TOPIC

Unit 1 : Metal and Metal alloys, Sheet roof covering

• Types of steel used in building construction- Use of Structural and non-structural
steel for low and medium span building , their properties and advantages of steel in
construction.
• Market forms of structural and non-structural steel.
• Use of lightweight steel for building construction.
• Built-up sections for structural purpose.
• Sheet roof coverings -Characteristics, Properties, market forms of sheet roof
covering for medium and long spans and their application.

Subject : Building Technology and Materials-VI

Subject code : 3201946(SV)
Syllabus Pattern : 2019
Class : Third Year B.Arch
Ar. Suruchi A. Randive.
Ar. Sachin Suryabhan Waje.
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 Metal & Metal Alloys

The possibilities for using steel in Building Construction are limitless.

The most common applications are listed below.

•Structural sections: these provide a strong, stiff frame for the

building.

•Reinforcing bars: these add tensile strength and stiffness to

concrete .

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

• Steel is used because it binds well to concrete, has a similar thermal expansion
coefficient and is strong and relatively cost-effective.

• Reinforced concrete is also used to provide deep foundations and basements and is
currently the world’s primary building material.

• Sheet products such as roofing, purlins, internal walls, ceilings, cladding, and
insulating panels for exterior walls.

• Non-structural steel: steel is also found in many non-structural applications in

buildings, such as heating and cooling equipment and interior ducting.

• Internal fixtures and fittings such as rails, shelving and stairs are also made of steel.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
Benefits of using Steel in Construction

• Steel:

• Is reusable and endlessly recyclable.

• Contains at least 25% recycled steel.
• Enables energy efficiency in buildings and construction projects.
• Strong, requiring fewer beams and providing more usable open space.
• Light, requiring reduced foundations.
• Less material implies resource saving and a lesser impact on the environment.
• Flexible in combination with other materials.
• Earthquake resistant due to steel’s ductility.
• Fast on-site build for prefabricated buildings.
• Durable.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
• Most steel construction is done with a type of steel called mild steel. Mild steel is a
material that is immensely strong.

This immense strength is of great advantage to buildings.

• The other important feature of steel framing is its flexibility.

• It can bend without cracking, which is another great advantage, as a steel building
can flex when it is pushed to one side by say, wind, or an earthquake.
• The third characteristic of steel is its plasticity or ductility. This means that when
subjected to great force, it will not suddenly crack like glass, but slowly bend out
of shape.
• This property allows steel buildings to bend out of shape, or deform, thus giving
warning to inhabitants to escape.
• Failure in steel frames is not sudden - a steel structure rarely collapses.
• Steel in most cases performs far better in earthquake than most other materials
because of these properties.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

However one important property of steel is that it quickly loses its strength in a fire.

• At 500 degrees celsius (930 degrees F), mild steel can lose almost half its strength.
• This is what happened at the collapse of the World Trade Towers in 2001.
Therefore, steel in buildings must be protected from fire or high temperature; this
is usually done by wrapping it with boards or spray-on material called fire
protection.

TYPES OF STEEL COMMONLY USED

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
• Made from thin sheets based on specific
Light Gauge Steel standards.

• Easily workable to make a steel frame system

with cold deformed steel (Steel shaped by a cold
working process).

• Light gauge steel joists and studs are readily

available in shops.

• It is flexible and safe.

• One of the different types of steel used in

construction which is popular in flooring.

• APPLICATION: Light gauge steel is used in

facades, composite panels, and for different
cladding solutions .
• It can be used for load-bearing walls in
addition to purlins and side rails.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Structural Steel
• Structural Steel is yet another one of the
popular types of steel used in construction
which is used mainly to give a base or
structure to the building.
• Used for developing the structure
• Available in different specifications &
shapes like – T shaped, Channel Sections,
I-beam, Plate type, bar or rod-type, etc.
• Corrosion check (When iron oxides to form
rust).
• Protective coatings like aerosol sprays can
help prevent corrosion.
• Also, galvanization ( Zinc coated on steel)
helps. Structural steel is a more
environmentally friendly recyclable
option, easily workable with a variety of
designs.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Mild Steel

• Plain carbon steel.

• Known for its strength.
• The most commonly used steel for
construction.
• Used for both conventional and modern
bolted pre-engineered buildings.
• It is Crack-resistant to a greater extent.
Great weldability and hence can serve
the purpose very well. More easily
available, considering all the other
options.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

• Mild steel is the most widely used steel which is not brittle and cheap in price.

• Mild steel is not readily tempered or hardened but possesses enough strength.

• Mild steel is made by adding carbon and other elements in the iron.

• These elements improve the hardness, ductility and tensile strength of the metal.

• A small amount of carbon makes mild steel to change it

• Mild steel is a great conductor of electricity. So it can be used easily in the welding process.

• Because of its malleability, mild steel can be used for constructing pipelines and
other construction materials.

• Mild steel is very much suitable as structural steel.

• Its hardness can be increased by the application of carbon.

• Mild steel is very much prone to rust because it has high amount of carbon. When rust free
products are needed people prefer stainless steel over mild steel.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Rebar Steel
• Reinforcing steel, reinforces the structure
affixing well with concrete.
• Also used in the form of a mesh of steel
wires for building purposes.
• Hot-rolled round carbon steel bars are
mainly used.
• Improves tensile strength.
• It can be manufactured to very long
lengths.
• Deformed bars which are hot rolled are
commonly used in RCC (Reinforced
Concrete) structures. Apart from RCC , this
is yet another one of the major types of
steel used in construction in the Indian
Subcontinent especially in Pre Cast
Construction Technology. Indian standard
IS 1069 is used as a reference for grading
mild steel based on tensile properties.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
High Carbon Steel • High carbon steel will be any type of steel that contains
over 0.8% carbon but less than 2.11% carbon in its
composition. The average level of carbon found in this
metal usually falls right around the 1.5% mark.
• High carbon steel has a reputation for being especially
hard, but the extra carbon also makes it more brittle than
other types of steel. This type of steel is the most likely to
fracture when misused
Advantages
• This type of steel is excellent for making cutting tools or
masonry nails, drill bits, knives, wood cutting tools. The
hardness levels and metal wear resistance of high carbon
steel is also rated very highly.
Disadvantages
• This type of steel is not recommended for any type of
welding or welding work.
• Out of the commonly used types of steel, this one is the
most likely to fracture or break because of extra
brittleness.
• This style of steel doesn't hold up to wear as well as other
types of specialty steel.
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 Metal & Metal Alloys
Stainless Steel • Stainless steel, a chromium-nickel steel,. Its most
important property is its resistance to corrosion.
• Stainless steel is expensive, so it was used primarily as a
non structural metal or where there is a high potential
for corrosion..
• used for food handling and cutlery among many other
applications.
• Stainless steel is used for corrosion-resistant tools such
as this nutcracker
• Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of
chromium present.
• Stainless steel is used for buildings for both practical and
aesthetic reasons. Stainless steel was in vogue during
the art deco period. The most famous example of this is
the upper portion of the Chrysler Building .
• Because of the durability of the material, many of these
buildings still retain their original appearance.
• Stainless steel is used today in building construction
because of its durability and because it is a weldable
building metal that can be made into aesthetically
pleasing shapes
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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Use of Steel Construction

• High rise buildings because of its strength, low weight, and speed of
construction

• Industrial buildings because of its ability to create large span spaces at low
cost.

• Warehouse buildings for the same reason.

• Residential buildings in a technique called light gauge steel construction.

• Temporary Structures as these are quick to set up and remove.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Advantages & Disadvantages of Steel Construction

• Steel structures have the following advantages:

They are super-quick to build at site, as a lot of work can be pre-fabricated at the factory.

• They are flexible, which makes them very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such

as wind or earthquake forces.

• A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as I, C, and angle sections

• They can be made to take any kind of shape, and clad with any type of material

• A wide range of joining methods is available, such as bolting, welding, and riveting

• Steel structures have the following disadvantages:

They lose strength at high temperatures, and are susceptible to fire.

• They are prone to corrosion in humid or marine environments.

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Metal & Metal Alloys

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Universal Section

• An I-beam, also known as H-beam (for universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide
flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T is a beam with an I or H-
shaped cross-section.
• The horizontal elements of the "I" are known as flanges. while the vertical element is
termed the "web". I-beams are usually made of structural steel and are used in
construction and civil engineering.
• The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment
experienced by the beam.
• Beam theory shows that the I-shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying
both bending and shear loads in the plane of the web.
• On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced capacity in the transverse direction, and
is also inefficient in carrying torsion, for which hollow structural sections are often
preferred
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 Metal & Metal Alloys
• There are two standard I-beam forms:
• Rolled I-beam, formed by hot rolling, cold rolling or extrusion (depending on material).
• Plate girder, formed by welding (or occasionally bolting or riveting) plates.
• UCs have equal or near-equal width and depth and are more suited to being oriented
vertically to carry axial load such as columns in multi-storey construction.
• UBs are significantly deeper than they are wide are more suited to carrying bending load
such as beam elements in floors.

Rolled steel sections Rolled steel channels Rolled steel I sections

• Rolled steel sections are steel members readily produced by the steel mills.
• They are manufactured in standard shapes and sizes for each shape.
• They are made in lengths up to 12 metres long. Common shapes are “L” shaped angle
sections, “C” channel sections and “I” shaped beam sections
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 Metal & Metal Alloys

• These rolled sections have an upper limit on

Builtup I Section cross sectional size because of limitations in
the capacities and configurations of the rolling
mill equipment in the steel mills where they
are produced.
• But when the structure needs even larger
shapes from considerations of load carrying
capacity, then these standard rolled shapes
will be inadequate.
• So flat plates are assembled to a suitable
shape and welded together to produce beams
of the required sizes.
• The following is how a built up I section looks.
• This is assembled from three plates , (two
flange plates and a web plate

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Columns & Stanchions

• Column is a vertical compression member .It may be solid or hollow in section.

• Vertical compression member may be called a stanchion.

• Depending upon their height and the loading conditions they may be fabricated in
various shapes.

• For columns to carry heavy loads two or more sections of angles, channels ,rolled
steel joists etc are joined to form a compound section.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

Different types of Stanchions

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES
COLUMN BASES AND FOUNDATION

MASS CONCRETE BASE

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

TIMBER TEMPLATE FOR HOLDING

DOWN BOLTS

BASE PLATE WITH COLUMNS AND

GROUTING HOLES

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

BOLTED BEAM SPLICE COLUMN BEAM CONNECTIONS- BOLTED

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

WELDED BUILT UP LONG SPAN BEAM

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

WELDED BEAM TO COLUMN

CONNECTION

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
COLD ROLLED SECTION CONNECTIONS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL MEMBERS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL MEMBERS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL MEMBERS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

FIRE PROTECTION OF STEEL MEMBERS

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

LIGHT WEIGHT STEEL STRUCTURES IN CONSTRUCTION

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

• Light gauge steel frame elements are manufactured from structural steel sheet
that formed into strong C or Z or S shapes which are able to support heavy loads.

• The light gauge steel is also called cold formed steel which comes from the process
by which steel members are formed.

• The strength and flexibility of light gauge steel frame has led to increased spans,
custom openings, curved wall, and different external façade treatments.

• These characteristics makes it versatile construction material.

• The elements of light gauge steel frame members need to be galvanized with zinc,
aluminum or a combination thereof in order to provide long-term protection
against corrosion.
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 Metal & Metal Alloys

• Components of Light Gauge Steel Frame

• 1. Wall System
• A load bearing wall is one which carries vertical loads
from the construction above or lateral loads resulting
from the wind. These loads may act separately or in
combination. Both internal and external walls may be
load bearing. Other types of walls include non-load
bearing walls,

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

2. Flooring System
The flooring system can be made up of C-sections
as joists connected to C section bearers. The floor
joists can be designed from a range of C-section
sizes depending on loading parameters.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
3. Roof System
The roof structure is generally a steel truss system which can be designed for metal
sheets or tiles. The steel roof framing system can suit all types of roof design – hip,
gable, dutch dable, steel roof sheeting or tile and would be screwed directly onto
the wall frame.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys
4. Light Gauge Steel Coating
The thickness of coating applied on the surface of light gauge steel is varied based on
environmental conditions in which the steel members are placed. Commonly, marine
environments need the most protection whereas dry regions required less protections.

5. Shapes of Light Gauge Steel Frame Members

C shapes are considered for studs, joists, and rafters. The webs of C-shaped members are
punched at the factory to provide holes at 600 mm intervals.
These are designed to permit wiring, piping, and bracing
to pass through studs and joists without the need for drilling
holes on the construction site. Channel Shapes are used
for top and bottom wall plates and for joist headers.

6. Accessories
A variety of sheet metal angles, straps, plates, channels,
and miscellaneous shapes are manufactured as accessories
for light gauge steel construction.

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 Metal & Metal Alloys

7. Connections

Light gauge steel members are

usually joined with self-drilling,
self-tapping screws, which drill
their own holes and form helical
threads in the holes as they are
driven.
Welding is often employed to
assemble panels of light gauge
steel framing that are
prefabricated in a factory, and it is
sometimes used on the building
site where particularly strong
connections are needed

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 TOPIC

Unit 1 : Sheet roof coverings-

a) Characteristics & Properties,
b) Market forms of sheet roof covering for medium and
long spans and their application.
 INTRODUCTION
ROOF COVERINGS

• A roof is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions
necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection
against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of temperature, and wind. A roof is part of the
building envelope.

What is the purpose of roof covering?

• Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight,
wind, and extremes of temperature.
• Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or
in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.

Top Qualities That Make Roofs Resilient

• Strength- Strong roofing materials don't break easily
• Wind Resistance- The roof's ability to stay in place during violent wind events, like
sustained gales, depends largely on several things
• Water Repellence
• Fire Endurance

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 INTRODUCTION
SHEET ROOF COVERINGS

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 INTRODUCTION
SHEET ROOF COVERINGS

Sheet Roofing

Sheet wall
cladding

What are different types of roofing sheets?

• Corrugated roofing sheets
• Polycarbonate roofing sheets
• Metal roofing sheets
• Plastic roofing sheets

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 INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF ROOF COVERINGS

• They should not absorb moisture more than 20 per cent by weight.
• They should give pleasing look.
• They should be capable of taking load of a man safely, after they are supported on Purlins
/ reapers.
• They should be durable.
• They should be uniform in shape and size.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Asbestos Cement (A.C.) sheets
• The paste of Asbestos fibers mixed with Portland cement was used as roof repair
compound.
• In 1907, process equipment was invented that produced rigid sheets from the cement
asbestos.
• These sheets could be pigmented and cut into manageable shapes, and were able to have
textured patterns pressed into the surface.
• Durable roofing material that imitated traditional natural products--both less expensive
and lighter than slate.
• They don't rot or warp like wood, and are very fire resistant.

AC sheets - Advantages
• High tensile strength and waterproof qualities.
• In normal circumstances, an asbestos cement roof
should last many years and present no risk to health of
people working in the building.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
AC sheets - Risks and Disadvantages
• Asbestos- microscopic mineral fibers - when inhaled into the lungs can cause serious
respiratory disease and cancer.
• Asbestos containing products, like cement asbestos roofing and siding, have the fibers
imbedded in the Portland cement, and there is little health risk if the material is in good
condition and not disturbed.
• Severely worn or damaged roofs and walls, or improper repairs, alterations, or removal can
allow release of the fibers and risk the health of the occupants and neighbours.
• Under current health and safety regulations, a business owner can be fined or even jailed if
asbestos is released into the work environment.
• With age, asbestos cement roofs can become brittle and changing one panel could quite
easily damage two more.
• On roofing, in addition to the risks associated by working at heights, asbestos sheeting is
quite fragile and may not stand the weight of a person - even when new.
• The roof panels should be kept wet at all times during the dismantling and wherever
possible, the sheets should be carefully lowered onto a clean hard surface.
• Asbestos debris and waste should never be dry-swept.
• Avoiding cleaning methods such as dry sweeping and brushing during and after the
process of repair.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Galvanized Iron Sheets:
• Composed of sheets of hot-dip galvanized mild steel cold rolled to have a linear
corrugated pattern in them.
• The corrugations increase the bending strength of the sheet in the direction parallel
to the corrugations, but not across them.
• Normally each sheet is manufactured longest in its strong direction.
• GI is lightweight and easily transported.
• It was originally made (as the name suggests) from wrought iron.
• It proved to be light, strong, corrosion-resistant, and easily transported.
• Galvanized sheets with simple corrugations are also being gradually displaced by 55%
Al and Zn steel (GALVALUME steel) or sheets with complex profiles.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Aluminium sheets
• Easy to use, durable and economical .
• Extremely light with high-strength-to-weight ratio.
• Corrosion-resistant in almost any kind of environment.
• Highly-corrosive industrial environments, it is resistant to fumes and vapours of organic
compounds and to chemicals like ammonia, carbon-dioxide and acids.
• Can take a variety of finishes, colours and textures, which protect it and add further to
its appearance.
• Long life and keeps it looking good throughout its life.
• Length between 1.5 to 6.5 m

Galvalume V/s Galvanized

• Galvalume is a roofing sheet that has a coating of zinc, silicon,

and aluminum.
• Galvanizing is 100% zinc. It is less enhanced in comparison to
the Galvalume ability of protection.
• It has comparatively low performance when exposed to water
and also less durable

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
PVC sheets
• PVC Sheets are strong, durable and corrosion resistant.
• Chemical resistant, light weight, UV resistant,
• Available in thk. of 1.0 to 2.5
• For industrial purpose -1.8 to 2.5 mm
• available in standard lengths : 2, 2.5 and 3 m.
• Customized lengths up to 12 m
• Colours- translucent to opaque
• Flexible & strong, highly reflective, hygienic, aesthetic, virtually maintenance free,
economical
• Company- Finolex

PVC sheets Application

Suitable for application in
industries,
public buildings,
Warehouses,
Agricultural and poultry
sheds, food processing
units, pharmaceutical and
chemical industries, coastal construction,
kiosks and car parks.
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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
PVC Rigid Sheets
• PVC Rigid Sheets are rigid, tough, and
opaque.
• Ideal for use in industries where chemical
resistance is
desirable- chemical process industries and
laboratories and Lining of industrial
storage tanks
• Excellent electrical and thermal insulation
properties
• High-impact strength
• Resists the chemical action of mineral
acids, alkalis, plating solutions, paper
making chemicals, inorganic solutions
and fumes, alcohols, aliphatic
hydrocarbons, glycols, amines and
phenols and corrosive action of coastal
environments

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Foamed PVC Sheets
• Ideal for indoors and outdoors use in
advertising, construction and other
industries.
• Lightweight, durable and versatile
surfaces, which can be painted,
printed, embossed.
• Can be installed in an easy way with
conventional tools and simple handling
methods.
• Can be bonded, nailed and bolted.
• Half the weight of solid P.V.C. sheets·
• Same thickness at lower cost.
• Superior impact resistance, Good
• insulation, Lower heat transmission,
High
• resistance to weathering.
• Flammability: self-extinguishing.
• Low water absorption.
• High chemical resistance.
• Thk.- 1mm to 12mm
• Size- 4’ 0” x 8’ 0”
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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
FRP Sheets
• FRP stands for fiber-reinforced polymer or
fiber-reinforced plastic.
• They are composite polymer plastics
reinforced with different types of fibers to
enhance their strength, elasticity & other
properties.
• The polymers used vinyl ester, epoxy,
phenol-formaldehyde resins, etc.
• The fibers used glass, carbon, aramid, etc.
• The roofing sheets made of
these FRP materials have construction-
friendly properties.
• These sheets are available in a variety of
colors, patterns, designs, & thicknesses
according to their specific purposes.
• They are used on walls and ceilings and can
be installed directly over drywall, wood,
concrete block, and many other solid
surfaces.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Polycarbonate Sheets
It is a versatile roofing material that:
• Provides excellent weather resistance . Virtually unbreakable
• Gives tailored light transmission. . Superior fire performance.
• Comes in a choice of profiles & lengths. . Easy to store, handle, & install

Types :
Embossed Sheets-
• Light Diffusion, 2 mm - 4 mm Length - Up to 1220 mm
• Provide very good stability under use and environmental factors.
• Excellent for applications requiring light diffusion and privacy glazing
like in shower cubicles, or toilet windows.

Multi-wall Sheets
• Energy Saving. Thk- 4 mm - 16 mm
• Length- up to 2110 mm
• Offer the best strength to weight ratio and
excellent insulation characteristics.
• It is best suited for partitions, false ceilings,
roof lights, sky lights and green houses.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Corrugated Sheets
Ease of Installation. 0.8 mm upwards.
Length- Up to 1260 mm Suitable for installations like
terrace gardens, garages, verandah extensions, etc. as well
as industrial north-lighting at minimum structural cost.
Application Areas :
. Industrial roofing
· Parking areas
· Garages
· Private partitions
· Porches
· Verandahs
· Greenhouses
· Swimming pools
· Stadiums
· Walkways
· Northlight glazing

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Sheeting or Cladding: Corrugated or Galvanized sheets are used as sheeting

Single skin Cladding-

Used for Industrial structures where
no insulation is required.
The sheeting is fixed directly to
the Purlins or side rails
Materials For Roofing

• To provide the necessary strength to

span between the purlins and provide the
required restraint.
• The profile has also to accommodate
storm water run off.
• For good interaction between the frame
and envelope components The cladding
must be fixed to all purlins and rails .

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Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings

Side lap Corrugated Sheet

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings

• Protected from the variable and

uncontrollable external climate,
indoor temperature, reducing exterior
noise and fire protection of the entire
system.
• The most common types of cladding
used in single storey industrial Insulated panel
buildings are ‘double skin’ systems
comprising two metal sheets with a
layer of insulation between. Double
skin metal systems can be divided into
four basic categories:
1. Built-up systems
2. Insulated panels
3. Standing seam systems
Standing seam roof cladding
4. Structural liner trays

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
• Standing seam roof cladding systems use a
specially designed profile for the weather sheet.
• This eliminates the need for exposed fasteners
and improves the weather tightness of the
cladding system.
• Standing seam sheeting can be manufactured
from steel or aluminium

Standing seam roof cladding

• Structural liner trays are a popular
alternative to composite wall panels.
• Comprise a deep structural profile into
which a slab of insulation is inserted on site.
The assembly is completed with the addition
of an external profiled metal sheet,

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
Installation of Standing seam roof cladding systems

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings

Insulation
Insulation – The main purpose of insulating a building is to
reduce the heat transfer coming through the ceilings and
openings. There are 2-kinds, the bulk and reflective insulation.
Polyurethane foam
Bulk Insulation -Rock wool -glass wool -loose fill cellulose -
polystyrene panels - polyester matting .

Reflective Insulation -Foil faced blankets -foil faced boards -

Multi-cell foil products (2 or more layers of reflective foil)
Fibreglass roof insulation

Sandwich panel
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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings

1. Glass wool insulation –

- It has thermal and acoustic insulation
properties, tensile strength, light weight
and exceptional resilience.
- Available in rolls or in slabs.
- Most effective and environmentally friendly
insulation product.

2. Rockwool Insulation –
- known as mineral wool or stone wool as
it made from actual stone.
- cannot burn and which can stand
temperatures up to 1000 degrees C without
melting , hence effective fire protection

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings

3. Reflective Bubble Insulation –

-consist of one or two layers of
Barrier Bubble material laminated
between layers of metalized film.
-designed to provide increased
strength and puncture resistance.
-used to either contain heat for
maintaining warmth, or to resist
heat for maintaining cold.

4. Puff Insulation –
- It is not easily ignitable and has
negligible water permeability.
- PIR has low smoke emission and
will not melt or drip in a fire.

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
BUILDING ACCESSORIES -

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings
FLASHINGS –
• Strip of impervious material, usually
metal used to exclude water from the
junction between a roof covering and
another part of the structure.

• Flashings are provided to prevent

moisture from entering the wall and roof
through joint in copings, parapet wall and
other penetrations through the roof
plane.

• Roofing Accessories to give the

structure a perfect look.

•The finishing touches support the styling

architecture.

•Protect it against rain & other potential

weather damage.
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Industrial Building

67
 STEELS STRUCTURE – CONNECTION DETAILS
 Rain Water Gutter & down take :

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 Market forms of Sheet Roof coverings

Gutter
•The gutter design should take account of the potential for
flash floods and the fact that gutters have to be
maintainable with good access for cleaning.

• Eave gutters shall be colour 0.5MM nominal thickness

(26gauge) sheet.
• Downspouts shall be
rectangular shaped.

• Downspouts shall
have a 45 degree
elbow at the bottom
and shall be supported
by attachment to the
wall covering at 3.0 m
maximum spacing

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 STEELS STRUCTURE – CONNECTION DETAILS
 Rain Water Gutter & down take :

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 STEELS STRUCTURE – CONNECTION DETAILS
 Rafter, Purlin & sandwich
Panel Roof fixing:

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 STEELS STRUCTURE – CONNECTION DETAILS
 Column, Girt & sandwich
Panel wall cladding fixing:

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