CSEC

HSB
Section B 4
The skeletal system
CSEC H.S.B.
The Skeletal
System
1 of 1
2
Section B 4

4.1

identify the major

bones of the
skeleton;

Cranium, clavicle,
scapula, vertebral
column,
humerus, radius,
ulna, rib cage,
sternum, pelvic
girdle, femur, tibia,
fibula.
 The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. Below are the functions.
Section B 4

Movement: Support:
Protection:
The bones of the skeletal system The skeleton provides
4.2 serve as levers for muscles to The skeleton also structural support for the
attach to and allow for movement. protects vital organs such body. It maintains the
relate the Bones are connected by joints, as the brain, heart, and shape of the body and
structure of the which enable various types of lungs. allows us to stand
skeleton to its movement, such as rotation, upright.
functions; hinge-like movement, and sliding.

Movement, Breathing: Production of blood cells:

protection,
support, The intercostal muscles The bone marrow of the skeletal system
breathing, between the ribs contract during also plays a key role in the production of
production inhalation, causing the ribcage red blood cells, white blood cells and
to expand and creating space platelets.
of blood cells.
for the lungs to expand and fill
with air.
 Proximal cartilage
epiphysis
Section B 4 (head)
Periosteum Peri - us - t - um
e -pif -uh·sis
membrane of blood
Spongy bone
vessels and nerves
that wraps around
most of your bones
Medullary Blood Vessel
Cavity
4.3
Periosteum
Compact
Di -ah -fa - sis Bone
relate the Compact Bone
structure of a diaphysis
Spongy Bone
typical bone to (shaft)
its functions;

Medullary Cavity → Contains Bone Marrow

Diagram of long
bone required
(internal view). e -pif -uh·sis

Distal
epiphysis
cartilage
Compact bone forms the outer layer of long bones, is dense and solid, and
provides strength and protection.

Spongy bone forms the inner layer of flat and irregular bones, has a porous
structure, and contributes to shock absorption and reducing weight.
Section B 4
Tissue Structure Properties Function

Hard matrix of calcium phosphate Protection Support Muscle

Bone in which tough collagen fibres are Hard and rigid attachment so that levers
embedded are formed for movement
4.4
Cushioning layer at ends Prevents bone rubbing on
Cartilage Tough, but flexible matrix
of bones bone
distinguish
between bone
Connects muscle to bone
and cartilage; Tendon
Tough matrix containing collagen
Tough and does not stretch to transmit force of
fibres
contraction

Comparison of Tough but slightly flexible matrix

Joins bone to bone Allows
characteristics Ligament containing collagen fibres and Can stretch a little
movement at a joint
of bone and elastic fibres
cartilage.
. Skeletal Made up of many muscle fibres Allows movement
Can contract
muscle containing contractile proteins Maintains posture
 Cartilage is important because it acts as a cushion or shock absorber between
Section B 4 bones in joints, preventing them from rubbing against each other and wearing down.
It also provides structure and support to various parts of the body, such as the nose
and ears.

4.5

explain the
importance of
cartilage;
.
Section B 4

Tissue Structure Properties Function

4.6 Tough matrix containing collagen

Connects muscle to bone
Tendon Tough and does not stretch to transmit force of
fibres
distinguish contraction
between
Tough but slightly flexible matrix
tendons and Joins bone to bone Allows
Ligament containing collagen fibres and Can stretch a little
Ligaments; elastic fibres
movement at a joint

Comparison of
characteristics
and functions of
tendons and
ligaments.
Section B 4 A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet

Hinge joint: A hinge joint is a type of joint that allows

4.7 & 4.8 movement in only one direction, like the opening and closing of a
door. Examples of hinge joints in the human body include the elbow
identify a hinge and the knee joints.
joint, fixed joint,
and ball
and socket
joint;
Fixed joint: A fixed joint, also known as an immovable joint, is a
type of joint that does not allow any movement. Examples of fixed
joints in the human body include the the bones of the skull and the
Diagrams
teeth in their sockets.
required.
Definition of the
term joint;
location of Ball and socket joint: A ball and socket joint is a type of joint
joints. that allows movement in multiple directions, including rotation. It
consists of a spherical head of one bone fitting into a cup-shaped
cavity of another bone. Examples of ball and socket joints in the
human body include the shoulder and hip joints.
Section B 4 contracted Point of origin
relaxed

4.9

identify the
biceps and
triceps of the
upper arm;

Diagrams
required; points
of origin
(location and
definition);
points of relaxed contracted
insertion Point of insertion
(location and
definition)
Section B 4 Point of Origin Insertion

The point of origin is the part of the muscle that The insertion is the part of the muscle that
attaches to the bone that is the least movable attaches to the bone that is moved the most
4.9 during contraction. during contraction.

identify the
biceps and
triceps of the The point of origin is usually closer to the body's The insertion is usually further from the
upper arm;
midline. body's midline.

Diagrams
required; points
of origin
(location and
definition);
points of
insertion
(location and
definition)
 Skeletal muscles function by contracting and relaxing to produce movement in a limb.
Section B 4 When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the bone to which it is attached, causing the limb to move.
Multiple muscles work together in coordinated groups to produce smooth and efficient
movement, and the nervous system sends signals to the muscles to control their actions.

4.10 Antagonistic muscles work in pairs to produce movement in the body. One
muscle in the pair contracts to move the joint, while the other muscle relaxes to allow the
explain how
skeletal muscles movement to happen.
function in the
movement of a
limb;

Diagrams
required; the role
of antagonistic
muscles in the
movement of
limbs; effect of
exercise – muscle
tone.
Section B 4 Locomotion, or the ability to move from one place to another, is very important
to humans because it allows us to perform essential activities of daily living, such as
walking, running, and standing upright.

Locomotion is important for humans because it is essential for our survival, our
mobility, and our overall health and quality of life.
4.11

explain the
importance of
locomotion to
man;
Section B 4

Factor Adverse Effects

4.12 Excess strain on bones, joints, and muscles

evaluate the
factors which Poor posture Pain and discomfort in neck, shoulders, back, and hips
adversely affect
the skeletal Abnormal spinal curvature (e.g. scoliosis or kyphosis)
system.

Foot problems (e.g. blisters, calluses, etc.)

Include posture
and poor Poor foot-wear Imbalances and abnormalities in gait
foot-wear
Excess strain on lower body joints and bones