Saic Professional Training Center

-A Sister Concern of Saic Group

Competency Based Learning Material

(CBLM) On
Caregiving
Level: 02
(General Caregiving)
Prepared By: Dr.SM Ashik Faysal
Dr. Hasib Chowdhury Rizvy
Dr.Md. Sabit Bin Hasan
MBBS(DU), Lecturer-Saic Nursing College

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 Table of Contents

1. Introduction......................................................................................................01

2. Generic Competencies
GC002L2V1: Apply OSH Procedure in the Workplace...........................................02

GU003L2V1: Carryout Workplace Interaction..................................................... 14

GU006L3V1: Apply Basic IT Skills..........................................................................46
GU008L2V1: Work in a Team Environment..........................................................74

3. Sector Specific Competencies

ISHU001L2V1: Interpret the ground rules of caregiving......................................89
ISHU002L2V1: Comply with legal and ethical issues in caregiving......................105
ISHU003L2V1: Carryout basic first aid................................................................118

4. Occupation Specific Competencies

ISCG001L1V1: Perform Health Screening...........................................................144
ISCG002L1V1: Assist Activities of Daily Living (ADLs).........................................180
ISCG003L1V1: Perform Clinical Caregiving........................................................190
ISCG004L1V1: Maintain Nutrition, Food Safety and Diet plan...........................220
ISCG005L1V1: Maintain basic Housekeeping in caregiving................................229
ISCG006L1V1: Apply Basic Physiotherapy in caregiving....................................244

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1. Introduction
The NSDA aims to enhance an individual’s employability by certifying level of
competency of an individual. NSDA works to expand the skilling capacity of
identified public and private training providers qualitatively and quantitatively. It
also aims to establish and operationalize a responsive skill ecosystem and delivery
mechanism through a combination of well-defined set of mechanisms and
necessary technical supports. Key priority economic growth sectors identified by
the government have been targeted by NSDA to improve current job skills along
with existing workforce to ensure required skills to industry standards. Training
providers are encouraged and supported to work with industry to address
identified skills and knowledge to enable industry growth and increased
employment through the provision of market responsive inclusive skills training
program. Caregiving is selected as one of the priority occupations of Informal
Sector. This standard is developed to adopt a demand driven approach to training
with effective inputs from Industry Skills Councils (ISC’s), employer associations
and employers. Generally, a competency standard informs curriculum, learning
materials, assessment and certification of trainees enrolled in Skills training.
Trainees who successfully pass the assessment will receive a qualification in the
National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) and will be listed on the NSDA’s
online portal. This competency standard is developed to improve skills and
knowledge in accordance with the job roles, duties and tasks of the occupation
and ensure that the required skills and knowledge are aligned to industry
requirements. A series of stakeholder consultations, workshops were held to
develop this document. The document also details the format, sequencing,
wording and layout of the Competency Standard for an occupation which is
comprised of Units of Competence and its corresponding Elements.

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 Page 02

GC002L2V1: Apply OSH Procedure in the Workplace

1. Identify OSH Policies and procedures.
2. Follow OSH Procedure.
3. Report hazards and risk.
4. Respond to emergencies.
5. Maintain personal well-being.

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 OHS Policies
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a
strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. Its goal is to prevent accidents and harm to people from work-
related activities.

Bangladesh standards for OHS are

 Use of experiences of Bangladeshi workers employed in different countries of the world.

 Adjust and update National OHS policy according to ILO OHS strategy.
 Special attention should be given to the real enforcement of all Labour laws for the health, safety
and welfare of the workers in Bangladesh
 The working women will receive special emphasis from the occupational health system. More
emphasis will be placed on the interaction between work and environmental exposures
(occupation-related accidents, noise-induced hearing loss, occupationally related skin diseases
and occupational cancer).
 Worksite health-promotion, reaching out to workplaces and advertising health-promotion
programs (e.g., time management, smoking cessation, proper nutrition, physical activity, stress
reduction), will be of great importance.
 Safe and hazard free work and workplace are needed for higher productivity, efficiency, quality of
any industrial process. So this area is to be seriously attended and addressed.
 The classic approach to ensuring health and safety in the workplace has depended mainly on the
enactment of legislation and inspection of workplaces to ensure compliance with health and
safety standards.

Fire safety
Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire . Fire safety
measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those that
are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.

Fire safety, rules and regulations

 Get down, get low, get out – smoke is poisonous, get underneath it on your hands and knees, and
crawl to the nearest safe exit.
 Shut the doors behind you to stop the spread of fire and smoke.
 Shout Fire!
 Ensure everyone is out of the building.
 Assess fire safety measures in your built environment with the help of this checklist:
 Provide adequate means of escape.
 Outline clear pathways to exit doors.
 Install smoke detection systems.
 Maintain smoke suppression systems.

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 Conduct regular fire drills.
 Use flame-retardant materials in interiors.

Code of practice

 Management of fire safety.

 Avoidance of outbreak of fire.
 Early detection of fire and early warning to staff and guests to facilitate and adequate response.
 Compartmentation of buildings and provision of escape routes, which are protected from fire and
smoke.
 Limitation of the development and spread of fire.
 Early suppression of fire, where feasible.
 Effective evacuation procedures.
 Access and facilities for the fire service.

Safe operating procedures

Orientation of emergency exists

Emergency exits serve to provide a clear route away from danger. Prevalent in public
buildings and other urban settings, emergency exits are vital in the workplace as well .

Fire Extinguishers

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 Fire extinguishers apply an agent that will cool burning heat, smother fuel or
remove oxygen so the fire cannot continue to burn.

Fire Escape

Fire escape is a device for escape from a burning building especially: a metal stairway attached to the
outside of a building.

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 Fire Escape plan are

 Creating Your Home Fire Escape Plan

 Draw your home floor plan using a home escape plan template.
 Label all the rooms and identify the doors and windows.
 Plan 2 escape routes from every room.
 Provide alternatives for anyone with a disability.
 Agree on a meeting place where everyone will gather after you have escaped.

Emergency procedures

1. Activate the fire alarm.

2. Call 911 immediately and provide information.
3. Assist injured personnel or notify emergency responders of the medical emergency.
4. Exit the building following emergency maps.
5. Assist physically impaired individuals to a secure area and notify emergency responders.
6. Ensure all personnel are out of the building.
7. Do not use the elevators.
8. Use a fire extinguisher only if safe to do so and you have been trained.
9. Assemble personnel at a remote location noted on evacuation maps.
10. Report hazardous conditions.
11. Stay low if confronted with smoke. Check closed doors for heat before opening.
12. Stay away from the building until it is safe to return.

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

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First Aid Procedures

 Protect your own safety at all times.

 For all burns apply cold running (tap) water for at least 20 minutes.
 If running water not available, wet 2 cloths and alternate them onto the
burn every 2 minutes.
 Keep the rest of the body warm.
 Do NOT use ice, butter, creams, etc.

Tagging procedures

The tagging process involves using labels to provide content with additional information (using a particular
set of keywords). Install smoke alarms on every level of your home, inside bedrooms and outside
sleeping areas.
 Test smoke alarms every month. ...
 Talk with all family members about a fire escape plan and practice the plan twice a year.
 If a fire occurs in your home, GET OUT, STAY OUT and CALL FOR HELP.

Personal protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize

exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may
result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace
hazards.

Use of Personal protective Equipment

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 Safety procedures for hazardous substances

 Carefully read the ingredient list of any product or chemical you use. ...
 Purchase the proper personal protective equipment like gloves or goggles. ...
 Be aware of the hazardous materials you come in contact with. ...
 Follow safe procedures when you handle hazardous material.
 : Eliminate the use of a substance.
 Use a safer form of the substance, for example a readymade paste rather than a powder.
 Change the process to emit less of the substance, including waste streams.
 Enclose the process so that the substance does not escape.

Safety signs & symbols

Safety symbols, hazard symbols or safety labels are meaningful and recognizable graphical symbols
that warn of or identify hazards associated with the location or item

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 Direction exits

The exit portion of a route is separated from other areas of the building. It provides a protected pathway
out of the building.

 Exits, such as stairwells, must be protected from other parts of the building by fire-resistant
materials. These materials must have a one-hour fire-resistance rating if the exit connects three
or fewer floors in a building. If it connects more than three floors, it must have a two-hour fire-
resistance rating.
 Exits many only have the openings that are necessary to allow people into the exit from occupied
areas of the building, and for people to discharge from the exit into a safe area (see above). All
openings must have a self-closing, approved fire door. The fire door must either remain closed or
automatically close in an are.

First aid signs

A first aid sign is a visible indicator that emergency first aid assistance is close by or in the direct vicinity of the
sign. It usually takes the form of a red or white plus sign with a white or green background and is a
universal symbol

Danger Tags
Danger tags and lock-out devices are used for isolating equipment during cleaning, servicing,
repairing or alteration, as described in Health & Safety: Isolation, lockout and tag out requirements.

Safety tags: OSHA defines a tag as a device made of card, paper, pasteboard, plastic or other material
used to identify a hazardous condition.

Warning signs

Warning signs are yellow with black lettering or symbols and most are diamond-shaped. These signs
warn you to slow down and be prepared to stop if necessary; a special situation or hazard is ahead.

Personal Protective equipment

Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize

exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses.

Protection of PPE

1. Head Protection. Typical Forms: Hard hats, bump caps, and headwear.
2. Eye Protection. Typical Forms: Safety glasses, welding helmets, face shields.
3. Hearing Protection. Typical Forms: Earmuffs, earplugs.
4. Hand Protection.
5. Respiratory Protection.
6. Foot and Leg Protection.

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 Importance of PPE

Chemical or gas detections

A gas detection system is a system that detects potentially harmful gases. For example, H2S, which
can be a life threat to organic compounds, humans and animals.

Hazards
Occupational hazards can make a cause a number of health problems for workers. These health hazards
can fall under one of the six primary hazard categories: physical hazards, chemical hazards, biological
hazards, ergonomic hazards, and behavioral hazards.

Some common workplace hazards associated with health risks include:

 Loud noises: Hazardous noise levels or exposure to loud noises can result in long-term hearing
damage.
 Hazardous chemicals: Whether a facility is manufacturing chemical substances or simply using
cleaners with harsh chemicals, hazardous chemicals can cause a litany of health problems
including rashes, eye injuries, burns, organ damage, or even death.
 Working from heights: A fall from a platform, crane, roof, or derrick can cause life-altering
injuries if workers are not properly equipped with fall protection.
 Poor air quality: Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) is a common cause of headaches, fatigue, trouble
concentrating, and irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.
 Tripping hazards: Seemingly innocuous, a wet surface or cluttered floor can result in slips, trips,
or falls that cause serious injuries to a person.

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  Electrical hazards: Nearly every workplace has to deal with electricity in one capacity or another,
and that always leads to the dangers associated with electricity. Some common spots to look for
electrical hazards are outlets too close to conductors, torn or frayed wires, overloading circuits,
employees not using LOTO, and more. Keep workers safe by identifying all the risks in your facility
and implementing the proper safeguards.
 Chemicals: Caustic and toxic chemicals pose a danger to workers. Those handling or working
around chemicals will need to know the risks associated with the chemical like what bodily injury
may result from exposure or respirator warnings.

Emergency Procedures
Fires and Fire Evacuations

1. Upon discovering a fire, immediately dial 911, then call the Department of Campus Safety at
(626) 815-3898, or use one of the Code Blue boxes located throughout campus.
2. When a fire alarm sounds, evacuate the building immediately, and DO NOT use elevators.
3. Walk, DO NOT RUN, to the nearest exit, notifying others of the fire. Go to the designated
evacuation site for further instructions.
4. If your clothing catches on fire, DO NOT RUN. STOP, DROP, and ROLL.
5. Immediately notify emergency personnel on the scene if you suspect that someone may be
trapped inside the building.

Earthquakes

1. If indoors, take cover under a desk or table (duck, cover, hold), or stand in a doorway or where
two walls join, away from windows and objects that may fall. If outdoors, stay in an open area
away from buildings, trees, power lines, and other structures. If driving, pull over and stop, away
from overhead power lines.
2. After the shock subsides, proceed outside to an open area.
3. DO NOT use elevators when leaving a building.
4. Follow the instructions of emergency service workers.
5. Immediately notify emergency personnel if you know of a disabled or injured person needing
assistance.

Evacuations

1. You will be notified of an evacuation by audible alarms and flashing lights; verbal notice from an
instructor, Campus Safety officer, or other campus official; and/or the public address system.
2. Walk, DO NOT RUN, to the nearest exit, then to a designated evacuation site.
3. DO NOT use elevators.
4. Follow the instructions of emergency personnel.
5. Immediately notify emergency personnel of any disabled or injured persons needing assistance; if
you are disabled or injured, ASK FOR HELP until you are rescued.
6. Stay with the group you were with inside the building until emergency personnel tell you that you
may leave the area

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Unit Name: Carryout Workplace Interaction

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Unit Code and Title GU003L2V1: Carryout Workplace Interaction
Unit Descriptor:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required to carry out workplace interaction. It
specifically includes interpreting workplace communication and etiquette, reading and
understanding workplace documents, participating in workplace meetings and discussions,
and practicing professional ethics at the workplace.

1. Interpret workplace communication and etiquette

Workplace code of conducts are interpreted as per
Organizational guidelines
 What are codes of conduct in the workplace?
The Workplace code of conduct are interpreted as per organizational guidelines
What is an employee code of conduct? An employee code of conduct (also called a staff code of
conduct) is a set of rules about how employees can and can't behave during work hours. It
shares your expectations for how team members will conduct themselves when they're on
the clock
 Is the code of conduct the same for every organization?
Generally, both are combined into a single document, and an organization rarely has a different
code for each. A code of conduct in practice can range from big picture ideals to specific rules
 What is the purpose of a code of conduct in an Organisation?
A well-written code of conduct clarifies an organization's mission, values, and principles, linking
them with standards of professional conduct. The code articulates the values the organization
wishes to foster in leaders and employees and, in doing so, defines desired behaviour.
 What are the 5 codes of conduct?
What are the five codes of ethics?
 Integrity.
 Objectivity.
 Professional competence.
 Confidentiality.
 Professional behavior.

What are the types of code of conduct?

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Types of code of conduct
 Company's values.
 Employee behaviors.
 Dress code.
 Tardiness/absenteeism.
 Leave policy.
 Employee break policy.
 Conflicts of interest.
 Communication

Appropriate lines of communication are maintained with

Supervisors and colleagues
 How do you maintain good communication with colleagues?
How to Communicate Effectively with Your Colleagues
 Listen actively.
 Speak with discretion and talk face to face.
 Offer constructive criticism.
 Build and earn trust.
 Get personal but don't be too casual.
 Consider communication preference and technology etiquette.
 Tell them how what you're communicating is relevant to them.

 How do you communicate with coworkers and supervisors?

How to communicate better with coworkers
 Use face-to-face communication. Face-to-face communication is more personal than sending
an email.
 Listen.
 Make eye contact.
 Pay attention to nonverbal messages.
 Be present and engaged.
 Participate in the conversation.
 Speak calmly and openly.
 Acknowledge their time.

How can one maintain effective communication with co-workers and supervisors?

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Practice active listening.
Listener instead of worrying about what you are going to say. Practicing active listening skills will
help you understand and anticipate your supervisor's needs and what actions need to be
taken. Take notes as needed so that you will remember more of the conversation and action
items
 What are the key things you should do when arranging communication with a supervisor?
 Use your senses to follow instructions correctly.
 Concentrate. Focus your attention on the supervisor.
 Listen. Pay attention to the words being spoken.
 Question. After you have listened and watched, ask questions.
 Write.
 Practice

 How do you communicate effectively with others?

Steps to better communication
 Let others talk. If someone talks to you about something difficult or important, don't interrupt
them with a story about yourself, even if it's relevant.
 Don't judge others.
 Accept that they may disagree with you.
 Ask open questions.
 Show them you're listening

Workplace interactions are conducted in a courteous

Manner to gather and convey information
 What does it mean to be courteous in the workplace?
According to the learning platform Toppr, courtesy in business communication involves showing
respect to others in the workplace. This means that you need to be sincere and polite through
written or in-person communication.
 How can you be courteous in your workplace?
Here are the details tips on how to be courteous to your co-workers:
1. Say good morning. Exchanging a daily greeting is a must to build successful working
relationships.
2. Say thank you.
3. Show mutual respect.

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4. Volunteer.
5. Be a good cubicle neighbor.
6. Promote effective communication.
7. Clean up your mess.
8. Avoid strong perfumes.
 What are four 4 ways you can demonstrate courteous Behaviour in the workplace?
Examples of How to Show Respect in the Workplace
Treat people with courtesy, politeness, and kindness. Encourage coworkers to express opinions
and ideas. Listen to what others have to say before expressing your viewpoint. Never speak
over or interrupt another person.
 What is meant by courtesy in communication?
Being courteous means that you have taken into consideration the feeling receiver as well as
your own. It also shows that you are positive and your focus is on the audience. Courteous
messages are not at all biased.
 What is proper workplace etiquette?
Be aware of your body language and how others may perceive it. A good rule of thumb is to
stand straight, maintain eye contact, and smile! Make sure you know the workplace dress
code and office policies ahead of time. Arrive on time and be prepared for important
meetings.
 What does courteous behavior mean?
Showing respect and consideration for others: polite.

Questions about routine workplace procedures and matters are

asked and responded as required
 What is required for participating in workplace communication?
Workplace communications and defines the standard required to: follow routine spoken
messages; perform workplace duties by following routine written notices; obtain and provide
information in response to workplace requirements; complete relevant work-related
documents: and participate in workplace meetings and discussions.
 What is the important receive and respond workplace communication?
Good communication can boost teamwork and lead to better project collaboration. It applies to
practically every industry. Workplace communication is important for streamlining internal

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 Communication. Maintaining effective communication ensures that management and the
team below them are on the same page.
 How do you communicate policies and procedures to staff?
How to Communicate Policies and Procedures
 Inform employees up-front.
 Ask for feedback.
 Introduce final product.
 Ask employees to review employee handbook or policy manual.
 Provide training where required.
 Request employee sign-off.

 Why is it so important in participating in workplace meeting and discussion?

Workplace meetings are an important element of business management. Meetings enable you
and your employees to communicate and share information, solve problems or resolve
disputes, improve performance, build teamwork and move projects forward.
 Why is effective communication important in the workplace?
Communication in the workplace is important because it boosts employee morale, engagement,
productivity, and satisfaction. Communication is also key for better team collaboration and
cooperation. Ultimately, effective workplace communication helps drive better results for
individuals, teams, and organizations.
 How can effective communication be improved in the workplace?
Immediate ways to improve communication in the workplace
 Understand your communication channels.
 How do you work with me?
 Keep communication Open.
 Seek first to understand.
 Listen.
 Focus on feedback.
 Take a good, hard look at your meetings.
 Use 1-on-1 meetings

 What are procedures in the workplace?

What is a workplace procedure? A workplace procedure directly relates to workplace policies. A
procedure is a list of steps demonstrating how to implement a policy. Policies and procedures
are used together to give employees a good understanding of company rules and values.

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 What is the importance of workplace procedure?
When employees follow procedures, they perform tasks correctly and provide consistent
customer service. This enhances the quality of your organization's products and services. And,
in turn, improves your company's reputation. Employees can know they are fulfilling their
roles and take pride in their work.
 What are the 3 most important things in a workplace?
There are three key employer characteristics a job seeker should look for in an employment
relationship: reputation, career advancement and work balance. These often show up in
employment surveys as being most important for candidates.

 What is the purpose of workplace safety procedures and instructions?

Safety procedures are an important internal control. Small businesses use safety procedures to
ensure owners and employees do not injure themselves or customers during business
operations. Certain business industries may be subject to more safety procedures than
others.
 Why do health and safety procedures matter?
Research shows that workers are more productive in workplaces that are committed to health
and safety. Reducing down-time caused by illness and accidents means less disruption – and
saves your business money. In some countries, health and safety legislation is criminal law
and you are legally obliged to comply with it
 Why are health and safety policies and procedures important?
The law says that every business must have a policy for managing health and safety. A health
and safety policy sets out your general approach to health and safety. It explains how you, as
an employer, will manage health and safety in your business. It should clearly say who does
what, when, and how.

2. Read and understand workplace documents

Workplace documents are interpreted as per standard.
 What is the document level of a work instruction?
Workplace documents are interpreted as per standard
Level 4 – Forms and Other Documents
Records are a critical output of any procedure or work instruction. They form the basis of your
process communications, audit material, and process improvement initiatives

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 What are standard work instructions?

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Image results for Workplace documents are interpreted as per standard
What are standard work instructions? Standardized Work Instructions (SWI) are instructions
designed to ensure that your manufacturing processes are consistent, timely, and repeatable.
Often the standard work instructions are printed and posted near the operator's work station.
 What is a standard operating procedure vs work instruction?
Image results for Workplace documents are interpreted as per standard
Work instruction shows the person who does the actual work exactly how it is done, step by
step, with image and multimedia support where necessary. SOP, or standard operating
procedure, outlines what is to be done and by who, in accordance with existing company
policies

 What are the five standard operating procedures?

5 Fundamental Steps to Creating Powerful Standard Operating Procedures
 STEP 1 – Develop a list of processes that you believe need SOP creation. ...
 STEP 2 – Plan the process for developing and managing sops. ...
 STEP 3 – Collect information for the content of your SOP. ...
 STEP 4 – Write, review and publish your SOP
 STEP 5 – Maintaining your SOP over time

 What is included in a standard operating procedure?

A step-by-step list of the procedures. Includes explanations of the task's goal, roles and
responsibilities, regulatory requirements, terminology, descriptions of what needs to be done
to complete each step, and a discussion of decisions that must be made. This section will
make up most of the SOP.
 Why is it important to document employee performance?
Overall, documenting employee performance helps you instill fairness in the investigation
process while presenting an objective viewpoint in testing employee behavior in the
workplace. Managers should also keep a file of an employee to keep track of how they're
doing on the job
 What is the purpose of a workplace document?
The Workplace Documents assessment measures skills that individuals use when they read real
workplace documents and use that information to make job-related decisions and solve
problems. The documents include messages, emails, letters, directions, signs, bulletins,
policies, websites, contracts, and regulations

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 What are the 4 types of documentation?

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The four kinds of documentation are:
 Learning-oriented tutorials.
 Goal-oriented how-to guides.
 Understanding-oriented discussions.
 Information-oriented reference material.

 What documents are used in the workplace?

These are email, memos, letters, fax cover sheets, and short reports. You will also learn about
the acronym FAST, which will help you stay mindful about the appropriate Format, Audience,
Style, and Tone of your document. Think back to what you learned in the Foundations module
about the purpose of communication.
Assistance is taken to aid comprehension when required from peers / supervisors
 What is learning from peers?
Assistance is taken to aid comprehension when required frompeers/supervisorss
Put simply, peer-to-peer learning is when one or more students (or co-workers) teach other
students (or co-workers). Regardless of whether individuals are students or co-workers,
people support each other throughout the learning process. It's important each learner has
treated the same no matter their ability.
 What is peer-assisted reading Method?
In PALS, students are divided into pairs and alternate between the role of the tutor and tutee.
Each student takes a turn reading aloud, listening to his/her partner read, and providing
systematic feedback to each other.
 What strategies can supervisors use to help teachers view evaluation?
Here are five specific approaches to redesigning meaningful evaluation systems for improving
teachers' practice.

 Streamline and implement tools flexibly.

 Design systems as a formative feedback process.
 Support evaluators to be coaches.
 Involve more people.

 What are the strategies for effective supervision?

Be a Competent Supervisor
 Utilize an informed consent agreement.

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 Assess each supervisee's training needs from the outset.
 Provide timely and meaningful feedback.
 See yourself as a professional role model.
 Integrate ethics and diversity into every aspect of supervision.

 What are the 5 main elements of effective supervision?

Five Steps of Supervision
 Provide employees with the tools they need to do their jobs.
 Provide employees with the training they need to do their jobs.
 Help employees set goals to improve their performance.
 Become a resource.
 Hold staff accountable.

 How do you assist learners with comprehension?

The main strategies that are generally viewed as supporting comprehension are:
 Activating and using prior knowledge to make connections.
 Predicting.
 Visualising.
 Asking and answering questions.
 Summarising.
 Synthesising.
 Critical thinking.

 What is a reading strategy that can aid in comprehension?

Visualizing or picturing what they are reading, making predictions about what will come next in
the text, Looking back for keywords and rereading in order to clarify or answer questions,
and. Thinking aloud to model the strategies and thought processes needed for
comprehension.
 What are the three best comprehension strategies?
What are the key comprehension strategies to teach?
 Activating and Using Background Knowledge.
 Generating and Asking Questions.
 Making Inferences.
 Predicting.
 Summarizing.
 Visualizing.

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 Comprehension Monitoring.

 What is a peer in the workplace?

A peer is an individual who shares a similar status or background, such as education, skill set or
age, or colleagues who share the same salary and work responsibilities. Peers often include
friends or co-workers with whom you interact occasionally.
 What is a peer supervision?
Peer supervision is a way for peers to support one another through shared experience and
knowledge. It involves peers who are at the same level of the work hierarchy and serve in the
same role as you do, providing support and feedback necessary for your growth and success,
in a reciprocal process.
 What role do supervisors play?
The supervisor's overall role is to communicate organizational needs, oversee employees'
performance, provide guidance, support, identify development needs, and manage the
reciprocal relationship between staff and the organization so that each is successful.

Visual information / symbols / signage’s are understood and

followed
 What are signs and symbols in visual communication?
Signs, symbols, and icons allow us to visually communicate things that otherwise could not be
represented in a graphic way. This is especially valuable for marketing, where the visual
impact of your message is critical to succeeding in your goals
 What are visual symbols used for?
In historical sources, visual symbols are generally used to represent a particular person, group,
idea or quality. The meaning of these symbols would have been obvious to most people living
at the time the source was created (just as the modern symbols above are easily identifiable
to you)
 What does the following safety symbol mean?
The symbol informs individuals about the presence of hazardous materials or chemicals, or a
hazardous environment and instructs them on how to remain safe or the possible
consequences if not avoided.
 What is a form of visual communication?

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Visual communication is the practice of using visual elements to communicate information or
ideas. Types of visual communication include animated gifs, screenshots, videos, pie charts,
infographics, and slide deck presentations.
 What are examples of visual communication?
Animated gifs, pictures, movies, pie charts, infographics, and slide deck presentations are
examples of visual communication.
 What are examples of visual symbols?
VISUAL symbols >These are representations of direct reality, which come in the form of signs
and symbols. Drawings • Sketches • Cartoons • Comics or Strip Drawing • Diagrams • Charts
and Graphs • Maps • posters.
 What is the importance of signs and symbols in the workplace?
The primary importance of displaying Safety Signs is to prevent injury and ensure staff and
visitors are well aware of the possible dangers and hazards ahead in certain situations and/or
environments.
 How important are the signs and symbols used in the work plan?
Inside a workplace, signs are also placed as reminders to workers of the hazards surrounding
them. Despite the training that workers have, there may be times when they forget the
immediate risks around their work. Using safety symbols and signs, they can be consistently
reminded to take more precautions.
 What is the importance of visual communication?
The idea of visual communication is to make this capturing of information easier for the
audience so that they only have to observe and draw inferences. Visual communication
makes the aesthetics of a presentation better. They not only are easier to read, but they also
make the information more attractive to look at.
 Where is visual communication used?
Examples of where visual communication can be used include conferences and trade shows,
websites, social media posts, office presentations and meetings, and so much more. That's
why, today, the definition of content marketing success includes visual communication.
 What are the 8 kinds of visual symbols?
The following is a detailed discussion on the different kinds of visual symbols, which are
drawings, sketches, cartoons, comics or strip drawing, diagrams, charts and graphs, maps,
and posters
 What is the use of signage?

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Signage’s are understood and followed
Signage is generally defined as any kind of graphic display intended to convey information to an
audience.
 What is the meaning of signages?
Definition of signage
Signs (as of identification, warning, or direction) or a system of such signs
 Why is signage important in the workplace?
The primary importance of displaying Safety Signs is to prevent injury and ensure staff and
visitors are well aware of the possible dangers and hazards ahead in certain situations and/or
environments.

 How many types of signage are there?

Primary Groups of Signage
All types of boards for advertising can be divided into five primary groups—digital, outdoor,
informational, persuasive, and compliant signage
 What is signage display?
Digital signage, sometimes called electronic signage, refers to display technologies like LED walls
(or video walls), projection and LCD monitors to vividly display webpages, videos, directions,
restaurant menus, marketing messages or digital images.
Specific and relevant information are accessed from appropriate sources
 What is relevant information from the source?
Relevance considers the importance of the information for your research needs. A relevant
information source answers your research question. To determine relevance, the purpose
and bias must be understood
 How can you become a source of specific and relevant information?
Here are three basic criteria:
 The source must be credible. It is verifiable. ...
 The source must also be accurate. More than just making sure the information is not false, it
must be completely true. ...
 The third criterion is that the source is relevant.

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 What sources of relevant information can be used to research an identified issue?
These include:
 Census data.
 Institutional records.
 Private correspondence.
 Oral testimony.
 Research diary.
 Original datasets.
 Reports.
 Dissertations.
 How do you determine if information you have collected is relevant?
The criteria are:
 Currency: Timeliness of the information.
 Relevance: Importance of the information for your needs.
 Authority: Source of the information.
 Accuracy: Truthfulness and correctness of the information.
 Purpose: Reason the information exists.

 What is the meaning of relevant information?

Relevant information is data that can be applied to solve a problem. This is a particular issue
when determining the format and content of an entity's financial statements, since the
proper layout and level of detail of information can adjust the opinions of users regarding the
future direction of a business
 What is the importance of using relevant and reliable sources?
The importance of using reliable sources truly boils down to effective communication. If your
knowledge is based on unreliable information you will not be a trustworthy asset to your
company. Credible communication is key in business success and that is why you should not
just grab any information off the internet.
 How do you evaluate the relevance and reliability of the sources of data?
Check the publishing company that has printed and published the source. A publication company
is also a good way to check the reliability of the source. Many reputed publication companies
only publish books that are written by good authors and have reliability and validity
 Why is it important to evaluate sources for credibility reliability and bias?

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Evaluating information encourages you to think critically about the reliability, validity, accuracy,
authority, timeliness, point of view or bias of information sources. Just because a book,
article, or website matches your search criteria does not mean that it is necessarily a reliable
source of information.
 What is the best method for evaluating the credibility of a source?
See what others say about the organization, publisher, or author. Check the other stories and
headlines on the site to see if it seems like a credible publication.
 Why is it important to evaluate sources to see if they are credible?
A credible source often provides information about the author's credentials. And the publication
itself can be the marker of quality. As part of the publication process. In particular its
potential bias.
 What is the meaning of appropriate source?
These types of articles provide good commentary on a topic and are written for a general
audience, so they're generally easy to understand. They tend to be very “of the moment” and
may contain information that was later disproven.
 What are appropriate sources for a research paper?
Potentially appropriate: books, encyclopedias, and other scholarly works. Another potential
source that you might use when writing a research paper is a book, encyclopedia, or an
official online source (such as demographic data drawn from a government website).

Appropriate medium is used to transfer information and ideas

 What is appropriate medium?
According to your goal and your target, which you have already defined, you need to choose the
most appropriate medium. This means the medium that will allow you to communicate
fluently, but also to capitalise on your work with the possibility of reuse.

 What was the medium used in communication?

A medium in communication is a system or channel through which a speaker or writer addresses
their audience. It's an outlet that a sender uses to express meaning to their audience, and it
can include written, verbal or nonverbal elements. A communication medium can either be
virtual or physical.

 How do you choose an appropriate medium for communication?

To choose the best medium we need to ask ourselves a few simple questions.

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What's my message and what do I want the other person to do as a result of receiving it?
Who am I communicating with?
How “rich “ is the information I am communicating ie.
How likely is it that the receiver will need to ask clarifying questions?

 What are the 5 medium of communication?

Five Types of Communication
 Verbal Communication. Verbal communication occurs when we engage in speaking with
others.
 Non-Verbal Communication. What we do while we speak often says more than the actual
words.
 Written Communication.
 Listening.
 Visual Communication

 Why is it important to choose the appropriate medium of communication?

If what you have to communicate is a sensitive issue, could be misinterpreted in any way, or
requires a high level of security, consider communicating by phone or in person. Emails and
texts can easily be misinterpreted without the nonverbal and aural cues you can provide in
person or on the phone.
 What are the types of information transfer?
What are the types of information transfer? The five types of information transfer are positive
transfer, negative transfer, zero or neutral transfer, low-road transfer, and high-road transfer

 How do you write an idea expansion?

We can divide the topic of expansion of ideas in three parts as follows.
 Title.
 Introductory paragraph.
 Core content.
 Concluding paragraph.

 How do you write an explanation idea?

First principles of how to explain an idea

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 The idea and how it works are separate; keep it that way.
 Labels stick; use them.
 Use a logline.
 Show, pause, repeat your way through.
 Let other people finish your sentences.
 Set it up.
 Don't let someone change your presentation moments before you present.
 Care and be confident.

3. Participate in workplace meetings and discussions

Team meetings are attended on time and meeting
Procedures and etiquette are followed
 Meeting etiquette guidelines
Meeting Etiquette Rules

 Choose the best time for everyone.

 Find the right room for your meeting size and equipment needs.
 Make (and follow) an agenda.
 Show up on time.
 Know what you're responsible for.
 Introduce folks who are new or calling in.
 Mute yourself when you're not speaking in a video conference.
 Pay attention!

 What are the etiquette to be followed during meeting at the workplace?

Business meeting etiquette includes behavior like being on time, listening without interrupting,
not having your phone out and being prepared. Business meeting etiquette can change
somewhat depending on the situation. For example, for a more formal meeting in the office,
it's considerate to provide an agenda.
 What is the purpose of meeting etiquette?
Aside from time and money, meeting etiquette is important because it creates a positive and
professional work environment. Effective meeting etiquette can improve communication,
increase productivity, and improve relationships amongst your employees.
 What etiquette should you follow for a virtual meeting?

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Exercise the best virtual meeting etiquette by minimizing on-camera and on-microphone
distractions whenever possible. Inform people living with you that you're not to be disturbed
during the meeting unless it's an emergency.
 What are the 5 major points of virtual etiquette?
To help you keep your meetings productive and professional, follow these seven simple virtual
meeting etiquette rules and tips.
 Leave the keyboard alone.
 Dress appropriately.
 Be aware of your surroundings.
 Mute your microphone when you're not talking.
 Speak up.
 No food allowed.
 Stay seated and stay present.

 Why is etiquette important in the workplace?

Business etiquette is important because it creates a professional, mutually respectful
atmosphere and improves communication, which helps an office serve as a productive place.
People feel better about their jobs when they feel respected, and that translates into better
customer relationships as well.
 What are the 3 basic rules of etiquette in the workplace?
 Basic office etiquette rules
 Be friendly to new employees. Take the time to introduce yourself to new employees and
explain what your role is.
 Watch your body language.
 Don't be late.
 Minimise the jargon.
 Dress appropriately.
 If your sick stay home.
 Respect coworkers down time.
 Knock before you enter.

 What is the basic principles of office etiquette?

Always remember to display good manners while in the workplace and follow the 3 principles of
etiquette (Respect, Consideration, and Honesty) to ensure that you are conducting yourself
appropriately while at work
 Why is it important to attend team meetings on time?

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When given an exact time limit for completely meeting objectives, people are more likely to
work harder to accomplish them. Keeping the time limit for meetings below one hour can
help increase the effectiveness by helping to maintain attention.
 Why meetings should start on time?
Showing up on time should be an expectation in all work settings. After all, time is money. The
amount of time spent waiting for tardy colleagues can lead to major losses in productivity,
which directly impacts the bottom line. The next time you're in charge of a meeting, start it on
time—no matter who may be missing!
 What are team meetings at work?
Team meetings serve many purposes: decision making, brainstorming, sharing information, or
even coaching. They build camaraderie, connection, and direction for your team. But,
sometimes, meetings — and the teams in them — lose track of their purpose.
 How do you start a meeting on time?
Two Simple Secrets to Starting Every Meeting on Time
Meet for 45 minutes instead of an hour. Since the actual work of most hour-long meetings can
be completed in 45 minutes, use the extra 15 minutes to transition from one meeting to the
next and start each meeting on time.
Start meetings at quarter past the hour.
 Why should we attend meetings regularly?
It's important to schedule and hold meetings because they provide employees with the
opportunities to discuss their thoughts, ideas and concerns in a comfortable and collaborative
environment.
 What is the best time for meetings?
However, if you're looking for a general chunk of time, our research suggests that the tried and
true best time to schedule a meeting is mid-morning, between 10 am – 12 pm. This is true for
everyone regardless of role, industry, or location.

Own opinions are expressed and others opinions

are Listened without interruption
 How do you express your own opinion?
 I really thin
 I strongly believe
 I truly feel

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 Or. In my honest opinion
Phrases like these help show our desire to hear from others:
 What do you think of…?
 What are your thoughts on…?
 How do you feel about…? And.
 What's your opinion on…?

 How do you express your opinion without using I?

In addition to “it seems,” you'll also hear people say “it appears” (this is slightly more formal), “It
seems to me,” and simply ““seems” (in informal speech).
 It seems.
 Likely.
 Unlikely.
 Clear.
 Obvious.
 Reasonable.
 Odd.
 Impossible.
 Strange.

 What's another word for personal opinion?

Some common synonyms of opinion are belief, conviction, persuasion, sentiment, and view.
 Why do we express our opinions?
That's because people should express their opinions and feelings — it's psychologically good to
vent out and it's also good for us to know and learn, despite our disagreement with opinions,
what other people are thinking. We all should learn to respect other's rights to express
opinions and feelings.
 Why is it important to express your personal opinion in the workplace?
Voicing opinions in a professional manner can boost the profile of an employee and improve the
morale of a company. Leaders who are receptive to all opinions, whether they are ideas,
constructive feedback or even concerns over a decision, have employees who are more
engaged and productive
 Why is it important to listen without interruption?

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It helps you retain and remember the information (particularly important if you're in a lesson,
lecture or work meeting). Active listening helps you build a good rapport and relationship
with the person you're listening to
 What are ways to listen without interruption?
Keep Eye Contact. Not only is eye contact a great sign of respect, but it is very hard to
concentrate on what you would like to say when you are focused on looking the other person
in the eyes. In our generation, eye contact has become a rare commodity, so when someone
has strong eye contact, it says a lot.
 Is interrupting active listening?
Active Listening is not Interrupting
But most of the time they're unintentional and without malice. It takes someone very self-aware
not to interrupt. We often interrupt for fear that the point we want to add won't be relevant
if we don't interject at that exact moment
 Why is it important not to interrupt a patient in the middle of their history?
Interrupting patients was considered evidence that physicians did not listen to patients.
Interrupting patients before they could express their concerns raised the potential for an
incomplete understanding of patients' complaints and, ultimately, patient dissatisfaction

Inputs are provided consistent with meeting purpose and Meeting

outcomes are implemented
 What are the purpose and objectives of the meeting?
A meeting objective is a simple statement that defines the desired outcome of the meeting. Its
primary purpose is to give participants a measurable goal that they can work on achieving
together. You can then determine the success of a meeting based on whether the team
achieved the goal
 How do you implement a meeting?
Inputs are provided consistent with meeting purpose and meeting outcomes are implemented
How to Run a More Effective Meeting

 The Three Rules of Running a Meeting. Set the Agenda. ...

 Control the Meeting, Not the Conversation. Let Them Speak. ...
 Make Meetings Essential. Do a Meeting Audit.

 What are the outcomes of a meeting?

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Inputs are provided consistent with the meeting purpose and meeting outcomes are implemented
What is a meeting output or outcome? A meeting output or outcome can include resource
allocation decisions, action items, dispute resolution, prioritization decisions, and new plans
being made.
 What is the purpose of an agenda in a meeting?
A meeting agenda helps you and your colleagues prepare for a meeting and guide yourselves
through the items you need to discuss. Time spent in planning an agenda will likely save time
for all meeting participants by providing a clear set of topics, objectives, and time frames.
 What is the purpose of meetings in your workplace?
Workplace meetings are an important element of business management. Meetings enable you
and your employees to communicate and share information, solve problems or resolve
disputes, improve performance, build teamwork and move projects forward.
 What are the purpose and objectives of the meeting do you want to solve a problem make
a decision provide an update or brainstorm ideas?
The key objective of problem-solving meetings is to find the most optimal solution or reach the
best compromise that can resolve an issue facing the group or organization. In order to do
this, the group first has to identify possible solutions and then evaluate these based on
relevant requirements and criteria.
 What are some best practices for an effective meeting?
How to make your meetings more productive
 Define the purpose of your meeting.
 Set a meeting agenda.
 Ensure someone leads the meeting.
 Get the right people attending the meeting.
 Consider competing priorities.
 Set meeting ground rules.
 Ensure participants understand any jargon.
 Invite feedback.

 How do you make team meetings more effective?

Tips on how to lead effective team meetings
Ways to run a great meeting with your team.
 Prioritize teamwork, not reporting.

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 Assign meeting roles.
 Ask your team for input.
 Create a meeting agenda.
 Protect everyone's chance to speak.
 Vary your meeting agenda order.
 Ask questions that encourage discussion.

 What are the responsibilities of a meeting leader?

Image result
The meeting leader is the employee who is responsible for planning, organizing, managing the
details about, and inviting the participants to a meeting. He or she is the employee who is in
charge of and responsible for the progress of the actual meeting.

4. Practice professional ethics at workplace

Responsibilities as a team member are demonstrated and kept promises and commitments
made to others
 How do you demonstrate a commitment to working as a team?
Building Commitment in Your Work Team
1: Ensure team members feel valued.
2: Volunteer involvement works best.
3: Build clarity around roles and responsibilities.
4: Foster a sense of trust.
5: Stretch your team.
6: Give people permission to fail.
7: What's the worst that could happen?
 How do you demonstrate commitment to others?
How to Demonstrate Commitment to Colleagues
 Do What's Right. Avoid rationalizing to make what's wrong right in your mind.
 Join Committees and Working Groups.
 Show Up.
 An Open Door Is Not Enough.
 Show Interest in Colleagues' Work.

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 Keep Your Promises.
 Make Time for People.
 Focus on Team Instead of Personal Achievements.
 How can you demonstrate 100% commitment to your work as a trainee or as an employee?
How to show your commitment at work
 Be punctual. Punctuality shows professionalism and demonstrates your time management
skills.
 Volunteer to help.
 Express a desire to advance.
 Show confidence.
 Be a team player.
 Request evaluations.
 Listen to suggestions.
 Show leadership skills.

 Why is it important to keep your promises to others?

Promises are commitments
People with strong relationships rank higher in emotional intelligence and are more likely to stay
loyal to their commitments. Whether the commitment is to yourself or to someone else,
making a promise is a commitment that you will keep your word. It is a commitment that
reinforces trust
 What commitments your team members will make to your team?
These often include commitment to:

 Respect and Listen to others.

 Not blame (work hard on the problem, not on the person)
 Group members and Project process.
 Supportive and Constructive Feedback.
 Agreed upon Goals and Clear Timelines.
 Positive interdependence (sink or swim together)

 What is the commitment of team members?

Commitment to a common goal is one of the cornerstones of teamwork. It occurs when each
member of the team focuses on achieving the team's purpose over and above their individual
objectives. Commitment to team goals is created when: All team members contribute to and
agree on objectives.

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 What can we do to better support our team members success and continued commitment?
Here are ten ways to help your team do better.
 Foster open and honest communication.
 Create collaborative goals.
 Celebrate their success.
 Allow team members to problem solve.
 Provide adequate resources and training.
 Keep yourself accountable.
 Keep your eye on the big picture.
 Show some empathy.

 Why is it important to have team commitment?

Commitment is important within teams because it can inspire employees to complete their best
work at all times. If an employee is engaged and committed to their work, it can motivate
them to improve their contributions for the good of the team and their own personal
advancement.
 What is your responsibilities as a team member?
Image result for Responsibilities as a team member are demonstrated
The team member's responsibilities include handling all tasks assigned by the team leader or
manager, working synergistically with other team members, complying with company
regulations, and being a good brand ambassador at all times.
 What are the duties and responsibilities of a member?
These general principles are:
 Duty. Members have a duty to uphold the law and act in accordance with the law and the
public trust placed in them.
 Selflessness. Members have a duty to take decisions solely in terms of public interest.
 Integrity.
 Objectivity.
 Accountability and Stewardship.
 Openness.
 Honesty.
 Leadership.

Tasks are performed in accordance with

workplace Procedures

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 What are procedures in the workplace?
What is a workplace procedure? A workplace procedure directly relates to workplace policies. A
procedure is a list of steps demonstrating how to implement a policy. Policies and procedures
are used together to give employees a good understanding of company rules and values
 What are the workplace safety procedure?
Safety Tips in the Workplace
 Always Report Unsafe Conditions.
 Keep a clean workstation.
 Wear protective equipment.
 Take breaks.
 Don't skip steps.
 Stay up to date with new procedures or protocols.
 Maintain proper posture.
 Offer guidance to new employees.

 Why is it important to follow safety procedures in the workplace?

A safe and healthy workplace not only protects workers from injury and illness, it can also lower
injury/illness costs, reduce absenteeism and turnover, increase productivity and quality, and
raise employee morale. In other words, safety is good for business.
 What are two types of workplace procedures?
Types of workplace training
 Workplace orientation.
 Fire safety and emergency procedures.
 First aid.
 Health and safety (such as risk assessments or accident reporting procedure)
 Welfare facilities.
 Safe use of workplace tools, machinery, equipment.
 Risk assessments.
 Maintenance or storage of personal protective equipment.

 What policies and procedures should a workplace have?

Here are some examples of common workplace policies that could assist your workplace:
 Code of conduct.
 Recruitment policy.

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 Internet and email policy.
 Mobile phone policy.
 Non-smoking policy.
 Drug and alcohol policy.
 Health and safety policy.
 Anti-discrimination and harassment policy.

 How do you ensure employees comply with policies and procedures?

How to Ensure Compliance in the Workplace
 Document any rules your employees need to follow.
 Consistently apply those policies and procedures.
 Take a positive approach instead of just saying “no”
 Invest in employee training.
 Use positive reinforcement for doing the right thing.
 Keep employees engaged

 Why is it important to follow health and safety procedures?

It is morally right to ensure your workers return home safe and healthy at the end of every
working day. By protecting your workers, you reduce absences, ensuring that your workplace
is more efficient and productive. Research shows that workers are more productive in
workplaces that are committed to health and safety.
 What are the benefits of having safe and healthy procedures in the workplace?
Benefits of safe and healthy work
 Improved health and wellbeing.
 Greater productivity.
 Higher performance.
 Increased job satisfaction.
 Greater work participation and increased social inclusion.
 Increased individual, team and organisational resilience.
 Lower absenteeism rates.

 What are workplace rights and responsibilities?

As a worker, you have a legal right to: A safe and healthful workplace. Any information your
employer has about any exposure you may have had to hazards such as toxic chemicals or
noise. You also have a right to any medical records your employer has concerning you.

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 Why is workplace health important?
Employees with health issues take more time off work, are more likely to leave the job market,
and retire earlier. Businesses lose all that potential of experienced employees. So healthy
employees are important for a variety of reasons.
 What are the responsibilities of workers at the workplace?
Protect your own health and safety
Keep your work area free of hazards. Make sure your employer has provided you with induction,
training and instructions so you feel safe doing the work being asked of you. Follow all
reasonable (safe) directions by your supervisor.
 How do you perform a work task?
How to work effectively
 Keep yourself organized. Using organizational tools to manage your day is one of the best
ways to work effectively.
 Use a short to-do list.
 Create a routine.
 Communicate well.
 Schedule your tasks.
 Prioritize your tasks.
 Avoid distractions.
 Use your calendar to schedule work time.
 What are workplace tasks?
A specified amount of work, set of responsibilities, or occupation assigned to an individual or to
a group.
 How do you manage tasks successfully at work?
Mastering time management at work
 Figure out how you're currently spending your time.
 Create a daily schedule—and stick with it.
 Prioritize wisely.
 Group similar tasks together.
 Avoid the urge to multitask.
 Assign time limits to tasks.
 Build in buffers.
 Learn to say no.

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 What are safety procedures in the workplace?
Safety Tips in the Workplace
 Always Report Unsafe Conditions.
 Keep a clean workstation.
 Wear protective equipment.
 Take breaks.
 Don't skip steps.
 Stay up to date with new procedures or protocols.
 Maintain proper posture.
 Offer guidance to new employees.

Confidentiality is respected and maintained

How can confidentiality be maintained?
Day to day maintaining of confidentiality means: Ensuring that sensitive conversations are only
held in private spaces. Recording and accessing only necessary and relevant information.
Changing log-ins and passwords necessary and keeping security measures and programs up to
date for IT systems
 Why should confidentiality be respected?
It prevents misuse of confidential information (illegal or immoral use). It protects reputation.
Employment may depend on it (e.g. Non-disclosure agreement). It ensures compliance with
the law.
 What does it mean to maintain patient confidentiality?
Confidentiality in the medical setting refers to “the principle of keeping secure and secret from
others, the information given by or about an individual in the course of a professional
relationship,”1 and it is the right of every patient, even after death.
 What are 5 ways to maintain confidentiality?
Confidentiality is respected and maintained
 Create thorough policies and confidentiality agreements.
 Provide regular training.
 Make sure all information is stored on secure systems.
 No mobile phones.
 Think about printing.
 How do you maintain confidentiality in the workplace?
Here are suggestions to help keep your confidential business documents secure

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 Implement a Workplace Information Destruction Policy.
 Implement a Clean Desk Policy.
 Train Employees on the Importance of Document Security.
 Include a non-disclosure clause in employment agreements.
 Limit access to sensitive information.

 Why is it important to maintain client confidentiality?

Client confidentiality plays a significant role in business ethics. Institutions and individuals are
expected to prevent private information from reaching third parties. Failing to properly
protect and secure confidential information may lead to losing both current and future
clients.
 What is the importance of privacy and confidentiality in healthcare?
A health system with strong privacy mechanisms will promote public confidence in healthcare
services; and. Disclosure that individuals have tested for, or are living with, HIV/AIDS or other
stis can invite social stigma and discrimination.
 Why is maintaining confidentiality important in health and social care?
Treating confidential or private information with trust and respect should be a priority as it
ensures safety and effective care. People believe that the information they are giving to their
care provider is safe with them and can benefit from a full treatment or service.
 What is confidentiality and why is it important?
The principle of confidentiality is about privacy and respecting someone's wishes. It means that
professionals shouldn't share personal details about someone with others, unless that person
has said they can or it's absolutely necessary.
 How would you maintain a client's confidentiality dignity and respect?
Top four ways to help clients maintain their dignity and privacy:
 Include them: As much as possible, include the person in everything that is being done.
 Try to provide cover: Whenever possible, try to show them that you are providing some privacy.
 Mums the word:
 Watch the body language:

Situations and actions considered inappropriate or which

present a conflict of interest are avoided
 What are the situations of conflict of interest?

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A conflict of interest occurs when an individual's personal interests – family, friendships,
financial, or social factors – could compromise his or her judgment, decisions, or actions in
the workplace. Government agencies take conflicts of interest so seriously that they are
regulated.
 What are the 4 things to consider you have conflict of interest?
Conflict of Interest
Contractual or legal obligations (to business partners, vendors, employees, employer, etc.)
 Loyalty to family and friends.
 Fiduciary duties.
 Professional duties.
 Business interests.

 How can conflicts of interests be avoided?

Ways to Mitigate a Conflict of Interest
 Prevention. The best way to mitigate conflicts of interest is to avoid them in the first place.
 Public Disclosure. Avoid hiding your roles and responsibilities.
 Follow Procedure.
 Seek Mediation.
 Awareness.
 Non-Disclosure.

 What are 3 types of conflict of interest?

Different types of conflicts of interest
 Financial conflict;
 Non-financial conflict;
 Conflict of roles; or.
 Predetermination.

 Which of the following is an example of conflict of interest?

A conflict of interest involves a person or entity that has two relationships competing with each
other for the person's loyalty. For example, the person might have a loyalty to an employer
and also loyalty to a family business. Each of these businesses expects the person to have its
best interest first.
 What behaviors are considered inappropriate?

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Inappropriate behavior means disrespectful behaviour, sexual harassment, harassment, bullying,
and/or violence.
 What are the examples of inappropriate?
The definition of inappropriate is someone or something that is not within the bounds of what is
considered appropriate or socially acceptable. Wearing a cheerful and revealing outfit to a
somber funeral is an example of wearing something inappropriate
 What are 5 inappropriate behaviors in the workplace?
Image result for Situations and actions considered inappropriate
The Most Inappropriate Workplace Behaviors
1. Spreading rumors about coworker's sex life.
2. Discussing coworker's sexual preferences, history.
3. Deliberate touching, leaning, or cornering.
4. Telling sexual stories or jokes.
5. Referring to female as girl, babe, sweetie, etc.
6. Supervisor flirting, believing it's mutual.

 What is considered inappropriate conduct at work?

Inappropriate Workplace Conduct — a term used to describe a variety of claim types covered by
employment practices liability insurance (EPLI) policies that do not include "standard" perils
such as discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, or retaliation.
 What is appropriate and inappropriate in society?
Beliefs. Describe what is appropriate or inappropriate (good/bad, desirable/undesirable,
worthy/unworthy) in a given society or what ought to be. Values. They are broad, abstract &
shared to influence & guide behavior of people.
 What is an appropriate behavior?
Behavior that would be deemed acceptable by society its members. Examples would include
helping others in need or refraining from showing negativity toward others based on group
membership.
 What are examples of disrespectful behavior in the workplace?
What is disrespectful behavior in the workplace?
 Gossiping or lying.
 Shouting or speaking in a hostile tone.
 Saying inappropriate words or statements.

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 Demeaning someone.
 Displaying biased attitudes or beliefs.
 Being physically disruptive (e.g., throwing items when angry)

 How do you avoid conflict in the workplace?

Read these 5 tips to help you reduce conflict in the workplace:
 Communication. One of the most common causes of workplace conflict is either the lack of or
poor communication. ...
 Stop avoiding it. ...
 Set a formal complaint process. ...
 Create an environment that promotes collaboration. ...
 Ensure everyone is treated fairly.

 How do you avoid conflicts through formal communication?

There are many communication strategies that you can use to resolve conflicts. These include
active listening, writing about the conflict, asking questions, cultivating empathy and
compassion, recognizing differences, using open body language, and emphasizing your
relationship with the person.
 How do you handle conflict of interest?
Tips for dealing with conflicts of interest
 Establish a process.
 Get the conflict of interest out into the open.
 Training is valuable.
 Declare your interests.
 Think about the conflicts of others.

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GU006L3V1: Apply Basic IT Skills

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 | [Pick the date] 1

Basic Computer Components

Computers come in different shapes and sizes. However, there are several
parts on a computer that are universal to all computers.

Hardware vs. Software

Hardware includes the parts of the computer system that you actually can touch
(like the keyboard, mouse, monitor, or CPU). What’s a CPU? It’s explained below.

Software refers to the programs that you use on your computer (like a word-
processing program) or the programs that make your computer work (you
physically cannot touch these). Programs are also called applications.

CPU (Central Processing Unit): This box is the brain of a

computer system. It processes, stores, and
communicates information. Wires connect your CPU to
your monitor and other devices. Computers are
somewhat similar to people. They have memories just
like us. The memory on a computer is stored in data on
disks. Disks look like small heavy old style records. Disks
function similarly like records. As the disk spins inside the
computer, the data on the disk is accessed. The programs
that you use (such as word-processing) and the program
that runs your computer (the operating system) are
stored on the CPU’s hard disk.

Monitor: This part of the computer system that visually

communicates with the user. It is somewhat like a
television. Almost all information communicated from
the computer to the user is through the monitor. (The
monitor is also referred to as “the screen”)

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On most computer systems, both the CPU and

the monitor have a power switch that turns
them on and off. Most power switches have
this symbol.

Printer: This device takes information (usually

text and pictures) from the computer and
prints it on paper.

Keyboard: The keyboard is an important tool

that allows a user to communicate with the
computer. It is composed of “keys” that send
a signal to the computer that the computer
recognizes and uses to carry out processes
and programs. Keyboards come in various
shapes and sizes, but serve generally the
same purpose. We’ll go over the specific keys
in another part of this guide.

Mouse: Similar to the keyboard, the mouse is

used to communicate with the computer. The
mouse is like a remote control to a TV—It is a
tool that drives the computer that can be
used “away from the computer;” though the
mouse is considered your direct connection
into the computer world. We’ll go over how
to use the mouse later in the guide.

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Welcome to the Computer

The first thing to understand is that it’s difficult to “break” a computer. They are
designed to recover from most things a user does to them with a few clicks.

If you experience a problem

that you can’t fix, you can:

 Ignore the problem

 Just turn off the computer
until you can get help

MANY NEW COMPUTERS USERS ARE

MORE CONCERNED ABOUT BREAKING
THEIR COMPUTER THAN IS
WARRANTED. So relax!

Computers come in many different

shapes, sizes, colors, and speeds,
but all essentially perform the same tasks. Most computers and mice are very
similar; but sometimes a computer might have an extra button or two. While
working with computers requires some flexibility and adaptation to different
computer designs, you will find this easy to learn.

Also, within a computer, there are many ways to do the same task.

Lastly, the important hint to keep in mind when you’re using a computer is to be
patient. Sometimes the computer has to “think” too!

Keyboard and Mouse

The keyboard and mouse are the two most common ways that users
communicate with a computer – or tell the computer what they want it to do.
First, we’ll look at a keyboard and show you that it’s somewhat like a typewriter
that has some fancy tools to help you more effectively

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communicate with the computer. A mouse is a little bit like
a television remote – and also helps you tell the computer what to do.

Keys on the Keyboard

Caps Lock The caps lock key activates a feature that affects only the letter
Key keys. Pressing on the caps lock button causes all letter keys to type
in uppercase. All other keys will act the same as if caps lock is off.
To deactivate caps lock, press the caps lock key again.
Shift Key The shift key is used in combination with a second key. The shift key
is used primarily to capitalize letters. Shift differs from caps lock
because you have to hold the shift key down while simultaneously
pressing another key to capitalize a letter, where you only press the
caps lock key once. Holding down the shift key also is used to type
the characters and symbols above the numbers on the number keys.
Tab Key The tab key is used to move from one position on the screen to
another. It also creates a “tab stop” (right 1/2 inch) indentation for
your paragraphs. This is very similar to a typewriter.
Enter Key When working with text (words), pressing on the enter key moves
the cursor down to the next line. Otherwise, pressing the enter key
will activate anything that you have selected.
Escape Key The escape key is used to cancel the current operation or can be
used to exit a program.
Space Bar Pressing the space bar while the cursor is positioned within text will
cause a space (one character wide) to be placed at the position of
the cursor (like on a typewriter).

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Note: The Cursor is a blin

Control The control key (Ctrl) is usually used with another key. Holding the
Key control key in addition to another key or keys will start a function.
Later on, we will teach you some control key functions that deal
with word processing.
Alt Key The alternate key (Alt), similar to the control key, and is used in
combination with other keys.
Arrow Keys The four arrow keys are located on several keys to the right of the
spacebar at the bottom of the keyboard. Pressing one of these keys
will cause some type of screen movement in the direction of the
arrow on the key. These keys are frequently used when correcting
mistakes in documents and allow users to “go back” and fix mistakes
instead of erasing all of the work since the mistake was made.
Backspace Pressing the backspace key while the cursor is positioned within text
Key will delete the character (or space) immediately to the left of the
cursor.
Delete Key Pressing the delete key while the cursor is positioned within text will
delete the character (or space) immediately to the right of the
cursor.
Keyboarding tips:
 When typing, you only have to quickly press
the key to make it appear on the screen. If
you hold it down too long, multiple same
letters will appear (rrrr).
 When the caps locks is activated, a light
appears on the keyboard.
 When typing, remember to press on the
space bar after typing each word in a
sentence. If you forget, your sentences will
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Using the Mouse

1. Let your hand rest comfortably on top
of the mouse. Most people are right-
handed and therefore, the mouse is
usually on the right side of the
computer. All left-handed folks don’t
have to worry because millions of
“lefties” use computers. Some left-
handed people simply move the
mouse over to their left side of the computer and use it there. Others use
their right hand and soon become ambidextrous! It’s most important to
remember to “do what’s most comfortable for you!” For teaching
purposes, we will now continue using the right hand terminology.
2. Fit the palm of your hand around the mouse, with your index finger resting
on the left (the primary) mouse button and your middle finger resting on
the right (the secondary) mouse button. Let the heel of your hand rest on
the desk or table.
3. As you move the mouse, the mouse pointer (the cursor on the screen) will
move in the same direction as your hand.

Positions of hands on mice

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Mouse Tips:
 Pressing the mouse buttons is easy and takes a slight amount of pressure.
 As a beginning computer user, avoid pressing or clicking with the right
mouse button. It’s for additional options that advanced users typically use
and since you don’t need to use it as a beginner - best avoid it for now!

Mouse Cursors
The arrow/cursor/pointer is the visual cue that points,
moves, and selects things on monitor. You can
remember this as your “electronic finger” that points
to things on your computer screen (monitor).

The mouse pointer is somewhat like your virtual finger

inside the computer. It may change shapes as you move it around the screen –
which gives you a visual cue that the function of the pointer has changed.

The mouse pointer is in the shape of an arrow as you point to icons, menu
choices, toolbar buttons, etc.

The mouse pointer will change

to an I-beam shape (cursor)
when it is over text (words). You
can continue to use the mouse
to move the I-beam until it is
positioned at the place where
you would like to work with the
text (e.g. where you would like
to insert a word or letter). Then
click the left mouse button to
actually position the cursor at
that point, and enter the word or letter.

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Mouse Techniques
Because the mouse is a critical component of the computer, we’ll examine some
mouse techniques that will be used.

The mouse can be used in many different ways. There are primarily the two
mouse buttons, known as the left and right button. The left button is primarily
used. Some mouse techniques include:

Click: This is the easiest of the techniques, however it is very important that you
do it properly. To click, you press down one of the mouse buttons. As you click it,
it makes a “clicking” noise. The most important skill to learn when clicking is that
it only takes a very light, short tap to click a mouse button. Don’t click the mouse
too hard since this tends to slow you down. Once you have mastered clicking,
you will be ready to move on to the next most essential practice, pointing.

Left Clicking: This is the primary

“click” that you will use. This is
clicking on the left mouse button.
When someone says, “click here,”
that usually means to left click.

Right Clicking: This is used to

change options or perform
specific functions that aren’t
usually necessary for beginner.

Point: Use the mouse to move the mouse pointer so that it hovers over the top of
an icon or word on the screen. Sometimes, this is all that you need to do in order
to prompt a response from the computer (as an example, the shape of your
cursor may change).

Point and click: Move the mouse pointer over the top of an item (such as an icon)
on your screen and then (while holding your hand still) gently press and release
the left button on the mouse. This technique is often used to make a selection.

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Double-click: While hovering the mouse pointer over an item on the screen,
quickly press the left mouse button two times. This may take some practice but it
is a very useful and important skill. If you are having problems double clicking, it’s
most likely because you’re moving the mouse slightly when double clicking. Try
to steady your hand and try it again. By double clicking, you are usually
prompting the computer to take an action on the item you selected (double
clicking on an icon on your computer desktop may open or start a program).

Click and drag: Press and hold down a mouse button (usually the left button). As
you hold down the button, move the mouse in any direction. Click and drag is a
method used when “highlighting” or “selecting” text. To do this to text, click at
the beginning of the text that you want to select, hold down the left mouse
button, and move your mouse to the end of where you want to highlight.

The Right Mouse Button (Uh-Oh!): What happens if you accidentally press the
right mouse button? A menu pops up— and it’s not a problem, but it can make
the computer do something that you don’t expect if you then click on the menu.
For now, avoid “confusing” the computer. If you accidentally right click and open

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 | [Pick the date] 10

Windows Basics
The Microsoft Windows Operating System

Microsoft Windows is the operating system that is installed on most computers.

An operating system is the software that runs your computer and makes it think.
Application software (a.k.a. programs) such as a word processing, spreadsheet
programs, or games runs on top of the operating system.
The first screen you see on the monitor when the computer starts up is called the desktop. It is som
This is where you will do everything—write letters, send emails, browse the Internet, and so forth.

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The Desktop Environment

The desktop environment is made up of several parts including:

 Desktop Icons
 The Task Bar
 The Clock
 The Start Button

Desktop icons, sometimes called shortcuts, are quick ways to access different
programs. To use shortcut icons on the desktop environment to open programs,
use the mouse to point to the desktop icon that represents the program that you
want to open. Double click on the icon and the program will open or start.

The task bar is the area at the very bottom of the computer screen. You will soon
be able to multitask and do several things at once. The task bar is there to help
you keep things organized and become even more efficient.

There is a clock that conveniently tells you the time. Remember: When double-clicking, d

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The start button is located on the lower left hand corner of your screen – on the
taskbar. It’s used to access all of the programs on the computer so you can
“start” them.

To use the start menu to open programs:

1. Point and click the mouse pointer at the button at the lower left corner of
the Windows desktop (the screen that appears when you first start up your
computer). This activates a pop-up menu.
2. Slide the mouse pointer up the menu to Programs. The menu selection will
be highlighted in blue and a sub-menu will be activated.
3. Slide the mouse pointer straight to the right onto the sub-menu.
4. Slide the pointer straight up or down to highlight the program group that
you would like to use and then click on the program you want to open.

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Turning the Computer On and Off

On a desktop computer, there will be a button to turn on the computer. Similarly,
there will usually be a button on the monitor to turn on the monitor. These
buttons are usually on the front of the computer and the monitor. The computer
goes through a number of internal tasks when starting up. It may take a few
minutes for it to complete these tasks. Patience, as you will learn, is used a lot
when working with a computer. After the computer stops making what almost
sounds like a grinding noise (this is normal – it’s the hard drive being accessed)
and the picture on the screen stops changing, it is probably ready for you to use!

Turning a computer off takes more practice. You should follow the procedure
below that allows the computer to properly store files. Avoid unplugging the
computer or holding down the power button, unless the computer freezes.

1. Click on the start button at the bottom left of the

screen.
2. From the start menu choose Shut down.
3. In the dialog box that opens,
select Shut down (if it isn't
already pre-selected).
4. Click on the OK button.
5. Wait until the monitor turns black
and the computer is no longer
making a humming noise. Lastly,
turn off the computer monitor by
pressing the power button on the
monitor.

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Remember: You will not see anything on the monitor screen unless both the computer

Important: Shutting down sometimes takes

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 | [Pick the date] 14

Becoming Comfortable Using a Mouse: The Solitaire Card Game It’s

important to become comfortable with the mouse. To do this, we’ll use a
computer game called Solitaire. Computer Solitaire is similar to Card Solitaire, but
it is played on the computer and you use your mouse to move cards around. The
object of solitaire is to stack all the cards in 4 piles in their correct suits of
ascending rank. Piles of cards can be laid out in the bottom half of the screen as
an intermediate step. Access Solitaire by clicking on Start, All Programs,
Accessories, Games, and then Solitaire.

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Setup
Three Regions make up the solitaire screen. These include Building Piles, The
Deck, and Suit Piles.

Building Piles – Located in the bottom portion of the solitaire window, the
building pile is where you will organize the cards before placing them in the suit
piles. The top card in each pile is face up. The rest are hidden. Once you remove
the top card from the pile, you may turn over the card that was under the
previously face-up card.

The Deck – Located in the top-left, it consists of cards you

will use in your piles. Click on the top card. It will draw a
card and put it into an adjacent pile face-up. Clicking on
the deck will draw another card. Once you have gone
through the entire deck once, a large “O” will appear
where the deck used to be. This lets you know that you
have gone through the deck once and if you click on the “O”,
the deck will be replaced again. You may go through the deck
as many times as you wish.

Suit Piles – Located at the top-right of the screen, these stacks are empty at the
beginning of the game. This is where you will stack your cards in ascending order
(From Ace, 2, 3 etc...) and in the same suit to win the game.

To move a card from one pile to another pile, (left) click and hold (click and drag)
and move your mouse so the card is on top of the pile that you want to move it
to. After the card is “over” where you want to place it, release the left mouse
button and it should stay in place. If you moved the card improperly, the card will
fly back to its original position and you have to move it again.

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Legal Moves in Solitaire

An ace can be placed in the Suit Pile.
A card at the top of a stack can be moved to its corresponding suit pile if the rank of the card at the
Only a king can be placed in a space not occupied by any other card in the building piles.
Ordered cards at the bottom of a building pile, in the deck, or in the

building pile if there is a card in the ordered sequence that has an opposite
color and a rank one less than the card at the top of the destination stack.

Example Steps Card Ranks are as follows:

Kings have a rank of 13 Queens have a r
1. Move available cards on building piles
2. Check and cycle through deck
3. Move to suit piles

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Windows Multitasking

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computer. We suggest that you open a program called Notepad.

To Open Notepad
1. First click start
2. Move up to Programs
3. Go to Accessories
4. Click Notepad

The minimize button is on the left. Click on this

button to cause the window to become a button on
the task bar.

The maximize/restore button is the middle button.

This button actually toggles between two different
buttons. Click on the maximize button to make
the window its largest size. Click on the restore
button
to return the window to its original (medium) size.
The close button is on the right. Click on this
button to close the window. This closes whatever
program or document was in the window!

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Working with Windows

Each program or object that you open appears in its own window (a rectangular area on the screen)
At the top right of each window you will see three buttons. These allow you to minimize, maximize o

Note: To restore a minimized window to its previous size, c

How to switch between applications using the minimize feature and the
Taskbar.
You can open more than one program at a time on your computer. This is called
multitasking. There is a simple and easy way to organize all the tasks (or all of the
programs that are running). There are basically four different buttons that you’ll
use to organize tasks. The first button is the programs’ buttons is on the taskbar.
The Taskbar, again, is all the way at the bottom of your screen. It usually is grey,
but it can also be blue, green, red, and almost any other color you want it to be.

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Notice how the
“Calculator” program is in
focus. You can tell because
it has a blue title bar while
the “Notepad” program is
unfocused because it is
grayish. Also, in the
taskbar, the program in
focus always has its button
pressed inward.

Multitasking Exercise
1. First open a program
(try notepad). Notice
how the name of the
program is displayed in a
button on the taskbar.
(This is true for most
programs, however
certain programs
(commonly intense full-
screen games) will take
up the entire screen and
hide the taskbar.

2. Next press the minimize

button at the top. See
how the program
disappears on your screen, but its button with its name is still in the taskbar.

3. Now open another program (try calculator). Minimize that program also. See
how it also is still in the Taskbar. The Taskbar always shows you what youhave

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 the screen. You can open as many programs as you want. To make the
program reappear, left click its name and it will pop up.

4. Try clicking on the other program on the taskbar. See how that program comes
up too (probably over the other one). Now click on the other program’s
window. It will come to the front. When you are done with a task/program,
just simply click on the “X” button and it will close.

Using Scroll Bars

The screen may have as many as two scroll bars available. The scroll bars allow
you to bring new information into view on the screen. The scroll bars have a
black arrow at each end and a square or rectangle in the area between the two
arrows. The vertical scroll bar is located on the right edge of the screen. The
horizontal scroll bar is located toward the bottom of the screen.
Use the vertical scrollbar to:

 Move up or down a line at a

time (or a small distance), click
once on the up or down
arrow.
 Move up or down several lines
at a time, click and hold the up
or down arrow.
 Move up or down a portion of
the screen, click and drag the
scroll box (the square or
rectangle in the middle of the
arrows) up or down.
 Move up or down a screen at a
time, click in the light gray area
above or below the scroll box.

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To use the horizontal scrollbar to:

 Move left or right a small distance, click once on the left or right arrow.
 Scroll left or right a larger distance, click and hold the left or right arrow.
 Move left or right a portion of the screen, click and drag the scroll box left
or right.
 Move left or right a screen at a time, click to the left or right of the scroll
box.

“Pull Down” Menus

“Pull Down” Menus are in many different applications. They offer a neat,
organized way to perform functions. Inside the “Pull Down” Menu, there are
different features and functions that can be accessed, depending on the type of
program that you are using. “Pull Down” Menus are grouped by categories,
depending on their function. Most
programs have certain categories
such as “File,” “Edit,” and “Help.”
The File “Pull Down” Menu provides
features that deal with the program
and how it operates. As an example,
in Notepad, you can save a
document, open a file, print a
document or exit Notepad by using
“Pull Down” menu.

The Edit “Pull Down” Menu allows

one to modify text, find objects and
words, and so on. Select the Help “Pull Down” Menu provides help when you
have questions, whether it’s in a manual, strategy guide, troubleshooting tips, a
wizard, or any other application.

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 the menu, for instance, File, and then click on the entry that you desire on the list
and the operation will be executed, or carried out.
Troubleshooting is a wonderful process, similar to problem solving. You hear it often with computer problems. Essen

A wizard is a step by step program that guides you through another program that is more complicated. There are wiz

Working With Text

Working with text is also known as word processing. Word processors include
Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, Microsoft Works, Word Pad, and Notepad. Word
processors work nearly the same as a typewriter. The flexibility of a word
processor is its true value. With a typewriter, if you make an error on a
document, you would probably
need to retype the entire paper or
use the special white tape. Using
word processor, you can add,
remove, and replace text anywhere
without needing to retype
anything. The word processor will
automatically space and format
your paper. You can make multiple
copies of a paper without needing
to go to a copier.

In a word processor, when the

mouse pointer is within text, the
pointer will be in the shape of an I-beam. When you click the mouse to position
the cursor in the text, the cursor will change to a blinking vertical bar that
indicates the insertion point.

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Inserting Text
Use the mouse or arrow keys to place the insertion point within the text at the
point where the text is to be inserted.

Type the desired text.

Printing
Often, you might want a printed version (a hard copy) of your letter or document
to take with you. Most word processing programs make it easy to print.

First, make sure you have a printer hooked up. If you don’t have a printer, ask a
trusted technology-savvy person to help you get one.

To print an open file using printing

options:

1. From the FILE menu, choose PRINT.

2. In the dialog box that opens

(similar to the one on the right),
select the printing options that
you want to apply.

3. Click on the OK button (or

Cancel button if you are not
ready to print).

To print an open file using DEFAULT printing options, most programs include a
Print button on the toolbar. It may look something like this: . (In most
programs, using the toolbar Print button will automatically print all of the pages
of the file).

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 Congratulations!
You have just completed the Computer Basics Class! Please
keep this packet handy for any quick-reference questions
you might have in the future. It is also a good idea to
practice the different exercises occasionally.
Congratulations and have fun with the computer! Most
importantly, you are ready to learn how to use the Internet,
email, and social networking.
There are specific Net Literacy lessons to help teach each of these skills.

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Unit Code and Title GU008L2V1: Work in a Team
Environment

Unit Descriptor:

This unit covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) required in
working in a team environment. It includes defining team roles and scope
and identifying individual roles and responsibilities. Participating in team
discussions and working as a team member.

1. Define team role and scope

Role and objectives of the team are defined.

 What are the role and objectives of the team?

Team objectives are the specific actions and measurable steps your company must
take to reach the desired outcome. They give you a clear understanding of the specific
tasks or projects that need to be completed to get closer to the company objective
 How do you define role objectives?
Every role has an objective, which is usually part of the role's job description. For
example, a server’s role and role objective are to serve customers to ensure customer
satisfaction. Role objectives state what you need to do and why it's important.
 How do you clarify roles and responsibilities in a team?
Guidelines for Clarifying Roles and Objectives for Effective Teams
1) Clearly explain the task.
2) Explain the reason for the task.
3) Check for understanding of the task.
4) Provide any necessary instructions on how to do the task.
5) Explain priorities for different objectives or responsibilities.

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 Team structure, responsibilities, and reporting relations are
identified from team discussions and other external sources.

 Why teams need clearly defined roles and responsibilities?

When roles and responsibilities are clearly defined, team members are more
productive. There is less duplication of effort; less confusion, disappointment, and
frustration; and greater productivity.

 How do you define a team?

A team is defined as a group of people who perform interdependent tasks to work
toward accomplishing a common mission or specific objective. Some teams have a
limited life: for example, a design team developing a new product, or a continuous
process improvement team organized to solve a particular problem

 Why is it important to define roles and responsibilities?

Summed up, defining roles and responsibilities not only helps to find the right person
for the job but also improves an employee’s experience and job satisfaction.
Ultimately, this promotes the efficiency and productivity of your organization.

 What are the 5 roles of an effective team?

In a team, different individuals have different roles to play. Here are five roles of an
effective team: Leader, Creative Director, Facilitator, Coach, and Member. All these are
essential components of a team, but they need not be exclusive.

 What are the 5 common responsibilities of team members?

 LEADER: makes sure team has clear objectives and members are engaged. ...
 CHALLENGER: questions effectiveness and drives for results. ...
 DOER: encourages progress and takes on practical jobs. ...
 THINKER: produces ideas and thinks through those proposed by others. ...
 SUPPORTER: eases tension and promotes harmony.

2. Identify individual roles and responsibility

Individual roles and responsibilities of team members are identified.

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 What are individual responsibilities in a team?
Contributing and helping. Listening to others with care. Encouraging everyone in the
group to participate. Praising helpful actions or good ideas.

 How do you identify your role and responsibility within a team?

Define Team Roles and Responsibilities
 Understand your team's strengths.
 Determine what needs to get done.
 Meet to discuss priorities on an ongoing basis.
 Give people ownership over specific areas.
 Ask employees about their long-term goals.
 Align roles and responsibilities with their goals.

 What is the benefit of identifying own role and responsibility within a team?
Consciously defining each person's role, responsibilities, and success criteria within the
team can have an instant positive impact. It ensures that: Everyone knows what
they're doing. It sounds simple, but when roles are clear, people know what's expected
of them, how to behave, and what they need to accomplish.

 What are the three 3 roles and responsibilities of team members within an
Organisation?
The team member's responsibilities include handling all tasks assigned by the team
leader or manager, working synergistically with other team members, complying with
company regulations, and being a good brand ambassador at all times.

 What responsibilities are needed to build a team?

Image result
6 Essential Leadership Responsibilities that Build Effective Teams
 Build trust. Trust is a three-way street
 Communicate.
 Offer sufficient resources and autonomy.
 Build self-efficacy.
 Hold team members accountable.
 Conduct routine debriefings.

 What are the 3 main types of roles within a team?

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The three different types of roles that people can play in the team – are technical,
functional, and team roles.

 What are the 5 key roles of a team?

In a team, different individuals have different roles to play. Here are five roles of an
effective team: Leader, Creative Director, Facilitator, Coach, and Member. All these are
essential components of a team, but they need not be exclusive.

 How do you assign responsibility to a team member?

Here are some things to keep in mind when assigning tasks to your employees:
 Delegate positively. ...
 Ask yourself what you want to be accomplished.
 Choose the right person. ...
 Get input. ...
 Set a deadline. ...
 Give training and supervision. ...
 Assign authorities. ...
 Consider the different aspects of control.

Reporting relationships among team members are

defined and clarified.
 Why is it important to know the reporting relationships as a team?
Reporting relationships within the team and external to the team are necessary for the
accomplishment of the roles and discharging the responsibilities of individuals within
the team. When managers assign people to a team to work on a group project, all the
people on the team adopt specific roles

 How do you describe a reporting relationship?

Reporting relationships refer to an organizational structure in which every employee is
placed somewhere on an organizational chart. The employees report to the employee
who is listed above them on the organizational chart.

 What is the best reporting structure?

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1. Traditional. A traditional line organizational structure is truly the place to start for
most companies, especially the smaller ones that don't necessarily comprise a vast
number of departments or require a major number of links in the chain of
command/communication.

 Why are reporting structures important?

Large businesses require formal reporting hierarchies. The purpose of a business's
reporting structure is to direct employees on where and how the company's authority
flows. It clarifies the functions of various employees, including the manager or
managers they have to report to, and the departments that they handle.

 What does functional reporting mean?

Functional Reporting gathers data on beneficiaries' functional limitations during the
therapy episode of care as reported by therapy providers and practitioners furnishing
physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), and speech-language pathology (SLP)
services.

 What is reporting in an organization?

Reporting is done through the process of compiling and reviewing the information
within a specific functional area such as finance, sales, operations, inventory control,
or any area of the business where performance is monitored and measured.

 What are the types of reports?

To keep your mind fresh, here are the top types of reports covered in this post:
 Informational reports.
 Analytical reports.
 Operational reports.
 Product reports.
 Industry reports.
 Department reports.
 Progress reports.
 Internal reports.

Reporting relationships external to the team are defined

and clarified.

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  What is it called when all employee job tasks responsibilities and relationships are
clearly defined?
What is it called when all employee job tasks, responsibilities, and relationships are
clearly defined? functional definition.

 What is used to clarify organizational structure?

An organization chart clarifies organizational structure.

 How do you describe a reporting relationship?

Reporting relationships refer to an organizational structure in which every employee is
placed somewhere on an organizational chart. The employees report to the employee
who is listed above them on the organizational chart.
Is an unbroken line of reporting relationships that extends through the entire
organization that defines the formal decision-making structure?
Chain of Command – unbroken line of reporting relationships that extends through the
entire organization. The line defines the chain of command and the formal decision-
making structure

 Which of the following refers to a clearly defined line of authority in the

organization that includes all employees?

Scalar principle: The scalar principle refers to a clearly defined line of authority that
includes all employees in the organization.

 What are the 4 types of organizational structures?

The four types of organizational structures are functional, multi-divisional, flat, and
matrix structures.

3. Participate in team discussions

Ideas related to team plans are contributed.

 How do you plan to contribute as a team?

 Teamwork - Making a Contribution
 Develop a team mentality. Think "we," not "me."
 Be open to the ideas of your teammates. No one person has a monopoly on good
ideas.

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 Be respectful of others.
 Be approachable.
 Be helpful.
 Be a role model.
 Accept others as they are.
 Avoid rewarding people for things they do that annoy you.

 What are 3 ideas for effective teams?

3 Ways to Build an Effective Team
 Establish trust. The best exercises for building psychological safety and interpersonal
sensitivity increase trust among team members. ...
 Build dependability. Establishing ground rules of engagement can help foster both
psychological safety and dependability. ...
 Strengthen communication.

 Why is contribution important in a team?

Teamwork builds morale.

You'll feel that your work is valued when you contribute to something that produces
results. If you offer an idea that helps improve productivity, such as a new filing
system, confidence and trust are built within the team. Each team member has
something special to offer.

 How do you encourage team members to contribute to ideas?

 Photos courtesy of the individual members.
 Make It A Point to Really Listen to Employees.
 Be Open by Example.
 Have an Open-Door Culture.
 Place Equal Value on Good and Bad Ideas.
 Offer Incentives for Sharing Ideas.
 Show Them Their Ideas Make A Difference.
 Ask for Feedback During Employee Reviews.

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 Recommendations for improving teamwork are put
forward.
 What recommendations can you make to improve teamwork?
most common ways to improve teamwork in the workplace
 Involve leaders in corporate communication.
 Avoid cringe-worthy team-building exercises.
 Create teamwork recognition programs.
 Clarify ownership early on.
 Make communication a two-way Street.
 Know who does what.
 Have a clear organizational purpose.
 Set clear team goals

 How do you build your team as you go forward?

How to build an effective team

 Set SMART goals.
 Perform well-defined roles.
 Experiment regularly.
 Embrace diversity.
 sharere a common culture.
 Be accountable to the team.
 Communicate effectively.
 Welcome strong leadership.

 What 3 things would you do to improve your team?

There is a zero percent chance that every team will go about improving teamwork, in
the same way, so recall that first, you should establish goals and then consider how
teamwork helps achieve those business goals. Decide what it is you're trying to
achieve. Learn your strengths. Get to work.

 What are the five 5 key areas for team improvement?

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Five elements of an effective team
 Have a common purpose. Karkoulas says that a good team must have a common
purpose or goal, which must be clearly understood by all team members.
 Promote shared values.
 Enable independence.
 Ensure mutual accountability.
 Recognize success

 How do you improve teamwork in the workplace?

Useful Ways to Enhance Teamwork in the Workplace
 Build diverse and inclusive teams.
 Clearly define roles and responsibilities for every team member.
 Build trust within the team.
 Encourage clear, frequent communication.
 Give teams autonomy in decision-making.
 Manage team meetings wisely.

 What three factors improve teamwork and success?

The key elements to successful teamwork are trust, communication, and effective
leadership; a focus on common goals with a collective responsibility for success (or
failure).

 How does teamwork improve quality?

Teamwork Improves Productivity

Highly engaged teams showed a 21% increas9292e in profitability. Teamwork helps

everyone to communicate better and more often in real-time thus minimizing friction
and delays. All this in turn leads to higher quality output.

4. Work as a team member

Effective forms of communication are used to interact
with team members.
 What is effective communication in teams?
What is effective communication in the workplace? At its core, effective
communication is the ability to competently and relay the correct information to the
correct people at
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the correct time. It's a staple of what makes a successful team, but effective
communication is increasingly fleeting.

 What is an effective form of communication?

Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions,
knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and
purpose. When we communicate effectively, both the sender and receiver feel satisfied.

 What effective communication methods do you use in the workplace?

Ways to create effective communication in the workplace
 Set clear goals and expectations.
 Ask clarifying questions.
 Schedule regular one-on-one meetings.
 Praise in public, criticize in private.
 Assume positive intent.
 Repeat important messages.
 Raise your words, not your voice.
 Hold town halls and cross-functional check-ins.

 How do you communicate with your team?

You can learn to be more authoritative with a few simple communication techniques—
ones that can completely change the way you're perceived by your team.
 Use Statements, Not Questions.
 Maintain Confidence as You Speak.
 Give Clear Directives, Not Suggestions.
 Add a Deadline.
 Repeat Your Request.

 What are the 4 types of communication?

Every person has a unique communication style, a way in which they interact and
exchange information with others. There are four basic communication styles: passive,
aggressive, passive-aggressive, and assertive. It's important to understand each
communication style, and why individuals use them

 What are the different types of team communication?

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If you aim to improve your team communication, you need to understand the various
ways your team relates. They are:
 Verbal. Verbal communication is the use of words to convey a message. ...
 Nonverbal. Nonverbal is a means of exchanging information without exchanging any
words.
 Feedback.
 Presentation.
 Debate.

 Why is communication important in teamwork?

Communication in teams is more than just efficient work. It allows everyone on the
team to be educated on any topic that may affect their work. Moreover, it develops
trust, builds camaraderie among the team members, boosts morale, and helps
employees stay engaged in the workplace.

 How can you promote effective communication and teamwork?

TOP 5 methods of promoting effective communication and relationships at work
 Promote a communication-friendly space.
 Inspire teammates to get involved in the planning process.
 Give and receive feedback.
 Have one-on-one meetings.
 Use active listening.

 How does effective communication benefit a team?

Communication within a team creates a more positive working environment for your
staff and what's more if your team feels like they can talk to the more senior staff
about any concerns/queries too, this creates trust and loyalty.

Communication channels are followed.

 Which of the following is not a communication channel?

Thinking and acting are not the types of communication channels. A communication
channel is a type of media that is used to transfer a message from one person to
another.

 What is basic communication?

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In the basic communication model, the sender encodes the message and transmits the
message through communication channels like verbal (face-to-face, over the
telephone, video calls) and non-verbal (newspapers, letters) for sending the message

 What is a communication example?

Mailing a letter to a friend, sending an email to a co-worker, calling a friend on the
telephone, having a discussion, and sending a text message are each an example of
communication. The information, signals, or message. The act of communicating;
transmission

 What is the role of the receiver in the communication system?

The receiver is the person who gets the message and tries to understand what the
sender wants to convey and then responds accordingly. This is also called decoding.
Berlo's model believes that effective communication can be achieved if the sender and
the receiver are on the same level.

 What are the following channels of communication?

Communication Channels. Communication channels can be categorized into three
principal channels: (1) verbal, (2) written, and (3) non-verbal. Each of these
communication channels has different strengths and weaknesses, and oftentimes we
can use more than one channel at the same time.

 What are the 5 communication channels?

With the sophistication of common verbal language, the communication focus has
shifted to primarily gathering information from a single channel – words, whereas a
message in its fullest form is often generated from up to 5 channels; face, body, voice,
verbal content, and verbal style.

 What are the 4 communication channels?

There are several different types of communication channels exist as listed below:
 Face-to-face conversations.
 Videoconferencing.
 Audio conferencing.
 Emails.
 Written letters and memos.
 Chats and messaging.
 Blogs.

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 Formal written documents.

 What are the 3 communication channels?

Communication channels are followed.
There are three different communication channels based on formality: formal, informal,
and unofficial.
 Formal communication channels. Formal communication includes the exchange of
information such as the goals, policies, and procedures of an organization. ...
 Informal communication channels. ...
 Unofficial communication channels.

 What are the types of communication?

Five Types of Communication
 Verbal Communication. Verbal communication occurs when we engage in speaking
with others.
 Non-Verbal Communication. What we do while we speak often says more than the
actual words.
 Written Communication.
 Listening.
 Visual Communication.

 What are communication channels and their types?

In a nutshell, communication channels are mediums through which you can send a
message to its intended audience. For example, phone calls, text messages, emails,
video, radio, and social media are all types of communication channels.

 What type of communication is a speech?

Speech, or oral communication, is a process of sending and receiving spoken messages
between people. Speech conveys and sways through the presentation of ideas,
opinions, information, directions, and commands, usually with responsive
communication from the listener.

OHS practices are followed.

 What are good OHS practices?

Identify hazards in the workplace. Control the hazards and eliminate or minimize the
potential for workplace injuries or illness. Be monitored to ensure the program meets

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its goals and Work Safe BC requirements under the Workers Compensation Act and
the OHS Regulation.

 Why do we need to follow OHS?

Prioritizing OHS at your business has several key benefits, including the Reduced risk of
accidents or injuries by identifying and mitigating hazards. Improved efficiency and
productivity due to fewer employees missing work from illness or injury.

 What is an OHS workplace?

Occupational health and safety are concerned with protecting the safety, health, and
welfare of people engaged in work or employment. The enjoyment of these standards
at the highest levels is a basic human right that should be accessible by every worker.

 What are some examples of OHS?

What are examples of the responsibilities of workers?
 Using personal protection and safety equipment as required by the employer.
 Following safe work procedures.
 Knowing and complying with all regulations.
 Reporting any injury or illness immediately to the supervisor or manager.

 What should an OHS policy contain?

Creating a safe working environment for employees. Providing clean and accessible
toilet facilities. Training of employees on equipment safety. Keeping up with
maintenance on facilities and equipment to ensure safe usage

T1. Describe and identify team role and responsibility in a team

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Role and objective of the team are identified.

2. Team parameters, relationships, and responsibilities are identified.
3. Individual roles and responsibilities within the team environment are identified.
4. Roles and responsibilities of other team members are identified and
recognized.

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5. Reporting relationships within the team and external to the team are identified.

CONTENTS:
Team role.
Relationship and responsibilities
Role and responsibilities in a team environment.
Relationship within a team.

CONDITIONS:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
Standard operating procedure (SOP) of workplace
Job procedures
Client/supplier instructions
Quality standards
Organizational or external personnel

METHODOLOGIES:
Group discussion/interaction
Case studies
Simulation

ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Written test
Observation
Simulation
Role-playing

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 ISHU001L2V1: Interpret the ground roles of caregiving
1. Interpret basic knowledge of caregiving:

 Principle of caregiving is recognized-

Principle 1: Involve the infants and toddlers in the things that concern them.
Children should not just be observing things like when their diaper is being
changed, but also participate in the activity with you. These can be good learning
experiences.

Principle 2: Spend quality time.

Children need undivided attention. Don't be doing two things at once while interacting with
them.

Principle 3: Learn each child's unique ways of communicating and teach them yours.
All children have different personalities just like adults do. Recognize clues that your
child might be giving and teach them your ways of communicating also.

Principle 4: Invest the time and energy needed to build a total person.
It is important for children to be well rounded in life. Help them to realize this through guidance.

Principle 5: Respect infants and toddlers as being worthy people.

It is polite to ask children their opinions on certain things and to tell them what
you're going to do with them. You wouldn't like to be touched without someone
asking permission first. Kids feel the same way too.

Principle 6: Be honest about your feelings.

Don't sugar coat anything for children. Expressing yourself appropriately will model
to them how to react in certain situations later on.

Principle 7: Model the type of behavior you'd like to teach.

Don't say one thing and then do another, be consistent with your actions and the kids will follow.

Principle 8: Recognize that problems can be learning opportunities and let infants
and toddlers try to solve some problems on their own.
If you rescue a child every time they are in a mess they will never learn to deal with these
problems
effectively on their own. Be there for them but don't take over.

Principle 9: Teach trust, build security.

Building trust with the child will lead to a secure relationship between the two of you later on.

Principle 10: Be concerned about developmental quality in each stage.

Each child is going to develop at their own different pace. Don't rush this but
embrace the learning opportunities and let nature take its course.

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  Basics of caregiving is identified

What is caregiving
A caregiver is defined as a "person who attends to the needs of a dependent child or
adult." Caregivers manage the physical, emotional, spiritual, and practical needs of
another person, all while managing their own life, needs, family, and career.

What care do caregivers provide

The tasks of caregiving are wide-ranging and based on the needs of the individual
patient. Different caregivers are capable of and comfortable with different tasks,
which is why it is helpful to have more than one caregiver. It is also important for the
primary caregiver to be able to delegate tasks to others when they need help. One
person cannot do it all! Some common tasks include:

 Physical needs: bathing, dressing, feeding, turning, repositioning.

 Emotional needs: companionship and support.
 Practical needs: transportation to appointments, food shopping, bill
paying, and accompanying the patient to medical appointments.

6 Types of Caregivers: How to Find the Right Kind of Caregiver

 In-Home Caregivers. If you're looking for an in-home caregiver for
yourself or a loved one, you should know there are different types. ...
 Hospice Caregivers.
 Virtual Caregivers.
 Adult Daycare Centers.
 Nursing Homes.
 Assisted Living Facilities.

What are the different kinds of caregivers?

Types of Caregivers
 Family Caregiver.
 Professional Caregiver.
 Independent Caregiver.
 Private Duty Caregiver.
 Informal Caregiver.
 Volunteer Caregiver.

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  Common medical terminologies are stated

Basic medical terminology

The following is a list of over 100 basic medical terms grouped into categories to
help you find the term you need:

Abbreviations and acronyms

This list contains some common medical abbreviations and acronyms:

 AC: Ante cecum, or "before meals," indicating when a patient should take
 medication
 ADR: Adverse drug reaction
 ALOC: Acute loss of consciousness
 BMI : Body mass index, a measurement of body fat based on height and
BP: weight
Blood pressure, a measurement of the pressure exerted by the flow of
blood upon
vessel walls. This measurement is expressed using two numbers, the systolic,
or highest pressure and the diastolic, or lowest pressure.
 CHF: or
ECG Congestive
EKG: heart failure
 EMS: Do
DNR: not resuscitate, an indication that the patient does not want CPR or
Emerge
other nlife- saving procedures performed on them
 FX: Electrocardiogram, a device that records heartbeats
 HR: cy medical services
 Fracture
 Heart rate, the number of times a person's heart beats, usually
measured per minute
 LFT: Liver function test
 MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic imaging that uses magnetism
and radio waves to produce images of internal organs
 PT: Physical
 Rx: therapy
 UTI: Prescription
Urinary tract infection

Related:

Diseases and conditions

These are some common terms for diseases and conditions:

 Acute: A condition that is often severe but starts and ends quickly

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  Angina: Intermittent chest pain normally caused by insufficient blood flow to
 Benign: the heart
 Refers to a tumor that is neither cancerous nor malignant
Chronic: Describes a condition that is persistent or recurring
 Edema: Swelling as a result of fluid retention or build-up
 Embolism: A clot caused by blood, fat, air or other types of fluid, gas or
foreign material
 Fracture: A cracked or broken bone
 Hypertension: Unusually high blood pressure
 Hypotension: Unusually low blood pressure
 Intravenous: Administration of medication or fluids by vein
 Lesion: Damage or change to tissue, such as a cut, a wound or a sore
 Malignant: Refers to the presence of cancerous cells in a tumor or growth
 Myocardial infarction: Also known as a heart attack, where the heart is
deprived of blood due to arterial blockage
 Remission: Describes a disease that is not getting worse
 Sepsis: An imbalance in the body's response to infection that injures the
body's tissues and organs
 Thrombosis: A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel restricting blood
flow

Procedures and tests

Here are some common medical procedures and tests:

 Appendectomy: Surgical procedure to remove the appendix

 Biopsy: Removal of a small tissue sample for testing
Dialysis:
 Joinin Test to reveal the existence of fungi or bacteria in the blood,
Blood culture:
Fusion:
g possibly
indicating an
Glucose test: infection
 Blood swab: Taking a blood sample using a cotton-tipped stick
 Coronary bypass: Surgical transplant of a healthy blood vessel into the heart
to bypass or replace an unhealthy vessel
 Process to filter the blood, usually performed as a result of kidney
failure
 together adjacent bones or vertebrae to increase stability
 A test to discover the quantity of a particular type of
sugar in the bloodstream
 Hysterectomy: Surgical procedure to remove the uterus
 Intubation: Medical insertion of a tube into the body, for example, into
the throat to assist with breathing
 Lead test: A test to reveal the quantity of lead in the bloodstream
 Lumbar puncture or spinal tap: Drawing of cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar
region of the back using a hollow needle
 Mastectomy: Surgical procedure to remove part or all of the breast
 Occult blood screen: Use of a chemically treated card or pad to test for blood
hidden in a stool sample
 Ultrasound: Imaging produced by high-frequency sound waves, usually
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 used to view internal organs
 X-ray: Use of high-energy electromagnetic radiation to create images of
internal bones
and organs

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  Common medical Equipment

Thermometer
Catheter
Syringe (50 cc,20 cc,6cc, 3cc)
Dressing equipment/ trolley
Cotton ball
Wound dressing set
Nebulizer
Crutches
Blood glucose meter
Walker
Pulse Oximeter
Feeding tube
Surgical suture
Assistive cane
Speculum
Scalpel
Scissors
Forceps
Bandages
First Aid Kits
Compression stockings
Urinal
Bed pan
Apron
Stethoscope
Sphygmomanometer

 Components of patient file

Medical history
Physician’s prescription
Care plan
Different charts (Temperature/Pulse/Diet/Medication chart)
Pathological reports
Blood pressure chart
Intake output
Diabetic chart

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  Communicable disease

Chikungunya
COVID – 19 (Corona)
Dengue fever
Diphtheria
Guillain-Barre' Syndrome
STDs (Gonorrhea, Syphilis, HIV/AIDS)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
3.10Leprosy
Malaria
Measles (rubella)
Mumps
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Plague (human)
Poliovirus
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Typhoid carrier
Typhoid and Paratyphoid fever
Varicella (chickenpox)
Yellow fever
Dengue

 Non-communicable diseases

Alzheimer's disease
Asthma
Cataracts
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetes
Heart disease
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Bipolar disorder
Birth defects
Cerebral palsy
Down’s syndrome
Epilepsy
Hemophilia
Obesity

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 Psoriasis
Vision impairment
Cardiovascular disease
Cancer

2. Interpret the roles and responsibilities of a caregiver

 Working environment is recognized

Characteristics of a positive working environment

A positive working environment has several noticeable factors. To better understand

this atmosphere, it's important to know its common attributes so you can look for
them with your current or future employer. Here are seven characteristics of a
positive working environment:

 Productive atmosphere
 Open and honest communication
 Compassionate team members
 Positive reinforcement
 Growth opportunities
 Positive thinking
 Good work-life balance

 Standards of care giving is identified

Fundamental standards-

 Understand your role

 Your personal development
 Duty of care
 Equality and diversity
 Work in a person centered way
 Communication
 Privacy and dignity
 Fluids and nutrition
 Awareness of mental health, dementia and learning disabilities
 Safeguarding adults
 Safeguarding children
 Basic life support
 Health and safety
 Handling information
 Infection prevention and control

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  Duties and Responsibilities of a Senior Caregiver

 Assess medical needs. Checking on your senior loved one's health is an

important caregiver responsibility. ...
 Prepare a care plan. ...
 Assist with basic needs. ...
 Provide companionship. ...
 Help with housekeeping. ...
 Monitor medications. ...
 Assess your care plan regularly. ...
 Prepare meals

 How do you solve prioritization problems

 Make a list. When work begins to feel overwhelming, take a step back
and jot down what's on your deck. ...
 Prioritize urgency and effort. ...
 Learn about everything possible. ...
 Make schedules visible and transparent. ...
 Don't be afraid to cut tasks. ...
 Work-life balance. ...
 Conclusion.

 How do you advocate for a client

 Educate the patient. ...
 Update the entire team. ...
 Be present. ...
 Ensure safety. ...
 Double-check documentation. ...
 Give proper care. ...
 Offer resources. ...
 Listen to your patient

 Day to day activity management is outlined

How do you use management in your day to day activities
List of Tips for Effective Time Management

 Set goals correctly. Set goals that are achievable and measurable. ...
 Prioritize wisely. Prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency. ...

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  Set a time limit to complete a task. ...
 Take a break between tasks. ...
 Organize yourself. ...
 Remove non-essential tasks/activities. ...
 Plan ahead.

3. Explain care giving rules and ethics

 legal and ethical aspects of care giving

Ethical issues near the end of life often arise because of concerns about how much
and what kind of care make sense for someone with a limited life expectancy,
especially if the person is very ill. There is often conflict between health
professionals and family members about what constitutes appropriate care. Many
conflicts can be avoided by clarifying who makes the difficult decisions to limit care,
and by advance planning. Caregivers should begin making legal preparations soon
after their loved one has been diagnosed with a serious illness. Ethical and legal
issues are embedded in the role of family caregiver. As the key decision-maker the
family caregiver is faced with choosing options in addressing the concerns and
expectations of the care recipient and/or other family members, and their own
limitations in skills, time and resources. Decision-making and planning for
incapacity, long-term care and death usually do not occur in the advance of an
event, therefore, it is not surprising that only 20–30% of Americans have formalized
their wishes in the event of their incapacity or death. Decision-making about the
future usually occurs at the time of a diagnosis of a terminal illness. Physicians
honor the principle of patient autonomy about decisions affecting their lives. A
conversation about advance directives and questions about care giving should
involve the physician, patient, and family caregiver. Advance directives help to
preserve the recipient’s well-being by protecting them against unwanted medical
interventions.

 Codes of ethics in care giving

 Integrity.
 Objectivity.
 Professional competence.
 Confidentiality.
 Professional behavior.
 Privacy
 Confidentiality
 Respect and dignity
 Select and choose their own doctor(s)
 Access to emergency services

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 Competent and compassionate care
 Religious freedom

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  Social freedom

 client rights and responsibilities

 Respect. You have the right to choose or change your hearing service provider.
 Safety and Quality. You have the right to receive services from an
appropriately qualified practitioner.
 Communication.
 Choice.
 Privacy.
 Respect.
 Disclosure.
 Participate

 Fundamental of professionalism in care giving

Some qualities of a professional caregiver

 Patience. When dealing with the elderly, it is essential for a

caregiver to be patient.
 Dependability. When the wellbeing of an elderly individual
depends on your presence, you need to be there.
 Confidence.
 Attentiveness.
 Trustworthiness.
 Supportive.
 Compassionate.
 Creative

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 4. Ensure a safe working environment

 Physical working environment is recognized

According to the studies described above, the physical work environment can
influence organizational outcomes, such as performance, collaboration,
innovation, effective human-resource management, and profitability. It can also
influence employee outcomes such as engagement, performance, well-being,
and satisfaction.

 Care of appliances is taken to prevent

accidents Ways to Prevent Electrical

Accidents-

1. Never touch anything electrical with wet hands or while standing in water. ...
2. Don’t use frayed or broken cords or plug in anything with a missing prong.
3. Cover unused outlets. ...
4. Don't overload sockets. ...
5. When unplugging, don't yank! Pull by the plug, not the cord.
6. When unplugging, don’t yank! Pull by the plug, not the cord.
7. Don’t run cords under rugs or furniture. Also keep them away from
pets that like to chew.
8. Always clean the lint filter for your dryer.
9. Test safety switches each year.
10. Don’t fly kites near power lines.
11. Never touch a downed power line or climb a utility pole.

 Causes and prevention of fall risks are identified

Falls can be classified into three types:

Physiological (anticipated). Most in-hospital falls belong to this category. ...
Physiological (unanticipated). .
Accidental

 Causes of fall:

 Balance problems and muscle weakness.

 Vision loss.
 A long-term health condition, such as heart disease, dementia or low
blood pressure (hypotension), which can lead to dizziness and a brief loss
of consciousness
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  Prevention of fall:

Secure locks on beds, stretcher, & wheel chair. Keep floors clutter/obstacle free
(especially the path between bed and bathroom/commode). Place call light &
frequently needed objects within patient reach. Answer call light promptly.

 Necessary medication is taken as per organization standard

Some guidelines for taking medication safely-

Here are some tips to help you take your medicines safely:

 Follow instructions. Read all medicine labels.

 Use the right amount.
 Take medicine on time.
 Turn on a light.
 Report problems.
 Tell your doctor about alcohol, tobacco, and drug use.
 Check before stopping.
 Don't share

5. Interpret communicable non- communicable diseases

 Appropriate measures to respect clients from communicable disease are illustrated

Ways to prevent communicable diseases:

1. Handle & Prepare Food Safely. Food can carry germs.

2. Wash Hands Often.
3. Clean & Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces.
4. Cough and Sneeze into a Tissue or Your Sleeve.
5. Don't Share Personal Items.
6. Get Vaccinated.
7. Avoid Touching Wild Animals.
8. Stay Home When Sick.

How do we prevent non communicable diseases?

Reducing the major risk factors for non communicable diseases (NCDs) – tobacco
use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol – is the focus
of WHO's work to prevent deaths from NCDs.

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 6. Interpret care givers basic right

 Caregiver Rights Explained

The Rights of Caregivers-

 Taking Care of Yourself

 Keeping Your Personal Life to Yourself

 Seeking Help When You Need It
 Taking Pride in Your Work
 Protecting Your Individuality
 Having Emotions
 Rejecting Manipulation by Your Love one
 Expecting Further Strides in Support for Caregivers

 Aspects of caregiver
Positive aspects of care giving can include personal growth, gratitude,
mastery, finding meaning, and other benefits. The review examined studies
that investigated these types of positive aspects and their relation to
caregivers' mental, physical, and emotional well-being

 Right and dignity of care giver

Rights of the Caregiver-
As a caregiver, you have the right to:
• be treated in accordance with the hospital’s care Values (integrity, compassion,
accountability, respect and engagement).
• be treated by caring staff who understand that the entire family is impacted by your loved
one’s condition.
• a hospital setting and health care team that values your point of view and perspective
about your loved one’s condition.
• to be actively involved in your loved one’s care with your loved one’s permission.
• be given information on hospital and community resources.
• know where you can express a compliment, concern or complaint about your
hospital experience.

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 How do you show respect and dignity to patients-?
1. Let people choose their own clothing. ...
2. Involve them in decisions relating to their care. ...
3. Address the person appropriately. ...
4. Make food look appealing and tasty. ...
5. Respect personal space and possessions. ...
6. Hygiene and personal care. ...
7. Promote social activities. ...
8. Engage in conversation.

 Counseling need for individual/group/family

What Is Individual Counseling?

Individual counseling is a one-on-one discussion between the

counselor and the client, who is the person seeking treatment. The two
form an alliance, relationship or bond that enables trust and
personal growth

Need for group counseling-

An important benefit of group counseling is the opportunity to receive feedback

from others in a supportive environment. It is rare to find friends who will gently
point out how you may be behaving in ways that can be hurtful to yourself
and others. This is a unique benefit of a therapy group.

Benefits of family counseling-

 Developing healthy boundaries.
 Improving communication.
 Defining someone's role within the family.
 Improving family dynamics and relationships.

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  Providing stre needs of disabled personsngth and coping tools
for family members.
 Addressing dysfunctional interactions.
 improving the family's problem-solving abilities

 Signs of caregiver distress

 Feeling overwhelmed or constantly worried.

 Feeling tired often.
 Getting too much sleep or not enough sleep.
 Gaining or losing weight.
 Becoming easily irritated or angry.
 Losing interest in activities you used to enjoy.
 Feeling sad.
 Having frequent headaches, bodily pain or other physical problems.

 Coping with stress and need for support of the care givers

Strategies for dealing with caregiver stress-

 Accept help.
 Focus on what you are able to provide.
 Set realistic goals.
 Get connected.
 Join a support group.
 Seek social support.
 Set personal health goals.
 See your doctor.

Support Caregivers-
 Help them with errands, chores, and other tasks.
 Provide emotional and social support.
 Negotiate times to check in on them.
 Make sure they are managing their own health care needs.
 Help them create and manage a care plan for the person they care for.

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 positive attitude and leadership

 Solving problems effectively. The process that precedes

decision-making is problem solving, when information is
gathered, analyzed, and considered.
 Operating with a strong results orientation.
 Seeking different perspectives.
 Supporting others.

 Importance of interpersonal relationships

Interpersonal relationships are important for your overall physical and

emotional happiness. Relationships help fight loneliness while also giving
you a sense of purpose in life. For instance, the closeness you feel with
family and friends is an essential part of your social support

 Needs of disabled persons

Basic Needs/Rights-
 Full access to the Environment (towns, countryside & buildings)
 An accessible Transport system.
 Technical aids and equipment.
 Accessible/adapted housing.
 Personal Assistance and support.
 Inclusive Education and Training.
 An adequate Income.
 Equal opportunities for Employment.

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 ISHU002L2V1: Interpret the legal and ethical issues in caregiving
Legal standards are those standards that are set forth in governmental laws. Ethical standards
are based on the human principles of right and wrong. The differences between them are
these: Legal standards are based on written law, while ethical standards are based on human
rights and wrongs.
Every day, patients, families and healthcare professionals face ethical and legal decisions. These
difficult dilemmas may concern medical treatments, practices, hospital management and other
matters that arise in the healthcare industry. Ethical issues in healthcare can require an
immediate response, such as making decisions for patients when they are not able to do so, or
can involve a prolonged, carefully considered decision, such as the debate over the right to
abortion or assisted suicide.
There are numerous legal and ethical challenges clinical leaders, health practitioners and
patients face in healthcare. Some examples of common medical legal and ethical issues in
caregiving include:
: Legal issues for caregivers are recognized.
Caregivers of individuals with serious, debilitating diseases should plan ahead for the time at
which the individual becomes incapacitated. Tips regarding such planning are presented.
As a caregiver, you should begin making legal preparations soon after your loved one has been
diagnosed with a serious illness. People with Alzheimer's disease and other long-term illnesses
might have the capacity to manage their own legal and financial affairs right now. As their
disease advances, however, they will need to rely on others to act in their best interests. This
transition is never easy, but advanced planning allows patients and their families to make
decisions together for what may come.
## Power of attorney (POA)
• This allows your older adult to authorize someone to make legal decisions when they are no
longer competent.
• POA also covers authority to make financial decisions
## Durable power of attorney for health care (also known as a health care proxy)
• This allows your older adult to authorize someone to make all decisions regarding health care,
including choosing health care providers, medical treatment, and end-of-life decisions.
• This power only goes into effect when your older adult is unable to make decisions for
themselves.
## Living will or advance directive

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 • This allows your older adult to state, in advance, what kind of medical care they do and do not
want to receive.
• This also covers what life-support procedures they would not like to have.
• This is used when a person isn’t able to make their wishes known on their own.
## Living trust
• This allows your older adult (the grantor) to create a trust and appoint someone (a trustee) to
manage the trust assets when they aren’t able to manage their finances.
• A person or a financial institution can be the trustee.
## Will
• Your older adult’s will names an executor and beneficiaries.
• The executor is the person who will manage your older adult’s estate at the time of death.
• Beneficiaries will receive the estate at the time of death.
:Legal terms and definition are stated.
#Patient Consent- A Caregiver Consent Form, prepared in advance, assures that the caregiver
will be able to make medical decisions guided by health care professionals in your absence. You
can create these forms without the need for a lawyer.
##Assault- Assault takes place when an individual intentionally attempts
or threatens to touch another individual in a harmful or offensive manner without their consent.
##Battery - Battery takes place when an individual harmfully or offensively touches another
individual without their consent.
##False Imprisonment - False imprisonment takes place when you intentionally restrict an
individual’s freedom
to leave a space.
##Fraud - Fraud means that a person intentionally gives false information in order to make
money or gain an advantage.
##Invasion of Privacy -Invasion of privacy is revealing personal or private information without
an individual’s
consent.
##Malpractice- Malpractice is a failure to use reasonable judgment when applying your
professional knowledge.

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##Negligence - Negligence is when a personal injury or property damage is caused by your act
or your
failure to act when you have a duty to act.
: Caregiving rules and ethics are explained.
***Caregiving rules:
A caregiver is someone, typically over age 18, who provides care for another. It may be a person
who is responsible for the direct care, protection, and supervision of children in a child care
home, or someone who tends to the needs of the elderly or disabled.
There are some golden rules of caregiving are:
1. Identify yourself as a caregiver. A caregiver is anyone who provides unpaid care for someone
who is ill, frail or disabled. People caring for a family member do not always define themselves
as caregivers. But the fact is you are also a caregiver!
2. Know your right to benefits. The person you care for may be entitled to a number of different
benefits (please refer to the following sections for details on tax benefits).
3. If you feel you need help, ask. Caring can be hard work, stressful and isolating, so many
caregivers need their own support. This can come from a friend or relative but also from a
fellow caregiver, support group or an online connection.
4. Tell your doctor. Your personal physician ought to offer caregivers regular health checks and
may be more flexible on appointments. They may also refer you to additional support where
necessary.
5. Take breaks. Caring can be a full-time job. Take a respite break to relax and recharge your
batteries. Options such as a few days’ residential care for a patient may apply if you are a
principal caregiver. Daytime or night-time sitting services, day care centers and support with
holidays might be available.
6. Eat well. Caring can be time-consuming. You may form a habit of not eating properly or
frequently. It is important that you look after yourself, not least because you need your
strength and health in order to be available to help.
8. Get a hobby. It is not possible for anyone to spend 100% of their time ‘on the job’. You need
other activities to maintain a balanced life. If necessary, you can ask for respite support to
enable you to do this.
9. Engage your patient’s participation. Keep in mind that dystonia patients need to be
independent too. Involved them in helping out if and when they can. Give them time, space and
routines to accomplish things on their own, at their own pace. This in turn will give you time for
yourself.

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10. Always make time for you.
Caregiving Ethics :
The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action centers on
interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue.
Professional Association of Caregivers members agree to follow these ethics as senior
caregivers:
• I will always treat my clients with kindness and respect.
• I will always arrive at the client’s home on time, preferably 5 minutes before the start of my
scheduled hours. If I might be late, I will immediately call.
• I will follow the Plan of Care each day for my client.
• I will maintain a clean and organized home for my client.
• I will never leave my client unattended. If the relief caregiver is late I will immediately call the
Care Manager.
• I will address my client by their last name unless they invite me to use their first name.
• I will honor the client’s right to privacy and confidentiality, including their identity, address,
and telephone number.
• I will keep my religious beliefs, political choices, or personal issues private and likewise respect
my client’s beliefs.
• I will call 911 immediately when there is a medical emergency and then call my senior care
company office or Care Manager.
• I will not engage in financial transactions nor intimate relationships with a client or family
member.
• I will never use alcohol or illegal drugs as a professional caregiver.
• I will only use my personal mobile phone for calls and texts during rest or break periods.

: Ethical principles And Actions:

• Keep personal information confidential
• Only perform work assigned
• Do not do less work than assigned

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• Avoid doing careless or low-quality work
•Report abuse
• Honesty
• Respect
• Reliability
. Code of conducts -
: Reporting Abuse. Unethical Behavior & Misconduct:
Reporting Abuse -
Abuse means Intentional infliction of physical harm or unreasonable confinement.
Adult and child abuse refers to any form of maltreatment of a person by a caregiver, family
member, spouse or friend. Categories of abuse include:
#Mental & Emotional abuse
Psychological abuse such as name-calling, insults, threats, and intimidation.
#Physical Abuse:
This includes:
• being hit, slapped, pushed or restrained
• being denied food or water
• not being helped to go to the bathroom when you need to
• misuse of your medicines
bruises, broken bones, cuts or other untreated injuries in various stages of healing.
#Sexual abuse or sexual assault :
• indecent exposure
• sexual harassment
• inappropriate looking or touching
• sexual teasing or innuendo
• sexual photography
• being forced to watch pornography or sexual acts

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• being forced or pressured to take part in sexual acts
• rape
#Financial Abuse:
#Discriminatory abuse: This includes some forms of harassment, slurs or unfair treatment
because of:
• race
• sex
• gender and gender identity
• age
• disability
• sexual orientation
• religion
#Consequence of abuse :
Consequences. Abuse of older people can have serious physical and mental health, financial,
and social consequences, including, for instance, physical injuries, premature mortality,
depression, cognitive decline, financial devastation and placement in nursing homes.
#Detecting Abuse:
This paper describes a protocol for an integrated response by health care professionals to the
problem of elder abuse. Standard training, reporting, and response procedures have been
emphasized in order to assess and treat elderly abuse/neglect.
#Reporting Abuse:
If caregivers are paid to provide care to a person with intellectual or developmental disabilities,
they are considered mandatory reporters. They must report any suspected abuse or neglect,
abandonment or financial exploitation to proper authorities.
Unethical behavior and misconduct:
Such unethical acts include: taking medicines without obtaining a proper educational
qualification; operating as without a licensed or registered psychologist; charging excessively;
negligence; or making erroneous decisions.
Ethical misconduct means unacceptable behavior or conduct engaged in by a licensed school
employee and includes inappropriate touching, sexual harassment, discrimination, and
behavior intended to induce a child into engaging in illegal, immoral or other prohibited
behavior.
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 :Caregiver responsibility
As a caregiver, you have the responsibility to:
• ask questions if you don’t understand.
• clean your hands and to encourage others, including healthcare providers, to do the same.
• support a safe environment by reporting anything of concern.
• visit your loved one only if you are well.
• use appropriate language and be respectful of hospital staff and patients.
• respect the privacy and confidentiality of your loved one and of patients.
: Safety & self defense :
Safety -
Caregivers need to make sure their hands stay washed and clean, and they should always wear
personal protective gear, such as masks or gowns to prevent contact with illness-causing germs.
These tips can help your caregivers stay safe and healthy in the homes of their clients:
• Use safe lifting practices: ...
• Use the right tools for the job: ...
• Wear appropriate clothing: ...
• Clean up spills and hazards immediately: ...
• Foster a culture of safety.

Self-defense --
Having the ability to defend yourself increases your self-esteem and boosts your confidence.
Benefits like these only add to the reason to learn self-defense. Of course, there are more
significant benefits than just higher self-esteem. Self-defense training teaches various methods
to defend yourself and others.
2. Recognize rights in caregiving
: Rights of clients are interpreted-
#Right to Have Special Needs Address

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The key responsibility of a caregiver is providing the care and support necessary to help elevate
the quality of life of the individual with special needs.
*Care for patients by changing bed linens washing and ironing laundry, cleaning or assistant
with their personal care.
*Entertain, converse with or read aloud to patients to keep them mentally healthy and alert.
*Administer prescribed oral medications under the written direction of the physician or as
directed by home care nurse or aide.
*Plan, purchase, prepare or serve meals to patients or other family members, according to
prescribed diets.
*Accompany clients to doctors offices or on other trips outside the home, providing
transportation, assistance and companionship.
#Right to know caregivers -
A client has the right to know the names and the jobs of his or her caregivers. A client has the
right to privacy with respect to his or her medical condition. A patient's care and treatment will
be discussed only with those who need to know.
#Right to choose & refuse treatment -
• A client given the option to participate in research studies has the right to complete
information and may refuse to participate in the program. A client who chooses to participate
has the right to stop at any time. Any refusal to participate in a research program will not affect
the client’s access to care.
• A client has the right to refuse any drugs, treatment or procedures to the extent permitted by
law after hearing the medical consequences of refusing the drug, treatment or procedure.
• A client has the right to have help getting another doctor’s opinion at his or her request and
expense.
#Right to Informed Consent -
• A client has the right to make informed decisions regarding his or her care and has the right to
include family members in those decisions.
• A client has the right to information from his or her doctor in order to make informed
decisions about his or her care. This means that clients will be given information about their
diagnosis, prognosis, and different treatment choices. This information will be given in terms
that the patient can understand. This may not be possible in an emergency.
#Right to Receive Quality Care-

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• A client has the right to good quality care and high professional standards that are continually
maintained and reviewed.
#Right to Respect -
• A patient has the right to respectful care given by competent workers.
#Right to Privacy and Confidentiality -
• A patient has the right to privacy with respect to his or her medical condition. A client’s care
and treatment will be discussed only with those who need to know.
• A patient has the right to personal privacy and to receive care in a safe and secure setting.
#Right to Access Medical Records & lab reports-
• Upon request, a client has the right to access all information contained in the client’s medical
records within a reasonable timeframe. This access may be restricted by the client’s doctor only
for sound medical reasons. A patient has the right to have information in the medical record
explained to him or her.
: Rights of the caregivers
#Freedom from Discrimination & Intimidation -
*Caregiver discrimination, also known as “family responsibilities discrimination,” occurs when
an employer discriminates against someone based on his or her caregiving responsibilities.
While there is no single statute that protects those who are subject to discrimination because
they have caregiver responsibilities, there are a number of laws that together provide such
protection for caregivers.
*Intimidation, is a form of bullying. Forms of intimidation can be behavior that belittles such as
being shouted at or the use of profanities, and wrongly assigning blame. Intimidation in the
healthcare field among and between practitioners is most commonly in the form of verbal
abuse
#Equal pay for equal work -
A Better Balance is working with lawmakers and advocates to level the playing field for women
and all caregivers.
#Freedom from Sexual Harassment -
Clients must project all caregivers providing care to relatives in their home.
The Commission released a FAQ that provides guidance and examples of caregiver
discrimination in the workplace.
#Right to Family Medical Leave -

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The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) was established to help workers maintain their jobs,
health insurance, and financial security by guaranteeing up to 12-weeks of unpaid, job-
protected leave to care for themselves or for a family member.
#Safe Environment -
A safe work environment is about more than just preventing injuries or the spread of disease, it
is about making employee well-being a priority. A safe workplace is one where employees feel
secure and enjoy a safe space, company values, and a positive co-working environment that
encourages respect for everyone.
#Privacy Rights -
Patients would be less likely to share sensitive information, which could negatively impact their
care. Creating a trusting environment by respecting patient privacy encourages the patient to
seek care and to be as honest as possible during the course of a health care visit.
: Privacy and confidentiality are maintained.
Maintaining privacy and confidentiality in clients care is essential as not only is it a legal
obligation in many respects, but it also builds trust between people in care and their care
workers.
When care is person-centered, clients ’s needs are met and their personal circumstances can be
acknowledged. In doing so, information between the person and their careers can flow more
freely, allowing for improved understanding and care.
3. Assess caregiver conduct-regulations
: Managing behavior challenges is performed -
.Understand the basis of the change in behavior
• Routines, routines, routines
• Simplify. Reduce distractions
• Provide structure, prompts and cues
• Calm environment
• Regular medical care: physical and psychiatric
• Consider mood disorders: anxiety, depression
• Recognize danger signs
– Seek medical and professional help
:Care-giving offer is assessed and care planning is prepared -

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Caregiver assessment is a systematic process of gathering information about a caregiving
situation to identify the specific problems, needs, strengths, and resources of the family
caregiver, as well as the ability of the caregiver to contribute to the needs of the care recipient.
The four medical assessments regularly performed on patients are:
*Initial assessment.
*Focused assessment.
*Time-lapsed assessment.
*Emergency assessment.
To make a Caregiving Plan:
• Prepare
• Pull your team together
• Take stock of the situation
• Have a family meeting

• Make the Plan

Once you have put together your team, and considered the patient’s needs, it is time to sit down
with all the players and put your Caregiving Plan together. The written Plan should include:
*Contact information for all the patient’s healthcare providers
*Contact information for the caregiving team
*A caregiving schedules
*A list of assigned tasks (for example, “Laundry: Rebecca, Tuesday evenings”)
*A list of the patient's medications and instructions.
*Other important medical information
*Instructions for what to do in an emergency
*Take action
: Clients in dependents is promoted-
As a caregiver, your instinct is to give the person you’re caring for as much help as you can. But
did you know that it’s possible to help them too much? Giving someone more support than
they need can cause them to become dependent and reduce their ability to care for
themselves.
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Encouraging independence should include giving people the ability to do a wide variety of
activities for fun. Providing a wide variety of activities, such as gardening, taking walks, and
dancing, will potentially give a resident physical and mental stimulation and will encourage
independence.
: Risks are analyzed for a troubled and remote work area-
Remote work is work that is isolated from the assistance of other people because of the
location, time or nature of the work being done. In this procedure, assistance from other
people includes rescue, medical assistance and emergency services. A worker may be isolated
even if other people are close by.
Top Security Risks of Remote Working
• GDPR and remote working. Remote work means an employer has less control and visibility
over employees' data security.
• Phishing Emails.
• Weak Passwords.
• Unsecured Home Devices.
• Unencrypted File Sharing.
• Open Home WIFI Networks.
: Offer letter is assessed against negotiation-
The key here is to make sure that a written offer is already in place before negotiating. One
must be sure first that the employer indeed wants them, as evidenced by a written offer. If the
approval is only verbal, a salary negotiation should be put on hold.
A good starting point is to evaluate your job offer against these eight criteria:
*Research Your Prospective Employer. Your prospective employer has worked hard to assess
your suitability for the job.
*Salary.
*Benefits and Perks.
*Savings and Expenses.
*Time.
*Career Path.
*Research the Role.

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*Your Values.
The purpose of this study was to investigate how family caregivers and nurses consider their
mutual relationship and to develop a substantive.

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ISHU003L2V1: Carryout basic first aid

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 Emergency Action principles of First aid
Concept of first aid:
To begin with help is the primary and prompt help given to any individual with either a minor or
genuine sickness or injury, with care given to protect life, avoid the condition from declining, or
to advance recuperation. It incorporates beginning mediation in a genuine condition earlier to
proficient restorative offer assistance being accessible, such as performing cardiopulmonary
revival (CPR) whereas holding up for an rescue vehicle, as well as the total treatment of minor
conditions, such as applying a mortar to a cut. To begin with help is by and large performed by
somebody with essential restorative preparing. Mental wellbeing to begin with help is an
expansion of the concept of to begin with help to cover mental wellbeing, whereas mental to
begin with help is utilized as early treatment of individuals who are at hazard for creating PTSD.
Strife To begin with Help, centered on conservation and recuperation of an individual's social or
relationship well-being, is being guided in Canada.

Objectives of first aid:

1. Preserve Life
2. Prevent Injuries from Getting Worse
3. Relieve Pain
4. Aid Recovery
5. Protect the Unconscious
Role of first aider:
1. Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position
2. Incident Management and Casualty Safety
3. Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
4. Use of automated external defibrillators (AED)
5. Stopping the bleeding using pressure and elevation
6. Keeping a fractured limb still

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 Physical Hazards:

Identification of physical hazards

1. Falls
2. Slips
3. Working from heights
4. Collapsed of building
5. Fire
6. Presence of toxic chemical
The five steps of quick assessment of the surrounding to identify physical hazards.
Step 1: Identify the hazards
Workplace hazards can come in many forms, such as physical, mental, chemical, and biological,
to name just a few.
Hazards can be identified by using a number of techniques, although, one of the most common
remains walking around the workplace to see first-hand any processes, activities, or substances
that may injure or cause harm to employees.
Of course, if you work in the same environment every day, then you may miss some hazards,
therefore, the HSE also recommend looking at and considering;
 Your accident and ill-health records
 Non-routine operations
 Long-term hazards to health
Step 2: Decide who may be harmed and how
 Identifying who may be at risk extends to full and part-time employees, contract staff,
visitors, clients, and other members of the public at the workplace.
 You should also consider people that may not be in the office all the time or at different
times, such as employees working night shifts for example, and lone workers.
 For each hazard you will need to understand who may be harmed, this of course, will
help you to identify preventive measures for controlling a given risk.
Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on control measures
Once you've identified hazards, the next logical step it to completely remove the associated
risks, however, where this is not possible, then certain control measures should be put in place.
For example, if an employee is a cleaner, then they'll inevitably come into contact with
chemicals. The likelihood is that such a hazard can not be removed, however, certain control
measures, such

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as providing protective gloves, mops, and even training for safely storing and handling cleaning
chemicals can and should be in place.
Below is an example of just some hazards, which can easily be applied to risk assessments using
our risk assessment template and award winning safety app.
 Contact with Cleaning Chemicals eg Bleach with risk of skin irritation or eye damage
from direct contact with Cleaning chemicals Vapor from Cleaning Chemicals can cause
breathing problems
 Dust and off-cuts will be produced with possible slip / spillage
 Electrical Tools Required to Carry out work with risk of potentially Fatal Shocks or Burns
 Falling objects from work area above which could be Fatal
 Lone Working with risk of injury or ill health while working alone
 Manual Handling - Materials will need to be carried to Work Area which if not done
correctly can cause immediate or longer term injury
 Noise from nearby equipment or other Tradesmen which can cause discomfort and
potential damage
 Possible Asbestos on site with risk of fibers in air inhaled when disturbed
 Possible disturbance of Water / Gas or Electrical Works
 Slips, Trips and Falls which can cause sprains, fractures etc if people fall over debris /
offcuts / tools or slip on spillages
 Working at Height - with risk of potentially Fatal falls, or bruising / fractures
Step 4: Record your findings
 The HSE recommend that you should record your significant findings. Such findings will
include, the hazards, how people may be harmed by them, and essentially the control
measures that you have implemented.
 It's worth highlighting that currently only organizations with five or more staff are
required to record in writing the findings of a given risk assessment, regardless, it's still
good practice to have a reference.
 Recording your findings does not need to be a lengthy exercise, in fact, the HSE
currently states "For most people this does not need to be a big exercise - just note the
main points down about the significant risks and what you concluded ".

Step 5: Review the risk assessment

Last, but not least, reviewing the risk assessment. Overtime workplaces will change there may
be new equipment, substances, and or tasks, that have been introduced since the last
assessment took place. With this in mind, it's recommended that you look back on past risk
assessments and consider if there have since been significant changes, and if so, are there new
hazards, and or control measures that should be introduced?

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Immediate risk to self & casualty
If someone is injured you should:
 first check that you and the casualty aren't in any danger, and, if possible, make the
situation safe
 if necessary, phone 999 or 112 for an ambulance when it's safe to do so
 carry out basic first aid
If someone is unconscious and breathing
 If a person is unconscious but breathing, and has no other injuries that would stop them
being moved, place them in the recovery position until help arrives.
 Keep them under observation to ensure they continue to breathe normally, and don't
obstruct their airway.
If someone is unconscious and not breathing
 If a person isn't breathing normally after an incident, phone an ambulance and start CPR
straight away. Use hands-only CPR if you aren't trained to perform rescue breaths.
Common accidents and emergencies
Below, in alphabetical order, are some of the most common injuries that need emergency
treatment in the UK and information about how to deal with them:
 anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock)
 bleeding
 burns and scalds
 choking
 drowning
 electric shock (domestic)
 fractures
 heart attack
 poisoning
 shock
 stroke
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock) is a severe allergic reaction that can occur after an insect
sting or after eating certain foods. The adverse reaction can be very fast, occurring within
seconds or minutes of coming into contact with the substance the person is allergic to
(allergen).
During anaphylactic shock, it may be difficult for the person to breathe, as their tongue and
throat may swell, obstructing their airway.
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Phone 999 or 112 immediately if you think someone is experiencing anaphylactic shock.
Check if the person is carrying any medication. Some people who know they have severe
allergies may carry an adrenaline self-injector, which is a type of pre-loaded syringe. You can
either help the person administer their medication or, if you're trained to do so, give it to them
yourself.
After the injection, continue to look after the person until medical help arrives. All casualties
who have had an intramuscular or subcutaneous (under the skin) injection of adrenaline must
be seen and medically checked by a healthcare professional as soon as possible after the
injection has been given.
Make sure they're comfortable and can breathe as best they can while waiting for medical help
to arrive. If they're conscious, sitting upright is normally the best position for them.
Bleeding
If someone is bleeding heavily, the main aim is to prevent further blood loss and minimize the
effects of shock (see below).
First, phone 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as possible.
If you have disposable gloves, use them to reduce the risk of any infection being passed on.
Check that there's nothing embedded in the wound. If there is, take care not to press down on
the object.
Instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before
bandaging, to avoid putting pressure on the object itself.
If nothing is embedded:
 apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your gloved hand, using a clean pad or
dressing if possible; continue to apply pressure until the bleeding stops
 use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly
 if bleeding continues through the pad, apply pressure to the wound until the bleeding
stops and then apply another pad over the top and bandage it in place; don't remove
the original pad or dressing, but continue to check that the bleeding has stopped
If a body part, such as a finger, has been severed, place it in a plastic bag or wrap it in cling film
and make sure it goes with the casualty to hospital.
Always seek medical help for bleeding unless it's minor.
If someone has a nosebleed that hasn't stopped after 20 minutes, go to your nearest accident
and emergency (A&E) department.
Read more about how to treat minor bleeding from cuts and grazes and how to treat nosebleeds.

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Hemostatic dressings and tourniquets
In certain situations, where bleeding is very severe and from the body’s extremities, such as the
head, neck and torso, it may be appropriate to use hemostatic dressings or a tourniquet.
Hemostatic dressings contain properties that help the blood to clot (thicken) quicker. A
tourniquet is a band that's wrapped tightly around a limb to stop blood loss. Hemostatic
dressings and tourniquets should only be used by people who have been trained to apply them.
Burns and scalds
If someone has a burn or scald:
 cool the burn as quickly as possible with cool running water for at least 10 minutes, or
until the pain is relieved
 phone 999 or seek medical help, if needed
 while cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewelers, unless it's attached to
the skin
 if you're cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people, be
aware that it may cause hypothermia (it may be necessary to stop cooling the burn to
avoid hypothermia)
 cover the burn loosely with cling film; if cling film isn't available, use a clean, dry dressing
or non-fluffy material; don't wrap the burn tightly, because swelling may lead to further
injury
 don't apply creams, lotions or sprays to the burn
Choking
The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old.
Mild choking
If the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or
breathe. In situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves.
If choking is mild:
 encourage the person to cough to try to clear the blockage
 ask them to try to spit out the object if it’s in their mouth
 don't put your fingers in their mouth to help them because they may accidentally bite you
If coughing doesn’t work, start back blows (see below).
Severe choking
If choking is severe, the person won’t be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe, and without help
they’ll eventually become unconscious.

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To help an adult or child over one year old:
 Stand behind the person and slightly to one side. Support their chest with one hand.
Lean the person forward so that the object blocking their airway will come out of their
mouth, rather than moving further down.
 Give up to five sharp blows between the person’s shoulder blades with the heel of your
hand (the heel is between the palm of your hand and your wrist).
 Check if the blockage has cleared.
 If not, give up to five abdominal thrusts (see below).
To perform abdominal thrusts on a person who is severely choking and isn’t in one of the above
groups:
 Stand behind the person who is choking.
 Place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward.
 Clench one fist and place it just above the person's belly button.
 Place your other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply inwards and upwards.
 Repeat this up to five times.
Drowning
If someone is in difficulty in water, don't enter the water to help unless it's absolutely essential.
Once the person is on land, if they're not breathing, open the airway and give five initial rescue
breaths before starting CPR. If you're alone, perform CPR for one minute before phoning for
emergency help
If the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them into the recovery position with their
head lower than their body and phone an ambulance immediately.
Continue to observe the casualty to ensure they don't stop breathing or that their airway
becomes obstructed.
Electric shock (domestic)
If someone has had an electric shock, switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the
contact between the person and the electrical supply.
If you can't reach the mains supply:
don't go near or touch the person until you're sure the electrical supply has been switched off
once the power supply has been switched off, and if the person isn't breathing, phone 999 or
112 for an ambulance
Afterwards, seek medical help - unless the electric shock is very minor.

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Fractures
It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone or a joint, as opposed to a simple
muscular injury. If you're in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone.
If the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these must be dealt
with first, by controlling the bleeding with direct pressure and performing CPR.
If the person is conscious, prevent any further pain or damage by keeping the fracture as still as
possible until you get them safely to hospital.
Assess the injury and decide whether the best way to get them to hospital is by ambulance or
car. For example, if the pain isn’t too severe, you could transport them to hospital by car. It's
always best to get someone else to drive, so that you can deal with the casualty if they
deteriorate – for example, if they lose consciousness as a result of the pain or start to vomit.
Heart attack

A heart attack is one of the most common life-threatening heart conditions in the UK.

If you think a person is having, or has had, a heart attack, sit them down and make them as
comfortable as possible, and phone 999 or 112 for an ambulance.

Symptoms of a heart attack include:

 chest pain – the pain is usually located in the center or left side of the chest and can feel
like a sensation of pressure, tightness or squeezing
 pain in other parts of the body – it can feel as if the pain is travelling from the chest
down one or both arms, or into the jaw, neck, back or abdomen (tummy)
Sit the person down and make them comfortable.
If they're conscious, reassure them and ask them to take a 300mg aspirin tablet to chew slowly
(unless you know they shouldn't take aspirin – for example, if they're under 16 or allergic to it).
If the person has any medication for angina, such as a spray or tablets, help them to take it.
Monitor their vital signs, such as breathing, until help arrives.
If the person deteriorates and becomes unconscious, open their airway, check their breathing
and, if necessary, start CPR. Re-alert the emergency services that the casualty is now in cardiac
arrest.
Poisoning
Poisoning is potentially life-threatening. Most cases of poisoning in the UK happen when a
person has swallowed a toxic substance, such as bleach, taken an overdose of a prescription
medication, or eaten wild plants and fungi. Alcohol poisoning can cause similar symptoms.

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The effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed, but can include vomiting, loss of
consciousness, pain or a burning sensation. The following advice is important:
 Find out what's been swallowed, so you can tell the paramedic or doctor.
 Do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a healthcare professional advises
you to.
 Do not try to cause vomiting.
 Stay with the person, because their condition may get worse and they could become
unconscious.
Shock
In the case of a serious injury or illness, it's important to look out for signs of shock
Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails to provide
enough oxygenated blood to the body and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen.
This is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also occur after severe burns, severe vomiting,
a heart attack, bacterial infection or a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).
The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked,
which can also occur after an accident.
Signs of shock include:
 pale, cold, clammy skin
 sweating
 rapid, shallow breathing
 weakness and dizziness
 feeling sick and possibly vomiting
 thirst
 yawning
 sighing
Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock.
If they do, you should:
 phone 999 or 112 as soon as possible and ask for an ambulance
 treat any obvious injuries
 lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their
legs
 use a coat or blanket to keep them warm
 don't give them anything to eat or drink
 give them lots of comfort and reassurance

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  monitor the person – if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency
services
Stroke
The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have
had a stroke. The earlier they receive treatment, the better. Phone for emergency medical help
straight away.
If you think a person has had a stroke, use the FAST guide:
 Facial weakness – is the person unable to smile evenly, or are their eyes or mouth droopy?
 Arm weakness – is the person only able to raise one arm?
 Speech problems – is the person unable to speak clearly or understand you?
 Time to phone 999 or 112 – for emergency help if a person has any of these symptoms

First Aid Kit

Digital BP apparatus

Parts : A sphygmomanometer has three parts: a cuff that can be inflated with air, a pressure
meter (manometer) for measuring air pressure in the cuff, and. a stethoscope for listening to
the sound the blood makes as it flows through the brachial artery (the major artery found in
your upper arm)
Use: monitoring blood pressure
Digital Thermometer

Use :
 Clean the tip with cold water and soap, then rinse it.
 Turn the thermometer on.
 Put the tip under your tongue, towards the back of your mouth.
 Close your lips around the thermometer.
 Wait until it beeps or flashes.
 Check the temperature on the display.
Pulse oximeter

Use: monitors the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen
saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin. Most
monitors also display the pulse rate. Portable, battery-operated pulse oximeters are also
available for transport or home blood-oxygen monitoring

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Cotton Balls
Use:
 Remove pesky water spots
 Make your bathroom smell better
 Soothe a stinging sunburn
 Remove permanent marker from skin.
 Disinfect sensitive spots.
 Ban bugs from a patio party.
 Protect your prized garden from rabbits.
 Lift ink stains from clothes
Alcohol

Use: effectively cleans cuts, scrapes, and minor wounds

Disposable gloves

Use: should be worn as part of other PPE when exposure to blood and body fluids is expected
Disposable Mask

Use: Most face masks are disposable and are for one-time use only. Ideally, face masks should
not be used once they are soiled or the inner lining gets moist. Rarely they can be sterilized for
limited reuse. If you want to reuse the mask, it should be kept dry so that it can last long

Cervical collar

Use: to support your neck and spinal cord, and to limit the movement of your neck and head

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 Surgical scissors

Use: In order to cut tissues at the surface or inside the human body

Bandage scissors

Use: helps in cutting bandages without gouging the skin.

Use: to grasp, retract, or stabilize tissue.

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 Splint

Use: to protect and support fractured or injured bones and joints

Sterile gauze pads

Use: useful in blood collection as they provide a clean surface to apply pressure to the
venipuncture site once the needle has been removed.

Spinal board

Use: primarily in pre-hospital trauma care

Ice capUse: decrease swelling and inflammation and help

stop bleeding

Hot water bag

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Use: hot compress to soothe muscle aches and discomfort
Medical tape

Use: to attach bandages, gauze, and other dressings to skin around wounds.

Principles of the body substance isolation

Body substance isolation is a practice of isolating all body substances (blood, urine, feces, tears,
etc.) of individuals undergoing medical treatment, particularly emergency medical treatment of
those who might be infected with illnesses such as HIV, or hepatitis so as to reduce as much as
possible the chances of transmitting these illnesses

Mode of transmission of infectious disease

Bloodborne pathogens are most commonly transmitted through:
 Accidental puncture from contaminated needles, broken glass, or other sharps.
 Contact between broken or damaged skin and infected body fluids.
 Contact between mucous membranes and infected body fluids.
 Sexual Contact.
 Sharing of hypodermic needles

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Page | 136
 Level of consciousness
Level of consciousness is a term used to describe a person's awareness and understanding of
what is happening in his or her surroundings.

Potentially life threatening conditions:

Working as a first aider, whenever you see an unconscious patient, you have to rush to the spot
and check the victim’s two important parameter
1. Breathing
2. Pulse
An unconscious person can be of three of the following in case of emergency cases:
1. Unconscious + breathing + pulse present-----syncope
2. Unconscious + no breathing + pulse present----Respiratory arrest
3. Unconscious + no breathing + no pulse----Cardiac arrest (most emergency condition. Has
to activate emergency response and give CPR as soon as possible)

TRIAGE (TRIAGE PRIORITY):

The sorting of and allocation of treatment to patients and especially battle and disaster victims
according to a system of priorities designed to maximize the number of survivors.
In case of triage we have to at first identify the type of patient who should get emergency
treatment and transport service to hospital. This priority is set up by the patient conditions and
graded by colors.
They are classified as follows:
1. Casualties who are in life threatening conditions. They need immediate management
 Airway and breathing difficulties

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  Choking
 Shock
 2nd and 3rd degree burns with respiratory tract burning
2.Casualties who are injured but not life threatening. Treatment can be delayed
temporarily.
 Burns without airway problem
 Major or multiple or joint injury
 Back injuries with or without spinal cord injury

3. Person who is injured but only minor. Treatment can be delayed

 Minor fracture
 minor soft tissue injury

4. Lowest priority (Black) person who is already dead or have little chance of survival

 Obvious death
 Obviously non-survivable injury
o Major open brain trauma
o Full cardiac arrest

Activate medical assistance:

Whenever you reach to an emergency condition and you see an injured person lying on
the floor, you have to activate emergency response system and arrange transfer
facilities. To transfer the patient you have to do simultaneously primary treat the patient
and give phone call. There are two ways for it

Arrange transfer facilities:

 Phone first – activate or call medical assistance then return to the victim

 Phone fast – CPR first before calling for medical assistance. It is applicable mostly for infant and
children’s.

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In case of Bangladesh, emergency response number is 999.

Basic life support:

Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare
providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest,
respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
It requires knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using automated
external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
An emergency procedure used to restart a person’s heartbeat and breathing after one or both
have stopped. It involves giving strong, rapid pushes to the chest to keep blood moving through
the body. Usually, it also involves blowing air into the person’s mouth to help with breathing
and send oxygen to the lungs. Also called cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

he guideline is given below briefly by pictorial presentation:

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This cardiopulmonary resuscitation is different in case of adult, infant, and children.
We have to first emphasize on CPR on adult person.
In case of giving CPR we follow the guidelines of American Heart Association (AHA)
In case of cur, we have to give chest compressions at mid sternum mainly in the lower half. Our
both hands will be perpendicular (90°) to the floor and the compression should be 2 inch in case
of adult. We have to give 30 compressions and 2 rescue breath and repeat the cycle until the
breathing and pulse become normal.

Infant and child CPR is given below:

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Above picture describes important steps of child CPR

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Above picture describes important steps of infant CPR
As a first aider, we have to learn all types of CPR perfectly to manage an emergency condition.
So far the important things to do before CPR is given below:
Check Circulation – Airway - Breathing (C-A-B method)
 Carotid pulse for adult
 Brachial pulse for infant
Open airway:
 Head tilt chin lift maneuver
 Jaw thrust maneuver

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  Modified jaw thrust maneuver

When to stop CPR

 S - Spontaneous breathing and pulse has occurred
 T – Turned over to the physician or paramedics
 O- Operator or first aider is already exhausted
 P – Physician assumed responsibility and if the casualty has been declared dead

Detailed history of the patient:

To treat and attend the patient perfectly we have to take a detailed history of the patient about
the conditions leading to accident.
Ask the following data
 Signs and symptoms of the episode
 What occurred at the onset of accident
 Any known allergies: to any pollen, food, drugs
 Present medication
 Name of medication
 Frequency of medication
 Dosage
 Time when last taken
 Past history of casualty’s medical condition :: diabetes, hypertension, stroke, bleeding
disorder
 Last oral intake, last meal, drink or medication taken prior to accident
 Events leading to injury or illness

Physical examination of the patient:

This may include-
Begin care and assessment in the order of importance:
 A – Airway
 B – Breathing
 C – Circulation
 D – Disabilities which includes mental status
 E - Expose any body part that is fractured like extremities but still maintain casualty’s
privacy and dignity
Techniques of physical examination
 Inspection – to see any deformity, bleeding, injury mark
 Palpation – to palpate any organ or joint swelling, tenderness

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  Auscultation – to diagnose chest pneumothorax, presence or absence of heart beat,
rhonchi, crepitation on lungs
 Percussion – to diagnose pneumothorax and other emergency lung conditions

Examine the following:

 D – Deformity
 C - Contusion
 A - Abrasion
 P – Punctured
 B – Bleeding and burns
 T – Tenderness
 L - Laceration
 S – Swelling

For casualty - fall from heights

 Don’t move the casualty
 Wait for the paramedics
 Keep the casualty calm and well ventilated

Assessment of vital signs:

Vital signs are discussed early in this book in other chapters. In this section we will get a
overview of it.
Baseline vital signs
 Body temperature: can be measured orally, rectally, axillary. Ideal temperature is 98.4°f.
In case of axillary temperature we have to add 1. Both hypo and hyperthermia is
dangerous to the patient
 Pulse rate: normal 60-100 beats/ min. In case of pulseless patient we must activate
emergency response and give CPR
 Respiratory rate: normal 16-18 breaths/min. It can be highly increased in case of
breathlessness. But absent in respiratory arrest
 Blood pressure: systolic 110-140 mmhg. Diastolic 60-90 mmhg. Absent blood pressure is
an emergency condition to treat
 Assessment of pain
Use of pain scale.

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 Picture is given above
Incident report: To proper identification of the disaster and treat all the victims, it needs
detailed reporting which will cover the following things. This record will help to serve patient
identification and also measurement of total loss
Accident report:
 Find the factor: cause of the accident
 Date, Time and specific location of incident
 Name, job title and department of employee involved
 Names and accounts of witness
 Events leading up to incident :: any short circuit, fire outbreak explosion, flood
 Exactly what the casualty was doing at the moment of incident
 Environmental condition e.g. slippery, wet floor, lighting, noise, etc.
 Circumstances like tools, equipment, PPE
 Specific injuries of casualty :: fracture, bleeding
 Type of treatment given :: first aid, minor surgery, major surgery
 Damage equipment if there are tools and equipment involved in the accident
 Determine the sequence
 Events involved in the incident
 Events after the incident
 Name, signature, date and time of the person who wrote the incident report

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 SCG001L1V1: Perform Health Screening

1. Interpret the basics of human body system

2. Select and collect tools, materials and equipment
3. Measure temperature, pulse, respiration, and Blood Pressure (B.P)
4. Measure height and weight
5. Measure blood glucose
6. Maintain intake output chart
7. Maintain workplace and store tools

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Parts of the Body

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Axial body parts: Upper & lower extremities:
1. Head 1. Shoulder
2. Neck 2. Elbow
3. Trunk 3. Hand
4. Chest 4. Wrist
5. Abdomen 5. Finger
6. Spine 6. Hip
7. Knee
8. Ankle
9. Leg & Toe

Organs of the Body

Vital organs:
1. Brain
2. Heart
3. Lung
4. Liver
5. Kidney

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 The Brain
What is the brain?
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills,
vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together,
the brain and spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.

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How does the brain work?
The brain sends and receives chemical and electrical signals throughout the body. Different
signals control different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some make you feel
tired, for example, while others make you feel pain.

The Heart
The human heart is one of the most important organs responsible for sustaining life. It is a
muscular organ with four chambers. The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched fist.
The human heart functions throughout a person’s lifespan and is one of the most robust and
hardest working muscles in the human body.
Functions of the heart
 One of the primary functions of the human heart is to pump blood throughout the
body.
 Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, glucose and other components to various parts of
the body, including the human heart.
 The heart also ensures that adequate blood pressure is maintained in the body

Ventricles are larger and more muscular chambers responsible for pumping and pushing
blood out into circulation. These are connected to larger arteries that deliver blood for
circulation

The Lungs
The lungs are the center of the respiratory (breathing) system.
Every cell of the body needs oxygen to stay alive and healthy. Your body also needs to get
rid of carbon dioxide. This gas is a waste product that is made by the cells during their
normal, everyday functions. Your lungs are specially designed to exchange these gases every
time you breathe in and out

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Functions of lungs
 Main function of lung is respiration.

Liver
The liver is located in the upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the
diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.
Shaped like a cone, the liver is a dark reddish-brown organ that weighs about 3 pounds.
There are 2 distinct sources that supply blood to the liver, including the following:
 Oxygenated blood flows in from the hepatic artery
 Nutrient-rich blood flows in from the hepatic portal vein

The liver holds about one pint (13%) of the body's blood supply at any given moment. The
liver consists of 2 main lobes. Both are made up of 8 segments that consist of 1,000 lobules
(small lobes). These lobules are connected to small ducts (tubes) that connect with larger
ducts to form the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct transports the bile made
by the liver cells to the gallbladder and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) via
the common bile duct.
Functions of the liver
More than 500 vital functions have been identified with the liver. Some of the more well-
known functions include the following:
 Production of bile, which helps carry away waste and break down fats in the small
intestine during digestion
 Production of certain proteins for blood plasma
 Production of cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats through the body

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  Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage (glycogen can later be
converted back to glucose for energy) and to balance and make glucose as needed
 Regulation of blood levels of amino acids, which form the building blocks of proteins
 Processing of hemoglobin for use of its iron content (the liver stores iron)
 Conversion of poisonous ammonia to urea (urea is an end product of protein
metabolism and is excreted in the urine)
 Clearing the blood of drugs and other poisonous substances
 Regulating blood clotting
 Resisting infections by making immune factors and removing bacteria from the
bloodstream
 Clearance of bilirubin, also from red blood cells. If there is an accumulation of
bilirubin, the skin and eyes turn yellow.

Kidney
The kidneys are bilateral organs placed retroperitoneally in the upper left and right
abdominal quadrants and are part of the urinary system. Their shape resembles a bean,
where we can describe the superior and inferior poles, as well as the major convexity
pointed laterally, and the minor concavity pointed medially.

The main function of the kidney is to eliminate excess bodily fluid, salts and byproducts of
metabolism – this makes kidneys key in the regulation of acid-base balance, blood pressure,
and many other homeostatic parameters.
Function
 Maintaining ACID-base balance
 Maintaining WATER balance
 ELECTROLYTE balance
 TOXIN removal
 BLOOD Pressure control
 Making ERYTHROPOIETIN

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  Vitamin D metabolism

Anatomical planes
1. The sagittal plane or lateral plane (longitudinal, anteroposterior) is a plane parallel to
the sagittal suture. It divides the body into left and right.
2. The coronal plane or frontal plane (vertical) divides the body into dorsal and ventral
(back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions.
3. The transverse plane or axial plane (horizontal) divides the body into cranial and
caudal (head and tail) portions.

Body System
The human body is made up of a number of inter-related systems that work together to
maintain a stable internal environment.

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 1. Cardiovascular system
The heart and blood vessels make up this system. The heart is a pump forcing blood into a
network of blood vessels allowing it to travel to organs and delivery sites requiring oxygen
gas for respiration nutrients and the removal of waste substances.
2. Digestive system
This system resembles a long tube with attached organs. Ingested food is broken down into
constituent nutrient molecules that are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Indigestible
remains are then egested.
3. Endocrine system
Composed of a number of small organs distributed throughout the body, the endocrine
system coordinates the metabolic activity of body cells by interacting with the nervous
system. Endocrine glands produce hormones (chemical messengers) released into the blood
and transported to target sites around the body.
4. Excretory system
The excretory system is composed of the kidneys (urine-forming organs), the bladder
(temporary storage for urine) and channels for moving this liquid waste around. Kidneys are
blood purifiers filtering liquid from the bloodstream, removing undesirable substances (such
as toxins) and returning those still required to the blood.
5. Immune system
The immune system is a protection mechanism composed of specialized cells, cell products,
tissues, organs and processes within an organism that protect against pathogens.
6. Integumentary system
Commonly known as the skin, this system wraps the body in a protective covering with a
number of functions such as UV protection and temperature regulation, taking it well
beyond being just a mere covering.
7. Musculoskeletal system
The skeleton provides a framework on which the human body is arranged. It is articulated to
allow free movement in conjunction with the skeletal muscles. They control movement,
posture and assist the body with heat generation. Our bodies are held together by
connective tissue.
8. Respiratory system
Our bodies are made up of countless cells all requiring oxygen to carry out the important
process of respiration. In this process cells use oxygen gas and produce carbon dioxide gas –
a waste product that must be removed from the body. The process of breathing allows
these gases to be exchanged between the blood and lungs.

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 9. Reproductive system
The human body has a system of organs that work together for the purpose of
reproduction. The biological purpose of this process is the continuation of life.
10. Nervous system
The nervous system is made up of a network of specialized cells, tissues and organs that
coordinate and regulate the responses of the body to internal and external stimuli.

Human growth and development

In the context of childhood development, growth is defined as an irreversible constant
increase in size, and development is defined as growth in psychomotor capacity. Both
processes are highly dependent on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors.
Evaluation of growth and development is a crucial element in the physical examination of a
patient. A piece of good working knowledge and the skills to evaluate growth and
development are necessary for any patient's diagnostic workup. The early recognition of
growth or developmental failure helps for effective intervention in managing a patient's
problem.

Stages in Human Growth and Development

1. Fetal stage: Fetal health issues can have detrimental effects on postnatal growth.
One- third of neonates with intrauterine growth retardation might have curtailed
postnatal growth. Good perinatal care is an essential factor in promoting fetal health
and indirectly postnatal growth.
2. Postnatal stage: The process of postnatal growth and development happens
together but at different rates. The growth occurs by discontinuous saltatory spurts
with a stagnant background. There are five significant phases in human growth and
development,

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1) Infancy (neonate and up to one year age)

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 2) Toddler (one to five years of age)
3) Childhood (three to eleven years old) - early childhood is from three to eight
years old, and middle childhood is from nine to eleven years old.
4) Adolescence or teenage (from 12 to 18 years old)
5) Adulthood

Normal Physical Movements

Physical movements of upper limbs
Shoulder
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Medial rotation
 Lateral rotation

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Elbow joint
 Flexion
 Extension

Wrist joint
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction

Fingers
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Opposition
 Reposition

Physical movements of lower limbs

Hip joint
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Medial rotation
 Lateral rotation

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Knee joint
 Flexion
 Extension
 Medial rotation
 Lateral rotation

Ankle joint
 Dorsiflexion
 Plantar flexion
 Inversion
 Eversion

Position & Postures

Different positions
 Supine position
 Prone position
 Lateral position
 Lithotomy position
 Fowler’s position
 Trendelenburg position

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 Common Disease
1. Fever
A fever is a temporary rise in body temperature. It's one part of an overall response from the
body's immune system. A fever is usually caused by an infection.
Symptoms
 Sweating
 Loss of appetite
 Chills and shivering
 Irritability
 Headache
 Dehydration
 Muscle aches
 General
 Weakness

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Types
 Continuous fever, where temperature remains above normal throughout the day
and does not fluctuate more than 1 °C in 24 hours (e.g. in lobar pneumonia, typhoid,
meningitis, urinary tract infection, or typhus);
 Intermittent fever, where the temperature elevation is present only for a certain
period, later cycling back to normal (e.g., in malaria, leishmaniasis, pyemia, or
sepsis);
 Remittent fever, where the temperature remains above normal throughout the day
and fluctuates more than 1 °C in 24 hours (e.g., in infective endocarditis, or
brucellosis).

2. Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or
watery bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in
dehydration due to fluid loss
Symptoms
 Abdominal cramps or pain
 Fever
 Bloating
 Blood in the stool
 Nausea
 Mucus in the stool
 Vomiting
 Urgent need to have a bowel
movement

3. Dehydration

Dehydration is a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic

processes.
Dehydration occurs when you use or lose more fluid than you take in, and your body doesn't
have enough water and other fluids to carry out its normal functions. If you don't replace
lost fluids, you will get dehydrated.
Anyone may become dehydrated, but the condition is especially dangerous for young
children and older adults.
Common causes
 Excessive sweating
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
Symptoms
Infant or young child
 Dry mouth and tongue  No wet diapers for three hours
 No tears when crying
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 Sunken eyes, cheeks
 Sunken soft spot on top of
skull
 Listlessness or irritability

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 Adult
 Extreme thirst  Dark-colored urine
 Less frequent urination  Fatigue
 Confusion  Dizziness
3.Constipation
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. The stool is
often hard and dry.
Chronic constipation is infrequent bowel movements or difficult passage of stools that
persists for several weeks or longer.
Though occasional constipation is very common, some people experience chronic
constipation that can interfere with their ability to go about their daily tasks. Chronic
constipation may also cause people to strain excessively in order to have a bowel
movement.
Symptoms
 Fewer than three bowel movements a week
 Passing lumpy, hard, or dry stools
 Straining or pain during bowel movements
 A feeling of fullness, even after having a bowel movement
Causes
 Low fiber diet, particularly diets high in meat, milk, or cheese
 Dehydration
 Low exercise levels
 Delaying the impulse to have a bowel movement
 Travel or other changes in routine
 Medications, including certain antacids, pain medications, diuretics, and some
treatments for Parkinson’s disease
 Pregnancy
 Older age
Risk factors
 Being an older adult
 Being a woman
 Being dehydrated
 Eating a diet that's low in fiber
 Getting little or no physical activity
 Taking certain medications, including sedatives, opioid pain medications, some
antidepressants or medications to lower blood pressure
 Having a mental health condition such as depression or an eating disorder

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Prevention
 Include plenty of high-fiber foods in your diet, including beans, vegetables, fruits,
whole grain cereals and bran.
 Eat fewer foods with low amounts of fiber such as processed foods, and dairy and
meat products.
 Drink plenty of fluids.
 Stay as active as possible and try to get regular exercise.
 Try to manage stress.
 Don't ignore the urge to pass stool.
 Try to create a regular schedule for bowel movements, especially after a meal.
 Make sure children who begin to eat solid foods get plenty of fiber in their diets.

3. Common cold

Cold or common cold is a disease diagnosed with a

headache, runny nose, scratchy throat, fever and non-
stop sneezing. It is a viral infectious disease of the
upper respiratory tract, which primarily affects the
nose and sometimes sinuses, ears, and bronchial
Causes tubes.

 Rhinovirus – This one usually intrudes your system during early fall, spring, and
summer. They are behind 10%-40% of colds. Even though these are the main
common viruses which affect you, they would rarely make you seriously sick.
 Coronavirus – The virus affects
the human system during winter and
early spring. This virus is behind 20% of
colds. There are more than 30 types of
coronavirus, out of which only 3 or 4
ones are harmful.
 RSV and parainfluenza – These
tiny organisms are behind severe
infections like pneumonia, in young
children.

Primary Symptoms
 Scratchy or a sore throat  Watery eyes
 Sneezing  Mucus draining from your nose
 Stuffy nose into your throat
 A cough

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Secondary Symptoms
 High fever
 Muscle aches  A headache
 Fatigue  Loss of appetite
 A Runny Nose
4.Allergic reactions
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by
hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and
anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, a runny nose,
shortness of breath, or swelling. Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate
conditions.
Causes
 pet dander, such as the kind from a cat or dog
 bee stings or bites from other insects
 certain foods, including nuts and shellfish
 certain medications, such as penicillin and aspirin
 certain plants
 pollen
 mold
 dust mites
Symptoms
 Sneezing
 Runny or stuffy nose
 Itchy eyes, nose or roof of mouth
 Red, swollen, watery eyes -- a condition known as allergic conjunctivitis
4. Headache
Headache is pain in any region of the head. Headaches may occur on one or both sides of
the head, be isolated to a certain location, radiate across the head from one point, or have a
viselike quality.
A headache may appear as a sharp pain, a throbbing sensation or a dull ache
Common causes of primary headache
 Cluster headache
 Migraine
 Migraine with aura
 Tension headache
Causes of secondary headache
 Acute sinusitis (nasal and sinus infection)

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 Blood clot (venous thrombosis) within the brain — separate from stroke

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  Brain tumor
 Carbon monoxide poisoning
 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
 Dehydration
 Dental problems
 Ear infection (middle ear)
 Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
 Glaucoma (acute angle closure glaucoma)
 High blood pressure (hypertension)
 Influenza (flu) and other febrile (fever) illnesses
 Intracranial hematoma
 Medications to treat other disorders
 Meningitis
 Overuse of pain medication

5. Backache
Back pain is pain felt in the back. Back pain is divided into neck pain (cervical), middle back
pain (thoracic), lower back pain (lumbar) or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the
segment affected. The lumbar area is the most common area affected. An episode of back
pain may be acute, sub-acute, or chronic depending on the duration. The pain may be
characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation. Discomfort
can radiate into the arms and hands as well as the legs or feet, and may include numbness,
or weakness in the legs and arms.
Classification
Back pain is classified in terms of duration of symptoms.
 Acute back pain lasts <6 weeks
 Subacute back pain lasts between 6 and 12 weeks.
 Chronic back pain lasts for greater than 12 weeks
Causes
 Nonspecific (90%)
 Vertebral compression fracture (4%)
 Metastatic cancer (0.7%)
 Infection (0.01%)
 Cauda equine (0.04%)

6. Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white
part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish.
Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur. The affected eye may have increased
tears

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or be "stuck shut" in the morning. Swelling of the white part of the eye may also occur.
Itching is more common in cases due to allergies. Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.
Symptoms
 Redness in one or both eyes
 Itchiness in one or both eyes
 A gritty feeling in one or both eyes
 A discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night that may prevent
your eye or eyes from opening in the morning
 Tearing

7. Appendicitis
Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix.
Symptoms:
 Sudden pain that begins on the right side of the lower abdomen
 Sudden pain that begins around your navel and often shifts to your lower right
abdomen
 Pain that worsens if you cough, walk or make other jarring movements
 Nausea and vomiting
 Loss of appetite
 Low-grade fever that may worsen as the illness progresses
 Constipation or diarrhea
 Abdominal bloating
 Flatulence
Causes
A blockage in the lining of the appendix that results in infection is the likely cause of
appendicitis. The bacteria multiply rapidly, causing the appendix to become inflamed,
swollen and filled with pus. If not treated promptly, the appendix can rupture.
8. Cholecystitis
Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder that can cause severe complications. It
usually happens because a gallstone gets stuck at the opening of the gallbladder. The
symptoms can include fever, pain, and nausea.
Causes
 Gall stone
 Injury to the abdomen from burns, sepsis, trauma, or surgery
 Shock
 Immune deficiency
 Prolonged fasting
 Vasculitis

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Symptoms
 Severe pain in your upper right or center abdomen
 Pain that spreads to your right shoulder or back
 Tenderness over your abdomen when it's touched
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Fever

Vital Sign

What are vital signs?

Vital signs are measurements of the body's most basic functions. The four main vital signs
routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the
following:
1. Body temperature
2. Pulse rate
3. Respiration rate (rate of breathing)
4. Blood pressure (Blood pressure is not considered a vital sign, but is often measured
along with the vital signs.)
Vital signs are useful in detecting or monitoring medical problems. Vital signs can be
measured in a medical setting, at home, at the site of a medical emergency, or elsewhere.

What is body temperature?

The normal body temperature of a person varies depending on gender, recent activity, food
and fluid consumption, time of day, and, in women, the stage of the menstrual cycle.
Normal body temperature can range from 97.8 degrees F (or Fahrenheit, equivalent to
36.5 degrees C, or Celsius) to 99 degrees F (37.2 degrees C) for a healthy adult. A person's
body temperature can be taken in any of the following ways:
1. Orally
Temperature can be taken by mouth using either the classic glass thermometer, or
the more modern digital thermometers that use an electronic probe to measure
body temperature.
2. Rectally
Temperatures taken rectally (using a glass or digital thermometer) tend to be 0.5 to
0.7 degrees F higher than when taken by mouth.
3. Axillary
Temperatures can be taken under the arm using a glass or digital thermometer.
Temperatures taken by this route tend to be 0.3 to 0.4 degrees F lower than those
temperatures taken by mouth.

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 4. By ear
A special thermometer can quickly measure the temperature of the ear drum, which
reflects the body's core temperature (the temperature of the internal organs).
5. By skin
A special thermometer can quickly measure the temperature of the skin on the
forehead.
What is the pulse rate?
The pulse rate is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the heart beats
per minute. As the heart pushes blood through the arteries, the arteries expand and
contract with the flow of the blood. Taking a pulse not only measures the heart rate, but
also can indicate the following:
 Heart rhythm
 Strength of the pulse
The normal pulse for healthy adult’s ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. The pulse rate
may fluctuate and increase with exercise, illness, injury, and emotions. Females ages 12 and
older, in general, tend to have faster heart rates than do males. Athletes, such as runners,
who do a lot of cardiovascular conditioning, may have heart rates near 40 beats per minute
and experience no problems.
How to check your pulse
As the heart forces blood through the arteries, you feel the beats by firmly pressing on the
arteries, which are located close to the surface of the skin at certain points of the body. The
pulse can be found on the side of the neck, on the inside of the elbow, or at the wrist. For
most people, it is easiest to take the pulse at the wrist. If you use the lower neck, be sure
not to press too hard, and never press on the pulses on both sides of the lower neck at the
same time to prevent blocking blood flow to the brain. When taking your pulse:
 Using the first and second fingertips, press firmly
but gently on the arteries until you feel a pulse.
 Begin counting the pulse when the clock's
second hand is on the 12.
 Count your pulse for 60 seconds (or for 15
seconds and then multiply by four to calculate
beats per minute).
 When counting, do not watch the clock
continuously, but concentrate on the beats of
the pulse.
 If unsure about your results, ask another person
to count for you.

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What is the respiration rate?
The respiration rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. The rate is usually
measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for
one minute by counting how many times the chest rises. Respiration rates may increase
with fever, illness, and other medical conditions. When checking respiration, it is important
to also note whether a person has any difficulty breathing.
Normal respiration rates for an adult person at rest range from 12 to 16 breaths per minute.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the artery walls during contraction
and relaxation of the heart. Each time the heart beats, it pumps blood into the arteries,
resulting in the highest blood pressure as the heart contracts. When the heart relaxes, the
blood pressure falls.
High blood pressure, or hypertension, directly increases the risk of heart attack, heart
failure, and stroke. With high blood pressure, the arteries may have an increased resistance
against the flow of blood, causing the heart to pump harder to circulate the blood.
Blood pressure is categorized as normal, elevated, or stage 1 or stage 2 high blood pressure:

 Normal blood pressure is systolic of less than 120 and diastolic of less than 80
(120/80)
 Elevated blood pressure is systolic of 120 to 129 and diastolic less than 80
 Stage 1 high blood pressure is systolic is 130 to 139 or diastolic between 80 to 89
 Stage 2 high blood pressure is when systolic is 140 or higher or the diastolic is 90 or
higher

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face
shields, goggles, facemasks and/or respirators or other equipment designed to protect the
wearer from injury or the spread of infection or illness.
Parts:
 Head cover
 Gown
 Hand gloves
 Shoe cover
 Safety goggles
 Masks

Materials, Tools & Equipment

Materials:
 Pen (Black)
Page | 171
  Pencil (red)  Simulator model
 Record chart  Artery forceps
 Note book/ plain paper  Hand washing
 Clock  Tissue paper

Fig: Pen, pencil and note book (left) and artery forceps (right)

Tools & Equipment:

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  Stethoscope: for assaulting heart and lung sound and for measuring BP
 Blood pressure machine: for measuring BP
 Clinical thermometer: for measuring body temperature
 Measuring jar/Bag
 Weight machine: for measuring body weight
 Measuring tape
 Height measuring scale: for measuring height
 Glucometer: for measuring blood glucose
 Lancet
 Lancet pen
 Test strip
 Insulin pen
 Pulse oximeter: for measuring pulse & oxygen saturation

Fig: Stethoscope, BP machine & digital thermometer

Fig: Measuring jar, weight

machine & measuring tape

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 Fig: Height measuring scale, Glucometer with strip & lancet with lancet pen

Fig: Insulin pen & pulse oximeter

Measurement of vital sign

Pulse:
A pulse is the heart rate, or the number of times your heart beats in one minute. The pulse can
be measured using the radial artery in the wrist or the carotid artery in the neck.
Taking your radial pulse
 With your palm up, look at the area between your wrist bone and the tendon on the
thumb side of your wrist. Your radial pulse
can be taken on either wrist.
 Use the tip of the index and third fingers of
your other hand to feel the pulse in your
radial artery between your wrist bone and
the tendon on the thumb side of your wrist.
 Apply just enough pressure so you can feel
each beat. Do not push too hard or you will
obstruct the blood flow.
 Watch the second hand on your watch or a
clock as you count how many times you feel
your pulse.
 Record your pulse rate.

Taking your carotid pulse

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  Find the area on one side of your neck near your windpipe. Your carotid pulse can be
taken on either side of your neck. Avoid this if
you have been diagnosed with plaques in your
neck arteries (carotid).
 Put the tip of your index and long finger in the
groove of your neck along your windpipe to
feel the pulse in your carotid artery. Do not
press on the carotid artery on both sides of
your neck at the same time. This may cause
you to feel lightheaded or dizzy, or possibly
faint.
 Apply just enough pressure so you can feel
each beat. Do not push too hard or you will
obstruct the blood flow.
 Watch the second hand on your watch or a
clock as you count how many times you feel your pulse.
 Record your pulse rate.

Measuring Blood Pressure

The heart supplies the organs and tissues of the body with blood. With every beat, it pumps
blood into the large blood vessels of the circulatory system. As the blood moves around the
body, it puts pressure on the walls of the vessels. Blood pressure readings are made up of two
values:
 Systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the heart beats – while the heart muscle is
contracting (squeezing) and pumping oxygen-rich blood into the blood vessels.
 Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure on the blood vessels when the heart muscle
relaxes. The diastolic pressure is always lower than the systolic pressure.
Blood pressure is measured in units of millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The readings are always
given in pairs, with the upper (systolic) value first, followed by the lower (diastolic) value.
So someone who has a reading of 132/88 mmHg (often spoken “132 over 88”) has a
 Systolic blood pressure of 132 mmHg, and a
 Diastolic blood pressure of 88 mmHg.

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Correct way to measure blood pressure
 Learn the correct way to have your blood
pressure taken, whether you’re getting it
checked at the doctor’s office or checking it
yourself at home. Use this checklist:
 Don’t eat or drink anything 30 minutes before you
take your blood pressure.
 Empty your bladder before your reading.
 Sit in a comfortable chair with your back
supported for at least 5 minutes before your
reading.
 Put both feet flat on the ground and keep your
legs uncrossed.
 Rest your arm with the cuff on a table at chest
height.
 Make sure the blood pressure cuff is snug but
not too tight. The cuff should be against your
bare skin, not over clothing.
 Do not talk while your blood pressure is being
measured.

What is a normal body temperature?

Normal body temperature is about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or 37 degrees Celsius (°C).
Normal temperature often varies from 1° to 2°F (½° to 1°C). A normal temperature is usually
lower in the morning and increases during the day. It reaches its high in the late afternoon or
evening.
What types of thermometer should I use to take a temperature?
Digital thermometer
A digital thermometer is the most accurate and quickest way to take a temperature. Digital
thermometers are available in most drug stores and supermarket pharmacies. Depending on
where you shop, a digital thermometer can cost from $6 to $20. Be sure to follow package
instructions while using any thermometer.
How to use a digital thermometer?

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A digital thermometer can be used three different ways. These include:
 Oral: For this method, the thermometer is placed
under the tongue. This method is used for adults
and children 4 and over who are able to hold
thermometer in mouth.
 Rectal: For this method, the thermometer is
inserted gently into the rectum. This is mostly done in babies but can used in children up
to 3 years of age. You can take rectal temperatures in children older than 3 years, but it
might be difficult to keep them as still as they need to stay.
 Axillary: For this method, the thermometer is placed in the armpit for young children or
adults whose temperature can’t safely be done orally. This method is not as How do I
take a

temperature with a thermometer?

Using a digital oral thermometer
 Wash your hands with soap and warm water.
 Use a clean thermometer, one that has been washed in cold water, cleaned with
rubbing alcohol, and then rinsed to remove the alcohol.
 Do not eat or drink anything for at least five minutes before you take your temperature
because the temperature of the food or beverage could make the reading inaccurate.
You should keep your mouth closed during this time.
 Place the thermometer tip under the tongue.
 Hold the thermometer in the same spot for about 40 seconds.
 Readings will continue to increase and the F (or C) symbol will flash during measurement.
 Usually, the thermometer will make a beeping noise when the final reading is done
(usually about 30 seconds). If you are keeping track, record the temperature and the
time.
 Rinse thermometer in cold water, clean it with alcohol and rinse again.
Using a digital rectal thermometer (for babies and children up to 3 years old)

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  Wash the rectal thermometer with soap and warm water. Don’t use an oral thermometer.
 Put a small amount of lubricant (petroleum jelly or Vaseline®) on the sensor (tip) of the
thermometer.
 Place your child belly down on your lap or table, with one palm on their back. Or place
them face-up, with legs bent toward their chest and hold the back of their thighs with
one hand. Put a diaper or cloth under your child as he or she may poop immediately
after removal of the thermometer.
 Using your other hand, gently insert the thermometer into the anus until the tip is
completely inside the rectum. DO NOT force it if you feel resistance.
 Keep the thermometer steady with your hand until you hear the beep (around 30
seconds).
 Gently remove. Record temperature and time.
 Clean the thermometer thoroughly with soap and water. You may want to clean it off
again with alcohol and then rinse it again.

Counting respiration
Your respiratory rate is also known as your breathing rate. This is the number of breaths you
take per minute.
You can measure your breathing rate by counting the number of breaths you take over the
course of one minute while you're at rest.
To get an accurate measurement
 Sit down and try to relax.
 It's best to take your respiratory rate while sitting up in a chair or in bed.
 Measure your breathing rate by counting the number of times your chest or abdomen
rises over the course of one minute.
 Record this number.

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The most common factors that can affect your measured respiratory rate include
 Emotional state
 Physical fitness
 Internal temperature
 Disease and health status

Body height measurement

When your height is measured at the doctor’s office, you usually stand next to a device called a
stadiometer.
A stadiometer is a long ruler attached to the wall. It has a sliding horizontal headpiece that’s
adjusted to rest on top of your head. It’s a quick way of accurately measuring your height.
To accurately measure your height with someone’s help, follow these steps:
Steps to measure your height
 First, find a flat, uncarpeted section of floor and a flat section of wall.
 Take off your shoes.
 Remove braids, headbands, or anything else on your head that may get in the way of an
accurate measurement.
 Remove any bulky clothing that may make it difficult to stand flat against the wall.
 Stand with your feet flat on the floor with your heels against the corner where the wall
and floor meet. Make sure your head, shoulders, and buttocks are touching the wall.
 Stand up straight with your eyes looking straight ahead. Your line of sight and chin
should be parallel to the floor.
 Have someone place a flat object (like a ruler or hardcover book) against the wall at a
right angle. Then have them lower it until it rests gently on top of your head, keeping it
at a right angle to the wall.
 Lightly mark the wall with a pencil at the point where the ruler or book (or other flat
object) meets your head.
 Use a tape measure — ideally a metal one that will remain straight — to measure the
distance from the floor to the mark on the wall.
 Take note of the measurement to the nearest 1/8th of an inch or 0.1 centimeter.
Record the number if desired. If you are tracking your weight,
record the number in a journal or on a piece of graph paper.
Graphing your weight will help you see overall trends and
changes in your weight and also provides a visual aid of your
progress.
BMI:

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Body mass index (BMI) is a medical screening tool that measures the ratio of your height to
your weight to estimate the amount of body fat. Healthcare providers calculate BMI by using
weight in kilograms (kg) divided by the square of height in meters
BMI calculation:

Diagnosing weight types with BMI

In general, the following BMI ranges (in kg/m2) classify different weight types:
Underweight: Less than 18.5.
Optimum range: 18.5 to 24.9.
Overweight: 25 to 29.9.
Class I obesity: 30 to 34.9.
Class II obesity: 35 to 39.9.
Class III obesity: More than 40.

Blood glucose measurement

A blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your blood.

How to test your blood sugar

Blood sugar testing requires the use of a blood sugar meter. The meter measures the amount of
sugar in a small sample of blood, usually from your fingertip, that you place on a disposable test

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strip. Even if you use a CGM, you'll still need a blood sugar meter to calibrate your CGM device
daily.
Your health care provider or certified diabetes care and education specialist can recommend an
appropriate device for you. He or she can also help you learn how to use your meter.
Follow the instructions that come with your blood sugar meter. In general, here's how the
process works:
 Wash and dry your hands well. (Food and other substances can give you an inaccurate
reading.)
 Insert a test strip into your meter.
 Prick the side of your fingertip with the needle (lancet) provided with your test kit.
 Touch and hold the edge of the test strip to the drop of blood.
 The meter will display your blood sugar level on a screen after a few seconds.

Some meters can test blood taken from an alternate site, such as the forearm or palm. But
these readings may not be as accurate as readings from the fingertips, especially after a meal or
during exercise, when blood sugar levels change more frequently.

Fluid Intake & Output Chart

Normally, the amount of total body water should be balanced through the ingestion and
elimination of water: ins and outs. To ensure this balance, as a nurse, you may need to track
and record all fluid intake and output on an intake and output sheet, commonly known as an
I&O sheet.

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High risk of dehydration exists for those who may not be drinking an adequate amount of fluids
throughout the day or those who might be losing too much due to receiving certain
medications, like diuretics, or through vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, burns, excessive sweating,
fever, or vigorous exercise. Common signs include dry mouth, excessive thirst, and dark urine.
Nurses should check with the plan of care to find out if their clients’ intake and output should
be monitored. So, every time one of these clients receives or loses fluids in any way, the exact
volume can be recorded. These volumes are then totaled at the end of every shift and then at
the end of a 24-hour period.

MEASURING FLUID INTAKE

For fluid intake, you’ll need to count:
 anything the client drinks, including water and beverages
 all foods that are liquid at room temperature, like ice cream, gelatin, sherbet, pudding,
custard, ice chips, and popsicles
 the fluids provided through intravenous therapy, enteral, or total parenteral nutrition
Fluid intake is typically measured in milliliters (mL). But some containers use different units, so
you may need to be able to make the appropriate conversions.
 1 mL = 1 cubic centimeter (cc) = 0.001 liters (L)
 1 fluid ounce = 30 mL
 1 pint = ~ 500 mL
 1 quart = ~ 1,000 mL
It’s also important to know the usual serving sizes in your facility. As a rule of thumb,
 1 teaspoon = 5 mL
 1 tablespoon = 15 mL
 1 cup = 250 mL
But for other containers, like mugs, glasses, or bowls, the volume of fluid contained may vary.
Keeping in mind any necessary conversions, gather the supplies you’ll need, including:

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  gloves
 a graduated measuring container

MEASURING FLUID OUTPUT

Fluid output includes:
 urine
 vomitus
 wound drainage
 diarrhea
 blood
Special precautions are required for certain clients, like those undergoing chemotherapy,
because their urine, stool, and vomit can contain the chemotherapy agent.
Once again, your supplies include
 gloves
 a graduated container
 if there’s a possibility of splashing, personal protective equipment, such as a gown,
goggles or face shield, and a mask

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DOCUMENTATION
 When measuring a client's fluid intake and output, be sure to report the following to the
healthcare provider:
 changes in the usual amount of intake; for example, a client refusing to drink the served
fluids
 changes in the color, clarity, or odor of the output
 if the intake and output is not balanced
 if you observe edema, especially in the lower extremities, or signs of dehydration, such
as dark urine or a dry mouth
After that, document:
 the date and time
 your observations
 the measured amounts of fluid intake and output on the client’s paper or electronic I&O
record
A typical I&O sheet has a column with time and two separate sections for intake and output.
 Intake is divided into oral intake, which you’ll need to fill with the amount you
measured, and parenteral intake, where you will add fluid intake coming from
intravenous therapy, enteral, or total parenteral nutrition.
 For the output, there’s usually one section for urine and one for everything else.
Document the amount measured as well as how the fluid was collected, such as through
voiding or a urinary catheter. Make sure all amounts are in milliliters.

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 ISCG002L1V1: Assist Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

Maintain Oral Hygiene

Personal Proactive Equipment (PPE) is used.
PPE

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for
protection against infectious materials.

Equipment-

Which PPE is used for?

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, gloves, face shields, goggles,
facemasks and/or respirators or other equipment designed to protect the wearer from injury or the
spread of infection or illness.

185
 Teeth are brushed using tools & materials (oral & hygiene) as per standard
procedure-

What are the materials used for brushing teeth?

Hence the 4 things required for brushing your teeth are a toothbrush, toothpaste, inter-dental aide and
the correct length of time.

Is a tooth brush a tool?

A toothbrush is an oral hygiene tool used to clean the teeth, gums, and tongue. It consists of a head of
tightly clustered bristles, atop of which toothpaste can be applied, mounted on a handle which
facilitates the cleaning of hard-to-reach areas of the mouth.

186
Tongue is cleaned as per the requirements.
How to clean your tongue with a toothbrush?

 Although using a toothbrush may be less effective than using a tongue scraper, you may find it
easier to use — especially if you’re already brushing your teeth twice a day.
 Here’s how to clean your tongue with a toothbrush:
 Choose a soft-bristle toothbrush
 Stick out your tongue as far as it will reach.
 Position your toothbrush at the back of the tongue.
 Brush lightly forward and backward along your tongue.
 Spit out saliva that appears during the brushing and rinse out the toothbrush with warm water.
 Clean your tongue as often as you brush your teeth.

You may want to brush with 1 part hydrogen peroxide and 5 parts water once a day if your tongue is
discolored. You should rinse your mouth out with water following this type of cleaning.

Dentures as cleaned if required.

Soak and brush them with a soft-bristled brush and nonabrasive denture cleanser to remove food,
plaque and other deposits. If you use denture adhesive, clean the grooves that fit against your gums to
remove any remaining adhesive. Don't use denture cleansers inside your mouth. Soak dentures
overnight.

dental floss is appropriately used, if required.

"Flossing" redirects here. For the dance, see Floss (dance). For the song by Young Boy Never Broke
Again, see Flossing'.

A picture demonstrating the use of floss to remove dental plaque between the teeth

Dental floss is a cord of thin filaments used in interdental cleaning to remove food and dental plaque
from between teeth or places a toothbrush has difficulty reaching or is unable to reach.[1] Its regular
use as part of oral cleaning is designed to maintain oral health.

Use of floss is recommended to prevent gingivitis and the build-up of plaque.[2] The American Dental
Association claims that up to 80% of plaque can be removed by flossing, and it may confer a particular
benefit in individuals with orthodontic devices.[3] However, empirical scientific evidence demonstrating
the clinical benefit of flossing as an adjunct to routine tooth brushing alone remains limited.

187
A picture demonstrating the use of floss to remove dental plaque between the teeth

Use
Dental professionals recommend that a person floss once per day before or after brushing to reach the
areas that the brush will not and allow the fluoride from the toothpaste to reach between the teeth.[12]
[13] Floss is commonly supplied in plastic dispensers that contain 10 to 100 meters of floss. After pulling
out approximately 40 cm of floss, the user pulls it against a blade in the dispenser to cut it off. The user
then strings the piece of floss on a fork-like instrument or holds it between their fingers using both
hands with about 1–2 cm of floss exposed. The user guides the floss between each pair of teeth and
gently curves it against the side of the tooth in a 'C' shape and guides it under the gumline. This removes
particles of food stuck between teeth and dental plaque that adhere to dental surfaces below the
gumline.

Work area is cleaned and disposed as per workplace procedure.

Assist in Toileting
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Suitable position and tools and materials (toileting) are identified as per Clint's condition and
preference

Tools and materials

1. Bedpan
2. High Commode
3. Urinal
4. Tissue Paper
5. Privacy Screen
6. Garbage Bag
7. Wipes

Privacy is maintained as per client need

Assistance for toileting is provided as per requirement

In health care, toileting is the act of assisting a dependent patient with his/her elimination needs.

189
Diaper is changed as per standard procedure of required

Patient is cleaned and repositioned

190
Work area is cleaned and disposed as per workplace procedure

191
 Routine Checking of diaper is conducted as per care plan

Assist in Bathing
PPE: Discussed Above

Reasons for bathing a client

Bathing remove dirt, perspiration, sebum, some bacteria, and slough off dead skin cells. It helps to
prevent irritations and rashes that would otherwise transform into infections. Stimulate blood
circulation. Good circulation is promoted through the use of warm water and gentle stroking of the
extremities

Encourage to take shower

1. Encourage getting clean for an activity or event

2. Wash up together
3. Give simple, step by step instructions.
4. Hire bathing assistance for elderly loved ones.
5. Use a therapeutic fib
6. Relax hygiene standards.

Bathing Technique

 Get the water temperature just right

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  Brush hair before getting it wet
 Shampoo Thoroughly
 Do not leave the conditioner on for extra time
 Cleanse body safely
 Wash face at the sink
 Do not over scrub
 Rinse hair with cold water
 Apply lotion immediately

Bathing tools & Materials

Privacy is maintained as per client need

Make sure you uncover only the area of the body you are washing. This will keep the person from
getting too cold. It also provides privacy. While the patient is lying on their back, begin by washing their
face and move toward their feet

193
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 ISCG003L1V1: Perform Clinical Caregiving

Infection control policies and procedures are interpreted

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is part of a comprehensive approach to improve health
outcomes. Establishment of an IPC policy and strategy provides a framework to develop and implement
guidelines and standard operating procedures (SOPs) in order to establish a culture of safety in
healthcare facilities.

Workplace Infection Control Policy and procedure

 Infection control in the workplace aims to prevent pathogens being passed from one person to
another.
 The foundation of good infection control is to assume that everyone is potentially infectious.
 Basic infection control procedures include hand washing and keeping the workplace clean.

Infection control procedures relating to good personal hygiene include:

 Hand washing – the spread of many pathogens can be prevented with regular hand washing.
Thoroughly wash your hands with water and soap for at least 15 seconds after visiting the toilet,
before preparing food, and after touching clients or equipment. Dry your hands with disposable
paper towels
 Unbroken skin – intact and healthy skin is a major barrier to pathogens. Cover any cuts or
abrasions with a waterproof dressing
 Gloves – wear gloves if you are handling body fluids or equipment containing body fluids, if you
are touching someone else's broken skin or mucus membrane, or performing any other invasive
procedure. Wash your hands between each client and use fresh gloves for each client where
necessary
 Personal items – don't share towels, clothing, razors, toothbrushes, shavers or other personal
items.

Infection Control Performance Improvement

 Handwashing.
 Environmental hygiene.
 Avoiding cross-contamination.
 Vaccinations for staff of all healthcare organizations and those involved in direct patient care.
 Routine infection prevention protocol assessments.
 Avoiding overuse of antibiotics.
 Continuity in coordination of care

Need of administering drugs is identified

Benefits are effective management of the illness/disease, slowed progression of the disease, and
improved patient outcomes with few if any errors. Harm from medications can arise from unintended
consequences as well as medication error (wrong medication, wrong time, wrong dose, etc.).

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Scope of administering drugs
Listen to pronunciation. (ad-MIH-nigh-STRAY-shun) In medicine, the act of giving a treatment, such as a
drug, to a patient. It can also refer to the way it is given, the dose, or how often it is given.

Drugs are checked routinely for name, instruction and expiry date
Drugs are administered through routes of drug administration according
to the physicians advice
Routes of administration of a drug are determined by its physical and chemical properties, patient
characteristics and the rapidity of response desired. Major routes are oral, parenteral and topical.

Techniques involved in each route of medication administration are different, and some of the
important points are summarized as follows:

 Intravenous Route-inj. Ceftriaxone, inj. Omeprazole, inf. Normal Saline

 Intramuscular Route- Antibiotics- penicillin G benzathine penicillin, streptomycin. Biologicals-
immunoglobins, vaccines, and toxoids. Hormonal agents- testosterone,
medroxyprogesterone[2]
 Subcutaneous Route-insulin, opioids, heparin, epinephrine, and allergy medication
 Rectal Route-hydrocortisone
 Vaginal Route

Inhaled Route-dry-powder inhalers (DPI), pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI), and nebulizers.

Oral-

 Alcohol.
 Benzodiazepines.
 Hallucinogens.
 MDMA.
 Methamphetamine.
 Opioids.
 Over-the-counter medications.
 PCP.

Sublingual- Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro lingual)

Suboxone (Subsoil), Vitamin B12.Ragwitek.

Adverse effect of drugs (if any) is reported to appropriate authority

What are the types of adverse drug reaction?

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Adverse drug reactions are classified into six types (with mnemonics): dose-related (Augmented), non-
dose-related (Bizarre), dose-related and time-related (Chronic), time-related (Delayed), withdrawal
(End of use), and failure of therapy (Failure).

 Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) – unintended, harmful events attributed to the use of medicines
– occur as a cause of and during a significant proportion of unscheduled hospital admissions.
 A careful medication history can assist a prescriber in understanding the patient's previous
experiences with drug treatment, particularly in identifying previous ADRs that may preclude re-
exposure to the drug.
 Preventing ADRs depends on avoiding treatment in cohorts of patients who are at increased
susceptibility or providing treatment under a therapeutic plan that reduces the risk of an
adverse effect (eg co-administration of other drugs, monitoring blood test results).

Drugs are stored according to the standard procedure

Know that heat, air, light, and moisture may damage your medicine. Store your medicines in a cool, dry
place. For example, store it in your dresser drawer or a kitchen cabinet away from the stove, sink, and
any hot appliances. You can also store medicine in a storage box, on a shelf, or in a closet.

3. Collect sample

3.1-Personal Protective Equipment:

Personal protective equipment is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment
designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective
equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.

Figure:-PPE for care givers Figure:-PPE for others

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3.2-Consent is taken for sample collection from responsible person
Before you decide if the study participant should agree to provide a blood sample, you need to
understand the purpose, the possible risks and benefits, and what would be expected of you and the
study participant.

Figure: - Consent from for surgery patient

3.3- Instructions are followed and reviewed for sample collection

There are four steps involved in obtaining a good quality specimen for testing:

(1) Preparation of the patient,

(2) Collection of the specimen,

(3) Processing the specimen, and

(4) Storing and/or transporting the specimen.

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3.4-Different sample collection instruments

Name:

 -Urine collection container

 -Agar plate
 -Blood culture bottle
 -Blue cap mini tip with liquid aims
 -CSF collection tube
 -Clear tube
 -Isolator tube
 -TB tubes
 -Sterile urine specimen collection tube
 -Spatula
 -Micropore
 -Gauze piece
 -Cotton roll
 -Test tube
 -Swab stick
 -Syringe
 -Syringe destroyer

3.5- Samples are collected, labeled and transferred to laboratory

Sample:

1. Urine
2. Stool
3. Sputum

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 4. Saliva
5. Pus

4. Perform common wound dressing

4.1-Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
N.B See previous page

4.2-Common wounds are identified

Common wounds are-
Burn

 First-degree burns (superficial burns) are mild compared to other burns

 Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect the epidermis and the dermis
(lower layer of skin)
 Third-degree burns (full thickness burns) go through the dermis and affect deeper
tissues.

Blunt injury

Blunt impact injuries result from direct contact of a blunt object with a body.
Cut injury

Minor cuts and scrapes usually stop bleeding on their own. If needed, apply gentle pressure with a clean
bandage or cloth and elevate the wound until bleeding stops. Clean the wound. Rinse the wound with
water. Keeping the wound under running tap water will reduce the risk of infection.

Surgical surface area

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Bed / Pressure sore

Pressure ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores) are injuries to the skin and
underlying tissue, primarily caused by prolonged pressure on the skin. They can happen to
anyone, but usually affect people confined to bed or who sit in a chair or wheelchair for long
periods of time.

4.3-Dressings materials are selected to apply dressings

Dressing’s materials
Sterile gauze

Sterile gauze pads, like Bio guard Gauze, are made to resist bacteria and keep open wounds clean.
Generally more costly than non-sterile gauze, sterile pads are also usually made to wick away wound
drainage and keep it protected and clean. Non-sterile gauze pads are more often used for closed
wounds.

4.2-Cotton
Cotton has been used in medicine since the Middle Ages. Writers of that time described the use of raw,
untreated cotton fibers in several medical applications, including forming pads overdressed wounds,
protecting burns and scalds, and serving as an early “drainage tube” by keeping the edges of wounds
open.
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4.3-Roller bandage
A roller bandage is a strip of gauze or cotton material prepared in a roll. Roller bandages can be used to
immobilize injured body parts (sprains and torn muscles), provide pressure to control internal or
external bleeding, absorb drainage, and secure dressings.

4.4-Band aid
A Band-Aid is a small piece of sticky tape that you use to cover small cuts or wounds on your body.

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4.5-Povidine iodine solution
Povidone-iodine, also known as iodopovidone, is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after
surgery. It may be used both to disinfect the hands of healthcare providers and the skin of the person
they are caring for. It may also be used for minor wounds.

4.6-Antibiotic ointment
This combination product is used to treat minor wounds (such as cuts, scrapes, burns) and to help
prevent or treat mild skin infections. Minor skin infections and wounds usually heal without treatment,
but some minor skin wounds may heal faster when an antibiotic is applied to the affected area.

Antiseptics

An antiseptic is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms. They're frequently
used in hospitals and other medical settings to reduce the risk of infection during surgery and other
procedures.

Scissor

Scissors are a small tool with two sharp blades which are screwed together. You use scissors for cutting
things such as paper and cloth.

Forceps

Forceps (plural forceps or considered a plural noun without a singular, often a pair of forceps; the Latin
plural forcipes is no longer recorded in most dictionaries) are a handheld, hinged instrument used for
grasping and holding objects.

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Some of the various types of forceps are listed here:

 Adson forceps.
 Allis forceps.
 Bulldogs forceps.
 Dissecting forceps.
 Extracting forceps.
 Hemostatic forceps.
 Kocher's forceps.
 Obstetric forceps.

Splint

A splint is a supportive device that protects a broken bone or injury. A splint keeps the injured part of
your body still to help with pain and promote healing. Some splints are flexible and some are rigid. The
type of splint you need will depend on the type of injury you have and the part of your body that is
injured.

4.4-Dressing is applied following proper procedures

When applying one:

 clean and dry the wound and surrounding skin

 hold the bandage on either side of the pad
 lay the pad directly on the wound
 wind the short end once around the limb and the pad
 wind the other end around the limb to cover the whole pad
 Tie the ends together over the pad to secure it, and put slight pressure on the wound.

4.5-Client is placed in a comfortable position

4.6-Area is cleaned and used items are disposed.

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4.7-Prssure sore is explained and preventive measures are taken.
Pressure ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores) are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue,
primarily caused by prolonged pressure on the skin. They can happen to anyone, but usually affect
people confined to bed or who sit in a chair or wheelchair for long periods of time.

The most common sites are the back of the head and ears, the shoulders, the elbows, the lower back
and buttocks, the hips, the inner knees, and the heels. Pressure injuries may also form in places where
the skin folds over itself.

Bedsores often happen on the:

 Buttocks area (on the tailbone or hips)

 Heels of the feet.
 Shoulder blades.
 Back of the head.
 Backs and sides of the knees.

Symptoms

Warning signs of bedsores or pressure ulcers are:

 Unusual changes in skin color or texture

 Swelling
 Pus-like draining
 An area of skin that feels cooler or warmer to the touch than other areas
 Tender areas

When to see a doctor

If you notice warning signs of a bedsore, change your position to relieve the pressure on the area. If you
don't see improvement in 24 to 48 hours, contact your doctor. Seek immediate medical care if you show
signs of infection, such as a fever, drainage from a sore, a sore that smells bad, changes in skin color,
warmth or swelling around a sore.

Risk factors

Your risk of developing bedsores is higher if you have difficulty moving and can't change position easily
while seated or in bed. Risk factors include:

 Immobility. This might be due to poor health, spinal cord injury and other causes.
 Incontinence. Skin becomes more vulnerable with extended exposure to urine and stool.
 Lack of sensory perception. Spinal cord injuries, neurological disorders and other conditions can
result in a loss of sensation. An inability to feel pain or discomfort can result in not being aware
of warning signs and the need to change position.
 Poor nutrition and hydration. People need enough fluids, calories, protein, vitamins and
minerals in their daily diets to maintain healthy skin and prevent the breakdown of tissues.
 Medical conditions affecting blood flow. Health problems that can affect blood flow, such as
diabetes and vascular disease, can increase the risk of tissue damage such as bedsores.

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Complications

Complications of pressure ulcers, some life-threatening, include:

 Cellulitis. Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and connected soft tissues. It can cause warmth,
inflammation and swelling of the affected area. People with nerve damage often do not feel
pain in the area affected by cellulitis.
 Bone and joint infections. An infection from a pressure sore can burrow into joints and bones.
Joint infections (septic arthritis) can damage cartilage and tissue. Bone infections (osteomyelitis)
can reduce the function of joints and limbs.
 Cancer. Long-term, nonhealing wounds (Marjolijn’s ulcers) can develop into a type of squamous
cell carcinoma.
 Sepsis. Rarely, a skin ulcer leads to sepsis.

Prevention

You can help prevent bedsores by frequently repositioning yourself to avoid stress on the skin. Other
strategies include taking good care of your skin, maintaining good nutrition and fluid intake, quitting
smoking, managing stress, and exercising daily.

Tips for repositioning

Consider the following recommendations related to repositioning in a bed or chair:

 Shift your weight frequently. Ask for help with repositioning about once an hour.
 Lift yourself, if possible. If you have enough upper body strength, do wheelchair pushups —
raising your body off the seat by pushing on the arms of the chair.
 Look into a specialty wheelchair. Some wheelchairs allow you to tilt them, which
can relieve pressure.
 Select cushions or a mattress that relieves pressure. Use cushions or a special mattress
to relieve pressure and help ensure that your body is well positioned. Do not use doughnut
cushions, as they can focus pressure on surrounding tissue.
 Adjust the elevation of your bed. If your bed can be elevated at the head, raise it no
more than 30 degrees. This helps prevent shearing.

Treatment

Treating pressure ulcers involves reducing pressure on the affected skin, caring for wounds, controlling
pain, preventing infection and maintaining good nutrition.

Treatment team

Members of your care team might include:

 A primary care physician who oversees the treatment plan

 A physician or nurse specializing in wound care
 Nurses or medical assistants who provide both care and education for managing wounds

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  A social worker who helps you or your family access resources and who addresses emotional
concerns related to long-term recovery
 A physical therapist who helps with improving mobility
 An occupational therapist who helps to ensure appropriate seating surfaces
 A dietitian who monitors your nutritional needs and recommends a good diet
 A doctor who specializes in conditions of the skin (dermatologist)
 A neurosurgeon, vascular surgeon, orthopedic surgeon or plastic surgeon

5. Care of catheter and colostomy bags

Catheter Care

To take care of your catheter, you’ll need to do the following:

 Clean your catheter.

 Change your drainage bags.
 Wash your drainage bags every day.
 Drink 1 to 2 glasses of liquids every 2 hours while you’re awake.

You may see some blood or urine around where the catheter enters your body. This may happen when
you’re walking or having a bowel movement (pooping). This is normal, as long as there’s urine draining
into the drainage bag. If you don’t have urine draining into the drainage bag, call your healthcare
provider.

Cleaning Your Catheter

You can clean your catheter while you’re in the shower.

1. Gather your supplies. You’ll need:

o Mild soap, such as Dove®
o Water
o 1 Cath-Secure®
2. Wash your hands well with soap and warm water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
o If you’re washing your hands with soap and water, wet your hands, apply soap, rub
them together well for at least 20 seconds, then rinse. Dry your hands with a paper
towel and use that same towel to turn off the faucet.
o If you’re using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, be sure to cover your hands with it,
rubbing them together until they’re dry.
3. Using mild soap and water, clean your genital area.
o If you have a penis, pull back your foreskin, if needed. Clean the area, including your penis.
o If you have a vagina, separate your labia. Clean the area from front to back.
4. Clean your urethra (urinary opening), which is where the catheter enters your body.
5. Clean the catheter from where it enters your body and then down, away from your body. Hold
the catheter at the point it enters your body so that you don’t put tension on it.
6. Rinse the area well and dry it gently.
7. If you removed your old Cath-Secure, use the new Cath-Secure to attach the catheter to your leg
to keep it from moving.

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5.1-Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
See previous page

5.2-Standard precaution is maintained

5.3-Urine bag, catheter care, colostomy bag is interpreted.
Urine bag

Urine bags are used for collecting urine drained via a urinary catheter · Urine bags are equipped
with a connector.

Leg bags and valves should be changed every 7 days. The bag can be attached to your right or left leg,
depending on which side is most comfortable for you. At night, you'll need to attach a larger bag.

Catheter care

There are 3 main types of catheters:

1. Indwelling catheter.
2. Condom catheter.
3. Intermittent self-catheter.

Q. How often should you clean your catheter?

It needs to be emptied every 3 to 4 hours because it's smaller. How do I care for the catheter and
drainage system? Always wash your hands with soap and water or an alcohol-based cleaner before and
after doing catheter care. Use soap and water if your hands look dirty, not the alcohol-based cleaner.

Q. How do you care for a catheter?

Making Sure Your Catheter is Working

1. Always keep your bag below your waist.

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 2. Try not to disconnect the catheter more than you need to. Keeping it connected to the bag will
make it work better.
3. Check for kinks, and move the tubing around if it is not draining.
4. Drink plenty of water during the day to keep urine flowing.

Colostomy

A colostomy is an operation to divert 1 end of the colon (part of the bowel) through an opening in the
tummy. The opening is called a stoma. A pouch can be placed over the stoma to collect your poo
(stools). A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.

A colostomy is an opening in the large intestine, or the surgical procedure that creates one.

A colostomy is a major surgery. As with any surgery, there are risks of allergic reactions to anesthesia
and excessive bleeding. A colostomy also carries other risks, such as: damage to nearby organs.

The 4 Types of Colostomies

 Ascending colostomy — is made from the ascending part of the colon. ...
 Transverse colostomy — is made from the transverse part of the colon. ...
 Descending colostomy — is made from the descending part of the colon. ...
 Sigmoid colostomy — is made from the sigmoid colon.

Fig: Colostomy bag

Caring for a Colostomy

1. Use the right size pouch and skin barrier opening. ...
2. Change the pouching system regularly to avoid leaks and skin irritation. ...
3. Be careful when pulling the pouching system away from the skin and don't remove it
more than once a day unless there's a problem. ...
4. Clean the skin around the stoma with water.

5.4-Urine bag is cleaned and readjusted as required.

5.5-Colostomy bag is cleaned and disposed.

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5.6-Color and smell of the urine and stool are checked and reported as required.
5.7-urine output is measured and documented as per care plan.

6. Assist to use supported devices

Supported devices are identified
Supported devices

Beds/Medical bed

Q. What are the types of bed in medical?

There are 3 main types of medical beds (manual, semi-electric and full electric) and others that are more
specialized (such as bariatric beds).

6.2-Chairs

Description For Hospital Chair. A hospital chair, also known as a patient chair for clinic, is a large,
padded, comfortable patient hospital chairs.

It is important in a healthcare situation to have appropriate seating for the needs of the patients and
their families. We have a number of mental health spec furniture and seating solutions that are designed
specifically to maintain a safe and secure environment particularly in a mental health setting, and are
sure that they will help you maintain exceptional care in any behavioral healthcare situation. We
understand

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the need for both patients and staff to feel safe and secure in these challenging environments, and to
this end we have a range of tough furniture, designed to maximize safety and support rehabilitation.

When looking for furniture for challenging behavior it is important that chairs cannot be easily damaged.
Our furniture for mental health units and other clinical settings is tamper proof with no visible staples or
internal webbing, with certain products fitted with anti-tamper fixings. All units are available in a variety
of anti-microbial and anti-fungal fabrics and vinyl’s which are simple to clean making them ideal for a
hospital or other medical environments. When considering special needs furniture for adults, mobility
also has to be taken into consideration, and some of our chairs, like the Helsinki Posture Chair, are
designed with this specifically in mind. For instance, this particular chair completely supports the patient
in the deep foam seat as it is designed for users with severe motor difficulties.

6.3-Stretcher
A stretcher, gurney, litter, or pram is an apparatus used for moving patients who require medical care. A
basic type must be carried by two or more people. A wheeled stretcher is often equipped with variable
height frames, wheels, tracks, or skids.

Stretchers are primarily used in acute out-of-hospital care situations by emergency medical services
(EMS), military, and search and rescue personnel. In medical forensics the right arm of a corpse is left
hanging off the stretcher to let paramedics know it is not a wounded patient.

Types of stretcher

 Scoop stretcher,
 ambulance stretcher,
 basket stretcher,
 medical stretcher,
 folding stretcher,
 portable stretcher,
 emergency stretcher,
 rescue stretcher,
 wheeled stretcher, etc. are the types of patient stretchers.

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 Figure: Stretcher

6.4-High Commode
Q. Why is a toilet called a commode?

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The word derives from the French word for “convenient” or “suitable.” Later on, “commode” was used
to mean a particular type of cabinet that held chamber pots. And gradually it evolved to refer to a piece
of wooden chair-like furniture that held the chamber pot.

In the strictest sense, a bedpan or portable toilet seat with an attached dry receptacle would be a
commode, while the water-flushed bowl and tank in the bathroom would be a toilet. A bedpan is an
example of a commode.

6.5-Patient Walker
What are 4 types of walkers?

Walker tips

 Standard walker. This walker has four nonskid, rubber-tipped legs to provide stability. ...
 Two-wheel walker. This walker, which has wheels on the two front legs, is helpful if you need
some, but not constant, weight-bearing help.
 Three-wheel walker. ...
 Four-wheel walker. ...

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  Knee walker.

6.6-Cane/Crutches
Crutches are used for keeping all your weight off a foot or leg and a cane is used for balance and
mobility assistance. The right mobility device or walking aid can really make a difference in your quality
of life and help you recover from temporary injuries faster.

Abstract. Canes, crutches, and walkers improve balance, assist walking, reduce load on the lower limbs,
transmit sensory cues, and enable maneuvering in places inaccessible to a wheelchair. Assistive devices
are manufactured in many designs. Canes differ by material, handle shape, and base.

6.7-Adjustable table
A adjustable table is a type of folding furniture, a table with legs that fold up against the table top. This is
intended to make storage more convenient and to make the table more portable. Many folding tables
are made of lightweight materials to further increase portability. It can be combined with folding chairs.

Beyond the health benefits, height adjustable desks are also believed to increase workers' productivity.
According to the Stand Up to Work study: 65% of people with height adjustable desks reported
increased productivity after one year and also reported better concentration ability.

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6.8-Wheel Chair
A wheelchair is a chair with wheels, used when walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury,
problems related to old age, or disability.

In addition to providing mobility, an appropriate wheelchair benefits the physical health and quality of
life of the users by helping in reducing common problems such as pressure sores, progression of
deformities and improve respiration and digestion.

Who should use a wheelchair?

The wheelchair is one of the most commonly used assistive devices to promote mobility and enhance
quality of life for people who have difficulties in walking (e.g. a person with spinal cord injuries resulting
in quadriplegia or paraplegia, muscular dystrophies).

Different Types of Wheelchairs

 Manual Wheelchairs. Manual wheelchairs are wheeled chairs that are powered by the use
of the user's hands.
 Powered Wheelchairs.
 Pediatric Wheelchairs.
 Positioning Wheelchairs.
 Sports Wheelchairs.
 All-Terrain Wheelchairs.
 Standing Power Wheelchairs.
 The Best All-Around Wheelchair Type.

6.9-I/V (Intravenous) Stand

IV stands for intravenous which means “in the vein.”

Intravenous (IV) stands or poles are medical devices that are designed to hang bags containing
intravenous fluids or medicines which need to be administered to the patient. They are used for the
utmost hygienic purpose and are space savers

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 .

7.1-Oxygen cylinder with flow meter

Ambulance Oxygen Flowmeter; that oxygen flow meter; is a device that measures the flow of oxygen
from the oxygen distribution unit to the oxygen user. It can be connected to a part of an oxygen tank or
be an independent device that measures the flow from a gas tank or gas concentrator.

Oxygen flowmeter is an equipment used to control oxygen flow delivery in patients undergoing oxygen
therapy. Objective: To evaluate accuracy and precision of oxygen flowmeters used in adult care.

The oxygen is stored in the cylinders at 2000 psi with a pressure regulator that allows 50 psi to the
patient. The valves provided have a medium setting, which delivers 2 l/min, and a high setting, which
provides 4 l/min.

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7.2-Ambu bag
A bag valve mask, sometimes known by the proprietary name Ambo bag or generically as a manual
resuscitator or "self-inflating bag", is a hand-held device commonly used to provide positive pressure
ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately.

What is Ambo bag used for?

A bag valve mask (BVM), sometimes referred to as an Ambo bag, is a handheld tool that is used to
deliver positive pressure ventilation to any subject with insufficient or ineffective breaths. It consists of a
self- inflating bag, one-way valve, mask, and an oxygen reservoir.

Medical equipment used:

 to save patients who have stopped breathing on their own.

 for neonatal resuscitation.
 during surgery and clinical death before the patient is connected to the ventilator.

Instructions for using the Ambo bag

Medical equipment is used according to the instruction:

1. The patient's head is placed on a hard flat surface, slightly leaning back.
2. Carry out the cleansing of the respiratory tract.
3. If necessary, use an air duct or lower jaw is pushed forward to prevent the occurrence of the
tongue.
4. The respirator (mask) is tightly applied to the patient's face.
5. Pouch with oxygen squeeze with equal intervals with an average of 17 clicks per minute.

7.3-Hearing aid
Hearing aids are the instrument of choice for the majority of people with hearing loss, but for those who
are deaf or severely hard of hearing, cochlear implants may be a better option.

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 The hearing aid receives sound through a microphone, which converts the sound waves to electrical
signals and sends them to an amplifier. The amplifier increases the power of the signals and then sends
them to the ear through a speaker

BTE hearing device is the most common out of all the options out there today. These hearing devices are
created of plastic and they are very small in size, sitting right behind your ear.

Types of hearing aids

There are two basic types of hearing aids:

1. In-the-ear (ITE) hearing aids.

2. Behind-the-ear (BTE) hearing aids.

7.4-Vision aid
Vision Aid Overseas works to ensure that everyone has access to affordable eye care services and glasses.

Visual aids are things that you can look at, such as a film, model, map, or slides, to help you understand
something or to remember information.

Low vision optical devices include a variety of helpful visual aids, including stand and hand-held
magnifiers, strong magnifying reading glasses, loupes, and small telescopes.

The most commonly prescribed low vision aids include:

 Magnifying Spectacles. Magnifying spectacles are worn like eyeglasses, and help you see better
for tasks like reading, threading a needle, stitching etc. ...
 Stand Magnifiers. ...
 Telescopes. ...
 Video Magnifiers.

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7.5-Walker
See previous topic

7.6-Cane
See previous topic

7.7-Crutch
See previous topic

7.8-Suction Machine
A suction machine, also known as an aspirator, is a type of medical device that is primarily used for
removing obstructions — like mucus, saliva, blood, or secretions — from a person's airway.

Here are four types of suction machines you need to know:

1. Manual Suction Devices.

2. Wall-Mounted Suction Devices.
3. Portable Suction Devices.
4. Makeshift Suction Devices.

Suctioning is a method of removing mucous from the lungs. People with a spinal cord and/or brain injury
may have problems breathing due to congestion. The muscles that help with breathing and coughing
may not work well. Suctioning will help keep the airway clear. Only use clean technique with your
doctor’s approval.

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When Should I Suction?
A person should be suctioned when any of the following happens:

 "Rattling" breathing sounds are heard

 Mucous bubbles up in the throat or airway tube (trach tube)
 When a hand placed on the chest can feel a vibration or "rattling" from congestion
 When the person tells you it is needed (when it is hard to breathe)

Try having the person cough first (or perform an assist cough). Sometimes the person may not need to be
suctioned if he/she is able to remove the mucous with a good cough.

How to Suction

Step 1: Gather the supplies.

 Portable suction machine

 Clean suction catheter
 Sterile normal saline
 Resuscitator bag (also known as the Ambo Bag)
 One helper

Step 2: Wash your hands.

Wash your hands with soap and water. Dry them with a clean towel.

Step 3: Check portable suction equipment.

Make sure all tubing connections and collection jar have a tight seal.

Step 4: Place portable suction unit on a flat, dry and safe surface.
Plug suction unit to an electrical outlet. Turn unit on.

Step 5: Set the suction pressure.

The portable suction pressure should not be set higher than 15 mm/Hg.

Check pressure by turning the machine on and covering the open end of the suction line with one hand.

Look at the pressure dial. It should rise but not go any higher than the 15 marker on the dial.

If the pressure does not go up, re-check all tubing connections or adjust to the correct pressure.

Step 6: Pick up clean suction catheter.

Step 7: Put on gloves.

Step 8: Connect the tubing to the suction catheter.

Pick up the long connecting tubing that comes from the suction machine and attach it to the suction
catheter.

Step 9: Turn on the suction machine.

Step 10: "Bag" the person.

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The person must receive extra breaths during suctioning. This is done by using the Ambo Bag. Attach the
bag to the person's airway (trach tube) and squeeze the bag to give extra breaths. Each person will be
different in respect to how many times he/she needs to be "bagged." Follow the directions you were
given from your doctor or therapist.

A person will need to be bagged before, during and after each suctioning.

Step 11: Place the catheter into the trach tube.

Place the catheter into the opening of the trach. Be careful not to let it touch anything before entering
the opening. Please remember that the inner cannula must always be in place when a person is
suctioned.

The inner cannula is the tube that fits into the trach at the neck plate. It can be reusable or disposable
depending on your specific situation. The photo below shows the suction catheter entering through the
inner cannula. Never suction without it in place.

Slowly move catheter down into the trach until resistance is felt. Do not force the catheter down.

Step 12: Cover the suction port.

Cover the suction port with your thumb. Slowly pull the suction catheter up and out. Do not leave the
suction catheter in the trach tube for more than 10 seconds.

Suction Off (port open)

Suction On (port closed)

Step 13: Bag the person.

Repeat steps 10, 11 and 12 until the mucous is gone.

If you notice that the mucous is thick, you can use normal saline to make it thinner. Squirt a small
amount into the trach tube and then bag the person with the Ambo Bag. This will help loosen up the
mucous and make it easier to suction. Now you may insert the suction catheter and repeat Step 11.

Step 14: Disconnect the catheter from the suction tubing.

Set it aside for washing.

Step 15: Rinse the suction tubing.

Once suctioning is complete, the canister tubing must be rinsed. This can be done with tap water or
normal saline. With the suction machine still on, put the tubing in a container of water or squirt some
normal saline into the tubing. Allow it to rinse through the tubing until it is cleared of mucous.

Step 16: Shut off suction unit.

Step 17: Remove all gloves.

Step 18: Wash your hands.

Step 19: Wash suction catheter.

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7.9-Parallel bar
These are medical devices specifically used in physical and occupational rehabilitation therapy to assist
individuals to re-learn to walk and for gait training, as well as to regain balance, strength, range of
motion, and mobility

The apparatus consists of two 11-foot bars approximately six feet off the ground and 16-20 inches
apart. Athletes must swing between and above the bars, performing turns and flight elements where
they release their hands from the bar and recapture it in a different position.

A parallel bar routine should contain at least one element from all element groups:

I. Elements in support or through support.

II. Elements starting in upper arm position.

III. Long swings in hang, on 1 or 2 bars and Underwings.

IV. Dismounts.

It is especially useful in improving upper-body strength. The two bars, made of wood, are oval in cross
section, 5 cm (2 inches) thick, 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) long, 2 meters (6.5 feet) high, and 42 cm (16.5
inches) apart.

Specific conditions that may need the support of parallel bars may include:

 Stroke2.
 Multiple sclerosis.
 Parkinson's disease3.
 Lower extremity fracture4.
 Spinal cord injury5.
 After lower extremity amputation6.
 After knee or hip surgery7.
 Severe muscle weakness.

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7.10-Nebulizer
A nebulizer is a device that turns the liquid medicine into a mist which is then inhaled through a
mouthpiece or a mask. Sometimes asthma medication is given through a nebulizer as well, so this
information can benefit people living with asthma too.

Albuterol is a type of bronchodilator drug. It works by dilating the airways, making it easier to breathe
for people who experience bronchospasm, or tightening of the airways. Albuterol sulfate (Acuna) is a
liquid form of this medication. A nebulizer is a machine that turns liquid medicine into a fine mist

A nebulizer changes liquid medicine into fine droplets (in aerosol or mist form) that are inhaled through
a mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers can be used to deliver many types of medicines. The medicines and
moisture help control breathing problems like wheezing and help loosen lung secretions.

Is nebulizer good for dry cough?

Inhalers will not solve the problem of dry cough or bronchitis, but will be good in treatment of sore
throat and runny nose. You can see the functions of the inhaler in detail here. Nebulizer is a universal
devices designed to treat the lower respiratory tract - bronchi and lungs.

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How to use a nebulizer

1. Wash your hands.

2. Connect the hose to an air compressor.
3. Fill the medicine cup with your medicine.
4. Attach the hose and mouthpiece to the medicine cup.
5. Place the mouthpiece in your mouth.
6. Breathe through your mouth until all the medicine is used.
7. Turn off the machine when done.

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 ISCG004L1V1: Maintain Nutrition, Food Safety and Diet plan
Interpret Nutrition and Hydration
Religious factors can have a major influence on what foods we buy. For example, Muslims will not eat
meat such as beef or lamb that has not been slaughtered by the halal method, while those of the Jewish
religion will only eat foods that are Kosher.

 Functions of Carbohydrates:
 Supply fiber that helps in the formation of the bulk for better digestion.
 Carbohydrates provide main source of energy.
 Help the body to use protein and fat efficiently.
 Essential for the synthesis of certain nonessential amino acids. Carbohydrates remove
poisonous substances from the liver.
 Can convert itself into fat.
 Lactose helps in the absorption of calcium.
 Carbohydrate provides taste and flavor to the diet.
 Cellulose and indigestible polysaccharides prevent constipation. 10 20 10.
Carbohydrates help in retention of water in the colon.
 Carbohydrates help in mobility of the intestines.
 Carbohydrate helps in formation of nucleic acid and matrix of connective tissues.
 Carbohydrates help the growth of desirable bacteria in the small intestines.

 Functions of Protein:
 Protein helps growth and development and repair of the body and body cell.
 Takes part in defense mechanism of the body.
 Synthesis of certain substance like antibodies, plasma proteins, hemoglobin, enzymes,
Hormones and coagulation factors.
 Maintenance of osmotic pressure.
 Helps in metabolic processes with enzymes.

 Functions of Fat:
 They are the concentrated fuel reserve of the body
 Lipids are the constituents of cell membrane structure and regulate the membrane
permeability. Zaleplons a
 They are essential for the digestion, absorption and utilization of fat soluble vitamins
like Vitamin A, D, E and K.
 Lipids are important as cellular metabolic regulators (Steroid hormones and
prostaglandin). 5. Lipids protect the internal organs serving as insulating materials.
 As compounds of the mitochondria membranes, lipids (phospholipids) participate in
electron transport chain.
 Fat imparts palatability to the diet and slows stomach emptying time, thus giving a feeling
of fullness. This delay of onset of hunger is called ‘satiety value’ of fats.
 The calories in fat spare the proteins from being oxidized for energy.

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  Functions of Vitamins:
 Vitamins create the resistance against the diseases.
 Regulate the body metabolism.
 It helps to fat and carbohydrate into energy.
 Vitamins assist in the formation of base of tissue.
 Functions of Mineral:
 Formation of bones and teeth.
 Maintenance of osmotic pressure of body fluids
 Maintenance of acids base balance
 Maintenance of tone of muscles and nerves
 Some minerals are needed for specific functions like –
 Iron for the formation of Hemoglobin (Hb)
 Sodium for the formation of thyroxine
 Cobalt as the constituent of vitamin B12
 Functions of Water:
 Replaces fluid loss from the tissue.
 Maintain fluidity of blood & lymph.
 Elimination of waste material from the body
 Act as a transport for dissolve food
 Form main constituent of body fluid
 Regulation & distribution of body temperature.
Factors affecting nutrient requirements
 Genetics and gender.
 Dietary energy concentration.
 Environmental temperature.
 Health status.
 Stocking density.
 Feeding strategy and degree of competition for feed.
 Variability of nutrient content and availability in ingredients.

Balanced Nutritious diet

Eat at least 5 portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables every day (see 5 A Day) base meals on higher
fiber starchy foods like potatoes, bread, rice or pasta. Have some dairy or dairy alternatives (such as
soya drinks) eat some beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other protein.

Hydration and Dehydration

If you don’t drink enough water, you may become dehydrated. This means your body doesn’t have
enough fluid to operate properly. Your urine can be an indicator if you’re dehydrated. If it’s colorless or
light yellow, you’re well hydrated. If your urine is a dark yellow or amber color, you may be dehydrated.

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 Ensure Food Safety

Food safety is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of
food in ways that prevent food-borne illness. The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness
resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a food-borne disease outbreak.

Food preparation

Food Preparation means processing food for human consumption by cooking or assembling the food,
but does not include distributing prepackaged food or whole fruits or vegetables.

Food Hygiene

 Cleaning – making sure your hands, surfaces and equipment are clean before, during and after
cooking.
 Cooking – making sure food is cooked throughout to kill harmful bacteria.
 Chilling – making sure foods are stored at the correct temperature to prevent growth of harmful
bacteria

Food storage

 Keep high-risk food at 5 °C or below or above 60 °C to avoid the temperature danger zone and
food poisoning.
 Store raw foods below cooked foods.
 Store food in suitable, covered containers.
 Avoid refreezing thawed foods.
 Check and observe the use-by dates on food products.
 Take special care with high-risk foods.

Calculate calorie requirement of client

Your basal metabolism rate is produced through the following basal metabolic rate formula:

Men: BMR = 88.362 + (13.397 x weight in kg) + (4.799 x height in cm) – (5.677 x age in years)

Women: BMR = 447.593 + (9.247 x weight in kg) + (3.098 x height in cm) – (4.330 x age in years).

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 Calorie values in Meat

Calorie values in Rice

Calories: 242 · Fat: 0.4g · Sodium: 0mg · Carbohydrates: 53.4g · Fiber: 0.6g · Sugars: 0g · Protein: 4.4g ·
Manganese: 0.7mg

Calorie values in Bread

Calories: 82 · Fat: 1.1g · Sodium: 144mg · Carbohydrates: 13.8g · Fiber: 1.9g · Sugars: 1.4g · Protein: 4g ·
Manganese: 0.7mg.

Calorie values in Vegetable

Food Serving Calories

Artichoke 1 artichoke (128 g) 60 cal

Arugula 1 leaf (2 g) 1 cal

Asparagus 1 spear (12 g) 2 cal

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Aubergine 1 aubergine (458 g) 115 cal
Beetroot 1 beet (82 g) 35 cal

Bell Pepper 1 pepper (73 g) 15 cal

Black Olives 1 olive (2.7 g) 2 cal

Broccoli1 bunch (608 g) 207 cal

Brussels Sprouts 1 sprout (19 g) 8 cal

Cabbage 1 head (908 g) 227 cal

Capsicum 1 pepper (45 g) 12 cal

Carrot 1 carrot (61 g) 25 cal

Cauliflower 1 floweret (13 g) 3 cal

Celery 1 stalk (40 g) 6 cal

Chard 1 leaf (48 g) 9 cal

Cherry Tomato 1 cherry tomato (20 g) 20 cal

Chicory 1 head (53 g) 38 cal

Chinese Cabbage 1 head (840 g) 134 cal

Chives 1 tbsp, chopped (3 g) 1 cal

Collard Greens 1 cup, raw (36 g) 12 cal

Corn 1 cup (154 g) 562 cal

Courgette 1 courgette (196 g) 33 cal

Creamed Spinach 1 cup (200 g) 148 cal

Cucumber 1 cucumber (410 g) 66 cal

Eggplant 1 eggplant (458 g) 115 cal

Endive 1 head (513 g) 87 cal

Fennel 1 bulb (234 g) 73 cal

Garlic 1 clove (3 g) 4 cal

Gherkin1 gherkin (65 g) 9 cal

Gourd 1 gourd (771 g) 108 cal

Green Beans 1 cup (110 g) 34 cal

Green Olives 1 olive (2.7 g) 2 cal

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Green Onion 1 green onion (15 g) 5 cal
Horseradish 1 tbsp (15 g) 7 cal

Kale 1 cup, chopped (67 g) 33 cal

Kohlrabi 1 kohlrabi (400 g) 108 cal

Kumara 1 kumara (130 g) 112 cal

Leek 1 leek (89 g) 54 cal

Lettuce 1 head (600 g) 90 cal

Calorie values in Fruits

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226
 Interpret vitamin

Good sources include:

Citrus fruit – including oranges and grapefruit.

Red and green peppers.

Potatoes.

Strawberries, blueberries and blackberries.

Green leafy vegetables – such as broccoli and brussels sprouts.

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Functions of vitamins:

 Vitamins create the resistance against the diseases.

 Regulate the body metabolism.
 It helps to fat and carbohydrate into energy.
 Vitamins assist in the formation of base of tissue.

Sign & Symptoms of Vitamin

 Fatigue.
 Shortness of breath.
 Dizziness.
 Pale or yellowish skin.
 Irregular heartbeats.
 Weight loss.
 Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.
 Muscle weakness.

Follow Diet plan:

Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products. Includes a
variety of protein foods such as seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), soy
products, nuts, and seeds. Is low in added sugars, sodium, saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol.

228
 ISCG005L1V1: Maintain basic Housekeeping in caregiving

1. Prepare for cleaning:

Personal protective equipment (PPE)-

Definition of PPE:

Personal protective equipment is protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment
designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective
equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and airborne particulate matter.

Cleaning tools/kits: These are includes-

 Brooms
 Different types of brushes
 Microfiber cloth
 Abrasives
 Bucket
 Spray bottle
 Squeegee
 Sponge
 Mop
 Dust pan
 Vacuum cleaner

Describe are all tools/kits:

 Brooms:

A broom is a cleaning tool consisting of usually stiff fibers attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical
handle, the broomstick.

Fig-Fancy broom brush.

 Different types of brushes :

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*Bottlebrush- they are long, narrow and come in a variety of sizes, and they are useful in cleaning water
bottles, flower vases, tea kettles and baby bottles. They are useful in preparing items for recycling.

Fig-Bottle brushes.

*Stove brush- these brushes come equipped with brass bristles, and they are useful in cleaning the
burner grate. You can also use these brushes to clean the oven racks.

Fig-Stove cleaning brushes.

*Refrigerator coil brush- brushes specially made for cleaning the coils on the back of the refrigerators.

Fig- Refrigerator coil curling brush.

*Spout brush- they are longer as well as thinner compared to the bottle brushes. And these brushes are
used for cleaning small spouts as well as percolator stems.

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Fig-Kettle spout brushes.

*Dryer vent brush- the dryer vent brushes are used to removes the clients gather below the lint trap.

Fig-Dryer vent cleansing brush.

Other Cleaning Brushes:

You can find some other cleaning brushes to clean the hard-to-reach areas of the house.

*Floors- Utility brushes are quite useful since you can use the brush under the sink and can clean small
amounts of materials from the floor and they do not even need a broom.

Fig-Floor brush.

*Dusting- Ceiling fan duster brushes come with a long handle and they are used to clean the fan blades,
to remove cobwebs and the dust on ceilings and walls.

Fig- Dusting brush.

*Kitchen- Sink and the dish brushes are used to clean dishes. If you have a dishwasher, then before
putting all the dishes to the dishwasher you can conduct an initial cleaning of all the dishes with the sink
and dish brushes.

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 Fig-Kitchen dishwasher brush.

*Bathroom- Toilet bowl brushes are best used to clean toilet pans, and these brushes come in a wide
range of shapes and sizes.

Fig-Toilet cleaning brush.

 Microfiber cloth:

Microfiber Cloth Uses-

 Dusting your home or office

 Removing streaks on glass and stainless steel
 Scrubbing bathrooms
 Cleaning appliances
 Wiping down kitchen counters
 Car interiors and exteriors

How to Clean With Microfiber Cloths-

Microfiber cloths can clean great with just water! You can also pair them with your favorite cleaning
products and disinfectants. When cleaning with microfiber cloths, fold them into fourths so you have
multiple cleaning sides. Make sure you are using high quality microfiber cloths for the best results.

 Abrasives- An abrasive is a material of a certain hardness and density that allows other materials
to be processed by removing the material itself.

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 Fig- Abrasives.

 Bucket - A bucket is typically a watertight, vertical cylinder or truncated cone or square, with
an open top and a flat bottom, attached to a semicircular carrying handle called the bail. A
bucket is usually an open-top container. In contrast, a pail can have a top or lid and is a
shipping container.

Fig- Bucket.

 Spray bottle - A spray bottle is a bottle that can squirt, spray or mist fluids. Actuation of a nasal-
spray bottle, used to deliver medication via the nostrils.

Fig- Bottle spray.

 Mop- A mop (such as a floor mop) is a mass or bundle of coarse strings or yarn, etc., or a piece
of cloth, sponge or other absorbent material, attached to a pole or stick. It is used to soak up
liquid, for cleaning floors and other surfaces, to mop up dust, or for other cleaning.

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 Fig-Mop cleaner.

 Vacuum cleaner- An electrical apparatus that by means of suction collects dust and small
particles from floors and other surfaces.

Fig-Vacuum cleaner.

Cleaning methods-

i. Manual cleaning
ii. Mechanized cleaning

Manual cleaning: Manual cleaning is the physical removal of all visible soil (gross debris) from an item to
render it safe for handling and further processing for patient care.

Why cleaning methods is important?

Cleaning is the most important and primary aspect of housekeeping. It is a process of removing dirt, dust
and grime by using methods such as dusting, shaking, sweeping, mopping, washing or pol- ishing. There
are certain areas you may clean daily, whereas you may clean other areas occasionally or once /twice in
a year.

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Mechanized cleaning- Mechanized housekeeping services include everything from dusting and moping
to cleaning of floors, window panels, glasses, floor scrubbing, floor polishing, vacuum cleaning, machine
cleaning and maintenance, pest control and fumigation in an apt manner.

What are the different ways of mechanized floor cleaning?

 Suction Cleaning. This is the primary & preparatory step of all mechanized methods and has to
perform on daily a basis.
 Spray Buffing. This method uses a 175- or 300-rpm (revolutions per minute) floor machine and
with a soft pad or brush.
 Polishing.
 Burnishing.
 Scrubbing.
 Stripping.
 Laundering & Dry Cleaning
Cleaning agents-These item are includes:
 Detergents
 Degreasers
 Abrasives
 Acids

Explanation of cleaning agents are includes:-

Detergent:

A water-soluble cleansing agent which combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble,
and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water.

Uses of detergent are-

 To whiten pillows. Pillows often turn to off-white color as time passes by.
 To clean oil spills. Some products purposely made for cleaning up oil spills are expensive.
 To degrease stove.
 To eradicate weeds and moss.
 To be an all-purpose cleaner.

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Acids: An acid is any substance that in water solution tastes sour, changes blue litmus paper to red,
reacts with some metals to liberate hydrogen, reacts with bases to form salts, and promotes chemical
reactions.

Uses of Acids:

Acid Name Use

1.Sulphuric acid To make electrolyte detergents paints polymers

fertilizers.
2.Nitric acid To make dyes explosives plastics.

2. Clean the bedroom:

Curtains /blinds are set & adjusted as per lighting & ventilation requirement.
Scattered items -
 Bedsheets
 Pillows/pillow cover
 Blankets
 Uses clothes
 Mosquito net
 Magazine &
 Toys

Describe all scattered items are -

Bedsheets : A sheet for a bed.

"bed sheets and pillowcases are supplied"

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 Fig- Bed with bedsheet.

Pillows/pillow cover: A pillow is a support of the body at rest for comfort, therapy, or decoration.
Pillows are used by many species, including humans.

Different Types of Pillows for Every Sleeping Position-

i. Down Pillow. Down pillows are made from the soft fibers close to the skin of a goose, duck, or
swan.
ii. Down Alternative Pillow.
iii. Feather Pillow.
iv. Cotton Pillow.
v. Latex Pillow.
vi. Memory Foam Pillow.
vii. Shredded Memory Foam Pillow.
viii. Bamboo Pillow.

Fig-Pillow with pillow cover.

Blanket: A blanket is a swath of soft cloth large enough either to cover or to enfold most of the user's
body and thick enough to keep the body warm by trapping radiant body heat that otherwise would be
lost through convection.

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 Fig-Blanket.

Mosquito net: A mosquito net is a type of meshed curtain that is circumferentially draped over a bed or
a sleeping area, to offer the sleeper barrier protection against bites and stings from mosquitos, flies, and
other pest insects, and thus against the diseases they may carry. Examples of such preventable insect-
borne diseases include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, zika virus, Chagas disease and various forms
of encephalitis.

Is mosquito net good for health?

Distribution of mosquito nets is a simple yet very effective way of saving lives. Distribution of mosquito
nets is one of UNICEF's basic health and nutrition interventions in South Sudan. It is an affordable, yet
very effective way of protecting children against malaria, a potentially deadly disease.

Which is best mosquito net?

If you are looking to buy a mosquito net to protect yourself and your loved once, here are the best options
available on amazon-

a. Classic Mosquito Net.

b. Healthy Sleeping Mosquito Net.
c. Good Knight Mosquito Net.
d. Home Mosquito Net.
e. Classic Hanging Mosquito Net.
f. Health genie Mosquito net.

What is the importance of mosquito?

In most mosquito species, the males feed on nectar and other plant juices (sometimes the females do
too). In the process, as researchers are quick to point out, mosquitoes act as important pollinators for
thousands of plant species, albeit rarely for the crops that are important to us.

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Fig-Mosquito net.

Magazine: A magazine is a periodical publication, generally published on a regular schedule (often

weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content

What are the 3 types of magazines?

There are three main categories of magazine publications, each of which include more specific types of
publications, are:

-General interest magazines.

-Special interest magazines.

-Professional magazines.

What is the main purpose of a magazine?

At the most basic level, a magazine provides information that may be more in depth but less timely than
that of, for example, a newspaper. A magazine can typically focus on trends or issues, and it can provide
background information for news events.

Fig- Magazine.

Dusting is performed to clean the bedroom furniture:

1. Bed
2. Carpets
3. Curtains
4. Door mat
5. Floors & others surface
6. Window
7. Frames &Glass panels

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Bed- A piece of furniture for sleep or rest, typically a framework with a mattress.

Different Types of Beds by Size

1 – Single. The single model is by far the smallest one, and it measures 36 x 75 inches. ...
2 – Twin. The twin bed is slightly larger than the single one and the only difference hides within the
width.
3 – Twin XL.
4 – Double.
5 – Full.
6 – Queen.
7 – King.
8 – California King.
★Essential cleaning tools for household chores-

 Scrub brushes. Get yourself at least one great cleaning brush.

 Toilet brush.
 Multi-purpose duster.
 Sponges.
 Vacuum.
 Spray bottle.
 Microfiber cleaning cloths.
 Broom and dustpan.

Carpets- A carpet is a thick, woven floor covering. Most carpets cover the whole floor in a room, as
opposed to a rug, which only covers a small section.

Fig-Carpet cleaning method.

Window- Window cleaning, or window washing, is the exterior cleaning of architectural glass used for
structural, lighting, or decorative purposes. It can be done manually, using a variety of tools for cleaning
and access. Technology is also employed and increasingly, automation.

Window Cleaning Tools-

 Microtiter Wash Pad.

 Window Cleaning Buckets.
 Tubax Holster.

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  Mastic Floor Squeegee.
 Nipper Reacher’s.
 Sticker Rod.
 Kristal set Window Cleaning Starter Kit.
 Scrapers and Blades.

Fig-Window cleaning.

Carps are cleaned as per job requirement -

Carpet Cleaning Technician Responsibilities:

Applying stain and pre-cleaning treatments to the carpets and floors. Carefully removing furniture to
access all areas that need to be cleaned. Cleaning carpets and floors using machine and hand-washing
techniques. Drying carpets using drying machines.

Bed is prepared as per the client’s requirement.

3. Wash and Iron Clothes

3.1. Clients Clothes and Bed linens are checked and sorted
Clients’ clothes are checked and bed linens are must be sorted.

How to Check Fabric Quality

 Different Fabrics, Different Standards.

 Fiber Weave. High-quality fabrics feature fibers that are closely and tightly woven together
 Color. A good quality fabric should have a dye job to match.
 Thread Count.
 Finish.
 Price.
 Finished Product.
 Source.

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3.2 Stains are removed:
Use a solution of 50 percent vinegar and 50 percent water on the stain. Apply liberally and then treat
with laundry soap and water.

Soak the stain in a solution of one cup of liquid laundry detergent and a few drops of ammonia
(Caution: Never mix chlorine bleach and ammonia - the resulting fumes are hazardous) for at least 30
minutes. Launder using liquid laundry detergent.

Apply isopropyl alcohol to the stain and blot with a clean napkin or cloth, according to Good
Housekeeping. You might want to place a paper towel under the fabric to prevent the alcohol from
soaking through. You should see the stain start to dissolve almost immediately.

3.3 Washing equipment and supplies are prepared

What are the Methods of Washing of Clothes?

 Generally there are four method of washing which as given as follows:

 By friction. Cotton cloth, curtain, line etc.
 By light pressure
 By application of suction
 By washing machine.
 Manual washing machine.
 Semi-automatic machine.
 Automatic machine.

3.4. Laundry is performed:

 8 Essential Laundry Room Tools
 Washing Machine.
 Dryer.
 Drying Rack.
 Iron.
 Ironing Board
 Sink.
 Laundry Detergent.
 Stain Removed

3.5 Clients clothes and bedlinens are dried : Clients clothes and bedlinens are
dried by iron, sunlight.

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 4. Maintain cleaning items.
waste is disposed as per workplace waste disposal, the collection, processing, and
recycling or deposition of the waste materials of human society.

Here are five waste disposal methods you need to know.

 Recycling.
 Plasma Gasification.
 Composting.
 Incineration.
 Sanitary Landfill.

The main benefits of effective waste disposal include: Environmental protection – from pollution or
contamination. Money generation – companies may buy recyclable materials due to their value.
Additionally, the waste management industry creates employment opportunities.

Bins are cleaned and maintained

Do a deep clean once a week – wash and disinfect the bin thoroughly with hot water and a liquid
disinfectant. Scrub hard with a brush, paying particular attention to the bottom of the bin, as this is
where the most unpleasant smells are. Or, you could use a pressure washer if you have one.

Cleaning agent and supplies are refilled where necessary : Cleaning

agent and supplies are refilled.
Cleaning items and Supplies are cleaned and stored according to
workplace standard.

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 ISCG006L1V1: Apply Basic Physiotherapy in Caregiving

Interpret Physiotherapy
Q. What is physiotherapy?
Ans: Physiotherapy is treatment to restore, maintain, and make the most of a patient’s
mobility, function, and wellbeing. physiotherapy helps through physical rehabilitation, injury
prevention, and health and fitness.

Q. What are types of Physiotherapy?

Ans:1. Geriatric Physical Therapy
2. Sports Physical therapy
3. Orthopedic Physiotherapy
4. Pediatric physiotherapy
5. Neurological Physiotherapy. ...
6. Cardiovascular Physiotherapy.

Q. Why physiotherapy?

Physiotherapy is a degree-based healthcare profession. Physios use their

knowledge and skills to improve a range of conditions associated with
different systems of the body, such as:

 Neurological (stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's)

 Neuromusculoskeletal (back pain, whiplash associated
disorder, sports injuries, arthritis)
 Cardiovascular (chronic heart disease, rehabilitation after heart attack)
 Respiratory (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis).
Physiotherapists work in a variety of specialisms in health and social care.
Additionally, some physiotherapists are involved in education, research and
service management.

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 Q. What are the advantages of physiotherapy?

Benefits of Physiotherapy
 Eliminating or reducing pain.
 Helps in avoiding surgery.
 Improving overall strength and coordination.
 Reducing the dependency on medicines.
 Boosting cardiovascular functioning and lung capacity.
 Managing and preventing sports related injuries.
 Staying fit at all ages and phases

Q. What is the MDT team?

A multidisciplinary team is a group of health care workers who are members
of different disciplines (professions e.g. Psychiatrists, Social Workers, etc.),
each providing specific services to the patient.
Q. What are 3 advantages of working in a multidisciplinary team?

List of the Advantages of a Multidisciplinary Team

 It gives a patient access to an entire team of experts.
 It improves service coordination.
 It expedites the referral process.
 It creates new avenues for service implementation.
 It allows patients to create goals for themselve.

Q. Write about physiotherapy treatment?

Ans: physiotherapist aims to help and address the areas which require treatment. The therapist
uses his information to design a tailor-made program. The program includes strengthening
exercise, range of movement (ROM), balance and walking exercises.
 Physiotherapy includes exercises, workouts, and the use of electric modalities such as
ultrasound, IRR, SWD, TENS, Shockwave therapy, laser, etc.
 Muscle-strengthening exercises are done twice a week, one of the best treatments for
osteoarthritis and bone health.
 Moderate intensity activity like brisk walking is recommended.
 Strengthening exercise for muscle can be done against resistance, by using stretchy
bands.

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  Combination of moderate cardio, endurance, and balance exercises.

Q. Why Exercise is important for older person?

Ans: Exercise is an important part of nearly everyone everyday health. For older adults, exercise
can help you live a longer, healthier life.

Q. what are the name of physiotherapy equipment?

Ans: Ultrasound, IRR, SWD, TENS, Shockwave therapy, Leaser, etc.

Assist in body movement

Q Write down the name of physiotherapy exercise?
 Active exercise
 Passive exercise
 Resistant exercise
 Strengthening exercise.

Q. What is active mobilization exercise?

A patient performs active mobilization exercise without help. These
exercises require more strength from the patient than passive mobility
exercises. An example of such an exercise is a wrist rotation. Then patient
places her arm palm down on the bed an than rotates her wrist toward her
pinkie so that the thumb side of the hand lifts off the bed. Her forearm still
on the to isolate the wrist. She should hold each position for five to 10
seconds.
Classification of Active Movement

1- Free exercise
2- Assisted exercise
3- Resisted exercise

Classification of Active Movement

1- Free exercise: the working muscles are subjected only to the forces of
gravity acting upon the part moved or stabilized.

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 2- Assisted exercise: the muscle strength is inadequate to perform a
movement, an external force (manually or mechanically) is applied to
compensate for the movement.
3- Resisted exercise: the forces of resistance offered to the action of
the working muscle are manually or mechanically and systematically
increased to develop the strength and endurance of the muscles.

Q. What are name of active exercises for older person?

For endurance:
 Walking, Jogging, Swimming, Biking
 Climbing stairs /hills
For strength:
 Lifting weights
 Using a resistance band
 Doing body weight exercises (push-ups, sit –ups)
For balance:
 Standing on one foot.
 Walking heel to toe.
 Yoga

Q. What is a passive mobilization exercise?

Passive mobilization exercise promotes range of motion in the joints such as
the ankles, knee, hops, elbows and shoulders. A caretaker moves the patient
joints in passive exercises. For example, the ankle plantarflexion- dorsiflexion
exercise is a lower-body mobility exercise that maintains range of motion,
comfort and blood circulation in the
patient’s ankles even if the patient cannot move the ankles himself. The
patient lies on his back in bed and the caretaker holds the ankle and heel of
one foot. The caretaker alternatively bends the foot forward into
plantarflexion and then pushes the foot upward into dorsiflexion. Hold each
position for five to 10 seconds.

Q. What are the benefits of passive exercise?

Passive range of motion exercises offers a variety of benefits for those unable to exercise for
themselves.
 Muscle Strength. Passive range of motion exercise helps prevent weak
muscles or stiffness caused by non-use.
 Improve Circulation.
 Maintain Flexibility.
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 Reduce Pain.

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Classification of passive movements:
 Relaxed passive movements
 Passive manipulation
 Passive accessory movements

 Manual therapy

Manual therapy is a technique where a physiotherapist uses their hands to manipulate, mobilize
and massage the body tissues.

This can help:

 relieve pain and stiffness

 improve blood circulation
 help fluid drain more efficiently from parts of the body
 improve the movement of different parts of the body
 promote relaxation
Manual therapy can be used to treat specific problems, such as back pain, but may also be useful
for a range of conditions that don't affect the bones, joints or muscles.

Q. What is electrotherapy in physiotherapy?

Ans: Electrotherapy is a method of medical treatment which uses electric current to the affected
areas.

Range of motion

Definition - The definition of ROM varies among published sources;

Kipunji and colleagues described ROM as “the extent of kinematic motion
available for movement activities, functional or otherwise, with or without
assistance”

1. Passive range of motion can be defined as the range of motion that is

achieved when an outside force (such as a therapist) causes
movement of a joint and is usually the maximum range of motion
that a joint can move.
2. Active range of motion is the range of motion that can be
achieved when opposing muscles contract and relax, resulting
in joint movement. For
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Measuring Range of Motion

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Devices to measure range of motion in the joints of the body include
the Goniometer (image 2) and Inclinometer (image 3). Both use a stationary
arm, protractor, fulcrum, and movement arm to measure angle from axis of
the joint).

Of all the types, a universal goniometer is most widely used and comes in
two forms: short arm and long arm.

 The short arm goniometer is used for smaller joints like the wrist,
elbow, or ankle,
 The long arm goniometers are more accurate for joints with long
levers like the knee and hip joints

Tape measures can also be used to measure range of motion in some

specific parts of the body (lumbar range of motion).

Range of Motion Exercises

Range of motion exercise refers to activity aimed at improving
movement of a specific joint. This motion is influenced by several
structures: configuration of bone surfaces within the joint, joint capsule,
ligaments, tendons, and muscles acting on the joint.

There are three types of range of motion exercises

1. Passive Range of Motion: Movement applied to a joint solely by

another person or persons or a passive motion machine. When
passive range of motion is applied, the joint of an individual
receiving exercise is completely relaxed while the outside force
moves the body part, such as a leg or arm, throughout the
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available range.

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 2. Active Assisted Range of Motion: Joint receives partial
assistance from an outside force. This range of motion may result
from the majority of motion applied by an exerciser or by the
person or persons assisting the individual. It also may be a half-and-
half effort on the joint from each source.
3. Active Range of Motion: Movement of a joint provided entirely
by the individual performing the exercise. In this case, there is
no outside force aiding in the movement.

Q. What is active ROM exercise physiotherapy?

Ans: Active ROM exercise are done by the client independently.

Q. What is passive ROM exercise?

Ans: Passive ROM exercise involve a staff member moving the joint of the client through the
range of motion. The client does not participate in joint movement.

Q. Why balance and neuromuscular exercise is important for older person?

Ans: This form of exercise helps your nerves and muscles to communicate better and help
prevent falls in the elderly or help improve knee.

Ensure joint mobility

Q. What are name of joint Movements of human body?

 Flexion - extension.
 Abduction - adduction.
 Circumduction (no opposite)
 Hyperextension
 Rotation
 Internal/medial rotation - external/lateral rotation.
 Dorsiflexion - plantar flexion.
 Pronation - supination.
 Inversion – eversion

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Q. Write the name of lower limb joint movement?

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A. For upper limb-
 Shoulder joint
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Circumducti
on Elbow joint-
 Flexion
 Extension

Wrist joint-
 Flexion
 Extension
 Inversion
 Eversion
Finger
-
 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
B. For lower limb-
Hip joint-

 Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction
 Circumducti
on Knee joint-
 Flexion
 Extensio

n Ankle joint-

 Flexion
 Extension
 Inversion
 Eversion
Finger
-  Flexion

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  Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction

xx

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 Figure

Assist in strengthening

Strengthening Exercises

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What are Strengthening Exercises?

Strengthening exercises are exercises which are designed to increase the

strength of specific or groups of muscles. Strengthening exercises overload
the muscle until the point of muscle fatigue. This force and overload of a
muscle encourages the growth, increasing the strength. Weak muscles can
increase the risk of injury to the surrounding joints and soft tissues.
Physiotherapists at Physio.co.uk will assess, diagnose and provide an
appropriate strengthening exercise programmed for you.

What are the benefits of Strengthening Exercises?

There are many different benefits of strengthening exercises. Some of the

benefits of receiving a strengthening exercise programmed are:

 Muscle strength is improved

 Decrease energy expenditure as muscles are more efficient
 Reduced risk of injury
 Improve function
 Improve quality of movement
 Delay onset of arthritic conditions

Balance Exercises
What are Balance Exercises?

Balance exercises are exercises which are prescribed by a physiotherapist to

challenge your balance in order to improve it. Balance exercises will
challenge the
body’s vestibular system and the musculoskeletal system. They aim to
improve the body’s ability to maintain posture and center of gravity and to
improve muscle reaction time and joint proprioception (the body’s ability to
recognize where the joints and limbs are in space).

What are the benefits of Balance Exercises?

If you have balance problems a physiotherapy assessment and balance

exercises programmed will be of benefit to you. There are many benefits of
balance exercises which are:

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 Improved static balance
 Improved dynamic balance

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  Improved joint proprioception
 Improved muscle reaction time – increasing the body’s ability to react
to balance challenging situations
 Reduced risk of falls
 Improved function – tasks can be done outside of the base of support
without risk
 Decreased muscle compensation – muscles can become
overactive to compensate for poor balance
 Improved mobility – improved balance will increase mobility and
improve energy efficiency

Breathing exercises for stress

This calming breathing technique for stress, anxiety and panic takes just a few
minutes and can be done anywhere.

You will get the most benefit if you do it regularly, as part of your daily routine.

You can do it standing up, sitting in a chair that supports your back, or lying on a bed or yoga
mat on the floor.

Make yourself as comfortable as you can. If you can, loosen any clothes that restrict your
breathing.

If you're lying down, place your arms a little bit away from your sides, with the palms up. Let
your legs be straight, or bend your knees so your feet are flat on the floor.

If you're sitting, place your arms on the chair arms.

If you're sitting or standing, place both feet flat on the ground. Whatever position you're in, place
your feet roughly hip-width apart.

 Let your breath flow as deep down into your belly as is comfortable, without forcing it.
 Try breathing in through your nose and out through your mouth.
 Breathe in gently and regularly. Some people find it helpful to count steadily from 1 to 5.
You may not be able to reach 5 at first.

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 Then let it flow out gently, counting from 1 to 5 again, if you find this helpful.

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  Keep doing this for at least 5 minutes.

Resistance exercises:

These are exercise that are performed with some type of resistance. The
resistance can be from a variety of things such as gravity, weights, or elastic
bands. Your body responds to stress placed on it, and when you make your
muscles do something that they are not used to doing they respond by
getting stronger. As we get older, if we no longer challenge our muscles by
not exercising or if we are performing only the same activities day in and day
out, our muscles adapt to this and no longer grow, and more likely will get
weaker. So, if you sit at a computer desk all day then it is likely your muscles
are getting weaker.

Stretching exercises:

These exercises are done in order to improve flexibility. The goal is to pull away from the origin
and insertion of the muscles in question in order to stretch it. In order for these exercises to be
effective, it is important to align the segments of the body involved by correcting the
compensations. It is also important to exhale well to help the muscles relax and thus minimize its
resistance. The stretching positions are maintained for a long time and for a small number of
repetitions

Muscle strengthening exercise

When your muscles pull on your bones it gives your bones work to do. Your bones
respond by renewing themselves and maintaining or improving their strength.

As your muscles get stronger, they pull harder, meaning your bones are
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more likely to become stronger.

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To strengthen your muscles, you need to move them against some
resistance. Increasing muscle resistance can be done by adding a load for
the muscles to work against, such as:

 a weight in your hand

 using an elastic muscle resistance band
 using your body weight during a press up

As your muscles get stronger and you find the movements easier, you can
gradually increase the intensity of the resistance by increasing the weight of
what you lift.

This is known as progressive resistance training and research studies have

shown that this is likely to be the best type of muscle strengthening exercise
for bone strength.

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