CEE-381
Credit: 3.0
Wastewater Engineering
Lecture-4
WW characteristics
Dr. Bijit Kumar Banik
Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Contact:
[email protected];
[email protected] Typical composition of untreated domestic WW
Concentration
Contaminants Unit Weak Medium Strong
Solids, total (TS) mg L-1 350 720 1200
Dissolved, total (TDS) mg L-1 250 500 850
Fixed mg L-1 145 300 525
Volatile mg L-1 105 200 325
Suspended solids (SS) mg L-1 100 220 350
Fixed mg L-1 20 55 75
Volatile mg L-1 80 165 275
Settleable solids mg L-1 5 10 20
BOD5 at 20° C mg L-1 110 220 400
Total organic carbon (TOC) mg L-1 80 160 290
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg L-1 250 500 1000
Nitrogen (total as N) mg L-1 20 40 85
Organic mg L-1 8 15 35
Free ammonia mg L-1 12 25 50
Nitrites mg L-1 0 0 0
Nitrates mg L-1 0 0 0
Phosphorus (total as P) mg L-1 4 8 15
Organic mg L-1 1 3 5
Inorganic mg L-1 3 5 10
Chlorides mg L-1 30 50 100
Sulfate mg L-1 20 30 50
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg L-1 50 100 200
Metcalf and Eddy (p-109) Grease mg L-1 50 100 150
Total coliform CFU 100 mL-1 106-107 107-108 108-109
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mg L-1 <100 100-400 >400
Measurement of organic contents
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) When organic content > 1mg/L
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Indirect measure of biodegradable organic waste through DO
consumption of microorganisms during stabilization of organics
• Typically measured as BOD5 (5 days at 200C using 300 ml bottle)
Why BOD?
• Approximate measure of DO required to stabilize organics
• Size of treatment facility
• Efficiency of treatment process
• Regulatory needs
BOD curve
Normally up to 7-10 days
stage
Solubility of Oxygen in Water
Exposed to Water-Saturated Air
How can my wastewater have a BOD of 400 mg/L
when clean water at 20°C (68°F) can only contain
9.1 mg/L of DO?
The answer is serial dilution
Source: Metcalf and Eddy p-72
(Ɐs) 16
14
12
10
DO, mg/L
8
6 9.1
mg/l
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature, oC
Why do we dilute wastewater samples to find
BOD?
Dilution is needed to prevent the depletion of entire oxygen
present in BOD bottle in less than incubation period of 5 days. For
a valid BOD test APHA (American Public Health Association)
manual specifies some minimum DO of 1 mg/L to be present in
the bottle after end of 5 days and DO consumed should be at
least 2 mg/L during incubation.
(Ɐs)
Source: Metcalf and Eddy p-72
APHA
Minimum DO consumed in 5 days: 2 mg/L
Minimum DO remain after 5 days: 1 mg/L
Suppose saturation DO is 8 mg/L and expected
BOD is 400 mg/L then, what maximum and
minimum volume of sample to be added in 300 ml
BOD bottle?
minimum ml sample = [2 mg/L x 300 mL]/400 mg/L=1.5 ml
maximum ml sample = [(8 mg/L−1 mg/L) x 300 mL]/400 mg/L=5.25 ml
If not seeded
(Mix) (Sample)
If seeded
(Mix) (Control) (Sample)
BOD5 Calculation
If not seeded
BOD5 = DF (DO0 - DO5)
Where
• DF = Dilution Factor = Volume of distilled water mix/Volume of sample
• DO0 = Initial Dissolved Oxygen
• DO5 = Final Dissolved Oxygen at 5 days
If seeded (adding bacteria)
BOD5 = DF [(DO0 - DO5) - f(B0 – B5)]
Where
• f = Seed Ratio Factor = % SeedSample / % SeedControl
• B0 = Initial Dissolved Oxygen of Seed control
• B5 = Final Dissolved Oxygen of Seed control
BOD Kinetics (1st order)
𝑑𝐿𝑡
= −𝑘𝐿𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Where, Lt is the amount of first-stage BOD remaining at time t and k is the reaction rate constant.
𝐿𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝐿𝑡
= −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝐿 𝐿𝑡 0
𝑙𝑛𝐿𝑡 𝐿𝐿𝑡 = −𝑘𝑡0𝑡
𝐿𝑡
𝑙𝑛 = −𝑘𝑡
𝐿
𝐿𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
𝐿
𝐿𝑡 = L 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = L 10−𝐾𝑡
BOD Kinetics (1st order)
The amount of BOD exerted/consumed at time t , yt is:
𝑦𝑡 = 𝐿 − 𝐿𝑡 = L 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = L 1 − 10−𝐾𝑡
𝑘(base 𝑒)
𝐾 base 10 =
2.303
k varies from 0.05 to 0.3 day-1 depending on temperature. At 200C k is 0.23 day-1 while K=0.1 day-1
Formation of 1st stage BOD curve
400
350
300
250
Lt, y
200
Remaining (Lt)
150 Exerted (y)
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time, days
Example 3.2: p 75 Metcalf and Eddy
Determine 1-day BOD and ultimate 1st-stage BOD for a wastewater whose 5-day, 200C BOD is 200mg/L.
The reaction constant k=0.23 d-1
Answer: 1. BODult = 293 mg/L 2. BOD1 = 60 mg/L
Thank you
