EXPERIMENT NO: 3

ESTIMATION OF HCl BY CONDUCTOMETRY

(STRONG ACID VS STRONG BASE)

Viva – Questions
1. What is conductance? What are its units?
The ability of electrolytic solutions or substance to allow the passage of electric current through
them is known as conductance. Units of conductance are ohm-1, mho, siemens
2. What are responsible for conductance of an electrolyte?
Conductance in an electrolytic solution is due to Ions. It depends on the number of ions and their
mobilities.
3. How does specific and equivalent conductance change upon dilution?
Specific conductance decreases upon dilution due to decrease in the number of ions per cc/ml
and equivalent conductance increases upon dilution increase in total number of ions in solution
considerably.
4. What are the advantages of instrumental chemical analysis over conventional volumetric
analysis?
Advantages of Instrumental Chemical Analysis
-Accurate end point
-Indicator is not necessary
-They can be used for the titration of coloured solutions, turbid solutions, dilute solutions.
5. What is cell constant? Give its units.
The ratio of the distance between the electrodes (l) to the area of cross-section of the electrode
(a) is called as cell constant.
Cell Constant (x) = l/a = cm2/cm =cm-1
6. In the titration of HCl Vs NaOH, even at the neutralization point some conductivity is
observed. Why?
In the titration of HCl Vs NaOH, even at the neutralization point some conductivity is observed
due to Na+ and Cl- Ions formed during the reaction.
7. Is conductivity cell is an electrolytic cell or electrochemical cell.
 Conductivity cell used here is an electrolytic cell (converts electrical energy into chemical
energy)
8. Draw a rough graph for this experiment?

9. What is the effect of temperature on the conductance of the electrolyte?

When we increase the temperature, the kinetic energy of the ions increases and they move faster
and hence the conductivity of electrolytic conductors increases. Moreover solubility of
electrolyte and number of ions also increases with increase in temp. increasing the conductance.
10. Differentiate equivalent conductance from molar conductance?
Equivalent conductance is defined as the conductance due to all the ions in V ml of electrolytic
solution containing one gram equivalent of electrolyte. Units: ohm-1 cm2 equivalent-1.
Molar conductance is defined as the conductance due to all the ions in V ml of electrolytic
solution containing one mole of electrolyte. Units: ohm-1 cm2 mole-1.
11. How does conductance vary in this titration?
In the titration of HCl vs NaOH, Initially HCl shows high conductance, due to the presence of
highly mobile H+ ions. As NaOH is added, the H+ ions combine with OH- and form feebly
ionizable H2O molecules.

[ H+ + Cl-] + [Na+ + OH-] → [Na++ Cl-] + H2O

Hence the conductance of the solution decreases gradually by the addition of NaOH solution.
When all the H+ ions have been neutralized, the conductance starts increasing with the further
addition of NaOH, due to the increase in number of OH - ions. When a graph is drawn between
the volume of NaOH added and conductance, the point of intersection gives the endpoint.
12. Define conductometric Titration.
Conductometry or conductometric titration involves measurement of electrolytic conductance to
monitor the progress of a chemical reaction during titration and to determine the end point.

EXPERIMENT NO: 4
ESTIMATION OF HCI BY POTENTIOMETRY
Viva-Questions

1. What is Electrochemical Cell? Give an Example.

An electrochemical cell is a device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. A
redox reaction is utilized to get electrical energy.
Eg. Daniel Cell
2. Define electrode potential and standard electrode potential.
Electrode potential (redox potential) (E), is defined as the potential generated when the metal
is dipped in the solution consisting of its own ions, at the interphase between solution and
metal. It is the ability of a species to gain or lose electrons, i.e., its reduction or oxidation
potential. Units: volts.
The potential of a half-cell measured against the Reference electrode (viz. SHE - standard
hydrogen electrode) under standard conditions is called its standard electrode potential.
3. What is SCE? Give its EMF value.
SCE is saturated calomel electrode (Reference electrode). Its EMF is 0.222V.
4. Explain the role of Quinhydrone electrode in the experiment. What is its EMF value?
Quinhydrone electrode acts as indicator electrode and its potential depends upon H + ion
concentration of test solution.
EMF of quinhydrone electrode EQ =EoQ-0.0592pH
 EQ = 0.6994-0.0592pH
5. What is Cell notation? Write the cell notation of the cell used in this experiment.
Cell notation is a short hand way of representing a cell. In cell notation, anode and cathode
are separated by two bars representing a salt bridge, with anode on left and cathode on the
right.
Cell notation of this experiment
Pt / Hg(l), Hg2Cl2(s), KCl (sat.) // H+(C=?), Q, H2Q / Pt.
6. Why does cell potential decreases with addition of alkali to the acid solution?
For this experiment, Ecell = Eright- Eleft=EQ- Ecalomel

= [0.6994-0.0591pH] – 0.2422

Therefore E cell= 0.4572 – 0.0591pH. (Ecell is inversely proportional to H+ ion

concentration)

Upon addition of NaOH to the acid solution, H + ion concentration decreases and pH increases.
Therefore cell potential decreases.

7. How do you determine EMF of a cell consisting of two electrodes?

EMF of a cell consisting of two electrodes is calculated by Ecell = Eright- Eleft
8. Give the relation between PH and EMF of Quinhydrone electrode?
EMF of Quinhydrone electrode: EQ =EoQ-0.0592pH
EQ = 0.6994-0.0592pH
9. What are the reference and indicator electrode used in this experiment?
Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is acting as reference electrode. Quinhydrone electrode is
acting as Indicator electrode.
10. What is a salt bridge? Give its functions?
Salt bridge is a U shaped tube with electrolyte material that is used to connect the two half
cells of an electrochemical cell.
A salt bridge’s major function is to help maintain the electrical neutrality within the internal
circuit by allowing flow of ions.
11. What is Potentiometric Titration?
 Potentiometry is a Quantitative analytical technique that is used to find the concentration of a
solute in unknown solution. It is done by finding the end point by measuring the changes in
potential between two electrodes i.e – an indicator electrode and a reference electrode during
the titration.

EXPERIMENT NO: 5

ESTIMATION OF FERROUS IRON (Fe2+) BY POTENTIOMETRY

Viva-Questions

1. What is Single electrode potential? How is it calculated?

Single electrode potential is defined as the potential generated when the metal is dipped in
the solution consisting of its own ions, i.e it is the potential of a developed in a half cell. It
can be calculated by using Nernst Equation.

2. What is Electromotive force? Give its units.

Electromotive force or EMF of a cell is the Potential difference between two Electrodes of a cell.
It is the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions. The unit of electromotive
force (EMF) is the Volt (V)
3. What is the role of KCl in Salt Bridge?

KCl allows the flow of ions between the two half-cells of an electrochemical cell,
maintaining electrical neutrality.

KCl is used in salt bridge because:

A. It forms a good jelly with agar –agar

B. It is strong electrolyte
D. It provides equal number of K+ and Cl− ions.

4. How do you find out end points from the graph in this experiment?
In the plot of EMF vs. Vol. of Titrant, the end point is the point indicating a sudden change
(decrease) in potential that marks the completion of the reaction between the analyte and titrant.

In the first derivative of the titration curve (ΔE/ΔV) vs. Volume of Titrant, the end point is
determined as the point where the first derivative is at its maximum (the peak of the curve)
{representing the most significant change in potential per unit volume of titrant added}.

5. Write the chemical reactions involved in this experiment?

6. What is Potentiometric Titration?
Potentiometry is a Quantitative analytical technique that is used to find the concentration
of a solute in unknown solution. It is done by finding the end point by measuring the
changes in potential between two electrodes i.e – an indicator electrode and a reference
electrode during the titration.

7. Why Potentiometer is a Galvanic cell? Give the justification

Potentiometer is a galvanic cell in which spontaneous redox reaction occur, which allows the
continuous flow of electrons through the conductor i.e converts the chemical energy of
spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy.
{while redox reactions are induced by an external source of current in an electrolytic cell}.
8. What is cell notation? Write the cell notation.

Cell notation is a short hand way of representing a cell. In cell notation, anode and cathode
are separated by two bars representing a salt bridge, with anode on left and cathode on the
right.
Cell notation of this experiment
(-) Pt / Hg(l), Hg2Cl2(s) / KCl (sat.) // Fe3+, Fe2+/ Pt (+).

9. Why concentrated sulphuric acid is added to Mohr’s salt during the preparation? Give
the reason.
Dilute sulphuric acid is added while preparing a standard solution of Mohr's salt (iron(II)
sulphate) because

- Prevents the oxidation of Fe2+ ions (light green) to Fe3+ ions (yellow) as In an acidic
medium, the oxidation of ferrous ions is minimized.
- To prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate. The addition of sulfuric acid helps maintain
the acidity of the solution, which suppresses the hydrolysis reaction.

10. Name the electrodes used in potentiometric titration? Give the significance

Saturated calomel electrode (SCE) is acting as reference electrode and the metal redox
electrode (Pt /Fe3+, Fe2+) as an indicator electrode.