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Problems With Urbanisation IGCSE Geography Revision Notes 2

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Problems With Urbanisation IGCSE Geography Revision Notes 2

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Launchpad Edexcel IGCSE Geography Revision Notes

Issues of Urbanisation River Environmen…

Written by: Jacque Cartwright


Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett
Coastal Environm…

Download PDF Test yourself Add to my subjects

Hazardous Enviro…

Issues of Urbanisation Economic Activit…

Urban areas o!er a variety of opportunities to people and businesses


For others, migration can result in poor housing, deprivation, and
unemployment Rural Environmen…
Rapid and unplanned urbanisation creates a range of problems,
including congestion, transport, employment, crime, and poor
environmental quality Urban Environme…
The speed of development is greatest in emerging countries, e.g. Sao
Paulo in Brazil, which grew from 7 million people to over 20 million in
40 years and is now the second largest urban area in the Americas
The Rise & C…

Congestion
Rapid development leads to large-scale congestion of people and Trends in Urbanisation
industry
As poor rural migrants arrive, there is a lack of a"ordable housing and
demand is high Rate & Rise of
Transportation issues mean people will have to live close to their Megacities
employment
Temporary or informal settlements arise, adding to overcrowding
and poor living conditions, so adding to already cramped/congested
Issues of Urbanisation
conditions around the city

Challenges t…

Examiner Tips and Tricks Managemen…

It is important that you use examples to support your answers. In this


instance, noting that Dharavi in Mumbai, India has a slum settlement of
over 1 million people in a 2 km2 area shows the examiner that you
understand the concept of human congestion and increase the spread of Fragile Environm…
diseases. This congestion was one reason why Covid 19 spread so rapidly
within the megacities particularly in emerging countries.
Globalisation & …

Transport Development & …

Provision of roads and public transport tend to be poor in quality, size,


and reliability
Transport systems become easily overloaded and overcrowded River Fieldwork
Urban congestion varies over the week, time of day, the weather, and
the season
High numbers of vehicles create high levels of atmospheric pollution:
Coastal Fieldwork
smog

Housing
Hazardous Field…
Housing is expensive in relation to general wages, with many families
sharing one house or just a room
Opportunities for landlords to set high rents and no building
Economic Activit…
maintenance (slum landlord)
Poor transport links, make inner city housing the most desirable and
expensive
Many houses have no running water or sanitation Rural Fieldwork
Waste removal is inadequate or non existent, leading to the spread of
diseases
Lack of access to electricity leads to people burning wood for fuel Urban Fieldwork

Employment
Many people are unable to find formal, regular employment leading to General Fieldwor…
high levels of unemployment, underemployment, self-employment
or informal employment
The informal sector is the main employment for many people in
Extended Respo…
emerging and developing cities
Even when there are new factories with regular paid opportunities,
these are often too far away from areas where newcomers live

Crime
Crime is concentrated in areas of high population densities: the
congested areas
Crime is partly due to a lack of job opportunities and large-scale
unemployment
Main criminal activity is a drug and human tra$cking, drug abuse,
violence (domestic and social), rape, and robbery
The poorest areas of the city (slums) are usually ruled by gangs and
intimidation
The wealthier areas see car theft, kidnapping, and property damage

Education
Rapid growth means a lack of schools, colleges, and universities
This leads to a lack of general education and skills
Most families expect their children to work to help support the family
Literacy & numeracy rates are lowest in emerging countries

Environmental Issues
Waste products and disposal are major issues
Rubbish dumps are usually just outside city limits with limited or no
collection of waste leading to rats etc.
Most emerging cities have no adequate sanitation or sewage disposal
and open defecation is common in local rivers, increasing the spread
of disease
Air pollution is common from tra$c congestion and industrial
manufacturing, leading to breathing issues
Water pollution is widespread as rivers are used to dump chemicals
and other toxic wastes due to a lack of regulations
Water shortages are common due to over-abstraction and poor
quality, forcing people to buy water from sellers at a high price
Noise pollution from tra$c, people talking, music in public places,
etc.
Light pollution from street lighting, homes, shops, factories, and
o$ces
Visual pollution from gra$ti, slum housing, tra$c congestion,
advertising, etc.
Urban spread into the surrounding countryside: unplanned and
unregulated

Worked Example
State two social problems facing cities in developed countries

[2 Marks]

Possible Answer:
Poverty, crime, poor health, lack of housing, etc.
Remember that although emerging countries appear to have all
the issues, developed cities also su"er similar problems. Crime,
poverty, poor housing, lack of safe water, and poor health are all
seen in established wealthy cities. Hong Kong has a housing
crisis, and many people live in cramped conditions and have no
access to health care or social support. Homelessness is
common in developed cities and many people cannot a"ord the
cost of the rent.

Last updated: 10 October 2024

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