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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY

SECOND EDITION

EDITOR IN CHIEF
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography
Queen’s University
Kingston, ON, Canada

VOLUME 1
Elsevier
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ISBN 978-0-08-102295-5

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Publisher: Oliver Walter

Acquisition Editor: Oliver Walter, Andre Wolff
Content Project Manager: Kate Miklaszewska, Natalie Bentahar, Laura Jackson
Designer: Mark Rogers
EDITOR IN CHIEF

Audrey Kobayashi is Professor of Geography and a Queen’s Research Chair at Queen’s University. A
native of British Columbia, she completed a B.A. (1976) and M.A. (1978) at the University of British
Columbia, and a PhD (1983) at UCLA. She taught in Geography and East Asian Studies at McGill
University from 1983 to 1994, then moved to Queen’s, initially as Director of the Institute of
Women’s Studies (1994 to 1999) and thereafter as Professor of Geography. Other positions include
President of the Canadian Association of Geographers (1999-2001), and President of the Association
of American Geographers (2011-2012). In 2011 she was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada,
and in 2018 was appointed a Fellow of the Association of American Geographers. Her scholarship
has always been strongly focused on issues of human rights. She has published widely on topics,
such as anti-racism, citizenship, immigration policy, employment equity, and disability studies.
Her publications are always matched, however, by participation in communities as a scholar activist.
She is currently involved in several research projects that address the “Landscapes of Injustice” of the
Japanese-Canadian uprooting, and the “Right to Remain” of people currently living in precarious
housing in the downtown East Side of Vancouver. Her most recent project is to study the role of
protest music in activism for the rights of homeless people in Dublin, Ireland and Vancouver. Major
publications include Rethinking the Great White North: Race, Nature, and the Historical Geographies of
Whiteness in Canada (co-edited with Andrew Baldwin and Laura Cameron, UBC Press, 2011), Immigrant Geographies of North American Cities
(co-edited with Carlos Teixeira and Wei Li, Oxford University Press, 2012), and Geographies of Peace and Armed Conflict (Routledge, 2012),
Racialization, Indigeneity, and Racism in Canadian Universities (UBC Press 2017), and The International Encyclopedia of Geography (editor 2017).
She has received major awards from the Canadian Association of Geographers, the American Association of Geographers, the Canadian
Association of University Teachers, as well as the Barnes teaching award from the Faculty of Arts and Science Undergraduate Society, and
the Queen’s Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching.

v
This page intentionally left blank
EDITORIAL BOARD

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

vii
This page intentionally left blank
SECTION EDITORS

Mark Boyle
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, United Kingdom

Mark Boyle worked from 2003 to 2007 at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow as Lecturer and
then Senior Lecturer in Geography and from 2007 to December 2017 as Professor/Chair of Geog-
raphy at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. From 2007 to 2012, he served as head of the
Department of Geography at Maynooth and from 2013 to 2016 as Director of the Interdisciplinary
National Institute of Regional and Spatial Analyses (NIRSA) at Maynooth. From January 2018 he
serves as Chair or Urban Studies and Director of the Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice
and Place, at the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. He has authored two books, edited
a book, edited nine special editions/sections of international peer reviewed journals and published
over 90 scholarly papers and reports (including 44 in international peer reviewed journals).

ix
x Section Editors

Noel Castree
Department of Geography
Manchester University
Manchester, United Kingdom

Noel Castree is a Professor of Geography at Manchester University, United Kingdom, and an

Honorary Professorial Research Fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He edits the jour-
nal Progress in Human Geography and is author of the book Making Sense of Nature (2014).
 Section Editors xi

Francis L. Collins
National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis
University of Waikato
Hamilton, New Zealand

Francis L. Collins is Professor of Geography and Director of the National Institute of Demographic
and Economic Analysis at the University of Waikato. His research has explored international migra-
tion focusing on the experiences, mobility patterns and regulation of temporary migrants. Francis’
research includes work exploring: international students and urban transformation, higher educa-
tion and the globalization of cities, labor migration, marginalization and exploitation, time and
youth migration, and the role of aspirations and desires as driving forces for migration. Francis is
the author of Global Asian City: migration, desire and the politics of encounter in 21st century Seoul (Wiley,
2018) and co-editor of Intersections of Inequality, Migration and Diversification (Palgrave, 2019), and
Aspiration, Desire and the Drivers of Migration (Routledge, 2019).
xii Section Editors

Jeremy W. Crampton
School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape
Newcastle University
Newcastle, United Kingdom

Jeremy W. Crampton’s interests are in how and why geolocational technology affects urban and
everyday experience and wellbeing. In particular, he studies the effects of surveillance on privacy,
spatial Big Data and algorithmic decision-making. To address these questions, he analyzes how
digital landscapes of algorithms and data are planned, mapped, and produced. He also has a recent
interest in the geolocational implications of biometric platforms such as facial and emotional recog-
nition technologies. Jeremy is an Editor of the journal Dialogues in Human Geography, and the author
of Mapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS (Wiley).
 Section Editors xiii

Sarah de Leeuw
University of Northern British Columbia
Prince George, BC, Canada

Sarah de Leeuw, a Professor in Canada with the University of Northern British Columbia’s
Northern Medical Program, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia, is
a cultural–historical geographer and creative writer (poetry and literary non-fiction). Her research,
writing, teaching, and activism focus on feminist anti-colonial social justice, especially in rural,
northern, and marginalized places. She holds a Canada Research Chair in Humanities and Health
Inequities and, in 2017, was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada as a member of the College
of New Scholars, Artists, and Scientists.
xiv Section Editors

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho
Department of Geography
National University of Singapore
Singapore

Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho is Associate Professor at the Department of Geography and Senior Research
Fellow at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore. Her research addresses
how citizenship is changing as a result of multi-directional migration flows in the Asia-Pacific. She is
author of Citizens in Motion: Emigration, Immigration and Re-migration Across China’s Borders (Stanford
University Press), which received the American Sociological Association’s (ASA) award for “Best
Book in Global and Transnational Sociology by an International Scholar” in 2019. Elaine is Editor
of the journal Social and Cultural Geography, and serves on the journal editorial boards of Citizenship
Studies; Emotions, Society and Space; and the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography.
 Section Editors xv

Isaac Luginaah
Department of Geography
The University of Western Ontario
London, ON, Canada

Isaac Luginaah is a Professor and was a Canada Research Chair in Health Geography (200-2017) at
the Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. He is a graduate of
the University of Cape Coast, Ghana (BSc. Hons), Queen’s University of Belfast, UK (MSc), York
University (MES), and McMaster University (PhD), Canada. His research addresses how emerging
epidemics are radically changing health landscapes in the face of increased burdens from environ-
mental exposure in both developed and developing countries. He has led several projects on pop-
ulation, environment, and health. His work in Africa and North America has made strong
theoretical and methodological contributions, addressing environmental hazards and deficiencies
in health service provision.
xvi Section Editors

Brij Maharaj
Geography Discipline, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences
University of Kwazulu-Natal
Durban, South Africa

Brij Maharaj is a senior professor in geography who has received widespread recognition for his
research on urban politics, segregation, displacement, local economic development, xenophobia,
and human rights, migration and diasporas, religion, philanthropy, and development. He has pub-
lished over 150 scholarly papers in renowned journals, such as Urban Studies, International Journal of
Urban and Regional Studies, Political Geography, Urban Geography, Antipode, Polity and Space, Geoforum,
Local Economy, and GeoJournal, as well as five co-edited book collections. He is co-editor of the South
African Geographical Journal (Routledge), and serves on several international editorial boards. He is
a B-Rated NRF researcher. He is a regular media commentator on topical issues as part of his
commitment to public intellectualism.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Manuel B Aalbers Jon Anderson

KU Leuven, The University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, United Kingdom
Gunn Marit Aasvang
Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division for GJ Andrews
Infection Control and Environmental Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Gavin J Andrews
M Abreu
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Roger Antabe
Patrick Adler Department of Geography, Social Science Centre,
School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Canada
Adrian Guillermo Aguilar Constantinos Antonopoulos
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Management, University of Patras, Patras,
Greece
J Agyeman
Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States Neil Argent
Geography and Planning, University of New England,
Ola Ahlqvist Armidale, NSW, Australia
Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, United States Godwin Arku
The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
L Albrechts Canada
University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Frederick Ato Armah
Derek H Alderman Department of Environmental Science, School of
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural
United States Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Fiona Allon C Arun-Pina
Department of Gender and Cultural Studies, The Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia ON, Canada
Luis F Alvarez Leon James Ash
Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, School of Arts and Cultures, Newcastle University,
Hanover, NH, United States Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Claes G Alvstam
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Sheena Asthana
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden School of Law, Criminology and Government, University
of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom

xvii
xviii List of Contributors

Jennifer Atchison Holly Barcus

Australian Centre for Culture, Environment, Society and Department of Geography, Macalester College, Saint
Space (ACCESS), School of Geography and Sustainable Paul, MN, United States
Communities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong,
Trevor J Barnes
NSW, Australia
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
PJ Atkins
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Clive Barnett
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Rowland Atkinson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University Jon Barnett
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom School of Geography, The University of Melbourne,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Maoz Azaryahu
University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, Timothy Barney
United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa, Department of Rhetoric and Communication Studies,
Israel University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
Iwan J Azis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States Chris Barrett
English Department, Louisiana State University, Baton
Jørgen Ole Bærenholdt Rouge, LA, United States
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
University, Roskilde, Denmark Leigh Barrick
Geography Department, University of British Columbia,
Jen Bagelman
Vancouver, BC, Canada
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United kingdom
Tanja Bastia
Elena Baglioni Global Development Institute, The University of
School of Business and Management, Queen Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Mary University of London, London, United
Ranu Basu
Kingdom
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
ON, Canada
AL Bain
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Jane Battersby
ON, Canada African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town,
Cape Town, South Africa
W Andrew Baldwin
Department of Geography, Durham University, Michael Batty
Durham, United Kingdom Faculty of the Built Environment, University College
London, London, United Kingdom
Matthew D Balentine
Jamie Baxter
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Department of Geography, University of Western
NC, United States
Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Clare Bambra Trycia Bazinet
Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Carleton University, North Bay, ON, Canada
Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
David Bell
United Kingdom
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Kingdom
Brandon Barclay Derman
University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL, Scott Bell
United States University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
 List of Contributors xix

David Bennett Adam Bledsoe

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada States

Aimee Benoit S Bodden

School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Lethbridge, AB, Canada

Vincent Berdoulay JS Boggs

Brock University, St. Catharines, ON,
Laboratoire Passages (UMR 5319), CNRS; and
Canada
University of Pau and Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France
JD Bohland
Christin Bernhold
Global Politics and Societies Department, Hollins
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
University, Roanoke, VA, United States
Hamburg, Germany
Sophie Bond
Kathryn Besio
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin,
Geography and Environmental Studies, University of
New Zealand
Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United States
David Bonilla
Ling Bian Institute of Economic Research, National Autonomous
University at Buffalo, State University of New York, University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Amherst, NY, United States
Marco Bontje
Marcy Bidney University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
American Geographical Society Library, University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States Gary Bosworth
School of Geography, University of Lincoln, Lincoln,
Roland Billen United Kingdom
University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
William M Bowen
Mark Birkin Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs,
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United
Kingdom States

Bradley Wade Bishop Sophie Bowlby

School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Knoxville, TN, United States
Mark Boyle
Elijah Bisung
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
M Jean Blair Paul Boyle
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Jordan P Brasher
Ismael Blanco
University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN,
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
United States
Spain
Mark Brayshay
Sarah Blandy
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United
University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Daniel Brendle-Moczuk
Joe Blankenship
McPherson Library, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Canada
xx List of Contributors

S Brentjes RA Butlin
Univeristy of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Gary Bridge Michael Buzzelli
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON,
Cardiff, United Kingdom Canada
Gavin Bridge Jason A Byrne
Department of Geography, Durham University, Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences,
Durham, United Kingdom University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
John Briggs Jake Rom D Cadag
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City,
Kingdom Philippines
James MR Brock Catherine A Calder
School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
Auckland, New Zealand States
Marc Brosseau
Sydney Calkin
Department of Geography, University of Ottawa,
Department of Geography, Durham University,
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Durham, United Kingdom; and School of Geography,
Aleid E Brouwer Queen Mary University of London, London, United
Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen, Kingdom
Groningen, The Netherlands; and Academy of
International Business Administration, NHL Stenden Liam Campling
University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The School of Business and Management,
Netherlands Queen Mary University of London, London,
United Kingdom
Kath Browne
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Sébastien Caquard
Christopher R Bryant Department of Geography, Planning and
University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Environment, Concordia University, Montreal, QC,
Canada
John R Bryson
City-Region Economic Development Institute, Jordan Carlson
Department of Strategy and International Business, Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Birmingham Business School, University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Jordan T Carlson
Dirk Burghardt Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Pádraig Carmody
Ryan Burns
Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin,
Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Ireland; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
Richard Bustin South Africa; and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin,
Lancing College, Lancing, United Kingdom Ireland
Colin D Butler Juliet Carpenter
Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United
Australia; and Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Kingdom
Australia
Ricardo Carreon Sosa
Tim Butler Posgraduate School of Engineering, National
Department of Geography, King’s College London, Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City,
London, United Kingdom Mexico
 List of Contributors xxi

Richard Carter-White James Cheshire

Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie Department of Geography, University College London,
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia London, United Kingdom
Denise M Carter Lynda Cheshire
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St
Lucia, QLD, Australia
Irene Casas
School of History and Social Sciences, Louisiana Tech Simon Chilvers
University, Ruston, LA, United States Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Emilio Casetti
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United Frangton Chiyemura
States The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Heather Castleden Vera Chouinard
University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
BC, Canada; and Department of Geography and University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Nicholas R Chrisman
Jose Esteban Castro Bellingham, WA, United States
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Brett Christophers
Kingdom; and National Scientific and Technical
Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
University, Uppsala, Sweden
Filippo Celata
Jonathan Cinnamon
Department of Methods and Models for Economics,
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Territory and Finance, Sapienza University of Rome,
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada; and Ryerson
Rome, Italy
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Elizabeth Chacko
Gordon L Clark
The George Washington University, Washington, DC,
Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, School
United States
of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University
Chad Chambers Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford,
Department of Geography, Maxwell School of Syracuse Oxford, United Kingdom; and Department of Banking
University, Syracuse, NY, United States and Finance, Monash Business School, Monash
University, Caulfield, VIC, Australia
GU Chaolin
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Nigel Clark
China Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Graham Chapman David B Clarke
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea
University, Swansea, United Kingdom
Eric Charmes
RIVES, UMR CNRS EVS, ENTPE, University of Lyon, Keith C Clarke
Lyon, France Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Sutapa Chattopadhyay
Geography and Development Studies, St. Francis Xavier Nick Clarke
University, Antigonish, NS Canada Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Jingfu Chen
Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China P Claval
Paris-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
Zhangliang Chen
Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics John Clayton
and Regional Economics Applications Laboratory, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States Kingdom
xxii List of Contributors

Hugh Clout Ian Cook

University College London, London, United Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter,
Kingdom United kingdom
Denise S Cloutier Philip Cooke
Department of Geography, and Research Affiliate Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, University of
Thomas J Cooke
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Department of Geography, University of Connecticut,
Allan Cochrane Storrs, CT, United States
Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social
Meghan Cope
Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United
Department of Geography, University of Vermont,
Kingdom
Burlington, VT, United States
Logan Cochrane
Jon Corbett
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and
Community, Culture and Global Studies, University of
Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
Daniel Cockayne
Jonathan Corcoran
Department of Geography and Environmental
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada
Helen Couclelis
Chris Cocklin Department of Geography, University of California
James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Neil M Coe Rory Coulter
Department of Geography, National University of Department of Geography, University College London,
Singapore, Singapore, Singapore London, United Kingdom
Amy Cohen
Department of Anthropology, Okanagan College, Pauline R Couper
Kelowna, BC, Canada Geography, School of Humanities, York St John
University, York, United Kingdom
Peter Collier
Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, Kevin R Cox
Southsea, United Kingdom; and University of Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom Columbus, OH, United States
Damian Collins
Shaphan Cox
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built
Francis L Collins Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
National Institute of Demographic and Economic
Sophie Cranston
Analysis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand Geography and Environment, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Michael Collyer
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom Thomas W Crawford
Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
Alex R Colucci VA, United States
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Noel Cressie
Creighton Connolly
The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
National University of Singapore, Singapore
States
David Conradson
School of Earth and Environment, University of Tim Cresswell
Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
 List of Contributors xxiii

Verónica Crossa Wayne KD Davies

The College of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada
David Crouch
University of Derby, Epperstone, United Kingdom Suzanne Davies Withers
Department of Geography, University of Washington,
Graham Crow
Seattle, WA, United States
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Simin Davoudi
Gregg Culver
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
Institute of Geography, University of Heidelberg,
Kingdom
Heidelberg, Germany
Leith Deacon
Andrew Cumbers
School of Environmental Design and Rural
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow,
Development, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Glasgow, United Kingdom
David Delaney
Nigel Curry
Amherst College, Amherst, MA, United States
Lincoln International Business School, University of
Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom C Delano-Smith
Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced
Michelle Daigle
Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vincent J Del Casino, Jr.
Caoilfhionn D’Arcy
California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach,
Maynooth University Department of Geography,
CA, United States
NUI Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Carolyn NM DeLoyde
Sandy Dall’erba
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's
Department of Agricultural and Consumer
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Economics and Regional Economics Applications
Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, Sarah de Leeuw
United States Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department
of Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC),
Craig Dalton
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies and
Program, UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University
Geography, Hempstead, NY, United States
of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC,
Canada
Frances Darlington-Pollock
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Eric M Delmelle
Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science,
Raju J Das University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte,
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada NC, United States

Ebenezer Dassah Carolyn NM DeLoyde

United Nations University - International Institute for Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Kuala Lumpur, University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Malaysia Jessica Dempsey
Mark Davidson University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States Mark Denil
Amanda Davies sui generis, Washington, DC, United States
Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Steve DeRoy
Anna R Davies The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Ben Derudder
Dublin, Ireland Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
xxiv List of Contributors

Menusha De Silva Michelle Duffy

Singapore Management University, Singapore, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of
Singapore Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW,
Australia
Michael R Desjardins
Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, and Patrick J Duffy
Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, Ireland
NC, United States
Rae Dufty-Jones
Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Pauline Deutz
Department of Geography, Geology and Environment, Michael Dunford
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
Sarah Dickin
and University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Jim Dunn
Catherine D’Ignazio
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Department of Health, Aging and Society, McMaster
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
United States William Durkan
Martin Dijst Department of Geography, The National University of
Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
LISER, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxemburg
Andrew C Dwyer
Mahmoudi Dillon
University of Bristol Cyber Security Group, Faculty of
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United
Alan V Di Vittorio Kingdom
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,
United States Owen J Dwyer, III
Indiana University School of Liberal Arts at Indiana
Deborah P Dixon
University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI),
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
Indianapolis, IN, United States
Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Iain Docherty R Earickson
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United
States
Klaus Dodds
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United LaToya Eaves
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN,
United States United States
Bolesław Doma nski
Jagiellonian Univeristy, Krakow, Poland Sally Eden
University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Betsy Donald
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s T Edensor
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester,
United Kingdom
Clemens Driessen
Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands David W Edgington
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Martine Drozdz Canada
Technologies, Territories and Societies Laboratory,
CNRS, Paris, France Charity Edwards
Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; and
Jessica Dubow University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC,
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Australia
 List of Contributors xxv

David C Eisenhauer David Fazzino

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Catawissa, PA,
United States
Stuart Elden
Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; and Yongjiu Feng
Politics and International Studies, University of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Zhiqiang Feng
Kajsa Ellegård Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University
Department of Thematic Studies, Linköping University, of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Linköping, Sweden
David A Fennell
Susan J Elliott Department of Tourism and Environment, Brock
Department of Geography and Environmental University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada Md Azmeary Ferdoush
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United
Sarah Elwood
States
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Salvatore Engel-Di Mauro Eduarda Ferreira
Department of Geography, State University of New York Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Marta Bivand Erdal Federico Ferretti

Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Oslo, School of Geography, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Norway Ireland
Christina R Ergler
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Carolyn Fish
New Zealand Department of Geography, University of Oregon,
Eugene, OR, United States
Joshua Evans
University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Robert Fish
University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Karen Falconer Al-Hindi
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Robert Flanagan
States
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
C Cindy Fan
Department of Geography, University of California Los Richard Florida
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States School of Cities, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Matthew Farish
Department of Geography and Program in Planning, Robin Flowerdew
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Geography and Sustainable
May Farrales Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern United Kingdom
British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada; and Ronan Foley
Environment and Community Health Observatory The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Network, University of Northern British Columbia, Maynooth, Ireland
Prince George, BC, Canada
Ken E Foote
Victoria Fast University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,
Department of Geography, University of Calgary, United States; and University of Haifa, Haifa,
Calgary, AB, Canada Israel
James R Faulconbridge Benjamin Forest
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
xxvi List of Contributors

Peter J Forman Nick Gallent

Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom University College London, London, United Kingdom
Kelleann Foster Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Penn State, University Park, PA, United Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
States History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
Spain
Coleen A Fox
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States Emma C Gardner
City-Region Economic Development Institute,
Urbano Fra Paleo
Department of Strategy and International Business,
University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
Birmingham Business School, University of
Derek France Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and International
Gioacchino Garofoli
Development, University of Chester, Chester, United
Department of Economics, Insubria University, Varese,
Kingdom
Italy
Claire Freeman
School of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, Jay D Gatrell
New Zealand Office of Academic Affairs, Eastern Illinois University,
Charleston, IL, United States
Cordelia Freeman
School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Franz W Gatzweiler
Nottingham, United Kingdom Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of
Christina Frendo Sciences, Xiamen, China
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada Raegan Gibbings
University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and
Scott M Freundschuh Tobago
National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, United
States David Gibbs
Wardlow Friesen Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom

Louis Kusi Frimpong Chris Gibson

Department of Geography and Resource Development, School of Geography and Sustainable Communities,
University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Kurt Fuellhart Emily Gilbert
Geography-Earth Sciences, Shippensburg University, Canadian Studies Program, Department of Geography
Shippensburg, PA, United States and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada; and University College, Toronto, ON, Canada
Simone Fullagar
Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia Kathryn Gillespie
Seattle, WA, United States
Lisa Funnell
Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Shea Ellen Gilliam
Kingdom; and University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern
United States California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Levi Gahman Menelaos Gkartzios
Power, Space, and Cultural Change Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Kingdom
Carolyn Gallaher Brendan Gleeson
School of International Service, American University, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of
Washington, DC, United States Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
 List of Contributors xxvii

Charmian Goh Martin Gren

Asia Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore Department of Cultural Sciences/Human Geography,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Linnaeus University,
John R Gold
Kalmar, Sweden
Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Amy L Griffin
Eric Goldfischer School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University of Minnesota, Department of Geography, Australia
Environment, and Society, Minneapolis, MN, United
States Carl Griffin
Department of Geography, University of Sussex,
Ricard Gomà Brighton, United Kingdom
The Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain Daniel A Griffith
Huiwen Gong School of Economic, Political and Policy Sciences,
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United
States; and University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,
Michael Frank Goodchild TX, United States
Department of Geography, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States Leonard Guelke
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
D Goodman
University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, Javier Gutiérrez
United States Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and
History, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid,
MK Goodman Spain
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
Robert N Gwynne
Sucharita Gopal University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Department of Earth and Environment, Center for Kingdom
Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA, United
States Jeff Hackett
Gernot Grabher The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
RR Hagelman, III
Richard Grant Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
Roy Haines-Young
Dustin W Gray University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Kingdom
Canada
Jouni Häkli
Neil Gray Space and Political Agency Research Group, Faculty of
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Management and Business, Tampere University,
Glasgow, United Kingdom Tampere, Finland

Andrew Greenhalgh-Cook Michael Haldrup

School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Department of Communication and Arts, Roskilde
Nottingham, United Kingdom University, Roskilde, Denmark

Adaeze Greenidge Keith Halfacree

University of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Department of Geography, Swansea University,
Tobago Swansea, United Kingdom
xxviii List of Contributors

Edward Hall Matthew G Hatvany

Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Department of Geography, Laval University, Québec,
Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom QC, Canada

Peter Hall Eva Hauthal

Institute of Cartography, Dresden University of
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Technology, Dresden, Germany
Sarah Hall
Harriet Hawkins
School of Geography, University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of London,
Egham, United Kingdom
Tim Hall
Billy Tusker Haworth
Department of Applied Social Studies, University of
Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Trevor Hancock
Allison Hayes-Conroy
School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of
Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University,
Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Philadelphia, PA, United States
Carolyn Hank
Jessica Hayes-Conroy
School of Information Sciences, University of Tennessee,
Women’s Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges,
Knoxville, TN, United States
Geneva, NY, United States
Gentry Hanks
Christine Haylett
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Kingdom
Neil Hanlon
Kingsley E Haynes
Geography Program, University of Northern British
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Roger Hayter
Torfinn Harding
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Richard Harris
Stephen Healy
School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster
Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney
University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Stephan Harrison
Liam Heaphy
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University
School of Architecture, Planning and Environmental
of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin,
Johannes Hartig Ireland
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Katie Hemsworth
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, Nipissing University, North
Rudi Hartmann Bay, ON, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences,
Martin Henning
University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
School of Business, Economics and Law, University of
Francis Harvey Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Institute for
Matthew Henry
Geography, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
John Hasse University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
Brita Hermelin
Robert Hassink Centre for Municipality Studies (CKS), Linköping
Kiel University, Kiel, Germany University, Norrköping, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxix

Andrew Herod Rory Horner

Department of Geography, University of Georgia, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
Athens, GA, United States Kingdom; and University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa
Rachel V Herron
Department of Geography and Environment, Brandon Myriam Houssay-Holzschuch
University, Brandon, MB, Canada Sciences Po Grenoble, Pacte, University Grenoble Alpes,
CNRS, Grenoble, France
Martin Hess
Department of Geography, School of Environment, Donna Houston
Education and Development, University of Manchester, Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
Manchester, United Kingdom University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
John Hessler Alice J Hovorka
Library of Congress, Washington, DC, United States Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Geoffrey JD Hewings
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States Jeremy RL Howells
University of Kent, Cantenbury, United Kingdom
Jennifer Hill
Department of Geography and Environmental
Richard Howitt
Management, Faculty of Environment and Technology,
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
University of the West of England, Bristol, United University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Kingdom
Sam Hind Brian J Hracs
University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Julian Hine
University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, United Phil Hubbard
Kingdom Leicestershire University, Leicester, United Kingdom

Elaine LE Ho Ray Hudson

Department of Geography, National University of Department of Geography, University of Durham,
Singapore, Singapore Durham, United Kingdom

Steven Hoelscher Rachel Hughes

Departments of American Studies and Geography, The School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States VIC, Australia

Adam Holden Sarah M Hughes

University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom Department of Geography, Durham University,
Durham, United Kingdom
Peter Holland
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand David W Hugill
Louise Holt Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

P Hopkins PJ Hugill
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United
Kingdom States
Donagh Horgan
RP Huizinga
Department of Architecture, University of Strathclyde,
University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Glasgow, United Kingdom
Mark W Horner John S Humphreys
Department of Geography, The Florida State University, School of Rural Health, Monash University, Bendigo,
Tallahassee, FL, United States VIC, Australia
xxx List of Contributors

Sarah Hunt William Jenkins

Institute for Critical Indigenous Studies and Department of Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
Geography, University of British Columbia (UBC), ON, Canada
Vancouver, BC, Canada; and Northern Medical Program,
Ole Jensen
UNBC, Faculty of Medicine, UBC, University of
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
Bob Jessop
Margo Huxley
Department of Sociology, Lancaster University,
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Lancaster, United Kingdom
Andy Inch
Gunnar Thór Jóhannesson
Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University
Department of Geography and Tourism, University of
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Saratchandra Indrakanti
Corey Johnson
Search Science, eBay Inc., San Jose, CA, United States
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro,
Lisa Ingwall-King NC, United States
UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring
Lynda Johnston
Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Geography Programme, University of Waikato,
Carlo Inverardi-Ferri Hamilton, New Zealand
University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
Melissa NP Johnson
Randall W Jackson Department of English Language and Literature,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
States
Nuala C Johnson
William A Jackson School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s
Department of Economics and Related Studies, University, Belfast, United Kingdom
University of York, York, United Kingdom
Peter A Johnson
Jane M Jacobs University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Yale-NUS College, National University Singapore,
Singapore Ron Johnston
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
Dan Jacobson
Bristol, United Kingdom
Department of Geography, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB, Canada Andrew EG Jonas
Deirdre Jafferally Department of Geography, Geology and Environment,
Georgetown, Guyana University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
J Jäger Andrew Jones
University of Applied Sciences BFI Vienna, Vienna, School of Arts and Social Sciences, University of London,
Austria London, United Kingdom
M Jay John Paul Jones, III
University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand School of Geography and Development, University of
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Mark Jayne
School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Martin Jones
Cardiff, United Kingdom Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United
Kingdom
Brian Jefferson
Department of Geography and Geographic Information Owain Jones
Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Bath Spa University, Bath, United Kingdom
Urbana, IL, United States; and Department of Rhys Jones
Geography and Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography and Earth Sciences,
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyt, United Kingdom
United States
 List of Contributors xxxi

Roy Jones Evangeline O Katigbak

Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built National Institute of Education e Nanyang
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Tod Jones Adrian Kavanagh
Discipline of Geography, School of Design and Built Department of Geography, The National University of
Environment, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Australia
Aoife Kavanagh
H Jöns The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Maynooth, Ireland
Loughborough, United Kingdom
Daithí Kearney
David Jordhus-Lier Department of Creative Arts, Media and Music,
Department of Sociology and Human Geography,
Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk,
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ireland
Jin-Kyu Jung
University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United Gerry Kearns
States The National University of Ireland, Maynooth,
Maynooth, Ireland
K Kafkoula
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Gordon Kee
Roger JP Kain Research Centre for Urban and Regional
School of Advanced Study, University of London, Development, Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific
London, United Kingdom Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong, China
Athanasios Kalogeresis
School of Spatial Planning and Development, Faculty of PF Kelly
Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thessaloniki, Greece
Therese Kenna
Md Kamruzzaman Department of Geography, University College Cork,
Monash Art Design & Architecture (MADA), Monash Cork, Ireland
University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
Judith Kenny
Juan Miguel Kanai University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Portland, OR,
Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, United States
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Andrew Kent
Joseph Kangmennaang The Antipode Foundation, Cardiff, United
Department of Geography and Environmental Kingdom
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Canada Sara Beth Keough
Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, MI,
David H Kaplan United States
Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
Fritz Connor Kessler
Emrah Karakaya Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of United States
Industrial Economics and Management, Stockholm,
Sweden Sun-Bae Kim
Department of Geography Education,
Rajesh Kasturirangan Korea National University of Education, Cheongju,
Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, India South Korea
xxxii List of Contributors

Anthony D King Zoltán Kovács

State University of New York at Binghamton, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Binghamton, NY, United States
Menno-Jan Kraak
mrs c kinpaisby-hill Department of Geoinformation Processing,
Scott Kirsch Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth
Department of Geography, University of North Carolina Observation, University of Twente, Enschede,
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, Unites States The Netherlands
Priya Kissoon Thomas Krafft
Department of Geography, The University of the West Metamedica, School for Public Health and Primary
Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The
Rob Kitchin Netherlands
Department of Geography, Maynooth University Social
Sciences Institute, The National University of Ireland, Frances Kremarik
Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland School of Architecture and Cities, University of
Westminster, London, United Kingdom
Jasper Knight
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Sneha Krishnan
Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, School of Geography and the Environment, University of
South Africa Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Richard D Knowles
John Krygier
School of Science, Engineering and Environment,
Raleigh, NC, United States; and Ohio Wesleyan
University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
University, Delaware, OH, United States
Audrey Kobayashi
Department of Geography, Queen’s University, M Satish Kumar
Kingston, ON, Canada School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
BJ Köbben
Department of Geoinformation Processing, Faculty of Matthew Kurtz
Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, Department of Geography, Environment, and
University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Natalie Koch Vincent Kuuire
The Maxwell School, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, Department of Geography, University of Toronto
United States Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada; and Social and
Behavioural Health Science, Dalla Lana School of Public
L Koefoed
Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
Canada
University, Roskilde, Denmark
Alexey V Kuznetsov
Sin Yee Koh
Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of
School of Arts and Social Sciences, Monash University
the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN),
Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
Moscow, Russia
Tristan Kohl
Lois Labrianidis
Faculty of Economics and Business, University of
Department of Economics, University of Macedonia,
Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Thessaloniki, Greece
Carmen Köhler
Eric W LaFary
DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in
Peace Corps, Ghana
Education, Frankfurt, Germany
Suncana Laketa
Benedikt Korf Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel,
University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Neuchâtel, Switzerland
 List of Contributors xxxiii

Nina SN Lam Charlotte Lemanski

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
States
Deborah Leslie
Bart Lambregts Department of Geography, University of Toronto,
Faculty of Architecture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Toronto, ON, Canada
Thailand
Agnieszka Leszczynski
Wendy Larner Department of Geography, Western University, London,
Office of the Provost, Victoria University of Wellington, ON, Canada
Wellington, New Zealand
Yee Leung
Soren C Larsen The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States China; and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong, China
Alan Latham
Geography Department, University College London, Nathaniel M Lewis
London, United Kingdom School of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Mickey Lauria
Kingdom
Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
Nicolas Lewis
Tracey P Lauriault
School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of
Carleton University, Communication and Media
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and School of
Studies, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
E Laurier Zealand
School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh,
R Lewis
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
David M Lawrence
Sophie A Lewis
Virginia State University and Virginia Union University,
Brooklyn Institute for Social Research, Philadelphia, PA,
Richmond, VA, United States
United States
Philip Lawton
W Li
Geography Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
Jennifer Lea
Johanna Lilius
Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United
Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
Kingdom
Shaun Lin
Philippe Le Billon
Department of Geography, National University of
Department of Geography, School of Public Policy and
Singapore, Singapore
Global Affairs, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada Weiqiang Lin
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Jay Lee
Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Peter Lindner
OH, United States Department of Human Geography, Goethe University
Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Jiyeong Lee
The University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea Denis Linehan
University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Sang-Il Lee
Department of Geography Education, Seoul National Jo Little
University, Seoul, South Korea University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Richard Le Heron David Littlewood
School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sheffield University Management School, The University
Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
xxxiv List of Contributors

Min Liu Daniel L Mabazza

Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Department of Geography, University of the Philippines
Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; and
Warren E Mabee
Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
Yan Liu University, Kingston, ON, Canada
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,
Alan Mace
Australia
London School of Economics and Political Science,
Sally Lloyd-Evans London, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
Key MacFarlane
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
History of Consciousness Department, University of
Lucia Lo California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA,
Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, United States
ON, Canada
William A Mackaness
Jed Long Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences, The
Department of Geography, Western University, Social
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
Science Centre, London, ON, Canada
PA Longley Julie MacLeavy
Department of Geography, University College London, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
London, United Kingdom Bristol, United Kingdom

Becky PY Loo Gordon MacLeod

Department of Geography, The University of Hong University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Kong, Hong Kong
Katherine Anne MacTavish
Flor M López Guerrero Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University
of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico Avril Maddrell
Department of Geography and Environmental
Julia Lossau Science, University of Reading, Reading,
Institute of Geography, University of Bremen, Bremen, United Kingdom
Germany
Eric Magrane
John Lovering Department of Geography, New Mexico State
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
Murray Low Jacek Malczewski
London School of Economics and Political Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
London, United Kingdom
Anders Malmberg
Mark Lucherini Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
School of Geography, Geology and the Environment,
Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom V Mamadouh
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Timothy W Luke
Department of Political Science, Virginia Polytechnic Steven M Manson
Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United University of Minnesota, South Minneapolis, MN,
States United States

Chris Lukinbeal Juliana Mansvelt

School of Geography and Development, University of School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey
Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Sophia Maalsen Carl Marklund

School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The Institute of Contemporary History, Södertörn University,
University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Stockholm, Sweden
 List of Contributors xxxv

Terry Marsden John H McKendrick

School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Scottish Poverty and Inequality Research Unit, Glasgow
Cardiff, United Kingdom Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Alan Marshall Katharine McKinnon
School of Social and Political Science, University of Department of Social Inquiry and La Trobe Rural Health
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
David Martin Ethan McLean
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George,
University of Southampton, Southampton, United BC, Canada
Kingdom
Heather McLean
Peter R Martin School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
School of Geography and the Environment, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Jessica McLean
Liz Mason-Deese Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie
Manassas, VA, United States University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Colin Mason Kate McLean
Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury,
Glasgow, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Elizabeth Mavroudi Phil McManus
Geography and Environment, School of Social Sciences, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney,
Loughborough University, Loughborough, NSW, Australia
United Kingdom
Kendra McSweeney
Department of Geography, Ohio State University,
Eugene McCann
Columbus, OH, United States
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, BC, Canada Kathleen J Mee
Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Andrew McCartan Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of
Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia

J McCarthy Tom Mels

Critical Geography, King’s College London, London, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala
United Kingdom; and Bad Homburg, Germany University - Campus Gotland, Visby, Sweden
Sean Mendonca
Andrew G McClelland Georgetown, Guyana
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom Jeremy Mennis
Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple
Derek P McCormack University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
School of Geography and the Environment, University of
Peter Merriman
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
K McCracken Paula Meth
Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Pamela McElwee
Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State David R Meyer
University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United Olin Business School, Washington University in St.
States Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Jennifer McGarrigle Frank Meyer
Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning (IGOT), Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Leipzig,
University of Lisbon, Portugal Germany
xxxvi List of Contributors

William B Meyer BE Montz

Department of Geography, Colgate University, East Carolina University, Greenville, NY, United States
Hamilton, NY, United States
Graham Moon
Christiana Miewald School of Geography and Environmental Science,
Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Burnaby, BC, Canada Kingdom
Judith Miggelbrink Katie Moon
Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany School of Business, University of New South Wales,
Canberra, ACT, Australia
Elisabeth Militz
Department of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Peter Mooney
Switzerland Department of Computer Science, The National
University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
Tina Miller
Kelowna, BC, Canada M Morad
London South Bank University, London, United
Bruce V Millett
Kingdom
South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United
States KM Morin
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, United States
Nate Millington
Department of Geography, The University of Bruno Moriset
Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom University Jean Moulin, Lyon, France
Claudio Minca Richard Morrill
Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United
University, Sydney, NSW, Australia States
Karyn Morrissey
Jayalaxshmi Mistry
European Centre for Environment and Human Health,
Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of
University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United
London, Egham, United Kingdom
Kingdom
Clare JA Mitchell Lan Mu
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States

Paul Mkandawire Sayani Mukhopadhyay

Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, Human Rights Department of Geography, Asutosh College, Kolkata,
Program, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada India
Darla K Munroe
Nalini Mohabir Department of Geography, The Ohio State University,
Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Columbus, OH, United States
Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Alan T Murray
Giles Mohan Department of Geography, University of California
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
Kingdom
Amber Murrey
Patricia L Mokhtarian Department of Geography and the Environment,
University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Malene Monka D Mustafa

Center for Dialectology, Department of Nordic Studies Critical Geography, King’s College London, London,
and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, United Kingdom; and Bad Homburg, Germany
Denmark
Caroline Nagel
Marius Monsrud Department of Geography, University of South Carolina,
NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Bergen, Norway Columbia, SC, United States
 List of Contributors xxxvii

Takashi Nakazawa Morton E O’Kelly

School of Business Administration, Meiji University, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United
Tokyo, Japan States
David P Nally Shannon O’Lear
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
AA Naseemullah John O’Loughlin
King’s College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of Colorado at
Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
Catherine J Nash
Department of Geography, Brock University, St. Phillip O’Neill
Catharines, ON, Canada School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western
Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Anoop Nayak
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, University David O’Sullivan
of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom Department of Geography, University of California
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
S Neal
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Tor H Oiamo
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies,
Roderick P Neumann
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, Florida
International University, Miami, FL, United States Jonathan Oldfield
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Andrea J Nightingale
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Rachel Olsen
The Firelight Group, Vancouver, BC, Canada
P Nijkamp
Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elizabeth Olson
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
Padini Nirmal
States
Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Kenneth R Olwig
Becki Nookemis
Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and
Department of Psychology, Vancouver Island University,
Management, SLU-Alnarp, Alnarp, Sweden
Nanaimo, BC, Canada
Elizabeth Opiyo Onyango
Glen Norcliffe
Department of Geography and Environmental
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,
Patricia Noxolo Canada
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
Joseph R Oppong
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United
Department of Geography, University of North Texas,
Kingdom
Denton, TX, United States
Neil Nunn
Meghann Ormond
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
Cian O’Callaghan
Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Mark Ortiz
Dublin, Ireland University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United
States
Kevin O’Connor
Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, David T Ory
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Federal Transit Administration, Washington, DC,
United States
Nathaniel O’Grady
Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, The Evaristus Oshionebo
University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
xxxviii List of Contributors

Ulrich Oslender Marianna Pavlovskaya

Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, School Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
of International and Public Affairs, Florida International Hunter College - CUNY, Ph.D. Program in Earth and
University, Miami, FL, United States Environmental Sciences, CUNY Graduate Center, New
York, NY, United States
Samuel M Otterstrom
Department of Geography, Brigham Young University,
Linda J Peake
Provo, UT, United States
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Samuel Owusu-Agyemang
Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Jamie Pearce
Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
States
Deborah Peel
Francis Owusu University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
Department of Community and Regional Planning,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States J Richard Peet
George Owusu Graduate School of Geography, Clark University,
Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research Worcester, MA, United States
(ISSER), Centre for Urban Management Studies
Tiina Peil
(CUMS), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Institute for Culture and Learning, Södertörn University,
Anssi Paasi Stockholm, Sweden
Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu,
Finland Jan Penrose
Institute of Geography, School of GeoSciences,
LC Pace
The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
Department for the Study of Religions, Wake Forest
Kingdom
University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
Michael Pacione Chris Perkins
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of School of Environment, Education and Development,
Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Geography, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Kingdom; and The University of Manchester,
Manchester, United Kingdom
Antonio Páez
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada George LW Perry
School of Environment, University of Auckland,
Ben Page
Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Geography, University College London,
London, United Kingdom Michael P Peterson
University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United
Sam Page
States
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Aparna Phadke
K Parker
Department of Geography, University of Mumbai,
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps, London,
Mumbai, India
United Kingdom
NA Phelps
Christof Parnreiter
University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,
Department of Geography, University of Hamburg,
Australia
Hamburg, Germany
Catherine Phillips
Michael Parnwell
School of Geography, University of Melbourne, Carlton,
University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
VIC, Australia
Jerry Patchell
DR Phillips
Division of Social Sciences, Hong Kong University of
Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
 List of Contributors xxxix

Martin Phillips Valerie Preston

School of Geography, Geology and Environment, Department of Geography, York University, Toronto,
University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom ON, Canada
Graham Pickren John Preston
Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, United States Transportation Group, University of Southampton,
Southampton, United Kingdom
Jan Nederveen Pieterse
University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Georges Prévélakis
CA, United States University of Pantheon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Paris,
France
Etienne Piguet
Institute of Geography, University of Neuchâtel, Linda Price
Neuchâtel, Switzerland Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
Andy Pike Russell Prince
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(CURDS), Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne,
B Pritchard
United Kingdom
School of Geosciences, University of Sydney,
Steven Pinch Camperdown, NSW, Australia
Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Carolyn Prouse
Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s
David Pinder University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Department of People and Technology, Roskilde
Samantha Punch
University, Roskilde, Denmark
University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Iva Maria Miranda Pires
Gita Pupedis
Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, NOVA
School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC,
University Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Australia
Paul Plummer
Martin Purvis
Department of Geography, The University of Western
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, United
Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Kingdom
Lucas Pohl
Junxi Qian
Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Department of Geography, The University of Hong
Jane Pollard Kong, Hong Kong, China
Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies,
Mike Raco
School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle
Bartlett School of Planning, University College London,
University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
London, United Kingdom
Colin G Pooley
Pauliina Raento
Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Ate Poorthuis
Saraswati Raju
Singapore University of Technology and Design,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Singapore, Singapore
B Ramírez
Clive Potter
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City,
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Mexico
Marcus Power
Maano Ramutsindela
University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
Department of Environmental and Geographical
Andy C Pratt Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South
London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom Africa
Other documents randomly have
different content
 For her heart in his grave is lying!

11. She sings the wild song of her dear native plains,
Every note which he loved awaking;
Ah! little they think who delight in her strains,
How the heart of the Minstrel is breaking!

12. He had lived for his love, for his country he died,
They were all that to life had entwined him;
Nor soon shall the tears of his country be dried,
Nor long will his love stay behind him.

13. O! make her a grave where the sunbeams rest,

When they promise a glorious morrow;
They’ll shine o’er her sleep, like a smile from the West,
From her own loved island of sorrow!

[89] Tragˊ
-i-cal, mournful, calamitous.
[90] Exˊ
-e-cuted (here means) put to death.
[91] Re-pelledˊ
, resisted.
[92] Ferˊ
vor, warmth, ardor.

[93] Portˊ
al, an entrance, a gateway.

[94] Sen-si-bil-i-tyˊ
, delicate feeling, tenderness.
[95] Disˊ
-si-pate, to disperse, to scatter.
[96] Solˊ
-i-tude, loneliness, seclusion.
[97] Blandˊ
-ish-ments, artful caresses, soothing words.
[98] Mas ˊ
-quer-ade ˊ
, an assemblage of persons for amusement in
which masks are worn.
[99] Ab-stracˊ
-tion, absence of mind.
[100] Orˊ
-ches-tra, a place or gallery for musicians.
[101] Garˊ
-ish, gaudy, showy.
[102] Ca-priˊ
-cious-ness, freak, whimsicalness.
 XIII.—LITTLE VICTORIES.
Remark.—In conversational pieces like the following, the manner
of each speaker should be imitated, as in a dialogue.

1. “Oh, mother, now that I have lost my limb, I can never be a

soldier or a sailor; I can never go round the world!” And Hugh burst
into tears, now more really afflicted than he had ever been yet. His
mother sat on the bed beside him, and wiped away his tears as they
flowed, while he told her, as well as his sobs would let him, how long
and how much he had reckoned on going round the world, and how
little he cared for anything else in future; and now this was the very
thing he should never be able to do!
2. He had practiced climbing ever since he could remember, and
now this was of no use; he had practiced marching, and now he
should never march again. When he had finished his complaint,
there was a pause, and his mother said, “Hugh, you have heard of
Huber.”
“The man who found out so much about bees?” said Hugh.
“Bees and ants. When Huber had discovered[103] more than had
ever been known about these, and when he was sure that he could
learn still more, and was more and more anxious to peep into their
tiny[104] homes, and curious ways, he became blind.”
3. Hugh sighed, and his mother went on.
“Did you ever hear of Beethoven? He was one of the greatest
musical composers[105] that ever lived. His great, his sole delight,
was in music. It was the passion of his life. When all his time and all
his mind were given to music, he suddenly became deaf, perfectly
deaf; so that he never more heard one single note from the loudest
orchestra[106]. While crowds were moved and delighted with his
compositions[107] it was all silence to him.” Hugh said nothing.
 4. “Now do you think,” asked his mother—and Hugh saw that a
mild and gentle smile beamed from her countenance—“do you think
that these people were without a heavenly Parent?”
“Oh no! but were they patient?” asked Hugh.
“Yes, in their different ways and degrees. Would you suppose that
they were hardly treated? Or would you not rather suppose, that
their Father gave them something better to do, than they had
planned for themselves?”
5. “He must know best, of course; but it does seem very hard,
that that very thing should happen to them. Huber would not have
so much minded being deaf, perhaps; or that musical man being
blind.”
“No doubt their hearts often swelled within them, at their
disappointments; but I fully believe that they very soon found God’s
will to be wiser than their wishes. They found, if they bore their trial
well, that there was work for their hearts to do, far nobler than any
the head could do through the eye, or the ear. And they soon felt a
new and delicious pleasure, which none but the bitterly disappointed
can feel.”
“What is that?”
6. “The pleasure of rousing the soul to bear pain, and of agreeing
with God silently, when nobody knows what is in the breast. There is
no pleasure like that of exercising one’s soul in bearing pain, and of
finding one’s heart glow with the hope that one is pleasing God.”
“Shall I feel that pleasure?”
“Often and often, I have no doubt; every time you can willingly
give up your wish to be a soldier, or a sailor, or any thing else you
have set your mind upon, you will feel that pleasure. But I do not
expect it of you yet. I dare say, it was long a bitter thing to
Beethoven to see hundreds of people in raptures[108] with his music
when he could not hear a note of it.”
7. “But did he ever smile again?” asked Hugh.
 “If he did, he was happier than all the fine music in the world
could have made him,” replied his mother.
“I wonder, oh, I wonder if I shall ever feel so!”
“We will pray to God that you may. Shall we ask him now?”
Hugh clasped his hand. His mother kneeled beside the bed, and,
in a very few words, prayed that Hugh might be able to bear his
misfortune[109] well, and that his friends might give him such help
and comfort as God should approve.

[103] Dis-covˊ
-ered, found out.
[104] Tinˊ
-y, very small.
[105] Com-posˊ
er, an author.

[106] Orˊ
-ches-tra, a body of musicians.
[107] Com-po-siˊ
-tions, musical pieces.
[108] Raptˊ
-ures, extreme delight.
[109] Mis-forˊ
-tune, calamity.
 XIV.—LITTLE VICTORIES.—Continued.

8. Hugh found himself subject to very painful feelings sometimes,

such as no one quite understood, and such as he feared no one was
able to pity as they deserved. On one occasion, when he had been
quite merry for a while, and his mother and sister Agnes were
chatting[110] they thought they heard a sob from the sofa. They
spoke to Hugh, and found that he was indeed crying bitterly.
“What is it, my dear,” said his mother. “Agnes, have we said
anything that could hurt his feelings?”
“No, no,” sobbed Hugh. “I will tell you presently.”
9. And presently he told them, that he was so busy listening to
what they said, that he forgot every thing else, when he felt as if
something got between two of his toes; unconsciously he put down
his hand, as if his foot was there! Nothing could be plainer than the
feeling in his toes; and, then, when he put out his hand, and found
nothing, it was so terrible! it startled him so! It was a comfort to find
that his mother knew about this. She came, and kneeled by his sofa,
and told him that many persons who had lost a limb, considered this
the most painful thing they had to bear, for some time; but that,
though the feeling would return occasionally through life, it would
cease to be painful.
10. Hugh was very much dejected[111], and when he thought of
the months and years, to the end of his life, and that he should
never run and play, and never be like other people, he almost
wished that he was dead.
Agnes thought that he must be miserable indeed, if he could
venture to say this to his mother. She glanced at her mother’s face,
but there was no displeasure there. On the contrary, she said this
feeling was very natural. She had felt it herself, under smaller
misfortunes than Hugh’s; but she had found, though the prospect
appears all strewn[112] with troubles, that they come singly, and are
not so hard to bear, after all.
11. She told Hugh, that when she was a little girl, she was very
lazy, fond of her bed, and not at all fond of dressing or washing.
“Why, mother! you?” exclaimed Hugh.
“Yes; that was the sort of little girl I was. Well, I was in despair,
one day, at the thought that I should have to wash and clean my
teeth, and brush my hair, and put on every article of dress, every
morning as long as I lived.”
“Did you tell any body?” asked Hugh.
12. “No; I was ashamed to do that; but I remember I cried. You
see how it turns out. When we have become accustomed to any
thing, we do it without ever thinking of the trouble, and, as the old
fable tells us, the clock, that has to tick so many millions of times,
has exactly the same number of seconds to do it in. So will you find,
that you can move about on each separate occasion, as you wish,
and practise will enable you to do it without any trouble or thought.”
“But this is not all, nor half what I mean,” said Hugh.
13. “No, my dear, nor half what you will have to bear. You resolved
to bear it all patiently, I remember. But what is it you dread the
most?”
“Oh! all manner of things. I can never do like other people.”
“Some things,” replied his mother. “You can never play cricket, as
every Crofton boy would like to do. You can never dance at your
sister’s Christmas parties.”
14. “Oh! mamma!” cried Agnes, with tears in her eyes, and with
the thought in her mind, that it was cruel to talk so.
“Go on! go on!” cried Hugh, brightening. “You know what I feel,
mother; and you don’t keep telling me, as others do, and even sister
Agnes, sometimes, that it will not signify much, and that I shall not
care, and all that; making out that it is no misfortune, hardly, when I
know what it is, and they don’t. Now then, go on, mother! What
else?”
15. “There will be little checks and mortifications continually, when
you see little boys leaping over this, and climbing that, and playing
at the other, while you must stand out, and can only look on. And
some people will pity you, in a way you will not like; and some may
even laugh at you.”
“Oh mamma!” exclaimed Agnes.
“Well, and what else?” said Hugh.
16. “Sooner or later, you will have to follow some way of life
determined by this accident, instead of one that you would have
liked better.”
“Well, what else?”
“I must ask you, now. I can think of nothing more; and I hope
there is not much else; for, indeed, I think here is quite enough for a
boy, or any one else, to bear.”
“I will bear it, though; you will see.”
17. “You will find great helps. These misfortunes, of themselves
strengthen one’s mind. They have some advantages, too. You will be
a better scholar for your lameness, I have no doubt. You will read
more books, and have a mind richer in thoughts. You will be more
beloved by us all, and you yourself will love God more for having
given you something to bear for His sake. God Himself will help you
to bear your trials. You will conquer your trials one by one, and by a
succession of little victories, will, at last, completely triumph over
all.”

[110] Chatˊ
-ting, talking familiarly.
[111] De-jectˊ
-ed, discouraged, low-spirited.
[112] Strewn, scattered.
 XV.—OUR TITLES.

1. Are we not Nobles? we who trace

Our Pedigree[113] so high,
That God for us and for our race
Created Earth and Sky,
And Light, and Air, and Time, and Space,
To serve us, and then die.

2. Are we not Princes? we who stand

As heirs beside the Throne;
We who can call the promised land
Our Heritage,[114] our own;
And answer to no less command
Than God’s, and His alone.

3. Are we not Kings? both night and day,

From early until late,
About our bed, about our way,
A guard of Angels wait;
And so we watch, and work, and pray
In more than royal state.

4. Are we not holy? do not start;

It is God’s sacred will
To call us Temples set apart
His Holy Ghost may fill;
Our very food.... Oh hush, my heart,
Adore It and be still!

5. Are we not more? Our life shall be

Immortal[115] and divine;
The nature Mary gave to Thee,
Dear Jesus, still is Thine;
 Adoring in Thy Heart I see
Such blood as beats in mine.

6. O God! that we can dare to fail,

And dare to say we must!
O God, that we can ever trail
Such banners in the dust,
Can let such starry honors pale,
And such a Blazon[116] rust!

7. Shall we upon such Titles bring

The taint of sin and shame?
Shall we, the children of the King
Who hold so grand a claim,
Tarnish, by any meaner thing,
The glory of our name?

[113] Pedˊ
-i-gree, lineage, line of descent from a progenitor.
[114] Her ˊ-it-age, an estate that passes from an ancestor to an
heir.
[115] Im-morˊ
-tal, exempt from death.
[116] Blaˊ
-zon, a coat of arms.
 XVI.—THE WIDOW OF THE PINE
COTTAGE.

1. It was Saturday night, and the widow of the Pine Cottage sat by
her blazing fagots,[117] with her five tattered children at her side,
endeavoring, by listening to the artlessness, of their prattle,[118] to
dissipate[119] the heavy gloom that pressed upon her mind. For a
year, her own feeble hand had provided for her helpless family, for
she had no supporter: she thought of no friend in all the wide,
unfriendly world around.
2. But that mysterious Providence, the wisdom of whose ways is
above human comprehension, had visited her with wasting sickness,
and her little means had become exhausted. It was now, too, mid-
winter, and the snow lay heavy and deep through all the surrounding
forests, while storms still seemed gathering in the heavens, and the
driving wind roared among the neighboring pines, and rocked her
puny[120] mansion.
3. The last herring smoked upon the coals before her; it was the
only article of food she possessed, and no wonder her forlorn,
desolate state brought up in her lone bosom all the anxieties of a
mother, when she looked upon her children; and no wonder, forlorn
as she was, if she suffered the heart-swellings of despair to rise,
even though she knew that He, whose promise is to the widow and
to the orphan, can not forget his word.
4. Providence had, many years before, taken from her her eldest
son, who went from his forest home to try his fortune on the high
seas, since which she had heard no tidings of him; and, later still,
the hand of death deprived her of the companion and staff of her
earthly pilgrimage,[121] in the person of her husband. Yet to this
hour she had upborne; she had not only been able to provide for her
little flock, but had never lost an opportunity of ministering to the
wants of the miserable and destitute.
5. The indolent may well bear with poverty, while the ability to
gain sustenance remains. The individual who has but his own wants
to supply, may suffer with fortitude the winter of want; his affections
are not wounded, his heart not wrung. The most desolate in
populous cities may hope, for charity has not quite closed her hand
and heart, and shut her eyes on misery.
6. But the industrious mother of helpless and depending children,
far from the reach of human charity, has none of these to console
her. And such a one was the widow of the Pine Cottage; but as she
bent over the fire, and took up the last scanty remnant of food, to
spread before her children, her spirits seemed to brighten up, as by
some sudden and mysterious impulse, and Cowper’s beautiful lines
came uncalled across her mind:

Judge not the Lord by feeble sense,

But trust Him for His grace;
Behind a frowning Providence
He hides a smiling face.

7. The smoked herring was scarcely laid upon the table, when a
gentle rap at the door, and loud barking of a dog, attracted the
attention of the family. The children flew to open it, and a weary
traveler, in tattered garments, and apparently indifferent health,
entered and begged a lodging, and a mouthful of food. Said he, “It
is now twenty-four hours since I tasted bread.” The widow’s heart
bled anew as under a fresh complication[122] of distresses; for her
sympathies[123] lingered not around her fireside. She hesitated not
even now; rest and a share of all she had she proffered to the
stranger. “We shall not be forsaken,” said she, “or suffer deeper for
an act of charity.”
8. The traveler drew near the board, but when he saw the scanty
fare, he raised his eyes toward heaven with astonishment: “And is
this all your store?” said he, “and a share of this do you offer to one
you know not? then never saw I charity before! but, madam,” said
he, continuing, “do you not wrong your children by giving a part of
your last mouthful to a stranger?”
9. “Ah,” said the poor widow, and the tear-drops gushed[124] into
her eyes as she said it, “I have a boy, a darling son, somewhere on
the face of the wide world, unless heaven has taken him away, and I
only act toward you, as I would that others should act toward him.
God, who sent manna[125] from heaven, can provide for us as He
did for Israel; and how should I this night offend Him, if my son
should be a wanderer, destitute as you, and He should have
provided for him a home, even poor as this, were I to turn you
unrelieved away.”
10. The widow ended, and the stranger, springing from his seat,
clasped her in his arms: “God, indeed, has provided your son a
home, and has given him wealth to reward the goodness of his
benefactress: my mother! oh, my mother!” It was her long-lost son,
returned to her bosom from the Indies. He had chosen that disguise
that he might the more completely surprise his family; and never
was surprise more perfect, or followed by a sweeter cup of joy.
11. That humble residence in the forest was exchanged for one
comfortable, and indeed beautiful, in the valley; and the widow lived
long with her dutiful son, in the enjoyment of worldly plenty, and in
the delightful employments of virtue; and, at this day, the passer-by
is pointed to the willow that spreads its branches above her grave.

[117] Fagˊ
-ots; bundles of sticks used for fuel.
[118] Pratˊ
-tle; trifling talk.
[119] Disˊ
-si-pate; to scatter, to disperse.
[120] Puˊ
-ny; small and weak.
[121] Pilˊ
-grim-age; the journey of human life.
[122] Com-pli-ca ˊ-tion; the act of mingling together several
things.
 [123] Symˊ
-pa-thies; compassion.
[124] Gushed; flowed copiously.
[125] Man ˊ-na; food miraculously provided by God for the
Israelites.
 XVII.—A PSALM OF LIFE.

longfellow.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born at Portland, Maine, in
1807. He is one of the most popular of living poets.

1. Tell me not, in mournful numbers,

Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.

2. Life is real! Life is earnest!

And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.

3. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

Is our destined[126] end or way,
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.

4. Art is long, and time is fleeting;

And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled[127] drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.

5. In the world’s broad field of battle,

In the bivouac[128] of life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!

6. Trust no Future, howe’er pleasant,

Let the dead past bury its dead!
 Act—act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’erhead.

7. Lives of great men all remind us,

We can make our lives sublime;[129]
And, departing, leave behind us
Foot-prints[130] on the sands of time;—

8. Foot-prints, that, perhaps, another,

Sailing over life’s solemn[131] main,[132]
A forlorn[133] and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.

9. Let us, then, be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving,[134] still pursuing,[135]
Learn to labor, and to wait.

[126] Des’-tin-ed, fated; appointed.

[127] Muf’-fled, covered; wrapped up.
[128] Biv’-ouac (biv’-wak), encampment without tents; a
watching.
[129] Sub-lime’, lofty; grand.
[130] Foot-prints, impression of the foot.
[131] Sol’-emn, grave; serious.
[132] Main, open sea; ocean.
[133] For’-lorn, forsaken; helpless.
[134] A-chiev’-ing, performing; doing.
[135] Pur-su’-ing, following up.
 XVIII.—LET VIRTUE BE YOUR AIM.

1. Whatever be thy lot on earth,

Thy mission[136] here below,
Though Fame may wreathe[137] her laurels[138] fair,
Around your youthful brow,—
If you would rise from earthly things,
And win a deathless name,
Let all your ways be just and right—
Let virtue be your aim.[139]

2. Though cherished[140] friends may traitors[141] prove.

Their kindness all depart,
And leave a mournful spell around
Thy sad and bleeding heart;
Though you may oft be scorned[142] by men,
Or those who bear the name,
Let all your ways be just and right—
Let virtue be your aim.

3. Oh! ye who dwell in stately[143] halls,

Where wealth and fame[144] are known,
Remember you may yet be poor,
Neglected and alone!
But, oh! remember this broad truth,
Ere others’ faults you scan,[145]
Your wealth may make a thousand fools—
But virtue makes the man.

[136] Mis’-sion, errand; business.

[137] Wreathe, entwine.
[138] Lau’-rels, flowers for garlands.
[139] Aim, purpose; intention.
[140] Cher’-ish-ed, dear; loved.
[141] Trai’-tors, betrayers.
[142] Scorn’-ed despised; disdained
[143] State’-ly, magnificent; grand
[144] Fame, renown; glory.
[145] Scan, examine critically.
 XIX. -THE BOBOLINK.

w. irving.

1. The happiest bird of our spring, and one that rivals[146] the
European lark, in my estimation,[147] is the Bobolink. He arrives at
that choice portion of the year, which, in this latitude, answers to the
description[148] of the month of May, so often given by the poets.
With us, it begins about the middle of May, and lasts until nearly the
middle of June.
2. Earlier than this, winter is apt to return on its traces, and to
blight[149] the opening beauties of the year; and later than this,
begin the parching, and panting, and dissolving[150] heats of
summer. But, in this genial[151] interval,[152] Nature is in all her
freshness and fragrance; “the rain is over and gone, the flowers
appear on the earth, the time of the singing of birds is come, and
the voice of the turtle[153] is heard in our land.”
3. The trees are now in their fullest foliage[154] and the brightest
verdure; the woods are gay with the clustered[155] flowers of the
laurel; the air is perfumed by the sweet-brier and the wild rose; the
meadows are enameled[156] with clover-blossoms; while the young
apple, the peach, and the plum, begin to swell, and the cherry to
glow among the green leaves.
4. This is the chosen season of revelry[157] of the Bobolink. He
comes amidst the pomp and fragrance of the season; his life seems
all sensibility[158] and enjoyment, all song and sunshine. He is to be
found in the soft bosoms of the freshet and sweetest meadows; and
is most in song when the clover is in blossom.
 5. He perches[159] on the topmost twig of a tree, or on some
flaunting weed, and, as he rises and sinks with the breeze, pours
forth a succession[160] of rich, tinkling notes, crowding one upon
another, like the outpouring melody of the sky-lark, and possessing
the same rapturous[161] character.
6. Sometimes he pitches from the summit of a tree, begins his
song as soon as he gets upon the wing, and flutters tremulously[162]
down to the earth, as if overcome with ecstasy[163] at his own
music. Sometimes he is in pursuit of his paramour;[164] always in full
song, as if he would win her by his melody; and always with the
same appearance of intoxication[165] and delight.
7. Of all the birds of our groves and meadows, the Bobolink was
the envy of my boyhood. He crossed my path in the sweetest
weather, and the sweetest season of the year, when all Nature called
to the fields, and the rural[166] feeling throbbed in every bosom; but,
when I, luckless urchin, was doomed to be mewed[167] up, during
the livelong day, in a school-room, it seemed as if the little
varlet[168] mocked at me, as he flew by in full song, and sought to
taunt me with his happier lot. O, how I envied him! No lessons, no
tasks, no schools; nothing but holiday, frolic, green fields, and fine
weather.

[146] Ri’-vals, strives to excel.

[147] Es-ti-ma’-tion, opinion; esteem.
[148] De-scrip’-tion, account.
[149] Blight, blast; destroy.
[150] Dis-solv’-ing, melting.
[151] Ge’-ni-al, fruitful; productive.
[152] In’-ter-val, space between.
[153] Tur’-tle, species of dove.
[154] Fo’-li-age, leaves collectively.
[155] Clus’-ter-ed. growing in bunches.
[156] En-am’-el-ed, inlaid; variegated.
[157] Rev’-el-ry, festive mirth; jollity.
[158] Sens-i-bil’-ty, delicate feeling.
[159] Perch’-es, alights.
[160] Suc-ces’-sion, series.
[161] Rap’-tur-ous, joyful; thrilling.
[162] Trem’-u-lous-ly, tremblingly.
[163] Ec’-sta-sy, excessive joy.
[164] Par’-a-mour, lover.
[165] In-tox-i-ca’-tion, high excitement.
[166] Ru’-ral, pertaining to the country.
[167] Mew’-ed, shut up; confined.
[168] Var’-let, scamp; rascal.
 XX.—THE BOBOLINK.—Continued.

1. Farther observation and experience have given me a different

idea of this little feathered voluptuary,[169] which I will venture to
impart, for the benefit of my school-boy readers, who may regard
him with the same unqualified envy and admiration which I once
indulged.
2. I have shown him only as I saw him at first, in what I may call
the poetical part of his career, when he, in a manner, devoted
himself to elegant pursuits and enjoyments, and was a bird of music,
and song, and taste, and sensibility, and refinement. While this
lasted, he was sacred from injury; the very school-boy would not
fling a stone at him, and the merest rustic[170] would pause to listen
to his strain.
3. But mark the difference. As the year advances, as the clover-
blossoms disappear, and the spring fades into summer, his notes
cease to vibrate[171] on the ear. He gradually gives up his elegant
tastes and habits, doffs his poetical and professional suit of black,
assumes a russet,[172] or rather a dusky garb, and enters into the
gross enjoyments of common, vulgar birds.
4. He becomes a bon vivant, a mere gormand;[173] thinking of
nothing but good cheer, and gormandizing on the seeds of the long
grasses, on which he lately swung and chanted so musically. He
begins to think there is nothing like “the joys of the table,” if I may
be allowed to apply that convivial[174] phrase to his indulgences. He
now grows discontented with plain, every-day fare, and sets out on
a gastronomical[175] tour, in search of foreign luxuries.[176]
5. He is to be found in myriads[177] among the reeds of the
Delaware, banquetting[178] on their seeds; grows corpulent[179] with
good feeding, and soon acquires the unlucky renown of the Ortolan.
[180] Wherever he goes, pop! pop! pop! the rusty firelocks of the
country are cracking on every side; he sees his companions falling
by thousands around him; he is the reed-bird, the much-sought for
tit-bit of the Pennsylvanian epicure.[181]
6. Does he take warning and reform? Not he! He wings his flight
still farther south in search of other luxuries. We hear of him
gorging[182] himself in the rice swamps; filling himself with rice
almost to bursting; he can hardly fly for corpulency. Last stage of his
career, we hear of him spitted by dozens, and served up on the table
of the gormand, the most vaunted[183] of southern dainties, the
rice-bird of the Carolinas.
7. Such is the story of the once musical and admired, but finally
sensual[184] and persecuted[185] Bobolink. It contains a moral,
worthy the attention of all little birds and little boys, warning them to
keep to those refined and intellectual[186] pursuits, which raised him
to such a pitch of popularity, during the early part of his career; but
to eschew[187] all tendency to that gross and dissipated[188]
indulgence, which brought this mistaken little bird to an untimely
end.

[169] Vo-lupˊ
-tu-a-ry, one given to pleasure.
[170] Rusˊ
-tic, dweller in the country.
[171] Viˊ
-brate, quiver.
[172] Rusˊ
-set, reddish brown.
[173] Gorˊ
-mand, glutton.
[174] Con-vivˊ
-i-al, festal; social.
[175] Gas-tro-nomˊ
-ic-al, pertaining to good eating.
[176] Luxˊ
-u-ries, dainties.
[177] Myrˊ
-i-ads, tens of thousands.
[178] Banˊ
-quet-ting, feasting.
[179] Corˊ
-pu-lent, fleshy; fat.
[180] Orˊ
-to-lan, delicate, small bird.
[181] Epˊ
-i-cure, one given to luxury.
[182] Gorgˊ
-ing, swallowing greedily.
[183] Vauntˊ
-ed, boasted.
[184] Sensˊ
-u-al, luxurious.
[185] Perˊ
-se-cu-ted, harassed; vexed.
[186] In-tel-lectˊ
-u-al, mental.
[187] Es-chewˊ
, avoid; shun.
[188] Disˊ
-si-pa-ted, loose; abandoned.
 XXI.—WHO IS MY NEIGHBOR?

1. Thy neighbor? It is he whom thou

Hast power to aid[189] and bless,
Whose aching heart, or burning brow
Thy soothing[190] hand may press.

2. Thy neighbor? ’Tis the fainting poor,

Whose eye with want is dim,
Whom hunger sends from door to door—
Go thou, and succor[191] him.

3. Thy neighbor? ’Tis that weary[192] man,

Whose years are at their brim,
Bent low with sickness, cares and pain—
Go thou, and comfort him.

4. Thy neighbor? ’Tis the heart bereft[193]

Of every earthly gem:
Widow[194] and orphan helpless left—
Go thou, and shelter them.

5. Whene’er thou meet’st a human form

Less favored[195] than thine own,
Remember ’tis thy neighbor worm,
Thy brother or thy son.

6. Oh! pass not, pass not heedless by;

Perhaps, thou canst redeem
The breaking heart from misery—
Go, share thy lot with him.

[189] Aid, help; assist.

[190] Soothˊ
-ing, solacing.
[191] Sucˊ
-cor, help; relieve.
[192] Weaˊ
-ry, tired; fatigued.
[193] Be-reftˊ
, deprived.
[194] Widˊ
-ow, a woman whose husband is dead.
[195] Faˊ
-vor-ed, benefitted.
 XXII.—PORTRAIT OF A VIRTUOUS
AND ACCOMPLISHED WOMAN.

fenelon.

1. Antiope is mild, simple, and wise; her hands despise not labor;
she foresees things at a distance; she provides against
contingencies[196] she knows when it is proper to be silent; she acts
regularly and without hurry; she is continually employed, but never
embarrassed,[197] because she does every thing in its proper
season.
2. The good order of her father’s house is her glory, it adds
greater luster[198] to her than beauty. Though the care of all lies
upon her, and she is charged with the burden of reproving,[199]
refusing, retrenching[200] (things which make almost all women
hated), yet she has acquired the love of all the household; and this,
because they do not find in her either passion, or conceitedness,
[201] or levity, or humors as in other women. By a single glance of
her eye, they know her meaning, and are afraid to displease her.
3. The orders she gives are precise; she commands nothing but
what can be performed; she reproves with kindness, and in
reproving encourages. Her father’s heart reposes upon her as a
traveler, fainting beneath the sun’s sultry rays, reposes himself upon
the tender grass under a shady tree.
4. Antiope is a treasure worth seeking in the most remote corners
of the earth. Neither her person nor her mind is set off with vain
ornaments; and her imagination, though lively, is restrained by her
discretion. She never speaks but through necessity; and when she
opens her mouth, soft persuasion and simple graces flow from her
lips. When she speaks, every one is silent; and she is heard with
such attention, that she blushes, and is almost inclined to
suppress[202] what she intended to say; so that she is rarely ever
heard to speak at any length.

[196] Con-tinˊ
-gen-cies, chances, casual events, possibilities.
[197] Em-barˊ
-rassed, perplexed, confused.
[198] Lusˊ
-ter, brightness, splendor, brilliancy.
[199] Re-proveˊ
, to censure to one’s face, to reprimand.
[200] Re-trenchˊ
, to lessen, to curtail.
[201] Con-ceitˊ
-ed-ness, pride, vanity.
[202] Sup-pressˊ
, to restrain, to conceal.
 XXIII.—THE WORK OF TO-DAY.

charles mackay.

1. If Fortune with a smiling face,

Strew roses on our way,
When shall we stoop to pick them up?
To-day, my friend, to-day.
But should she frown with face of care.
And talk of coming sorrow,
When shall we grieve if grieve[203] we must?
To-morrow, friend, to-morrow.

2. If those who’ve wronged us, own their fault,

And kindly pity pray,
When shall we listen, and forgive?
To-day, my friend, to-day.
But, if stern[204] Justice urge[205] rebuke,[206]
And warmth from Memory borrow,
When shall we chide,[207] if chide we dare?
To-morrow, friend, to-morrow.

3. If those to whom we owe a debt,

Are harmed unless we pay,
When shall we struggle to be just?
To-day, my friend, to-day.
But, if our debtor[208] fail our hope,
And plead his ruin thorough,[209]
When shall we weigh his breach[210] of faith?
To-morrow, friend, to-morrow.

4. For virtuous[211] acts, and harmless joys,

 The minutes will not stay;
We’ve always time to welcome them,
To-day, my friend, to-day.
But care, resentment,[212] angry words,
And unavailing sorrow,
Come far too soon, if they appear
To-morrow, friend, to-morrow.

[203] Grieve, mourn, sorrow.

[204] Stern, severe, rigid.
[205] Urge, press, impel.
[206] Re-bukeˊ
, reproof, reprehension.
[207] Chide, blame, reproach.
[208] Debtˊ
-or, one that owes.
[209] Thorˊ
-ough, complete, perfect.
[210] Breach, non-fulfillment, violation.
[211] Virˊ
-tuous, morally good.
[212] Re-sentˊ
-ment, retaliation.
 XXIV.—THE AVARICIOUS MILLER.

goldsmith.
Oliver Goldsmith was born in 1731, at Pallasmore, County of
Longford, Ireland, and died in 1774. The works of Goldsmith are
more popular to-day than those of any English author of the
Eighteenth Century. He was equally successful as a novelist and a
poet. His “Vicar of Wakefield”, “Traveller,” and “Deserted Village”
are each models of excellence in their way. His essays, also, have
rare merit.

1. Whang, the miller, was naturally avaricious;[213] nobody loved

money better than he, or more respected those that had it. When
people would talk of a rich man in company, Whang would say, “I
know him very well; he and I have been very long acquainted; he
and I are intimate.”[214]
2. But, if a poor man was mentioned, he had not the least
knowledge of the man; he might be very well, for aught he knew;
but he was not fond of making many acquaintances, and loved to
choose his company.
3. Whang, however, with all his eagerness[215] for riches, was
poor. He had nothing but the profits of his mill to support him; but,
though these were small, they were certain: while it stood and went,
he was sure of eating; and his frugality[216] was such, that he, every
day, laid some money by; which he would, at intervals, count and
contemplate with much satisfaction.
4. Yet still his acquisitions[217] were not equal to his desires; he
only found himself above want, whereas he desired to be possessed
of affluence.[218] One day, as he was indulging these wishes, he was
informed that a neighbor of his had found a pan of money under
ground, having dreamed of it three nights in succession.[219]
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