT ARE THE THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE EVER
COOLEST YEARS? RECORDED?
RANK YEAR ANOMALY (°C) WEATHER HOTTEST DAILY DATE
1 1971 -0.7 STATIONS TEMPERATURE (°C)
2 1955 -0.5 Baguio City, Benguet 6.3 January 18, 1961
1963 -0.5 Malaybalay, Bukidnon 10 February 4, 1973
1965 -0.5 Casiguran, Aurora 10.5 January 3, 1981
1967 -0.5 Itbayat, Batanes 10.7 February 8, 1974
1974 -0.5 Iba, Zambales 11 March 8, 1993
1976 -0.5 Basco, Batanes 11.4 January 18, 1980
3 1956 -0.4
1962 -0.4

64
 CLIMATE SNAPSHOTS

WHEN AND WHERE WERE THE

GREATEST 24-HR RAINFALL
EVER RECORDED?
WEATHER STATIONS HIGHEST DAILY RAINFALL (MM) DATE
Baguio City, Benguet 1,085.80 July 4, 2001
Guiuan, Eastern Samar 780.1 December 14, 2017
Dagupan City, Pangasinan 722.6 May 27, 2003
Baler, Aurora 675.6 December 12, 1963
Alabat, Quezon 673 December 27, 1975
Iba, Zambales 623.7 September 21, 1935
Basco, Batanes 616.4 October 27, 1991
Masbate, Masbate 603.5 December 4, 1976
Vigan-Sinait, Ilocus Sur 594.1 July 8, 1920
Itbayat, Batanes 572.3 November 7, 1981

WHEN AND WHERE WERE THE

HIGHEST MONTHLY RAINFALL?
(PER STATION)
WEATHER STATIONS HIGHEST MONTHLY DATE
RAINFALL (MM)
Baguio City, Benguet 4,773.90 July 1972
Itbayat, Batanes 2,918.70 August 1972
Dagupan City, Pangasinan 2,659.40 July 1972
Iba, Zambales 2,296.70 August 1978
Cubi Point, Cavite 2,195.20 July 2002

WHEN AND WHERE IS

THE HIGHEST ANNUAL RAINFALL?
(PER STATION)
WEATHER STATIONS HIGHEST ANNUAL DATE
RAINFALL (MM)
Hinatuan 8,094.20 2011
Borongan 7,497.30 2008
Baguio City 7,165.90 1972
Catarman 7,083.30 2011
65
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

WHICH ARE THE MOST INTENSE

TCs THAT CROSSED PH?
YEAR TC NAME LOCAL MAX. WIND DURATION STATION DATE OF
(INTERNATIONAL) (KPH) OCCURRENCE
2006 Typhoon REMING (Durian) 320 November 28 - December 03 Virac R November 30
2013 Typhoon YOLANDA (Haiyan) 313 November 6-9 estimated November 8
1998 Typhoon LOLENG (Vera) 287 October 15-25 Virac S. October 21
1981 Typhoon ANDING (Irma) 280 November 21-27 Virac R. November 27
2016 Typhoon NINA (Nock-ten) 280 December 23-27 Virac S. December 25
1970 Typhoon SENING (Joan) 276 October 10-16 Virac S. October 13
1974 Typhoon WENING (Elaine) 269 October 25-29 Aparri October 27
1987 Typhoon TRINING (Phyllis) 269 December 14- 19 Masbate December 15
1959 Typhoon FREDA (Freda) 258 November 12- 19 Casiguran November 16
1970 Typhoon YOLING (Patsy) 258 November 17-21 Alabat November 19

GREATEST 24-HR. RAINFALL

DURING THE PASSAGE OF
TROPICAL CYCLONES (1951-2016)
YEAR TC NAME LOCAL RAINFALL DURATION STATION DATE OF
(INTERNATIONAL) (MM) OCCURRENCE
2001 Typhoon FERIA (Utor) 1085.8 July 2-5 Baguio July 4
1998 Typhoon ILIANG (Zeb) 994.6 October 10-16 Baguio October 14
1967 Typhoon TRINING (Carla) 979.4 October 14-19 Baguio October 17
1974 Typhoon SUSANG (Bess) 781.4 October 9-12 Baguio October 11
2015 Typhoon LANDO (Koppu) 775.4 October 14-21 Baguio October 20
1991 Typhoon TRINING (Ruth) 760 October 20-31 Baguio October 27
2013 Typhoon ODETTE (Usagi) 753.6 September 16-22 Calayan September 20
1980 Typhoon DITANG (Dom) 730.3 May 10-20 Baguio May 15
2003 Tropical Storm CHEDENG (Linfa) 722.6 May 25-29 Dagupan May 27
1986 Typhoon GADING (Peggy) 709.6 July 6-10 Baguio July 9

66
 CLIMATE SNAPSHOTS

WHEN ARE THE WHEN ARE THE

YEARS WITH THE YEARS WITH THE
MOST NUMBER OF TCs? LEAST NUMBER OF TCs?

RANK YEAR COUNT RANK YEAR COUNT

1 1993 32 1 1998 11
2 1964 30 2010 11
3 1952 27 2015 11
1971 27 2 1973 12
4 1956 25 3 1951 13
1978 25 2002 13
2003 25 2007 13
2004 25 4 2016 14
2013 25 1975 14
5 1994 24 1997 14

WHICH ARE THE TCs WITH THE

LONGEST LIFESPAN?
YEAR TC NAME LOCAL DURATION BEGIN END
(INTERNATIONAL) IN DAYS

1986 Typhoon MIDING (Wayne) 18 August 17 (1200H) September 4 (1200H)

1991 Typhoon ONIANG (Nat) 16.75 September 15 (0600H) October 2 (0000H)
1962 Typhoon KATE (Joan) 15 July 8 (0000H) July 23 (0000H)
1976 Typhoon DIDANG (Olga) 15 May 12 (0000H) May 27 (0000H)
1982 Typhoon NORMING (Ellis) 14.5 August 20 (0000H) September 3 (1200H)
1959 Tropical Depression 5914 12.25 November 3 (0600H) November 15 (1200H)
1986 Typhoon LOLENG (Vera) 12 August 13 (1200H) August 25 (1200H)
1966 Typhoon KLARING (Irma) 11.5 May 11 (0000H) May 22 (1200H)
1991 Typhoon TRINING (Ruth) 10.75 October 20 (1800H) October 31(1200H)
1983 Typhoon WARLING (Orchid) 10.5 November 17 (1800H) November 27 (1200H)
1980 Typhoon DITANG (Dom) 10.5 May 10 (0000H) May 20 (1200H)
1954 Typhoon (Pamela) 10.5 October 27 (0000H) November 6 (1200H)

67
T H E P H I L I P P I N E C L I M A T E A L M A N A C | F I R S T E D I T I O N

WHAT ARE DEADLIEST TCs ON RECORD?

YEAR TC NAME LOCAL (INTERNATIONAL) DURATION CASUALTIES

2013 Typhoon YOLANDA (Haiyan) November 6-9 6,300

1991 Tropical Storm URING (Thelma) November 2-7 5,101
2011 Tropical Storm SENDONG (Washi) December 16-18 1,268
2012 Typhoon PABLO (Bopha) December 2-9 1,248
1984 Typhoon NITANG (Ike) August 31 - September 4 1,029
1952 Typhoon Trix October 17-23 995
1951 Typhoon YOYONG (Amy) December 6-11 991
1995 Typhoon ROSING (Angela) October 30 - November 4 936
1984 Typhoon UNDANG (Agnes) November 3-6 895
2004 Tropical Storm (Winnie) November 28-30 893

68
 CLIMATE SNAPSHOTS

WHAT ARE THE COSTLIEST TCs ON RECORD?

YEAR TC NAME LOCAL (INTERNATIONAL) DURATION COST OF DAMAGE

(IN MILLION PESOS)
2013 Typhoon YOLANDA (Haiyan) November 6-9 95,483.13
2012 Typhoon PABLO (Bopha) December 2-9 43,164.25
2014 Typhoon GLENDA (Rammasun) July 13-17 38,616.61
2009 Typhoon PEPENG (Parma) September 30 - October 10 27,296.72
2011 Typhoon PEDRING (Nesat) September 24-28 15,552.59
2015 Typhoon LANDO (Koppu) October 14-21 14,392.45
2008 Typhoon FRANK (Fengshen) June 18-22 13,337.66
1998 Typhoon LOLENG (Babs) October 15-25 12,787.00
2010 Typhoon JUAN (Megi) October 16-21 12,013.99
2009 Tropical Storm ONDOY (Ketsana) September 24-27 10,952.20

69
DATA SOURCES
Climate Data Section and Impacts Assessment Section- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

Office of Civil Defense - National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC-OCD)

Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Best Track Data

International Disaster Database (EM-DAT) - CRED

Climate Prediction Center - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (CPC-NOAA)

REFERENCES
Hilario F, De Guzman R, Ortega D, Hayman P, and Alexander B. (2009). El Nino Southern Oscillation: Impacts, Forecasts, and Risk Management. Philippine Journal
of Development 66: 36(1), pp. 9-34

NDRRMC. (2011). Summary of the Effects of the Northeast Monsoon Affecting Central and Northern Luzon. 4 pp.

NDRRMC. (2015). Final Report re Effects of Northeast Monsoon. 6 pp.

NDRRMC. (2017). SitRep No. 3 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Northeast Monsoon in Regions II and CAR. 7 pp.

Ramsay, H. (2017). The Global Climatology of Tropical Cyclones. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Ed. Retrieved 30 Oct. 2018,
from http://naturalhazardscience.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389407-e-79.

Huang, B., P.W. Thorne, V.F. Banzon, T. Boyer, G. Chepurin, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, T.M. Smith, R.S. Vose, and H. Zhang (2017). Extended Reconstructed
Sea Surface Temperature, Version 5 (ERSSTv5): Upgrades, Validations, and Intercomparisons. J. Climate, 30, 8179–8205, https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI-D-16-0836.1

Cinco, T. A., de Guzman, R. G., Ortiz, A. M. D., Delfino, R. J. P., Lasco, R. D., Hilario, F. D., ... & Ares, E. D. (2016). Observed trends and impacts of tropical cyclones
in the Philippines. International Journal of Climatology, 36(14), 4638-4650

García‐Herrera, R., Ribera, P., Hernández, E., & Gimeno, L. (2007). Northwest Pacific typhoons documented by the Philippine Jesuits, 1566–1900. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112(D6).

AOML-NOAA. 2010. Which countries have had the most tropical cyclones hits? http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E25.html
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