SHORT NOTE ON THE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

It is the study of equilibrium which exisit between or within different states of the matter like solid,
liquid , gas .

It is defined as a stage when chemical potential of any component present in the system stays study
with the time .

Phase is a region where te intermolecular interaction is uniform or in other words physical and
chemical properties are same throughout the region .

It has wide range of applicaation in industries including production of different allotrops of carbon ,
lowering of freezing pt of the water by dissolving salt , purification of the component by the
distillization ,
use as emulsion in food production , pharmaceutical industry.

Solid solid phase equilibrium has special place in metallurgy and used to make different alloy
physical and chemical properties .

Melting point of the alloys of copper and silver is lower than melting pt of either cu of ag (silver).

component :-
the minimum no. of independently variable constituents by means of the which composition of each
phase can be express either directly or in the form of chemical equation .

The number of chemicaly individual present in the system cannot be the component of the system
for ex:-

ICE WATER VAPOUR

SOLID LIQUID GAS

PHASE :- IT IS A Hetrogeneous system consist of two or more homogeneous parts which are
seperated by the bounding surface . This bounding surface is known as phase .
The boundary between two phase is called interphase .
CACO3 CaO + CO2
I II III

THIS SYSTEM HAS THREE PHASE

DEGREE OF FREEDOM :-

The factors such as temprature,presure,and composition of phases.which can affect the equilibrium
of a system are known as degree of freedom.

Hence the minnimum number of the variable factors must be arbitrarily fixed in order to define the
condition of the system completely , known as degree of the system,

Ice Water Vapour

(solid) ( liquid) (gas)
gibbs phase rule :-

With the help pf phase rule the effect of pressure temperature & composition may be predicted for
hetrogeneous system in equilibrium
it was first of all put forward by an american physicst billard gibbs that is why it is know as gibbs
phase rule mathematically it can be written as
F = C - P+2
WHERE , F is the number of degree freedom
P is thhe number of phases
C is the no. Of component of the system

uses of phase rule are as follows :

With the help of components , degree of freedom and terms of the phases the phase rule give
classification of equilibrium state of system
the phase rule shows that various system having same degree of freedom behave similarly it have
the deciding whether the given no. Of substances would exist in equilibrium under given condition

limitation :-

phase rule not applicable to the system which are slow to reach in equlibrium state

in this rule there is no consideration of electric and magnetic influence since sysem is defined only
variable like temp , pressure and component of the phase it is necessary that all phases must be
present under pressure , temp & gravitational force .

One component 3 phase system :-

water system :- this is the most common ex of one component system .

It consist three phases
ice water water vapour

in a single or one component system because H2o is only chemical compound .

When C=1 the phase rule is as follows

F=C-P+2
THUS , C=1
F=3-P

Then three cases are possible

case 1. P=1
THEN F=2 ( BI VARIENT SYSTEM)

case 2 P=2
THEN F=1 ( UNI VARIENT SYSTEM )

case 3. P=3
THEN F=0 ( IN VARIENT SYSTEM)
A TRIPLE POINT IN THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF ONE COMPONENT SYSTEM :-

In one component system three phases are in equillibrium at triple pt in phase diagram
if any variable like temp or pressure changed then one phase diagram dissapear hence triple pt in
one component system degree of freedom is zero this is also follows the phase rule
f=c-p+2
f=1-3+2=0

phase diagram :-
what is eutectic system write its application

eutectic system:- a eutecctic is a binary system whicch have two substance that are mixed in all
proposal in a liquid state but do not react chemically for ex:- mixture of lead and silver

eutectic mixture :- it is solid solution of fixed propporsion of two more substance which have low
freezing point his is taken advantage in alloy of low melting pt which are normally eutectic mixture

eutectic pt :- pt where freezing pt curves intersect each other is known as freezing pt this pt sows
the fixed composition of two constituents the temp at this pt is called eutectic temp and composition
at this pt is called eutectic composition .

Application of eutectic :- it si use as a safety devices like :-

fire sprinkles , pluges in automobiles
for freezing mixture

define corrosion write its cause and effect :-

Corrosion is the process by which a metal surface is attacked by a certain substance such as air or
water.

Corrosion cause or factors effecting the corrosion :-

Temperature: Higher temperatures speed up corrosion, while lower temperatures can slow it down.
Impurities: The presence of impurities like salt can cause corrosion.
Moisture: Exposure to moisture, especially salt water, can increase the rate of corrosion.
Air conditioning gases: Exposure to gases like CO2, SO2, and SO3 can cause corrosion.
Contact with other metals: When two different metals come into contact with an electrolyte, like a
salt mixture, galvanic corrosion can occur.

Corrosion can have many harmful effects :-

Loss of efficiency
Pollution
Decreased electrical conductivity
Loss of materials
Damage to equipment
Chemical corrosion or dry corrosion :-
This corrosion occurs mainly through the direct chemical action of the enviormental gases like
{oxygen , sulphur , sulphurdioxide , nitrogen etc ..} with metal surface .
Chemical corrosion follows absorption mechanism .
It occurs in a derive state .
Ex :- when chlorin and iodine attack on silver generating a film of silver halide .
Similarly during dietining of tinned low carbon steel using chlorine gas at high temp and volatile
sncl4 is formed and all tinn i removed from the metal surface .
However , base metal of iron is very little affected by the dichlorine because if it react with the iron
to form solid ferric chloride which protects the rest of the metal .
Galvanic corrosion :-

it is a type of corrosion that occurs when two more metals with different electrical pottential comes
into contact with each other are exposed to an electrolyte..

it is also known as bimetallic corrosion .

It is also known as dissimilar corrosion.

Charaterstics :-

Electrochemical process: Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process that occurs when two
dissimilar metals are in contact with an electrolyte.
Potential difference: The potential difference between the two metals is a motivating force for
galvanic corrosion.
Anodes and cathodes: The more reactive metal forms the anode, while the less reactive metal
forms the cathode.
Distance effect: The greatest attack usually occurs near the junction.
Area effect: It is better to have large anodes and small cathodes .
elctrochemical corrosion :-

it is also known as immersed corrosion occurs under following two condition

1) when conducting liquid is contact with metal

2) when two metals or alloy are partially and completely immersed in a solution

according to the electrochemical theory the chemically non uniform surface of metal behave like a
small electric cells in presence of water containing dissolved oxygen and carbondioxide thus the
corrosion of metal in aq^. Solution is an electrochemical phenomena which envolves flow of
electrons and current flow between the anodic and cathodic areas .

EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN :- this type of corrosion generally occurrs in a acidic enviorment

consider iron metal liberate electron

fe Fe2+ + 2e-

the electron flow from anode to cathode through the metal and H+ ions the acid solution are
coverted the hydrogen gas at cathode .

2H+ + 2e H2

OVERALL REACTION :-

Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ +H2

ABSORPTION OF OXYGEN :-

MOST COMMON EXAMPLE OF THIS TYPE CORROSION RUSTING

There are differen reaction ocurrs at anode at cathode.

at anode fe fe2+ + 2e-

at cathode 1/2 O2 + H2O +2e- 2OH-

oxidation corrosion:-

It is one of the most common ways in which metals are direct attacked by direct anction with
oxygen usually in absence of oxygen .

At ordinary temperature most of the metals are very slightly attacked where is at high temperature
all metal accept au , ag & pt are oxidized .

The reaction in the oxidation corrosion are

mechanism of oxiddation corrosion

Electron transfer: Electrons from the metal surface's atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor
or depolarizer.
Ionization: The metal on the surface becomes ionized due to the removal of electrons at the anode.
Hydroxide ion formation: Oxygen and water molecules react to form hydroxide ions.
Metal hydroxide formation: The metal and hydroxide ions combine to form metal hydroxide.
Metal oxide formation: The metal hydroxide ultimately forms metal oxide.
water line corrosion :-

Waterline corrosion is a type of oxidation that occurs when different parts of a material are exposed to
different amounts of oxygen.

Lime can be used to treat water by raising the pH level and removing dissolved metals like iron, manganese,
lead, and cadmium. However, when calcium oxide is combined with water, it creates calcium hydroxide,
which can corrode aluminum and galvanized ste

Other factors that can increase the likelihood of water corrosion include:

• Softness, or a lack of dissolved calcium and magnesium

• Conductivity, or high concentrations of ions
• Dissolved oxygen
• Acidity, or low pH
• High temperature
concentration cell corrosion :-

Concentration cell corrosion is a type of corrosion that occurs when different concentrations of the same
solution come into contact with different areas of a metal surface. This causes different parts of the metal to
have different electric potentials, which can lead to corrosion.

Here are some characteristics of concentration cell corrosion:

Causes

Corrosion can be caused by contact with different concentrations of the same solution, or by contact with
soil.

Prevention

Sealing off the cell and keeping it clean can help prevent corrosion, but it can't completely prevent it.

Other names

Concentration cell corrosion is also known as crevice corrosion.

Comparison to galvanic corrosion

Galvanic corrosion occurs when the junction of two dissimilar alloys is attacked, but only one of the two is
affected.
critical pt :-

The maximum temp at which liqud can exist chhange of phase occured.

super cooling :-

it is also known as undercooling .

The process of lowering the liquide temp below its freezing pt without it solidfying.
It can also refer to cooling a gas below its evaporation point without it turning into a liquid

significance of triple point :-

The triple point is a significant point on a phase diagram that indicates the
temperature and pressure at which all three phases of a substance (solid, liquid, and
gas) can coexist in equilibrium:
Identifying compounds

The triple point is a unique combination of temperature and pressure that can help identify the compounds in
a substance.

Phase transitions

At the triple point, even small changes in temperature or pressure can cause a substance to spontaneously
change phase. This means that a substance can transition directly from one state to another without passing
through intermediate states.

Defining temperature scales

The triple points of several substances are used to define points in the ITS-90 international temperature scale.

The triple point of water occurs at approximately temperature 273.16 K and a pressure of (0.00604 atm).