Z-Transform

2.1. Z-TRANSFORM AND INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM

The Z-transform of a sequence un, is defined as

Z ( u n )   u n z n  U ( z )
n  

Where Z(un) is the Z-transform of un, U(z) is a function of complex

number. The sequence un is the inverse Z-transform of U(z),

u n  Z 1 U ( z )  Z 1   u n z n 

defined as
n 
Note: The region of convergence of Z-transform means the region
in the z-plane where the infinite series converges absolutely.

The region of convergence of Z ( u n )   u n z n  U ( z ) is z  a i.e.,
n 0

the exterior of the circle of radius a and centre at origin.

0
The region of convergence of Z ( u n )   u n z n  U ( z ) is z  a .
n  

2.2. PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFORM

1. Linearity Property. Let un and vn be two sequences then we
have Z ( C1un  C2 vn )  C1Z ( un )  C2 Z ( vn ) where C1 and C2 are
constants.
2. Shifting Property. If un is any sequence and Z ( u n )  U ( z ) then
(i) Z ( unr )  z  rU z  (ii) Z ( unr )  z rU z  where r>0.
3. Change of scale Property. If un is any sequence and Z ( un )  U ( z )

then (i) Z ( a nun )  U  z  (ii) Z ( a  nun )  U az.

a
2.3. SOME STANDARD RESULTS:
1. Z ( a n )  z , n  0 2. Z ( 1 )  z , n  0
za z 1
3. Z ( k )  kz , n  0 and k is cons tan t. 4. Z ( 1 )n  z , n  0
z 1 z 1
 
5. Z ( n k )   z d Z n k 1 , k  N 5. Z ( n )  z
.
dz ( z  1 )2
2.4 MULTIPLE BY POWER OF n

U z .
d
If un is any sequence and Z ( u n )  U ( z ) then Z ( nun )   z
dz
2.5 DIVISON BY n
If un is any sequence and Z ( u n )  U ( z ) then Z  u n     U  z  dz.
n

 n  0 z
2.6 INITIAL VALUE THEOREM
If un is any sequence and Z ( u n )  U ( z ) then u 0  lim U  z .
z 

Note: u1  lim zU  z   u0  and u2  lim z 2 { U z   u0  u1 z 1 }.

z  z 

2.7. FINAL VALUE THEOREM

If un is any sequence and Z ( u n )  U ( z ) then lim u n  lim( z  1 )U  z .
n  z 1

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2.8. CONVOLUTION THEOREM
If Z 1U ( z )  un and Z 1 V ( z )  vn than Z 1 [ U ( z ).V ( z )]   um vnm  un  vn .


m

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Pr.1 Find the Z-transform of (i)  a  , n  0 (ii)  a n , n  1.
n

 n!   n 
   

Sol. We know that Z ( u n )   u n z n
n  

(i) Z  a     a  z n   1  a   1  a  1  a   1  a   ......  e a / z .
n n n 2 3

 n!  n  n!  n   n!  z  z 2!  z  3!  z 
   

(ii) Z  a     a  z n   1  a   a  1  a   1  a   .....   log 1  a .

n n n 2 3

 n  n  n  n   n  z  z 2 z  3 z 
     z

Pr.2 For Z-transform prove that Z nun    z d Z un  , with the

dz
help of this find the Z-transform of ne an , n  0 .

Sol. We know that Z ( u n )   u n z n
n  

Therefore Z ( nun )   nun z n   z  u n ( n )z n1   z  u n d z n 

  

n  n   n   dz
d  n d
 z  un z   z Z ( un ).
dz n dz
We know that Z ( a n )  z , n  0
za
Z ( e an )  Z ( e a )n 
z
Now we have , n0
z  e a

Therefore Z ( nean )   z d  z a    z ( z  e a) 2 z   ze a 2 .

a a

dz  z  e   ( z e )  ( z e )
 
Pr.3 Find the Z-transform of (i) cosn (ii) sinn
Sol. We know that If Z ( un )  U ( z ) then Z ( a  nun )  U az. …(1)
We have Z(1 ) 
z
 U( z ) then we have Z( e in )  Z ( ei )n .1 U ei z .
z 1
e i z z z z  e i z 2  ze i
    .
e i z  1 z  e i z  e i z  e i z 2  z( e i  e i )  1
z 2  z(cos   i sin  )
Z (cos n  i sin n ) 
z 2  2 z cos   1
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
z 2  z cos z sin  )
(i) Z (cos n )  . (ii) Z (sin n )  .
z  2 z cos  1
2
z 2  2 z cos  1
Pr.4. Find Z-transform of a n cos n for n  0 .
z( z  cos  )
Sol. See above Pr.3, we have Z (cos n )  ….(1)
z  2 z cos   1
2

Using Change of Scale property Z ( a n u n )  U  z  , we have

  a 
zz 
  cos   z( z  a cos  )
aa   z  a.
Z ( a n cos n )  ,
z
2
z z  2az cos   a 2
2

   2 cos  1
 
a a
Pr.5. Find the Z-transform of ancosn and ansinn.

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Sol. For ancosn see Pr.4.
Now to find the Z-transform of ansinn, we have
z sin  )
Z (sin n )  . [Using Pr.3] ….(1)
z 2  2 z cos  1
Using Change of Scale property in (1), we have
z
  sin  az sin 
 z  a  2 .
Z ( a n sin  )  U   
a  z
2
z z  2az cos   a 2
   2  cos  1
a a
Pr.6. Obtain Z-transform of a K cosh K 
z( z  cosh )
Sol. We know that Z (cosh K ) 
z 2  2 z cosh  1
Using Change of Scale property, we have
zz 
  cosh  z( z  a cosh )

Z a cosh K  2
K

z

aa
2z
 
z 2
 2 za(cosh  a 2 )
.
 cosh   1
a2 a
Pr.7. Find Z-transform of
K 0
(i) Unit impulse function, given by  ( K )  1,
0, K 0
1, K 0
(ii) Discrete unit step function U( K )  
0, K  0

Sol. We know that Z ( u n )   u n z n
n  

 1 
(i) We have Z  ( K )    ( K )z  K    ( K )z  K   ( 0 )z 0    ( K )z  K
K   K   K 1
1 
  0.z  K  1   0.z  K  1.
K   K 1

 1 
(ii) We have Z U ( K )  U ( K )z K   U ( K )z  K   U ( K )z  K
K  K   K 0

1
 0   1.z  K  1  z  z 2  z 3  ...
K 0

1 z 1
 1
 ,  1 or z  1
1 z z 1 z
1
Pr.8. Find the inverse Z-transform of f ( z ) 
( z  3 )( z  2 )
If ROC is (i) z  2 (ii) 2  z  3 (iii) z  3
1 2 1
Sol. Given that f ( z )   
( z  3 )( z  2 ) ( z  3 ) ( z  2 )
(i) For z  2 , we have f ( z )   1 1

1 1
3 z 2 z
1   1  
 3  2
1 1
1 z 1 z 1  z z2  1  z z2 
  1    1     1   2  ...  1   2  ....
3 3 2 2 3 3 3  2 2 z 
 1 z z  1 z z
2 2
  0
n 1  n   0
n 1  n 
    2  3 ...    2  3  ....     3 z     2 z 
 3 3 3   2 2 2   n     n   

 
0
   3n1  2 n1 z n
n  

Taking inverse Z-transform both sides, we get

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Hence Z 1 f ( z )  2n1  3n1 , n  0
1 1
(ii) For 2  z  3, we have f ( z )   1 1  z   1 1  2   2 z 
 z  1and 3  1 
3 3 z z  
1 z z  1 2 2
2
 2
  1   3  ...  1   2  ....
3 3 3  z  z z 
1 z z2 1 2 22
   2  3 .......................   2  3 ........
3 3 3 z z z
 z2 z 1
  .............  3  2    z 1  2 z 2  2 2 z 3 .................
 3 3 3
 2 n1 , n  0
Taking inverse Z-transform b.s., we get Z 1  f ( z )   n1
 3 , n  0
(iii) For z  3, we have
1 1
1 3 1 2  3 
  1
1 1 1 1  1    1  
f(z) 
z 3  z 2  z  z  z z  z 
1   1  
 z  z

1  3 3  1 2 4
2

 1      ...  1   2  ....
z  z  z   z  z z 

1 3 32 1 2 4 
  2  3  .......   2  3  ....   ( 3n1  2 n1 )z n
z z z z z z n 1

Taking inverse Z-transform both sides, we get


Z 1 f ( z )  3n1  2n1 , n  1.
1
Pr.9. Find the inverse Z-transform of the following .
( z  a )2
(a) z  a (b) z a
2
Sol.: (a) For z  a, we have U ( Z )  1 1  z
 1  
( z  a )2 a 2  a 
 z
2
 1 2 3 2  n 1 n

1
1  2.  3   ...  2  3 z  4 z  .... 
z
 n 2
z ,n  0
a2  a a  a a a n 0 a

 1   n 1
Taking inverse Z-transform b. s., we get Z 1  2
 n2 , n  0.
( z  a )  a
2
1 1  a
(b) For z  a, we have U( Z )   2 1  
(za) 2
a  z
1  2a 3a 2 a3  1 2a 3a 2 4a 3 
 1    4  ...  2
 3  4  4  ....   ( n  1 )a n2 z n
z2  z z 2
z 3
 z z z z n2

Taking inverse Z-transform both sides, we get

 1 
Z 1  2 
 ( n  2 )a n2 , n  2.
 ( z  a ) 
z
Pr.10. Find the inverse Z-transform of , z  a.
za
1 
a a 2 a3
Sol. Let U ( z )  z  1  1  a   1   2  3  ...   a n z n
za a  z z z z n 0
1
z
 z 
Taking inverse Z-transform both sides, we get Z 1    a , n  0.
n

 z  a 

75
 z  2

Pr.11. Use convolution theorem to find z 1  , n  0
 ( z  1 )( z  3 ) 
 z  1  z 
Sol. Let z 1    ( 1 ) and z 
n
  (3) .
n

 z  1  z  3

Using convolution theorem, we have Z 1  z . z   ( 1 )n  ( 3 )n

 z 1 z  3
n n
 1 1 1
  ( 1 )m ( 3 )nm  3n  3m  3 n 1   2  ...  n 
m 0 m 0  3 3 3 
  1  n1 
1     1 n1
 3n      2 3  1 .
3  
 1 
 1 
 3 

Pr.12. Use convolution theorem to evaluate
 z2 
z 1  ,n  0
 ( z  a )( z  b ) 
 z  1  z 
Sol. Let z 1    ( a ) and z 
n
  (b) .
n

 z  a   z  b 
Using convolution theorem, we have
m
 z z  n n n
a
  ( a ) ( b )  ( a ) ( b )  b n  a m b m  b n   
nm
Z 1  . n n m

 z  a z  b  m 0 m 0 m 0 b 

a  n 1

 a  a 2 a 
n
1      b n1  a n1 
 b 1      ...      b n   b 
n
  .
 b  b   b    a   ba 
1  
 b 
EXERCISE 2.1
Q.1. Find the Z-transform of the following
(i) 2n (ii) an+3 (iii) nan (iv) sin(an+b) (v) ansinhn
Q.2. Find the inverse Z-transform of the following
2 z 2  3z
(i) z 1  z  (ii) 1  2 z( 2 z  1 )  (iii)
2
z  z 3  5z 2  8z  4  .
 ( z  1)    ( z  2 )( z  4 )
Q.3. Use convolution theorem to evaluate
 (ii) 1  z 
2
(i) z 1  z
2

 ( z  a )2  z  2
.
  ( z  2 ) 
ANSWERS 1.1
z 3
az az z [sin( a  b )  z sin b ]
Q.1. (i) . (ii) . (iii) . (iv) .
z2 za ( z  a )2 z 2  2 z cos a  1
z sinh 
(v) . Q.2. (i) n (ii) 2.1n+2.2n+3n.2n
z 2  2 z cosh  1
1 11
(iii) ( 2 )n  ( 4 )n . Q.3. (i) a n ( n  1 ) (ii) 2n ( n  1 ).
6 6

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