Diagnostic Quiz

 What are the four parts in an animal cell visible

under the light microscope.
 What is the function of cell wall?
 What is the function of cell membrane?
 What does mitochondria do in the cell?
 Can anyone name the distinctive structure
present in plant cell which is not present in animal
cell?
Learning Objectives
Lesson 1

 Learning Objectives
2. Cells
2.1 Animal and plant cells
Core
1. Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell,
limited to: cell wall,cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts,
ribosomes, mitochondria,vauoles
Misconceptions

Animal cell has no cell

wall

Plant cell has both cell

wall and cell membrane

Do not forget the

difference between cell
wall and cell membrane
The Cell Theory

 ALL LIVING THINGS ARE

COMPOSED OF CELLS.
 CELLS ARE THE BASIC
UNITS OF STUCTURE AND
FUNCTION IN ALL LIVING
THINGS.
 ALL CELLS ARE
PRODUCED FROM OTHER
CELLS.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
CCQ

 Explain the difference between a unicellular

organism and a multicellular organism, giving one
example of each
CELL STRUCTURES

❖ Common in
plant & animal
cells:
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus
 Key terms

Photomicrograph: A photograph of a microscopic

object, taken with the aid of microscope.

Organelles: Any number of organized and specialized

structures within cell.

Cell sap: The liquid inside the large central vacuole.

Metabolic reaction: The chemical processes occur in

all living organisms.

Partially permeable membrane: It will allow certain

molecules to pass through it, but not others
The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane, made up of
lipid bilayer, that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its
contents.

Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell

control what enters or exits a cell.

 Needed
substances that
can not diffuse
across the
membrane are
helped across by
facilitated
diffusion or
active
transport.
Structures present in plant cells but not in animal cells:
• Cell Wall
• Large central Vacuole
• Chloroplast
 Name the organelles that are
usually found in plant cells, but
not in animal cells
 NUCLEUS THE BIGGEST ORGANELLE

Round or oval ,May be one or more,

surrounded by double nuclear membrane.
Can be in center (animals)or towards the
cell membrane (plants)
Solid and dense in appearance

Surrounded by nuclear membrane

It controls all the activities of cells

Contains the genetic material of the cell

DNA / RNA
Within the nucleus the chromosomes are
clear and have thread like structure
Chromosomes have genes which control
cell activity and inheritance
Nucleus The Boss

 The nucleus (plural: nuclei) is where the genetic

information is stored. The information is kept on the
chromosome, which are inherited from the
organism’s parents. The chromosomes are made of
DNA. The information
 carried on the DNA determines the kinds of proteins
that are made in the cell. You can find much more
about this in Chapter 16.
 Chromosomes are very long, but so thin that they
cannot easily be seen even using an electron
microscope. However, when the cell is dividing, they
become short and thick, and can be seen with a
good light microscope
 (Figure 2.8).
cytoplasm
 Look like thick liquid with particles in it. The
particles may be food reserves. Other particles
are organelles, which have particular functions
in cytoplasm.
 Site for chemical reactions.
 Liquid part of cytoplasm is 70% water with
molecules of salts and sugars dissolved in it.
Fats and protein molecules can be suspended
in it. Some proteins are enzymes.
Which part of the cell:
✓ Controls all the activities of the cell?
✓ is a site for chemical reactions?
✓ controls what enters or exit a cell?
Inside of a eukaryotic cell
Ribosomes(Pr Freely present in cytoplasm
otein or attached to a tubular
factories) structure ER

They help in the building up

of protein(e.g. enzymes,
insulin, antibodies etc.)

They are found in large

number in all living things.
Ribosomes:
Mitochondria
 MITOCHONDRIA

▪Rod shaped structure

found in cytoplasm

▪A double membrane
bounded organelle
Called the power house
of the cell.

▪mitochondria are
responsible for releasing
energy from food
substances through
process of aerobic
respiration
▪ Mitochondria have outer
membrane and
▪ An inner membrane with
many Inward folds.

▪ It increases the surface

area to hold more
enzyme for aerobic
▪ respiration to release
energy
▪ For (ATP)energy
production.
Page # 28
Page 40 Q# 2
World wall activity
matching cell organelle name and
function
Book pg.122 Q5
Class Activity

 Using Microscope to observe animal and plant cells.

EVIDENCE OF LEARNING: Book pg.38
Activity 2.1:Comparing
animal and plant cells
 Work in a group of three or four for this activity.
 You are going to make a display to compare the
structures of animal cells and plant cells.
 Decide how you will do this. You could perhaps
use annotated drawings, construct a large
comparison table, or make a presentation.
 You can use the information in this chapter to
make your comparison. You might also like to look
for some more pictures on the internet.
 FLIPPED CARD ACTIVITY(Quizlit)
Lesson .2

Learning Objectives:
 Describe the structure of a bacterial cell, limited
to: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, circular DNA, plasmids
 Identify the cell structures listed in diagrams and
images of plant, animal and bacterial cells
 Describe the functions of the structures listed in
plant, animal and bacterial cells
Page # 29
Bacterial Cell
Question time

 What is the meaning of the word prokaryotic?

 What is the difference between circular DNA and
nucleus?
P4 vol1 past paper
booklet (pg.24.Q5)
Evidence of learning:
pg(109)
Page # 40 (Q# 3 part a)
 Assignment :P4booklet vol
1.(pg 22.29)
Lesson 3

 Lesson Objectives:Diagnostic quiz(verbal)

 State that specialised cells have specific
functions, limited to:
 ciliated cells – movement of mucus in the trachea
and bronchi
 root hair cells – absorption
 palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis
 neurons – conduction of electrical impulses
 red blood cells – transport of oxygen
 sperm and egg cells (gametes) – reproduction
zation of cells

Specialised cell:
• Root hair cells are adapted for the efficient uptake of water (by osmosis) and
mineral ions (by active transport)
• Root hairs are single-celled extensions of epidermis cells in the root
• They grow between soil particles and absorb water and minerals from the soil
• Root hairs increase the surface area to volume ratio significantly
• This increases the rate of the absorption of mineral ions by active transport
• The high proportion of dissolved minerals and sugars in the cytoplasm (of the root
hair cell) gives it a low water potential (less watery)
• This causes water to move into the root hair cell by osmosis

• They also contain lots of mitochondria , which release energy from glucose
during respiration in order to provide the energy needed for active transport.
Booklet Q1 pg 20
(0610/41/M/J/19 Q4 a)
Lesson 4

 State that new cells are produced by the division

of existing cells.
 Describe the meaning of the terms: cell, tissue,
organ, organ system and organism as illustrated
by examples given in the syllabus.
 Introduce the formula: magnification = image size
÷ actual size
Vocabulory

 Palisade mesophyll cells, neurons, tissue,organs,

 magnification,
 image size,
 actual size
Cell division:
•New cells are produced through the division of
existing cells.

•The new cells produced may develop special

structures or loose certain structures to enable them to
carry out specific functions.

•This process of development is called

DIFFERENTIATION.

Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes

specialized for a specific function.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P
RnK4ys8vm4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H
B-lk_f0v4Q
https://wordwall.net/re
source/6784171
 Tissue is a group of cells with similar
structures, working together to perform a

TISSUES shared function

e.g., Nerve, Bone, epithelial tissues,
Connective tissues like tendons, blood

Skeletal tissue support the body, help in

movement and protect the soft tissues

Nerve tissue set up nerve impulses and

transmit them around the body

Muscle tissue contract and relax to help in

movement

Blood transports materials around the body

and fight against diseases

Epithelial tissue found in the lining of the gut

and the surface of skin
 ORGAN
Organ is a structure made up of a
group of tissues, working together
to perform specific functions

for example, the stomach is an

organ which contains tissues made
from epithelial cells, gland cells
and muscle cells.
The heart, lung, intestine, brain and
eyes are further examples of
organs in animals.

In flowering plants, the root, stem

and leaves are the organs
 ORGAN
SYSTEM
Organ system is a group of organs
with related functions, working
together to perform body functions.

For example, the heart and the blood

vessels make up the circulatory
system, the brain, spinal cord and
nerves make up the nervous system.

In flowering plant, the stem, leaves

and buds make up a system called
shoot system.
 An organism is formed by the organs and
systems working together to produce an
independent plant and animal
 Division of labour :

The specialization of cells to carry out

particular functions in an organism is
sometimes referred to as division of labour.


Size of
specimen
A Light
microscope

 Preparing a slide of onion
epidermal cell and human
cheek cell.

 Reference:
➢ Cambridge Resource plus
 https://learning.cambridgeinternatio
nal.org/classroom/course/view.php?
id=2991
COMMON PAPER p6
STRUCTURE:_
.

1. Experimental Interpretation/Design

2. Drawing a graph

3. Drawing a Diagram

4. Calculation (Magnification)
MAGNIFICATION
QUESTIONS (P6
PAPER)

Page 34-39 of p6
booklet
 

Magnification
Magnification = Size of an image/Actual size
 ACTIVITY TIME:
P4 Booklet Page 28
PLANNED DIAGRAMS
(P6 PAPER)

Page 24-33 of P6
booklet
 For example, the question is

× 400

1) Make a large diagram of a cell

DIAGRAM MAKING RULES

 Make sure you use sharp pencil.

 Your outline should be very clear.
 NO overlapping lines/ sketching allowed.
 NO arrow heads allowed when labelling.
 DON’T draw individual cells unless asked
 Focus on layers proportions
 Occupy more than half of the space provided
 Pay focus to little details


Ans ) Draw a large diagram of any

cell
 2) Find Magnification of your drawing
First find the length of RBC (x)(that will be actual
size)

suppose it is 2 cm
 Find the length of drawn image/image
size

suppose it is 10 cm
Magnification of drawing = 10/2


=×5
Note: units must be same

cm/ mm /μm/ ηm
Draw these cells
HOMEWORK

 Booklet P6 Page 216 - 217

THE
END