Anatomy of the Cerebrum

and Cerebellum

Mohamed Aladashi
 Nervous system
Central Nervous system
1. Brain ( cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem)
2. Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Anatomy of the cerebrum
The Cerebrum
• The largest division of the brain
• Occupy the ant & middle cranial fossae
• It is divided into:
• Diencephalon
– Thalamus
– Metathalamus (med & lat geniculate bodies)
– Epithalamus (Pineal body, habenular nuclei & posterior commissure)
– Subthalamus
– Hypothalamus
The cavity of diencephalon is 3rd ventricle
• Telencephalon
– Is divided into two hemispheres separated by median longitudinal
fissure & connected by the corpus callosum
– Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes
– The cavity of the telecephalon is the lateral ventricle
 Cerebral hemispheres
• General
topography:
– 3 surfaces
– 3 borders
– 3 poles
– 3 main sulci
– 4 lobes + limbic lobe
+ insula
Each cerebral hemisphere has
3 surfaces lateral (convexity), medial ( facing falx above and midbrain
below) & basal surface (orbital part & tentorial part)

3 borders Superior border (from frontal pole to occipital pole), inferolateral

border (anterior & posterior parts), medial border (from frontal pole to occipital
pole)

3 poles frontal, temporal & occipital

3 main sulci central sulcus (starts at point behind midpoint of superior

border, runs downwards & forwards, ends at point above midpoint of posterior
ramus of sylvian fissure) separates frontal & parietal lobes (1ry motor &
sensory cortex)
Sylvian fissure stem starts at base lat to ant perforated substance extends
laterally, at lateral surface divides into 3 rami ant horizontal, ant ascending
& posterior ramus ( separates the frontal & parietal lobes from the temporal
lobe downward). It lodges Insula & MCA
Parietooccipital sulcus on medial surface-on lat surface 5 cm infront of
occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
• Boundaries
• Sulci & gyri of lateral surface
Boundariesinfront of cs- above sf
Sulci & gyri
1)Precentral sulcus.
2) Superior frontal sulcus.
3) Inferior frontal sulcus.
• The Middle frontal gyrus is smaller than the superior and inferior frontal
gyrus.
• The Middle frontal gyrus is often connected to the precentral gyrus via a
thin isthmus
• Inferior frontal gyrus subdivided into orbital (anterior to anterior horizontal
ramus), triangular (between horizontal and ascending rami), and opercular
(between ascending ramus and precentral sulcus parts
• Rhoton: The superior temporal line can delineate the inferior frontal sulcus
(all the lateral ventricle is under the temporalis muscle)
• Anterior horn of lateral ventricle related to the inferior frontal gyrus.
Frontal lobe
• Sulci & gyri of orbital surface
1)The olfactory sulcus  lodges olfactory bulb
2)Orbital sulci  H shaped
3)Gyrus rectus
4)Orbital Gyri

N.B. Anterior perforated substance found in the Basal surface of

frontal lobe just behind olfactory tract and carry central
branchs of anterior cerebral artery.
Posterior perforated substance found in midbrain between
cerebral peduncles and carry central branches of basilar and
posterior cerebral.
Frontal lobe
• Functional areas of frontal lobe
•On lateral surface:
•Area 4: Primary motor area
•Area 6, 8,9 : Suplementary motor area. (area 8 is frontal eye
field)
•On medial surface:
•Area 4: Primary motor area for leg and foot
•Area 6,8,9: Suplementary motor area
 Frontal lobe
• Functional areas of frontal lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Frontal eye field

4
6
Orbitofrontal Cortex 9
8
10
Broca’s Area: 44,45
44&45 11 46

12 47

Olfactory Bulb
•Area 44, 45: Broca’s Area – Controls facial neurons,
speech, and language comprehension. Located on
Left Frontal Lobe.
Parietal lobe
•Boundaries
•Sulci & gyri of lateral surface
Anterior limit: Central Sulcus

Posterior limit: line extending from the upper end of the parieto-occipital fissure to the
preoccipital notch

Superior Limit: Interhemispheric fissure

Inferolaterally: the sylvian fissure and a line, referred to as the extended sylvian line, extending
posteriorly along the long axis of the sylvian fissure
Sulci:
1. Post Central Sulcus
2. Intra Parietal Sulcus

Gyri:
1. Post Central Gyrus
2. Superior Parietal Gyrus
3. Inferior Parietal Gyrus:
4. Supra-marginal gyrus
5. Angular Gyrus
Parietal lobe
• Functional areas
• Primary somatosensory cortex; areas 3,1, 2
• Area 3  cutaneous sensations - areas 1,2 
proprioceptive sensations
• Somatosensory association areas 5 & 7 
recognizing the meanings of sensations
• Supramarginal and angular gyri ( 40, 39) 
involved in sensory speech centers
Temporal lobe
• Boundaries
• Sulci & gyri of lateral surface
Bounded: Anteriorly: Stem of lateral sulcus.
Posteriorly: A line from parito-occipital sulcus to Tempro-occipital notch
Superiorly: Posterior rami of lateral sulcus.
Inferiorly curved to form basal surface.
Sulci:
Superior temporal sulcus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Gyri:
Sup, middle & inf temporal gyri
Temporal lobe
• Inferior Surface
It has also three sulci and three gyri.
Sulci from lateral to medial:
1) Occipito-Temporal sulcus (Also called inferior temporal sulcus): It is usually not
continuous line.
2) Collateral sulcus: It is the most evident sulcus in inferior wall. Its upper part called rhinal
sulcus (in animal). It separates Lateral Occipito-Temporal (Fusiform) gyrus from
parahipocampal gyrus. Collateral sulcus bulge in its middle inside the atrium forming
collateral eminence.
3) Hippocampal sulcus: Separates parahipocampal from hippocampus.
N.B. Callcarin sulcus (belong to occipital lobe & can be seen in inferior surface): Begins below
the splenium of C.C.
Gyri from lateral to medial:
1) Lateral Occipito-Temporal (Fusiform) gyrus: Between inferior temporal sulcus (Occipito-
Temporal sulcus) and Collateral sulcus.
2) Parahippocampal gyrus: Its anterior end forms a hook-like structure the uncus. Its
posterior end melt with lingual gyrus. Uncus is formed anteriorly by amygdala & posteriorly
by head of hipocampus.
3) Hippocampus formation.
N.B. medial Occipito-Temporal (Lingual) gyrus. Between Calcarine sulcus and the posterior
part of collateral sulcus on the medio-inferior surface. It is below calcarine sulcus in the
medial surface It is an occipital gyrus responsible of upper vision. (Cuneate responsible of
lower vision)
Temoral lobe
Functional areas
• Primary auditory cortex ( area 41 & 42)
• Auditory association area ( area 22 – Werniche`s area)
• Primary Olfactory cortex (area 34)
• Secondary visual cortex ( area 21 & 37)
• Memory & Emotions (Limbic system)

37
•Primary auditory cortex: Area 41 & 42 in middle of superior temporal gyrus
concerned with 1ry auditory (perception of sounds) and extend to superior
transverse gyri. Left sided more concerned with speech perception while right sided
more concerned with music perception.
•Area 22 (Wernick’s area) superior temporal gyrus concerned with Auditory
associated cortex (interpretation of sounds).
•Area 21 & 37 found in middle & inferior temporal gyri are concerned with visual
discrimination causing spatial orientation, sense of depth & distance.

Primary olfactory cortex: (Area 34) lies over the parahippocampal gyrus: It
consists of the prepiriform area (uncus) and preamigdaloid area.
* Secondary Olfactory Cortex: (Entorhinal cortex= area 28 ) found in
parahippocampal gyrus) for conscious perception of smell.
* Associated olfactory Cortex: found in the orbital surface of frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
• Boundaries
• Sulci & gyri
Occipital lobe occupies area behind parietoocipital sulcus (line
between parietoocciptal sulcus & temprooccipital notch)
Main part on the medial surface
Lateral surface  transverse occipital sulcus  sup and
inferior occipital gyri
 Occipital lobe
• Functional areas
Mainly on the medial surface
Visual cortex & occipital eye field

Area 17  1ry visual cortex

Areas 18 & 19  visual association
areas
Visual cortex  areas 17 (1ry visual cortex) – areas 18, 19
(visual association areas)
Mainly on mid line on both banks of the calacarine sulcus
Medial surface
• Important sulci
Important sulci
• Callosal sulcus  arched sulcus just above the corpus callosum, begins
below rostrum and arches around cc  below splenium continues as
hippocampal sulcus
• Cingulate sulcus.Begins below rostrum of CC then archs around genu and
body. It ends behind the central sulcus by dividing into marginal part
(curve up behind central sulcus) and subparital part (continuation of
cingulate). divides the cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus and
paracentral lobule
• Calcarine sulcus  curved sulcus  2 parts precalcarine & postcalcarine
sulcus (junction at the parietooccipital sulcus)
• Parietooccipital sulcus  at junction of 2 parts of the calcarine parts 
runs upwards and backwards meet the superior border 5 cm above
occipital pole
• Collateral sulcus  marked on tentorial surface  starts at temporal pole
 backwards  parallel to calcarine sulcus till medial aspect of occipitral
lobe
 Medial surface
• Important gyri
3 4

2
5

7
8
1.Medial frontal gyrus (medial aspect of superior frontal gyrus)
2.Cingulate gyrus ( between the callosal & cingulate sulci  Isthmus)
3.The paracentral lobule ( Quadrilateral gyrus surrounding the medial part of
central sulcus)
4.The precuneus (quadrilateral gyrys boundede by  marginal sulcus –
parietooccipital sulcus – subparietal sulcus – sup border)
5.The cuneus (between the parietooccipital & calcarine sulcus)
6.Lingula (between the calcarine & the collateral sulcus)
7.Occipitotemporal gyrus (between the collateral & the inferior
temporooccipital sulcus)
8.Parahippocampal gyrus & uncus ( between the hippocampal sulcus &
collateral sulcus  bends to form the uncus
Important sulci
• Callosal sulcus  arched sulcus just above the corpus callosum, begins
below rostrum and arches around cc  below splenium continues as
hippocampal sulcus
• Cingulate sulcus.Begins below rostrum of CC then archs around genu
and body. It ends behind the central sulcus by dividing into marginal
part (curve up behind central sulcus) and subparital part (continuation
of cingulate). divides the cingulate gyrus (turquoise) from precuneus and
paracentral lobule
• Calcarine sulcus  curved sulcus  2 parts precalcarine &
postcalcarine sulcus (junction at the parietooccipital sulcus)
• Parietooccipital sulcus  at junction of 2 parts of the calcarine parts 
runs upwards and backwards meet the superior border 5 cm above
occipital pole
• Collateral sulcus  marked on tentorial surface  starts at temporal
pole  backwards  parallel to calcarine sulcus till medial aspect of
occipitral lobe
Basal surface
1. Orbital sulci
2. Temporal pole
3. Olfactory sulcus and tract
4. Orbital gyri
5. Rectus gyrus
6. inferior temporal sulcus
7. Inferior temporal gyrus
8. Tempro-occipital sulcus
9. Tempro-occipital (fusiform)
gyrus
10. Collateral sulcus
11. Calcarine sulcus
12. Parahippocampal gyrus.Its
anterior end is uncus
13. Lingual gyrus
1)Orbital sulci.
2) Temporal pole
3) Olfactory sulcus and tract.
4) Orbital gyri.
5) Rectus gyrus.
6) inferior temporal sulcus.
7) Inferior temporal gyrus.
8) Inferior temporal sulcus (tempro-occipital sulcus). Non continuous sulcus
9) Lateral tempro-occipital (fusiform) gyrus.
10) Collateral sulcus. In animal its upper end called Rhinal sulcus.
11) Callcarine sulcus.
12) Parahippocampal gyrus.Its anterior end is uncus (uncus formed of
amygdala anteriorly & hippocampus posteriorly)
13) Medial tempro-occipital (Lingul) gyrus. Responsible of upper vision.
Insula
• Part of cortex hidden in
the sylvian fissure
• Conical shape
• Surrounded by circular
sulcus
• Apex (Limen): downward
• Gyri: 3-4 anterior short &
posterior 1-2 long
• Opercula (frontoparietal,
temporal & orbital)
• Related to MCA
Limbic system
• Limbic lobe
1) Parahippocampal gyrus
2) Uncus
3) Isthmus
4) Cingulate gyrus
5) Subcallosal area (Paraolfactory area)
Cortical structures:
1) Limbic cortex (lobe).
2) Prefrontal cortex.
3) Innominate area (septal, basal accumbance)
4) Hippocampal formation.
5) Temporal lobe.
6) Insula.
Limbic lobe:
1) Parahippocampel gyrus
2) Uncus.
3) Isthmus.
4) Cingulate gyrus.
5) Subcallosal area (Paraolfactory area)

Subcortical structures
Amygdala. (Emotion).
Hapenular nuclei.
Septal nuclei.
Basal Nuclei
Accumbens Nucleus.
Thalamus.
Hypothalamus.
 Limbic system

• Subcortical structures
1) Amygdala
2) Hapenular nuclei
3) Septal nuclei
4) Basal nuclei
5) Thalamus
6) Hypothalamus
Limbic system: main functions
 Internal structures of the cerebrum
Each cerebral hemisphere
consists of:
 Outer gray mater
(cortex)
 White mater
 Basal ganglia
 Lateral ventricle
Cerebral cortex
• Cerebral cortex consists of neocortex
(90%) and Allocortex (10%)
• Allocortex found in Hippocampus, Dentate
gyrus, and olfactory cortex
• The cerebral cortex is divided into six
layers.
• The most superficial layer lies just deep to
the pia mater; the sixth, or deepest, layer
of the cortex is bordered by white matter.
Cerebral cortex layers
• 1 The molecular layer is composed
mostly of nerve terminals originating in
other areas of the brain.
• 2 The external granular layer contains
mostly granule (stellate) cells and
neuroglial cells.
• 3 The external pyramidal layer contains
neuroglial cells and large pyramidal cells.
Cerebral cortex layers (cont)
• 4 The internal granular layer is a thin
layer of small granule cells (stellate cells),
pyramidal cells, and neuroglia.
• 5 The internal pyramidal layer contains
the largest pyramidal cells and neuroglia.
• 6 The multiform layer consists of cells of
various shapes (Martinotti cells), and
neuroglia.
Cerebral cortex
•Cerebral cortex consists of neocortex (90%) and Allocortex (10%)
•Allocortex found in Hippocampus, Dentate gyrus, and olfactory cortex
• The cerebral cortex is divided into six layers composed of neurons that exhibit
a morphology unique to the particular layer. The most superficial layer lies just deep
to the pia mater; the sixth, or deepest, layer of the cortex is bordered by white matter
of the cerebrum. The six layers and their components are as follows:
•1 The molecular layer is composed mostly of nerve terminals originating in other
areas of the brain, horizontal cells, and neuroglia.
•2 The external granular layer contains mostly granule (stellate) cells and
neuroglial cells.
•3 The external pyramidal layer contains neuroglial cells and large pyramidal cells,
which become increasingly larger from the external to the internal border of this layer.
•4 The internal granular layer is a thin layer characterized by closely arranged,
small granule cells (stellate cells), pyramidal cells, and neuroglia. This layer has
the greatest cell density of the cerebral cortex.
•5 The internal pyramidal layer contains the largest pyramidal cells and neuroglia.
This layer has the lowest cell density of the cerebral cortex.
•6 The multiform layer consists of cells of various shapes (Martinotti cells), and
neuroglia.
White mater
• Myelinated nerve fibers
1. Association fibers
2. Commissural fibers
3. Projection fibers
 Projection fibers:

 Association fibers:

 Commeasures :
White mater: Projection fibers

Afferent & efferent fibers of the

cerebral cortex passing through the
internal capsule
•Ascending fibers:
•Thalamic radiation
•Sensory radiation
•Visual radiation from LGB
•Auditory radiation from MGB
•Descending fibers
•Pyramidal & extrapyramidal
fibers
* Commissures : connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres (corpus callosum , anterior and
posterior commissures)
* Association fibers: connect different parts of the same hemisphere
* Projection fibers: Fibers to or from the cortex.
* Projection fibers to cortex = Sensory fibers (except olfaction) = Thalamic radiation =
Thalamic radiation from anterior and medial thalamus to
frontal lobe passing in anterior limb. In addition to fronto-ponto-cerebellar fibers.
sensory radiation from posterior ventral nucleus of thalamus
→ posterior limb of internal capsule (its medial part) → Sensory cortex (area 3,1,&2).
Visual radiation from LGB of thalamus → sublenticular and
some in retrolenticular part of internal capsule → Visual cortex (area 17) .
Auditory radiation from MGB of thalamus → sublenticular
part of internal capsule → Visual cortex (area 41 & 42)
* Projection fibers from cortex = ∆ & extra ∆ fibers = genu (mainly corticobulbar) & post. Limb of
internal capsule (its lateral part)
* Associated fibers: Connect different areas in the same hemisphere. They are either short or long.
 White Mater: Association fibers
Association Fibers:
Connect different areas of same
hemisphere
1) Short association fibers:
arcuate fibers connect adjacent
gyri
2) Long association fibers:
•Superior longitudinal bundle
•Inferior longitudinal bundle
•Uncinate bundle
•Cingulum
Association Fibers: Are either short (U- shaped) or long.
1) Short association fibers: U-shaped band called arcuate fibers
connect adjacent gyri. They are found allover cortex.

2) Long association fibers: They connect anterior and posterior

part of the hemisphere. They are 4 bundles.

A- Superior longitudinal bundle : Connect frontal, parital, temporal, and

occipital. Part of this bundle curves to reach temporal lobe and called Arcuate
Fasciculus. It is related to all language centers.
B- Inferior longitudinal bundle: Connect occipital to temporal pole.
C- Uncinate bundle: Connect orbital gyri to temporal lobe.
D- Cingulum: U shape in the medial aspect deep to the cingulate gyrus
 White mater: Commissural fibers
• Bands connecting similar sites in the
two hemispheres
1) Corpus callosum
2) anterior commissure
3) Posterior commissure
4) Fornical (hipocampal commissure)
5) Habenular commissure
* They connect similar sites in the two hemispheres.
•They include:
• 1) C.C. 2) anterior commisure. 3) Posterior commisure.
• 4) Fornical (hipocampal commisure). 5) Habenular commisure.
•Corpus Callosum:
• It Forms of rostrum, genu, body, and splenium.
• Rostrum & genu connect anterior parts of frontal lobes and the fibers form the forceps minor.
• Forceps minor forms the roof and anterior wall of frontal horn.
• Body connects the remaining of frontal lobe & partial lobe.
• Its fibers form roof of body.
• Splenium connects temporal and occipital lobes and the fibers form the forceps major.
• It form a bulge in the medial wall of atrium called the bulb.
• Tabetum are fibers arise from posterior part of the body and splenium that sweeps posterior
along the roof and lateral wall of temporal and occipital horns separating them from optic
radiation.
• Relation of CC to lateral ventricle are:
• Floor of anterior horn is formed by rostrum
• Anterior wall of anterior horn is formed by genu
• Roof of anterior horn is formed by forceps minor
• Roof of body is formed by body of CC
• Medial wall of atrium (mainly its upper part) and medial wall of occipital horn, forceps
major bulges inside it forming the bulb
• Roof and lateral walls of atrium, occipital and temporal horns are formed by tapetum
•
• Anterior commissure: Found at lamina terminalis. Connects both olfactory cortex.
• Posterior commissure: Found at lower pineal stalk. Connects the Edinger-Wesphal
nucleus for pupillary light reflex.
• Hippocampal commissure (Commissure of Fornix): connects Hippocampal formation with
thalamus.
• Habenular commissure: At upper pineal stalk. Concerned with limbic function connection.
Corpus callosum
 The largest and main commissure of the brain.
 Connect nearly all symetrical area of the 2
hemisphere (exept olfactory bulp and temporal
poles).
 It Forms of rostrum, genu, body, and splenium.
 Tabetum are fibers arise from posterior part of
the body and splenium that sweeps posterior
along the roof and lateral wall of temporal and
occipital horns separating them from optic
radiation.
Corpus callosum(connections)
• Rostrum & genu connect anterior parts of
frontal lobes and the fibers form the
forceps minor.
• Body connects the remaining of frontal
lobe & partial lobe.
• Splenium connects temporal and occipital
lobes and the fibers form the forceps
major.
Relation of CC to lateral ventricle are:
• Floor of anterior horn is formed by rostrum
• Anterior wall of anterior horn is formed by genu
• Roof of anterior horn is formed by forceps minor
• Roof of body is formed by body of CC
• Medial wall of atrium (mainly its upper part) and
medial wall of occipital horn, forceps major
bulges inside it forming the bulb
• Roof and lateral walls of atrium, occipital and
temporal horns are formed by tapetum
 Basal Ganglia
• Definition: collections of grey matter
deeply placed inside the white matter of
the cerebral hemisphere.
• Component:
1.caudate nucleus.
2.Lentiform nucleus.
3.Amygdaloid nucleus.
4.Claustrum.
1- the caudate nucleus
• Shape: comma shaped mass of grey matter.
• Parts and relations:
1. Head:
• large ant. End
• Forms lat wall of frontal horn of lat. Vent.
• Fused ant. with lentiform N and below with ant. perforated S.
2. Body:
• Arches upward & backward lat. to thalamus.
• Forms part of the floor of the centeral part of the lat. vent.
3. Tail:
• Curves downward & forward in temporal lobe in the roof of
temp horn.
• Ends at the amygdaloid N.
2- Amygdaloid Nucleus.
• Small rounded mass laying in the uncus of the
temporal lobe.
• Joined to the tail of the caudate N.
• It is a smell center.
3- Lentiform Nucleus
• Shape: It resembles biconvex lens
(2 parts, 2 surfaces & related to 2 capsules) .
• Parts:
1. Putamen: the larger darker lateral part.
2. Globus pallidus: the smaller paler medial part.
• Surface and relations:
1. Medial surface: related to the internal capsule that
separate it from H. of caudate ant. & thalamus post.
2. Lateral surface: related to the ext. capsule and
separate it from claustrum and insula
4- claustrum
• Site: Thin layer of grey matter between
external capsule medially and white matter
of insula laterally.
• Attachment: Fuses at its antero-inferior
part with the amygdeloid N & ant.
perforated substance.
• Function: unknown.
• The Corpus Striatum: name given to
1. The caudate N.
2. The lentiform N.
3. The intevening ant. limb of internal capsule.
Called so as they show striated appearance.
• The External Capsule:
• Thin white matter covers outer surface of lentiform N.
• Separate lentiform from claustrum & insula.
Internal structures of the basal ganglia

(Corpus striatum, Amygdaloid N, Cluastrum)

1. Corpus striatum:
• Important extra-pyramidal center.
• Caudate and putamen are receptor nuclei receive most
afferent fibers.
• Globus pallidus is effector part rise to most of efferent
fibers.
• connections of corpus striatum:
A. Afferent from:
1- cortex via corticostriate fibers.
2- thalamus via thalamostriate fibers.
3- substantia nigra via nigrostriate fibers.
Corpus striatum (cont)
B. Efferent: from globus pallidus to the extrapyramidal
centers as follow:
1. Ansa lenticularis
2. Fasciculus lenticularis
3. Subthalamic fasciculus
To the subthalamus and then as follow:
– 80 % to mid brain(tegmentum, S. nigra, red N.,inf olivary N,
Reticular formation)
– 15% from thalamic fasiculus to the ant. ventral N of the
thalamus.
– 5% from the hypothalamic fasciculus which passes to the
hypothalamus.
2- amygdaloid neucleus
• Afferent: received fibers from the olfactory tract.
• Efferent: fibers form stria terminalis that end in
1. Septal nuclei in septum lucidum.
2. Ant. nuclei of the hypothalamus.
3. Habenular nuclei.
• Stria terminalis serves as pathway for
association of olfactory and viceral function
 Surface landmarks
• Taylor Haughton lines:
Frankfurt plane
Nasion-Inion line
Posterior ear line
Condylar line
• Sylvian fissure
Lateral canthus  ¾ of the
arc from nasion to inion

Frankfurt  lower border of orbit 

upper border of EAM
 Surface landmarks
• Motor cortex & central sulcus
1. Pterion  line making 45° on
basal line and ending 2 inches
behind the coronal suture
2. 13 cm from nasion in adult
3. Straight up from EAM near
midline
4. Posterior ear line X
circumferance – Condylar line
X Sylvian fissure
Surface anatomy: Identify a point (pterion) and a line (basal line)
Pterion: is 4 cm (2 finger breadth) above midpoint of zygomatic arch and
3cm (thumb’s breadth) behind the zygomatic process of frontal bone.
Basal line (Frankfurt plane): is a line from the lower edge of orbit to upper
margin of external auditory meatus.
Motor strip: From the pterion draw a line making 45 angle on the basal
line and ending 2 inches behind the coronal suture (about 13 cm from
nasion in adult) . This line represent the motor strip (you can notice that
motor strip is nearer to coronal suture down). OR Its upper part is almost
straight up from the EAM near the midline.
Sylvian Fissure: a line connecting the lateral canthus to the point ¾ of the
way posterior along the arc running over convexity from nasion to inion.
 Surface landmarks
1. Central sulcus lies behind the coronal suture sloping more
backwards
2. Superior temporal line  inferior frontal sulcus  crosses the
pre & post central gyri  Supramarginal & angular gyri
3. Squamosal suture lies just below the ant part of Sylvian fissure
1.Central sulcus behind the coronal suture sloping more
backwards
2.Superior temporal line  inferior frontal sulcus – crosses
the pre & post central gyri - Supramarginal & angular gyri
3.Squamosal suture just below the ant part of Sylvian fissure
Anatomy of the cerebellum
External features
• Largest portion of hindbrain
• Site & relations:
• Occupies posterior cranial fossa
• Superiorly: tentorium cerebelli
• Anteriorly: 4th ventricle  pons & medulla
• On each side: sigmiod sinus & mastoid
• Shape & parts:
• Globular
• 2 hemispheres + median vermis + 2 notches (ant &
post incisurae)
External features
• Surfaces:
1. Tentorial surface
• Faces the lower surface of the tentorium.
• The superior vermis
• Fissura prima (tentorial fissure):
• Anterior and posterior parts
• Between the quadrangular and simple lobules in hemisphere
and between the declive and culmen in the vermis
• Parts of tentorial surface:
• The lingula, culmen & quadrangular lobules  anterior part
• The declive, folium, simple lobules & part of the superior
semilunar lobules  posterior part
• cerebellomesencephalic fissure.
Tentorial surface
External features
2. Suboccipital surface.
• Located below between the sigmoid and transverse
sinuses and is the surface that is exposed in a wide
bilateral suboccipital craniectomy
• The posterior cerebellar incisura (notch)
• The inferior vermis  folium, tuber, pyramid & uvula
• Hemispheric surface from above to below  the
superior and inferior semilunar & biventral lobules &
the tonsils
• Fissures:
• The prebiventral fissure (hemispheric) between the inferior
semilunar & the biventral lobules
• The prepyramidal fissure (vermian) between the pyramid &
tuber
• The cerebellomedullary fissure extends superiorly
between the cerebellum and medulla.
Suboccipital surface
External features
3. Petrosal surface
• Faces forward toward the petrous temporal bone and
is the surface that is retracted to surgically expose
the cerebellopontine angle
• The petrosal fissure  superior and inferior parts
• The superior part is formed by the quadrangular, simple & and
part of the superior semilunar lobules
• The inferior part is formed by the inferior semilunar & biventral
lobules & the tonsil
• The cerebellopontine fissure 
• V-shaped fissure formed where the cerebellum wraps around
the pons and the middle cerebellar peduncles.
• Has a superior and an inferior limb, which meet at a lateral
apex
Petrosal surface
 Cerebellar lobes
• Anterior lobe:
• superior – infront of fissura prima
• Includes  lingula, central lobule,
culmen & quadrangular lobule
• Connections mainly spinal
• Middle lobe:
• major part
• Superior surface  declive, simple
lobule, folium & superior semilunar
lobule
• Inferior surface  tuber, inferior
semilunar lobule, pyramid biventral
lobule, uvula & tonsil
• Connections mainly cortical
• Flocculonodular lobe:
• 2 flocculi & nodule
• Connections mainly vestibular
 Functional subdivisions
• Vestibular (archi):
• Flocculonodular lobe + lingula
• Receives afferents from vestibular
apparatus of inner ear
• Concerned with equilibrium
• Spinal (paleo):
• Ant lobe + uvula & pyramid of inf
vermis
• Receives proprioceptive impulses via
spinocerebellar tracts & external
arcuate fibers
• Muscle tone
• Cerebral (neo):
• Middle lobe except pyramid & uvula
• Receives afferents from cortex
(cerebro-ponto-cerebellar pathway)
Arterial supply of the cerebellum
• Superior cerebellar
artery
• Branch from basilar
• Tentorial surface
• Anterior inferior
cerebellar artery
• Branch from basilar
• Anterolateral part of
suboccipital surface
• Posterior inferior
cerebellar artery
• Branch from vertebral
• Posterior part of
suboccipital surface
 Venous drainage of cerebellum

• Superior cerebellar veins

• Drain superior surface
• Medial set  straight sinus
& great cerebral vein
• Lateral set  transverse
sinus & sup petrosal sinus

• Inferior cerebellar veins

• Drain inferior surface
• Median vein  straight sinus
• Lateral set  occipital sinus,
sigmoid & inferior petrosal
sinus
 Internal structure of the cerebellum
• Gray mater
• Cerebellar cortex
– Molecular layer
– Purkinje cell layer
– Granular layer
• Cerebellar nuclei
• White mater: 3 groups of fibers
• Intrinsic fibers (fibrae propriae)
• Efferent fibers (axons of purkinje
cells)
• Afferent fibers (enter in inf & middle
cerebellar peduncles – proceed to
cerebellar cortex)
Cerebellar nuclei
1. Dentate
• Largest
• Folded mass with medial
hilum  fibers of SCP
• Belongs to neocerebellum
2. Emboliform
• Medial to dentate
• Belongs to paleocerebellum
3. Globose
• Medial to emboliform
• Belongs to paleocerebellum
4. Fastigial
• In the vermis
• Receives direct vestibular
fibers
 Cerebellar peduncles
• Inferior cerebellar peduncle
• Dorsolateral aspect of upper medulla
• Lower lateral walls of 4th ventricle
• Enters the cerebellum between MCP
and SCP
• Rt & lt are connected by IMV
• Middle cerebellar peduncle
• Thickest
• Emerges from the lateral aspect of
pons
• Enters the cerebellum lateral to ICP
• Superior cerebellar peduncle
• Smallest & most medial
• Emerges from the back of midbrain
below inf colliculus
• Enters the cerebellum medial to ICP
• Rt & lt are connected by SMV
Cerebellar peduncles
• ICP
Afferent fibers Efferent fibers
1. Posterior spinocerebellar tract 1. Cerebello-olivary fibers
2. Cuneo-cerebellar tract 2. Cerebello-vestibular fibers
3. Olivo-cerebellar tract 3. Cerebello-reticular fibers
4. Vestibulocerebellar tract
5. Reticulocerebellar tract

• MCP
• Contains afferent fibers of pontocerebellar fibers
• SCP
Aferrent fibers Efferent fibers
1. Anterior spinocerebellar tract 1. Cerebellorubral fibers
2. Tectocerebellar tracy 2. Dentatothalamic fibers
3. Fastigial reticular
4. Dentato-olivary
Clinical notes
• Cerebellum is concerned with:
• Muscle tone
• Coordination of movement
• Lesion in one cerebellar hemisphere produces ipsilateral symptoms
and signs
• Signs & symptoms of cerebellar disease
• Hypotonia
• Postural & gait abnormality
• Ataxia
• Dysdiadochokinesia
• Nystagmus
• Speech disorder
• Cerebellar syndromes
Vermis syndrome Cerebellar hemisphere syndrome
•Most common cause: medulloblastoma •Usually unilateral
•Truncal ataxia •Hypotonia
•Ataxia
•Dysarthria
•Nystagmus
 Medulla Oblongata
• It is the lowest part of the brain stem
• Extent :
o Above: pons
o Below: spinal cord at the level of the foramen
magnum
• Parts:
o Lower half is called closed medulla, encloses a
central canal continuous with that of the spinal cord
o Upper half is called open medulla as it opens into 4th
ventricle
 External features
A. Anterolateral Surface: from medial to lateral
1) Anterior medial fissure: in midline, obliterated caudally
2) The pyramid: formed by the pyramidal (corticospinal)
tract.
3) The olive: oval elevation formed by olivary nucleus.
4) Anterolateral sulcus: between pyramid and olivary, exit
of hypoglossal N rootlets.
5) Posterolateral sulcus: between olive and ICP, give exit
for glossopharngeal, vagus, cranial accessory N.
6) Inferior cerebellar peduncle ICP.
B. The posterior surface:
1) Lower half (closed medulla): continous with
post. Surface of spinal cord, contain
i. Posterior median fissure
ii. Gracile tract. Longitudinal elevation
iii. Cuneate tract. Longitudinal elevation Lateral to
gracile.
2) Upper half (open medulla): Forms the lower
part of floor of 4th vent &separated from pons
by transverse fibers called medullary stria
and contain
i. Median longitudinal fissure
ii. Inferior fovea. inverted V shape depression
called vagal trigone.
 iii. Hypoglossal trigone. Medial to inf fovea, overlies
hypoglossal nucleus
iv. Vistibular trigone. Lat to the inf fovea, overlies inf
vestibular neucleus.
Blood supply of medulla: branches from
vertebral arteries an its PICA
 Pons
• Extent: from medulla below o midbrain above, lies in
front of cerebellum
External features
A. Anterior surface: present
1. Basilar groove. Midline, longitudinal, related to basilar
artery.
2. Transverse streaks: on each side, by ponto cerebellar
fibers to form MCP
3. Trigemonal N. larg sensory & small motor fibers arise
from lat part of ant surface.
4. MCP
5. Abducent N: emerge from lower part neer mid line
6. Facial & vestibulo-cochlear Nerves. Emerge from ponto
cerebellar angle
B. Posterior surface of pons: forms the upper
part of the floor of 4th vent & present
1. Median longitudinal sulcus. In mid line
2. Medial eminence. Longitudinal elevation on each
side, produced by abducent n. nucleus.
3. Facial colliculus. Rounded swelling on lower end of
median eminence, produced by facial nucleus
4. Medullary stria. Transverse nerve fibers separate
post surface of pons from medulla.
 Blood supply of pons:
Pontine branches of basilar artery
 Midbrain
• Extent: the shortest part of brain stem between
pons below and diencephalon above.
• Site: occupy tentorial notchand most of it is
hidden by cerebellum.
• Connections: pons and cerebellum to the
diencephalon.
• Parts: in transverse section, mid brain is formed
of:
1. Tectum. Posteriorly behind aquiduct of sylvius
2. Tegmentum. Middle, in front of aquiduct of sylvius.
3. Basis pedunculi. Most anterior part in front of
tegmentum
External features of the midbrain
A. The anterior surface:
1) 2 cerebral peduncles: connecting midbrain to
cerebral hemisphere & each peduncle
consist of:
i. Basis pedunculi anteriorly, fibers of pyramidal
tracts
ii. Substantia nigra, middle, one of the extra
pyramidal neuclei
iii. Tegmentum, posteriorly, contain nuclie and tracts
of mid brain
2) Oculomotor N: from grove on the medial side
of the cerebral peduncle.
B. The posterior surface:
1) 4 rounded colliculi which include
i. 2 superior colliculi, centers of visual reflexes.
ii. 2 inferior colliculi, centers of auditory reflexes.
2) Cruciform sulcus, separating the 4 colliculi.
3) 2 superior cerebellar peduncles SCP.
4) Superior medullary veilum, connecting the SCP.
5) The troclear N. emerge from post surface of the
midbrain
C. The lateral surface: present
1) Brachium of the sup. colliculus
2) Brachium of the inf. Colliculus
3) Lat surface is crossed by:
i. Optic tract
ii. Basal vein
iii. Troclear N
iv. Post. Cerebral A.
 Blood supply of the midbrain:
branches from arteries forming the circle of
willis
Thank You