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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1

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3 views

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1

Uploaded by

joejimchibuzor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson note for 3rd term week 8

Class: SS 2

Subject: Chemistry

Topic: Hydrocarbon

Age: 15years

Date: 3rd - 7th June, 2024

WHAT IS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry originally meant the chemistry of compounds obtained from plants and
animals( living things). But now most of the organic compounds can be synthesized in the laboratory.

Today organic chemistry is effectively define as the chemistry of carbon together with a few other
elements like H, N, O,S, halogens e.t.c.

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. The main source of
hydrocarbon is crude oil. Some examples of hydrocarbons are benzene, ethanol, kerosene, Mathane,
e.t.c

THE APPARENT UNIQUE NATURE OF CARBON

1.Valency of carbon :carbon has the following orbital configuration.

Ground state neutral carbon atom: 1s2 2s2 2p2

Excited state carbon atom(1st hybridisation): 1s2 2s1 2p3

Orbital diagram of carbon

Carbon forms mainly covalent bonds, has no vacant orbital, has a valance of 4 and has no lone pair of
electron.
2. Bonding in carbon: carbon has 4 bonds around it. It uses the 2s,2px,2py,2pz orbitals for bonding.
Example

Methane CH4.

3. Stability of carbon: Carbon is chemically stable. The bond between Carbon and hydrogen is non polar.
Hydrogen atom attached to carbon do not weaken carbon to carbon bond but electronegative
atoms do. Example F,Cl, Br, I, N, etc. Large amount of energy is required to break carbon to
carbon single bond.
4. Hybridization of carbon. There are three types of orbital hybridization open to carbon namely:

sp3, sp2, sp hybridisation.

Hybridization is the overlap or merging of two or more orbitals to produce a new orbital called hybrid
orbital.

Shapes of orbitals and how they overlap to form hybrid orbitals.

Sigma and Pi Bonds

•When two sp2-hybridized carbons are next to each

other, two kinds of orbital overlap take place:

1. –end-on-end overlap of the s-orbitals to make a

Q-bond-bond(sigma bond).

2. side-to-side overlap of the unhybridized p orbitals

to make a π-bond(pi bond).


Carbon can form three types of hybridizations. Hence, it has the ability to form single, double or
triple covalent bonds between its atoms.
a. sp³ hybridization gives rise to carbon to carbon single bond C-C with an angle of 109o .They are
tetragonal in shape. It is found in alkanes.

b. sp² hybridization gives rise to carbon to carbon double bond (C=C) in alkenes. They are trigonal in
shape . The C=C angle is 120o

c. sp hybridization gives rise to carbon to carbon triple bond in alkynes. They are linear in shape. The
angle is 180o

5. Catenation: Carbon has the ability to catenate. Catenation is the ability of carbon atom to combine
with one another to long form chains. Examples:

6. Delocalization or continuous π bonding: This ensures the stability of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Example benzene is more stable than cylcohexane.


CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Organic compounds are covalent in nature.
2. Most organic compounds are non-polar except those containing very electropositive elements
like chlorine or groups like hydroxyl (-OH) and are insoluble in polar solvents.
3. They have low melting and boiling points.
4. They are highly flammable, producing CO2 and water on complete combustion.
5. Their reactions are relatively slow compared to inorganic chemical reactions.
6. They are thermally unstable.
What is Organic Chemistry?

Importance of Organic Compounds

There are so many importants or uses of organic compounds.


1. Food: sun are eating as food example protein carbohydrates fats and oil are all organic compounds.

2. Biological functions of the body: proteins: blood, muscle, and skin, Enzymes, DNA are all organic
compounds.
3. Clothing and Polymers: fabrics, cars, plastic, kitchen appliances, packaging materials are all organic.

4. Medicine: herbal drugs, and other organic synthesis powered by herbs. etc

CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS


Organic compounds are classified into Aliphatic and Aromatic compounds.
1. Aliphatic Compounds: These are compounds whose molecules are composed of chains of
carbon atoms. They can be Straight, Branched or Ring chain.
* Straight and branched chain aliphatic compounds exist as open chain and are called
ACYCLIC compounds. Aliphatic compounds which exist as closed chain are called the
CYCLIC compounds.
2. Aromatic Compounds: Benzene, C6H6, is a typical aromatic compound. Other aromatics
compounds are derivatives of benzene e.g C6H5OH.
NOTE: Hydrocarbon are also classified as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at
least one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. Hence, unsaturated hydrocarbons are more
reactive than saturated hydrocarbons.

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